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Remonde CG, Gonzales EL, Adil KJ, Jeon SJ, Shin CY. Augmented impulsive behavior in febrile seizure-induced mice. Toxicol Res 2023; 39:37-51. [PMID: 36726823 PMCID: PMC9839938 DOI: 10.1007/s43188-022-00145-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Febrile seizure (FS) is one of the most prevalent etiological events in childhood affecting 2-5% of children from 3 months to 5 years old. Debates on whether neurodevelopmental consequences rise in later life following a febrile seizure or not are still ongoing however there is limited evidence of its effect, especially in a laboratory setting. Moreover, the comparative study using both male and female animal models is sparse. To examine the effect of FS on the behavioral features of mice, both sexes of ICR mice were induced with hyperthermic seizures through exposure to an infrared heat lamp. The mice were divided into two groups, one receiving a single febrile seizure at postnatal day 11 (P11) and one receiving three FS at P11, P13, and P15. Starting at P30 the FS-induced mice were subjected to a series of behavioral tests. Mice with seizures showed no locomotor and motor coordination deficits, repetitive, and depressive-like behavior. However, the FS-induced mice showed impulsive-like behavior in both elevated plus maze and cliff avoidance tests, which is more prominent in male mice. A greater number of mice displayed impaired CAT in both males and females in the three-time FS-induced group compared to the single induction group. These results demonstrate that after induction of FS, male mice have a higher susceptibility to consequences of febrile seizure than female mice and recurrent febrile seizure has a higher chance of subsequent disorders associated with decreased anxiety and increased impulsivity. We confirmed the dysregulated expression of impulsivity-related genes such as 5-HT1A and tryptophan hydroxylase 2 from the prefrontal cortices of FS-induced mice implying that the 5-HT system would be one of the mechanisms underlying the increased impulsivity after FS. Taken together, these findings are useful in unveiling future discoveries about the effect of childhood febrile seizure and the mechanism behind it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chilly Gay Remonde
- School of Medicine and Center for Neuroscience Research, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029 Republic of Korea
| | - Edson Luck Gonzales
- School of Medicine and Center for Neuroscience Research, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029 Republic of Korea
| | - Keremkleroo Jym Adil
- School of Medicine and Center for Neuroscience Research, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029 Republic of Korea
| | - Se Jin Jeon
- School of Medicine and Center for Neuroscience Research, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029 Republic of Korea
| | - Chan Young Shin
- School of Medicine and Center for Neuroscience Research, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029 Republic of Korea
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2
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Kanarik M, Grimm O, Mota NR, Reif A, Harro J. ADHD co-morbidities: A review of implication of gene × environment effects with dopamine-related genes. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 139:104757. [PMID: 35777579 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
ADHD is a major burden in adulthood, where co-morbid conditions such as depression, substance use disorder and obesity often dominate the clinical picture. ADHD has substantial shared heritability with other mental disorders, contributing to comorbidity. However, environmental risk factors exist but their interaction with genetic makeup, especially in relation to comorbid disorders, remains elusive. This review for the first time summarizes present knowledge on gene x environment (GxE) interactions regarding the dopamine system. Hitherto, mainly candidate (GxE) studies were performed, focusing on the genes DRD4, DAT1 and MAOA. Some evidence suggest that the variable number tandem repeats in DRD4 and MAOA may mediate GxE interactions in ADHD generally, and comorbid conditions specifically. Nevertheless, even for these genes, common variants are bound to suggest risk only in the context of gender and specific environments. For other polymorphisms, evidence is contradictory and less convincing. Particularly lacking are longitudinal studies testing the interaction of well-defined environmental with polygenic risk scores reflecting the dopamine system in its entirety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margus Kanarik
- Chair of Neuropsychopharmacology, Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Ravila 14A Chemicum, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Oliver Grimm
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Nina Roth Mota
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Andreas Reif
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Jaanus Harro
- Chair of Neuropsychopharmacology, Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Ravila 14A Chemicum, 50411 Tartu, Estonia; Psychiatry Clinic, North Estonia Medical Centre, Paldiski Road 52, 10614 Tallinn, Estonia.
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3
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McBride M, Appling C, Ferguson B, Gonzalez A, Schaeffer A, Zand A, Wang D, Sam A, Hart E, Tosh A, Fontcha I, Parmacek S, Beversdorf D. Effects of stimulant medication on divergent and convergent thinking tasks related to creativity in adults with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2021; 238:3533-3541. [PMID: 34477886 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-021-05970-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Common pharmacological treatments for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are central nervous system stimulants acting as norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitors. The noradrenergic and dopaminergic systems have been shown to impact performance on tasks assessing creativity. Some previous studies suggest higher performance on creativity tasks in ADHD. Stimulant medication has been shown to differentially impact creativity in those without ADHD. However, the full range of effects of stimulant medication on creativity in those with ADHD is not known. OBJECTIVES This study examined the effects of stimulants on convergent and divergent tasks associated with creativity in adults with ADHD. METHOD Seventeen adults diagnosed with ADHD who were prescribed stimulant medication attended two counterbalanced sessions: one after taking their prescribed stimulant dose and one after the dose was withheld. Participants completed convergent problem-solving (anagrams, Compound Remote Associates) and divergent generative (letter/semantic fluency, Torrance Test for Creative Thinking (TTCT)-Verbal) tasks. RESULTS There was a significant increase in words generated on the semantic fluency task for the stimulant session. Additionally, significant increases were found in the stimulant session for originality, flexibility, and fluency scores on the TTCT. Stimulant medication did not have an effect on any of the problem-solving tasks. CONCLUSIONS Stimulant medication enhanced verbal fluency in adults with ADHD but had no effect on convergent abilities. Furthermore, stimulants enhanced fluency, flexibility, and originality scores on the TTCT. Therefore, stimulants appear to have positive effects on divergent task performance in adults with ADHD, but not convergent tasks. This finding warrants further studies into the specific roles of norepinephrine and dopamine in this effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly McBride
- School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Carrina Appling
- University of Missouri Interdisciplinary Neuroscience Program, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Bradley Ferguson
- University of Missouri Interdisciplinary Neuroscience Program, Columbia, MO, USA.,Thompson Center for Autism & Neurodevelopmental Disorders, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.,Department of Health Psychology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | | | | | - Amanda Zand
- School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - David Wang
- School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Alinna Sam
- School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Eric Hart
- Department of Health Psychology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Aneesh Tosh
- Department of Child Health, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Ivan Fontcha
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Sophia Parmacek
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - David Beversdorf
- School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA. .,University of Missouri Interdisciplinary Neuroscience Program, Columbia, MO, USA. .,Thompson Center for Autism & Neurodevelopmental Disorders, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA. .,Department of Health Psychology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA. .,Departments of Radiology, Neurology, and Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, USA.
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4
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Neuroimaging in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Recent Advances. AJR. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ROENTGENOLOGY 2021; 218:321-332. [PMID: 34406053 DOI: 10.2214/ajr.21.26316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common neurodevelopmental condition, leading to impaired attention and impulsive behaviors diagnosed in, but not limited to, children. ADHD can cause symptoms throughout life. This article summarizes structural (conventional, volumetric, and diffusion tensor imaging MRI) and functional [task-based functional MRI (fMRI), resting state fMRI, PET, and MR spectroscopy] brain findings in patients with ADHD. Consensus is lacking regarding altered anatomic or functional imaging findings of the brain in children with ADHD, likely because of the disorder's heterogeneity. Most anatomic studies report abnormalities in the frontal lobes, basal ganglia, and corpus callosum; decreased surface area in the left ventral frontal and right prefrontal cortex; thinner medial temporal lobes; and smaller caudate nuclei. Using fMRI, researchers have focused on the prefrontal and temporal regions, reflecting perception-action mapping alterations. Artificial intelligence models evaluating brain anatomy have highlighted changes in cortical thickness and shape of the inferior frontal cortex, bilateral sensorimotor cortex, left temporal lobe, and insula. Early intervention and/or normal brain maturation can alter imaging patterns and convert functional imaging studies to a normal pattern. While the imaging findings provide insight into the disease's neuropathophysiology, no definitive structural or functional pattern defines the disorder from a neuroradiologic perspective.
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5
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Lee YJ, Kim M, Kim JS, Lee YS, Shin JE. Clinical Applications of Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy in Children and Adolescents with Psychiatric Disorders. Soa Chongsonyon Chongsin Uihak 2021; 32:99-103. [PMID: 34285634 PMCID: PMC8262974 DOI: 10.5765/jkacap.210011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this review is to examine the clinical use of functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) in children and adolescents with psychiatric disorders. Many studies have been conducted using objective evaluation tools for psychiatric evaluation, such as predicting psychiatric symptoms and treatment responses. Compared to other tools, fNIRS has the advantage of being a noninvasive, inexpensive, and portable method and can be used with patients in the awake state. This study mainly focused on its use in patients with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and autism spectrum disorder. We hope that research involving fNIRS will be actively conducted in various diseases in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeon Jung Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Soonchunhyang University Seoul Hospital, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Minjae Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Soonchunhyang University Seoul Hospital, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji-Sun Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Soonchunhyang University Cheonan Hospital, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Yun Sung Lee
- Department of Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Soonchunhyang University, Asan, Korea
| | - Jeong Eun Shin
- Department of Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Soonchunhyang University, Asan, Korea
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6
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Hernández‐Jerez A, Adriaanse P, Aldrich A, Berny P, Coja T, Duquesne S, Focks A, Marinovich M, Millet M, Pelkonen O, Pieper S, Tiktak A, Topping C, Widenfalk A, Wilks M, Wolterink G, Crofton K, Hougaard Bennekou S, Paparella M, Tzoulaki I. Development of Integrated Approaches to Testing and Assessment (IATA) case studies on developmental neurotoxicity (DNT) risk assessment. EFSA J 2021. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
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7
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Selemon LD, Begovic A. Reduced Midbrain Dopamine Neuron Number in the Adult Non-human Primate Brain after Fetal Radiation Exposure. Neuroscience 2020; 442:193-201. [PMID: 32659340 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Early gestation is a neurodevelopmental period that is especially vulnerable to environmental insult and one in which neurogenesis features prominently. Prenatal perturbation during early gestation has been linked to neuropsychiatric illnesses such as autism and schizophrenia, and severe environmental insult during this period can result in profound mental impairment. Midbrain dopamine neurons are generated during early gestation and play a key role in the motor, cognitive and reward circuitries implicated in neuropsychiatric disease and addiction. This study examined the impact of curtailing neurogenesis in early gestation on neuron number in the midbrain dopamine group, i.e., the substantia nigra and contiguous ventral tegmental area. Rhesus macaque monkeys were exposed in utero on embryonic days 39-41 to x-irradiation (3-4 exposures of 50 cGy over 3-7 days totalling <200 cGy) and allowed to mature to full adulthood. Stereologic cell counts of tyrosine hydroxylase-positive neurons in the midbrain dopamine group were performed in adult monkeys, as were measurements of somal size. Mean total neuron number in the irradiated monkeys was significantly reduced on average by 33% compared to that of the control group. Somal size did not differ between the groups, suggesting that the integrity of survivor populations was not impacted. Reduced midbrain dopamine neuron number in fetally irradiated, adult monkeys indicates that radiation exposure during the critical period of neurogenesis results in an enduring reduction of this population and underscores the susceptibility of early neurodevelopmental processes to irreversible damage from environmental exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn D Selemon
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States.
| | - Anita Begovic
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
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8
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Mucci F, Avella MT, Marazziti D. ADHD with Comorbid Bipolar Disorders: A Systematic Review of Neurobiological, Clinical and Pharmacological Aspects Across the Lifespan. Curr Med Chem 2020; 26:6942-6969. [PMID: 31385763 DOI: 10.2174/0929867326666190805153610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Attention deficit hyperactivity (ADHD) disorder is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by inattention, hyperactivity, disruptive behaviour, and impulsivity. Despite considered typical of children for a long time, the persistence of ADHD symptoms in adulthood gained increasing interest during the last decades. Indeed, its diagnosis, albeit controversial, is rarely carried out even because ADHD is often comorbid with several other psychiatric diosrders, in particular with bipolar disorders (BDs), a condition that complicates the clinical picture, assessment and treatment. AIMS The aim of this paper was to systematically review the scientific literature on the neurobiological, clinical features and current pharmacological management of ADHD comorbid with BDs across the entire lifespan, with a major focus on the adulthood. DISCUSSION The pharmacology of ADHD-BD in adults is still empirical and influenced by the individual experience of the clinicians. Stimulants are endowed of a prompt efficacy and safety, whilst non-stimulants are useful when a substance abuse history is detected, although they require some weeks in order to be fully effective. In any case, an in-depth diagnostic and clinical evaluation of the single individual is mandatory. CONCLUSION The comorbidity of ADHD with BD is still a controversial matter, as it is the notion of adult ADHD as a distinct nosological category. Indeed, some findings highlighted the presence of common neurobiological mechanisms and overlapping clinical features, although disagreement does exist. In any case, while expecting to disentangle this crucial question, a correct management of this comorbidity is essential, which requires the co-administration of mood stabilizers. Further controlled clinical studies in large samples of adult ADHD-BD patients appear extremely urgent in order to better define possible therapeutic guidelines, as well as alternative approaches for this potentially invalidating condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Mucci
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.,Fondazione BRF, Istituto per la Ricerca Scientifica in Psichiatria e Neuroscienze, Lucca, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Avella
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Donatella Marazziti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.,Fondazione BRF, Istituto per la Ricerca Scientifica in Psichiatria e Neuroscienze, Lucca, Italy
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9
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Takagi S, Yamashiro Y, Sugihara G, Takahashi H, Matsuura M. Very early-onset of RBD with ADHD: a case report study. Neurocase 2020; 26:60-63. [PMID: 31777313 DOI: 10.1080/13554794.2019.1697823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
We experienced a case of very early-onset REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD) with ADHD. This case showed typical RBD symptoms with REM sleep without atonia on polysomnography. Methylphenidate, which enhances the dopamine system, attenuated his ADHD symptoms but not RBD symptoms. We speculate that the dysfunction of the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus in the pontine was responsible for the symptoms of RBD and ADHD in this case. Very early-onset RBD is rare, and its profile is not well known. ADHD with dysfunction in the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus may form asubtype of ADHD that is commonly comorbid with very early-onset RBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunsuke Takagi
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.,Department of sleep medicine, Ureshinogaoka Samariyabito Hospital, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Yamashiro
- Department of sleep medicine, Ureshinogaoka Samariyabito Hospital, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Genichi Sugihara
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hidehiko Takahashi
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masato Matsuura
- Department of sleep medicine, Ureshinogaoka Samariyabito Hospital, Okinawa, Japan.,Department of psychiatry, Tazaki Hospital, Okinawa, Japan
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10
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Wiers CE, Lohoff FW, Lee J, Muench C, Freeman C, Zehra A, Marenco S, Lipska BK, Auluck PK, Feng N, Sun H, Goldman D, Swanson JM, Wang GJ, Volkow ND. Methylation of the dopamine transporter gene in blood is associated with striatal dopamine transporter availability in ADHD: A preliminary study. Eur J Neurosci 2019; 48:1884-1895. [PMID: 30033547 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Dopamine transporters (DAT) are implicated in the pathogenesis and treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and are upregulated by chronic treatment with methylphenidate, commonly prescribed for ADHD. Methylation of the DAT1 gene in brain and blood has been associated with DAT expression in rodents' brains. Here we tested the association between methylation of the DAT1 promoter derived from blood and DAT availability in the striatum of unmedicated ADHD adult participants and in that of healthy age-matched controls (HC) using Positron Emission Tomography (PET) and [11 C]cocaine. Results showed no between-group differences in DAT1 promoter methylation or striatal DAT availability. However, the degree of methylation in the promoter region of DAT1 correlated negatively with DAT availability in caudate in ADHD participants only. DAT availability in VS correlated with inattention scores in ADHD participants. We verified in a postmortem cohort with ADHD diagnosis and without, that DAT1 promoter methylation in peripheral blood correlated positively with DAT1 promoter methylation extracted from substantia nigra (SN) in both groups. In the cohort without ADHD diagnosis, DAT1 gene expression in SN further correlated positively with DAT protein expression in caudate; however, the sample size of the cohort with ADHD was insufficient to investigate DAT1 and DAT expression levels. Overall, these findings suggest that peripheral DAT1 promoter methylation may be predictive of striatal DAT availability in adults with ADHD. Due to the small sample size, more work is needed to validate whether DAT1 methylation in blood predicts DAT1 methylation in SN in ADHD and controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinde E Wiers
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Falk W Lohoff
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Jisoo Lee
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Christine Muench
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Clara Freeman
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Amna Zehra
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Stefano Marenco
- National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Barbara K Lipska
- National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Pavan K Auluck
- National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Ningping Feng
- National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Hui Sun
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - David Goldman
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - James M Swanson
- Child Development Center, University of California, Irvine, California
| | - Gene-Jack Wang
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Nora D Volkow
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.,National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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11
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Abnormal functional network centrality in drug-naïve boys with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2019; 28:1321-1328. [PMID: 30798413 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-019-01297-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most commonly diagnosed neurodevelopmental disorder in childhood and is characterized by inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity. Observations of distributed functional abnormalities in ADHD suggest aberrant large-scale brain network connectivity. However, few studies have measured the voxel-wise network centrality of boys with ADHD, which captures the functional relationships of a given voxel within the entire connectivity matrix of the brain. Here, to examine the network patterns characterizing children with ADHD, we recruited 47 boys with ADHD and 21 matched control boys who underwent resting-state functional imaging scanning in a 3.0 T MRI unit. We measured voxel-wise network centrality, indexing local functional relationships across the entire brain connectome, termed degree centrality (DC). Then, we chose the brain regions with altered DC as seeds to examine the remote functional connectivity (FC) of brain regions. We found that boys with ADHD exhibited (1) decreased centrality in the left superior temporal gyrus (STG) and increased centrality in the left superior occipital lobe (SOL) and right inferior parietal lobe (IPL); (2) decreased FC between the STG and the putamen and thalamus, which belong to the cognitive cortico-striatal-thalamic-cortical (CSTC) loop, and increased FC between the STG and medial/superior frontal gyrus within the affective CSTC loop; and (3) decreased connectivity between the SOL and cuneus within the dorsal attention network. Our results demonstrated that patients with ADHD show a connectivity-based pathophysiological process in the cognitive and affective CSTC loops and attention network.
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12
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Lau-Zhu A, Fritz A, McLoughlin G. Overlaps and distinctions between attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and autism spectrum disorder in young adulthood: Systematic review and guiding framework for EEG-imaging research. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2019; 96:93-115. [PMID: 30367918 PMCID: PMC6331660 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorders (ADHD) and autism spectrum disorders (ASD) frequently co-occur. However, we know little about the neural basis of the overlaps and distinctions between these disorders, particularly in young adulthood - a critical time window for brain plasticity across executive and socioemotional domains. Here, we systematically review 75 articles investigating ADHD and ASD in young adult samples (mean ages 16-26) using cognitive tasks, with neural activity concurrently measured via electroencephalography (EEG) - the most accessible neuroimaging technology. The majority of studies focused on event-related potentials (ERPs), with some beginning to capitalise on oscillatory approaches. Overlapping and specific profiles for ASD and ADHD were found mainly for four neurocognitive domains: attention processing, performance monitoring, face processing and sensory processing. No studies in this age group directly compared both disorders or considered dual diagnosis with both disorders. Moving forward, understanding of ADHD, ASD and their overlap in young adulthood would benefit from an increased focus on cross-disorder comparisons, using similar paradigms and in well-powered samples and longitudinal cohorts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Lau-Zhu
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Anne Fritz
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gráinne McLoughlin
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
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13
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Changes in Endogenous Dopamine Induced by Methylphenidate Predict Functional Connectivity in Nonhuman Primates. J Neurosci 2018; 39:1436-1444. [PMID: 30530859 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2513-18.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Dopamine (DA) levels in the striatum are increased by many therapeutic drugs, such as methylphenidate (MPH), which also alters behavioral and cognitive functions thought to be controlled by the PFC dose-dependently. We linked DA changes and functional connectivity (FC) using simultaneous [18F]fallypride PET and resting-state fMRI in awake male rhesus monkeys after oral administration of various doses of MPH. We found a negative correlation between [18F]fallypride nondisplaceable binding potential (BPND) and MPH dose in the head of the caudate (hCd), demonstrating increased extracellular DA resulting from MPH administration. The decreased BPND was negatively correlated with FC between the hCd and the PFC. Subsequent voxelwise analyses revealed negative correlations with FC between the hCd and the dorsolateral PFC, hippocampus, and precuneus. These results, showing that MPH-induced changes in DA levels in the hCd predict resting-state FC, shed light on a mechanism by which changes in striatal DA could influence function in the PFC.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Dopamine transmission is thought to play an essential role in shaping large scale-neural networks that underlie cognitive functions. It is the target of therapeutic drugs, such as methylphenidate (Ritalin), which blocks the dopamine transporter, thereby increasing extracellular dopamine levels. Methylphenidate is used extensively to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, even though its effects on cognitive functions and their underlying neural mechanisms are not well understood. To date, little is known about the link between changes in dopamine levels and changes in functional brain organization. Using simultaneous PET/MR imaging, we show that methylphenidate-induced changes in endogenous dopamine levels in the head of the caudate predict changes in resting-state functional connectivity between this structure and the prefrontal cortex, precuneus, and hippocampus.
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Cybulska-Klosowicz A, Laczkowska M, Zakrzewska R, Kaliszewska A. Attentional deficits and altered neuronal activation in medial prefrontal and posterior parietal cortices in mice with reduced dopamine transporter levels. Mol Cell Neurosci 2017; 85:82-92. [PMID: 28923595 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2017.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Revised: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The executive control function of attention is regulated by the dopaminergic (DA) system. Dopamine transporter (DAT) likely plays a role in controlling the influence of DA on cognitive processes. We examined the effects of DAT depletion on cognitive processes related to attention. Mice with the DAT gene genetically deleted (DAT+/- heterozygotes) were compared to wild type (WT) mice on the Attentional Set-Shifting Task (ASST). Changes in neuronal activity during the ASST were shown with early growth response genes 1 and 2 (egr-1 and egr-2) immunohistochemistry in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and in the posterior parietal cortex (PPC). Heterozygotes were impaired in tasks that tax reversal learning, attentional-set formation and set-shifting. Densities of egr-2 labeled cells in the mPFC were lower in mutant mice when compared with wild-types in intradimensional shift of attention (IDS), extradimensional shift of attention and extradimensional shift of attention-reversal phases of the ASST task, and in PPC in the IDS phase of the task. The results demonstrate impairments of the areas associated with attentional functions in DAT+/- mice and show that an imbalance of the dopaminergic system has an impact on the complex attention-related executive functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Cybulska-Klosowicz
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, PAS, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland.
| | | | - Renata Zakrzewska
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, PAS, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Kaliszewska
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, PAS, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
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15
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Katzman MA, Bilkey TS, Chokka PR, Fallu A, Klassen LJ. Adult ADHD and comorbid disorders: clinical implications of a dimensional approach. BMC Psychiatry 2017; 17:302. [PMID: 28830387 PMCID: PMC5567978 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-017-1463-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 272] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in the adult population is frequently associated with comorbid psychiatric diseases that complicate its recognition, diagnosis and management.The prevalence of ADHD in the general adult population is 2.5% and it is associated with substantial personal and individual burden. The most frequent comorbid psychopathologies include mood and anxiety disorders, substance use disorders, and personality disorders. There are strong familial links and neurobiological similarities between ADHD and the various associated psychiatric comorbidities. The overlapping symptoms between ADHD and comorbid psychopathologies represent challenges for diagnosis and treatment. Guidelines recommend that when ADHD coexists with other psychopathologies in adults, the most impairing condition should generally be treated first.Early recognition and treatment of ADHD and its comorbidities has the potential to change the trajectory of psychiatric morbidity later in life. The use of validated assessment scales and high-yield clinical questions can help identify adults with ADHD who could potentially benefit from evidence-based management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin A. Katzman
- START Clinic for Mood and Anxiety Disorders, 32 Park Road, Toronto, ON M4W 2N4 Canada ,Adler Graduate Professional School, Toronto, ON Canada ,0000 0001 0687 7127grid.258900.6Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Laurentian and Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, ON Canada ,0000 0001 0687 7127grid.258900.6Department of Psychology, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 5E1 Canada
| | - Timothy S. Bilkey
- Ontario Bilkey ADHD Clinics, 400 Bayfield Street, Suite 245, Barrie, ON L4M 5A1 Canada
| | - Pratap R. Chokka
- Chokka Center for Integrative Health, 2603 Hewes Way NW #201, Edmonton, Alberta T6L 6W6 Canada ,grid.17089.37University of Alberta, 1E1 Walter Mackenzie Centre, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R7 Canada
| | - Angelo Fallu
- Clinique Woodward, 717 rue Woodward, DIEX Research Inc., Sherbrooke, Quebec, J1G 1W4 Canada
| | - Larry J Klassen
- Eden Mental Health Centre, 1500 Pembina Ave, Winkler, MB R6W 1T4 Canada
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16
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Ding K, Yang J, Reynolds GP, Chen B, Shao J, Liu R, Qian Q, Liu H, Yang R, Wen J, Kang C. DAT1 methylation is associated with methylphenidate response on oppositional and hyperactive-impulsive symptoms in children and adolescents with ADHD. World J Biol Psychiatry 2017; 18:291-299. [PMID: 27676100 DOI: 10.1080/15622975.2016.1224928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine the association of the DNA methylation of DAT1 and DRD4 gene with methylphenidate (MPH) response in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). METHODS One hundred and eleven DSM-IV defined ADHD Chinese Han children were recruited. Inattention, hyperactivity-impulsivity and oppositional symptoms were evaluated by the Swanson, Nolan and Pelham-IV-parent rating scale (SNAP-IV-P) at baseline and 6 weeks after MPH treatment. DNA methylation of CpG sites in the promoter sequences of DAT1 and DRD4 was examined for association with treatment response. RESULTS Greater improvement on the SNAP-IV-P total score and percentage change from baseline score were both significantly correlated with DAT1 methylation (rho =-0.222, P = .019 and rho = -0.203, P = .032, respectively). A secondary analysis demonstrated that the effect of DAT1 methylation on symptom response was primarily related to the percentage change in oppositional symptoms (rho = -0.242; P = .012), with a smaller significant effect on hyperactivity-impulsivity (rho = -0.192; P = .045). No significant correlation was found between the treatment effect on inattention and DAT1 methylation (rho = -0.101; P = .292). No significant correlation was observed between mean DRD4 methylation and measures of treatment outcome or baseline symptoms. CONCLUSIONS Our findings provide initial evidence for the involvement of the epigenetic alterations of DAT1 in modulating the response to MPH treatment in ADHD, primarily on oppositional and hyperactive-impulsive symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaijing Ding
- a Department of Psychiatry , The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University , Kunming , Yunnan , PR China
| | - Jianzhong Yang
- b Department of Psychiatry , The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University , Kunming , Yunnan , PR China
| | - Gavin P Reynolds
- c BMRC, Sheffield Hallam University , Howard Street , Sheffield , UK
| | - Bing Chen
- d State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology , Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) , Kunming , Yunnan , PR China
| | - Jingru Shao
- d State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology , Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) , Kunming , Yunnan , PR China
| | - Ruixiang Liu
- a Department of Psychiatry , The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University , Kunming , Yunnan , PR China
| | - Qiujin Qian
- e National Clinical Research Centre for Mental Disorders, Peking University Sixth Hospital , Beijing , PR China
| | - Hua Liu
- a Department of Psychiatry , The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University , Kunming , Yunnan , PR China
| | - Runxu Yang
- a Department of Psychiatry , The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University , Kunming , Yunnan , PR China
| | - Jianfan Wen
- d State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology , Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) , Kunming , Yunnan , PR China
| | - Chuanyuan Kang
- a Department of Psychiatry , The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University , Kunming , Yunnan , PR China
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Schrödter S, Braun M, Syring I, Klümper N, Deng M, Schmidt D, Perner S, Müller SC, Ellinger J. Identification of the dopamine transporter SLC6A3 as a biomarker for patients with renal cell carcinoma. Mol Cancer 2016; 15:10. [PMID: 26831905 PMCID: PMC4736613 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-016-0495-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is among the most common human malignancies. Methods In order to provide better understanding of the molecular biology of ccRCC and to identify potential diagnostic/prognostic biomarker and therapeutic targets, we utilized a microarray to profile mRNA expression of corresponding normal and malignant renal tissues. Real-time PCR, Western Blot and immunohistochemistry were applied to study the expression of candidate biomarkers. ccRCC cell lines were treated with sertraline to inhibit the dopamine transporter SLC6A3. Results Differential expression of fourteen mRNAs, yet not studied in ccRCC in depth, was confirmed using qPCR (upregulation: SLC6A3, NPTX2, TNFAIP6, NDUFA4L2, ENPP3, FABP6, SPINK13; downregulation: FXYD4, SLC12A1, KNG1, NPHS2, SLC13A3, GCGR, PLG). Up-/downregulation was also confirmed for FXYD4, KNG1, NPTX2 and SLC12A1 by Western Blot on the protein level. In contrast to the mRNA expression, protein expression of the dopamine transporter SLC6A3 was lower in ccRCC compared to normal renal tissue. Immunohistochemistry indicated that this decrease was due to higher concentrations of SLC6A3 in the proximal tubules. Immunohistochemical analyses further demonstrated that high SLC6A3 expression in ccRCC tissue was correlated with a shorter period of recurrence-free survival following surgery. Treatment of ccRCC cells with the SLC6A3 inhibitor sertraline induced dose-dependent cell-death. Conclusion Our study identified several novel biomarkers with diagnostic potential and further investigations on sertraline as therapeutic agent in ccRCC patients are warranted. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12943-016-0495-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Schrödter
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Martin Braun
- Section for Prostate Cancer Research, Institute of Pathology, Center for Integrated Oncology, University Hospital Bonn, Cologne/Bonn, Germany.
| | - Isabella Syring
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany. .,Section for Prostate Cancer Research, Institute of Pathology, Center for Integrated Oncology, University Hospital Bonn, Cologne/Bonn, Germany.
| | - Niklas Klümper
- Section for Prostate Cancer Research, Institute of Pathology, Center for Integrated Oncology, University Hospital Bonn, Cologne/Bonn, Germany.
| | - Mario Deng
- Section for Prostate Cancer Research, Institute of Pathology, Center for Integrated Oncology, University Hospital Bonn, Cologne/Bonn, Germany. .,Klinik und Poliklinik für Urologie und Kinderurologie, Universitätsklinikum Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 25, 53105, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Doris Schmidt
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Sven Perner
- Section for Prostate Cancer Research, Institute of Pathology, Center for Integrated Oncology, University Hospital Bonn, Cologne/Bonn, Germany.
| | - Stefan C Müller
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Jörg Ellinger
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany. .,Klinik und Poliklinik für Urologie und Kinderurologie, Universitätsklinikum Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 25, 53105, Bonn, Germany.
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Circulating phthalates during critical illness in children are associated with long-term attention deficit: a study of a development and a validation cohort. Intensive Care Med 2015; 42:379-392. [PMID: 26667027 DOI: 10.1007/s00134-015-4159-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Environmental phthalate exposure has been associated with attention deficit disorders in children. We hypothesized that in children treated in the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU), circulating phthalates leaching from indwelling medical devices contribute to their long-term attention deficit. METHODS Circulating plasma concentrations of di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) metabolites were quantified in 100 healthy children and 449 children who had been treated in PICU and were neurocognitively tested 4 years later. In a development patient cohort (N = 228), a multivariable bootstrap study identified stable thresholds of exposure to circulating DEHP metabolites above which there was an independent association with worse neurocognitive outcome. Subsequently, in a second patient cohort (N = 221), the observed independent associations were validated. RESULTS Plasma concentrations of DEHP metabolites, which were virtually undetectable [0.029 (0.027-0.031) µmol/l] in healthy children, were 4.41 (3.76-5.06) µmol/l in critically ill children upon PICU admission (P < 0.001). Plasma DEHP metabolite concentrations decreased rapidly but remained 18 times higher until PICU discharge (P < 0.001). After adjusting for baseline risk factors and duration of PICU stay, and further for PICU complications and treatments, exceeding the potentially harmful threshold for exposure to circulating DEHP metabolites was independently associated with the attention deficit (all P ≤ 0.008) and impaired motor coordination (all P ≤ 0.02). The association with the attention deficit was confirmed in the validation cohort (all P ≤ 0.01). This phthalate exposure effect explained half of the attention deficit in post-PICU patients. CONCLUSIONS Iatrogenic exposure to DEHP metabolites during intensive care was independently and robustly associated with the important attention deficit observed in children 4 years after critical illness. Clinicaltrials.gov identifier: NCT00214916.
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19
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Ishii-Takahashi A, Takizawa R, Nishimura Y, Kawakubo Y, Hamada K, Okuhata S, Kawasaki S, Kuwabara H, Shimada T, Todokoro A, Igarashi T, Watanabe KI, Yamasue H, Kato N, Kasai K, Kano Y. Neuroimaging-Aided Prediction of the Effect of Methylphenidate in Children with Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Neuropsychopharmacology 2015; 40:2676-85. [PMID: 25936640 PMCID: PMC4864654 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2015.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Revised: 02/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Although methylphenidate hydrochloride (MPH) is a first-line treatment for children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), the non-response rate is 30%. Our aim was to develop a supplementary neuroimaging biomarker for predicting the clinical effect of continuous MPH administration by using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). After baseline assessment, we performed a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial with a single dose of MPH, followed by a prospective 4-to-8-week open trial with continuous MPH administration, and an ancillary 1-year follow-up. Twenty-two drug-naïve and eight previously treated children with ADHD (NAÏVE and NON-NAÏVE) were compared with 20 healthy controls (HCs) who underwent multiple NIRS measurements without intervention. We tested whether NIRS signals at the baseline assessment or ΔNIRS (single dose of MPH minus baseline assessment) predict the Clinical Global Impressions-Severity (CGI-S) score after 4-to-8-week or 1-year MPH administration. The secondary outcomes were the effect of MPH on NIRS signals after single-dose, 4-to-8-week, and 1-year administration. ΔNIRS significantly predicted CGI-S after 4-to-8-week MPH administration. The leave-one-out classification algorithm had 81% accuracy using the NIRS signal. ΔNIRS also significantly predicted CGI-S scores after 1 year of MPH administration. For secondary analyses, NAÏVE exhibited significantly lower prefrontal activation than HCs at the baseline assessment, whereas NON-NAÏVE and HCs showed similar activation. A single dose of MPH significantly increased activation compared with the placebo in NAÏVE. After 4-to-8-week administration, and even after MPH washout following 1-year administration, NAÏVE demonstrated normalized prefrontal activation. Supplementary NIRS measurements may serve as an objective biomarker for clinical decisions and monitoring concerning continuous MPH treatment in children with ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayaka Ishii-Takahashi
- Department of Child Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan,Department of Paediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan,Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryu Takizawa
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukika Nishimura
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuki Kawakubo
- Department of Child Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kasumi Hamada
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan,Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Science, Graduate Course of Disability Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Shiho Okuhata
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan,Research Fellow of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shingo Kawasaki
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan,Optical Topography Group, Application Development Office, Hitachi Medical Corporation, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Kuwabara
- Department of Child Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan,Disability Services Office, Communication Support Room, Division for Counseling and Support, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takafumi Shimada
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ayako Todokoro
- Department of Child Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Igarashi
- Department of Paediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan,National Centre for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kei-ichiro Watanabe
- Division for Counseling and support, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hidenori Yamasue
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobumasa Kato
- Karasuyama Hospital Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kiyoto Kasai
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan,Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan, Tel: +81 3 5800 8919, Fax: +81 3 5800 9162, E-mail:
| | - Yukiko Kano
- Department of Child Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Richardson JR, Taylor MM, Shalat SL, Guillot TS, Caudle WM, Hossain MM, Mathews TA, Jones SR, Cory-Slechta DA, Miller GW. Developmental pesticide exposure reproduces features of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. FASEB J 2015; 29:1960-72. [PMID: 25630971 DOI: 10.1096/fj.14-260901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is estimated to affect 8-12% of school-age children worldwide. ADHD is a complex disorder with significant genetic contributions. However, no single gene has been linked to a significant percentage of cases, suggesting that environmental factors may contribute to ADHD. Here, we used behavioral, molecular, and neurochemical techniques to characterize the effects of developmental exposure to the pyrethroid pesticide deltamethrin. We also used epidemiologic methods to determine whether there is an association between pyrethroid exposure and diagnosis of ADHD. Mice exposed to the pyrethroid pesticide deltamethrin during development exhibit several features reminiscent of ADHD, including elevated dopamine transporter (DAT) levels, hyperactivity, working memory and attention deficits, and impulsive-like behavior. Increased DAT and D1 dopamine receptor levels appear to be responsible for the behavioral deficits. Epidemiologic data reveal that children aged 6-15 with detectable levels of pyrethroid metabolites in their urine were more than twice as likely to be diagnosed with ADHD. Our epidemiologic finding, combined with the recapitulation of ADHD behavior in pesticide-treated mice, provides a mechanistic basis to suggest that developmental pyrethroid exposure is a risk factor for ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason R Richardson
- *Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine and Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA; Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, School of Medicine, and Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA; Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA; and Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Michele M Taylor
- *Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine and Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA; Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, School of Medicine, and Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA; Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA; and Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Stuart L Shalat
- *Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine and Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA; Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, School of Medicine, and Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA; Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA; and Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Thomas S Guillot
- *Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine and Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA; Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, School of Medicine, and Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA; Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA; and Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - W Michael Caudle
- *Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine and Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA; Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, School of Medicine, and Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA; Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA; and Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Muhammad M Hossain
- *Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine and Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA; Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, School of Medicine, and Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA; Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA; and Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Tiffany A Mathews
- *Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine and Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA; Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, School of Medicine, and Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA; Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA; and Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Sara R Jones
- *Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine and Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA; Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, School of Medicine, and Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA; Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA; and Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Deborah A Cory-Slechta
- *Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine and Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA; Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, School of Medicine, and Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA; Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA; and Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Gary W Miller
- *Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine and Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA; Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, School of Medicine, and Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA; Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA; and Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
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Kadziela-Olech H, Cichocki P, Chwiesko J, Konstantynowicz J, Braszko JJ. Serum matrix metalloproteinase-9 levels and severity of symptoms in boys with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ADHD/hyperkinetic disorder HKD. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2015; 24:55-63. [PMID: 24633733 PMCID: PMC4291510 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-014-0533-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The serum levels of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) in neuropsychiatric disorders of adults have been widely investigated. So far, no studies have been conducted on the relationship of MMP-9 and cognitive domains in children with two phenotype models, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and hyperkinetic disorder (ADHD/HKD). The aim of this research was to evaluate and test the hypothesis that serum MMP-9 levels are associated with the severity of symptoms in children with ADHD/HKD and to compare the results in two models of this disorder. The study group comprised 37 Caucasian boys aged 7-12 years with HKD, being a subset of the combined ADHD subtype. Intellectual functions were measured using Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised. The analysis of serum concentrations of MMP-9 was based on a quantitative sandwich ELISA. The statistical regression analysis revealed a correlation between increased serum MMP-9 levels and severity of symptoms in the ADHD (β = 0.33; p = 0.043) and HKD (β = 0.34, p = 0.037) model. According to the results, elevated levels of serum MMP-9 in boys with HKD may be associated with clinical impulsivity domain (β = 0.38; p = 0.019).
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Epstein I, Szpindel I, Katzman MA. Pharmacological approaches to manage persistent symptoms of major depressive disorder: rationale and therapeutic strategies. Psychiatry Res 2014; 220 Suppl 1:S15-33. [PMID: 25539871 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-1781(14)70003-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a highly prevalent chronic psychiatric illness associated with significant morbidity, mortality, loss of productivity, and diminished quality of life. Typically, only a minority of patients responds to treatment and meet criteria for remission as residual symptoms may persist, the result of an inadequate course of treatment and/or the presence of persistent side effects. The foremost goal of treatment should be to restore patients to full functioning and eliminate or relieve all MDD symptoms, while being virtually free of troublesome side effects. The current available pharmacological options to manage persistent depressive symptoms include augmentation or adjunctive combination strategies, both of which target selected psychobiological systems and specific mood and somatic symptoms experienced by the patient. As well, non-pharmacological interventions including psychotherapies may be used in either first-line or adjunctive approaches. However, the evidence to date with respect to available adjunct therapies is limited by few studies and those published have utilized only a small number of subjects and lack enough data to allow for a consensus of expert opinion. This underlines the need for further longer term, large population-based studies and those that include comorbid populations, all of which are seen in real world community psychiatry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irvin Epstein
- START Clinic for Mood and Anxiety Disorders, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Isaac Szpindel
- START Clinic for Mood and Anxiety Disorders, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Martin A Katzman
- START Clinic for Mood and Anxiety Disorders, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Thunder Bay, ON, Canada; Department of Psychology, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, ON, Canada; Adler Graduate Professional School, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Crunelle CL, van den Brink W, Dom G, Booij J. Dopamine transporter occupancy by methylphenidate and impulsivity in adult ADHD. Br J Psychiatry 2014; 204:486-7. [PMID: 24676965 DOI: 10.1192/bjp.bp.113.132977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Impulsivity is a multidimensional construct, including impulsive decision-making and impulsive action, representing relatively independent neurocircuitries. ADHD is treated with methylphenidate, a drug that binds to dopamine transporters. This study in 24 adult male patients with ADHD shows that dopamine transporter occupancy by methylphenidate in the putamen correlates with improvements in cognitive but not in motor impulsivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cleo L Crunelle
- Cleo L. Crunelle, PhD, Collaborative Antwerp Psychiatric Research Institute (CAPRI), University of Antwerp, Belgium; Amsterdam Institute for Addiction Research and Departments of Psychiatry and Nuclear Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Wim van den Brink, MD, PhD, Amsterdam Institute for Addiction Research and Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Geert Dom, MD, PhD, Collaborative Antwerp Psychiatric Research Institute (CAPRI), University of Antwerp, and Psychiatric Centre Alexian Brothers, Boechout, Belgium; Jan Booij, MD, PhD, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wim van den Brink
- Cleo L. Crunelle, PhD, Collaborative Antwerp Psychiatric Research Institute (CAPRI), University of Antwerp, Belgium; Amsterdam Institute for Addiction Research and Departments of Psychiatry and Nuclear Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Wim van den Brink, MD, PhD, Amsterdam Institute for Addiction Research and Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Geert Dom, MD, PhD, Collaborative Antwerp Psychiatric Research Institute (CAPRI), University of Antwerp, and Psychiatric Centre Alexian Brothers, Boechout, Belgium; Jan Booij, MD, PhD, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Geert Dom
- Cleo L. Crunelle, PhD, Collaborative Antwerp Psychiatric Research Institute (CAPRI), University of Antwerp, Belgium; Amsterdam Institute for Addiction Research and Departments of Psychiatry and Nuclear Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Wim van den Brink, MD, PhD, Amsterdam Institute for Addiction Research and Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Geert Dom, MD, PhD, Collaborative Antwerp Psychiatric Research Institute (CAPRI), University of Antwerp, and Psychiatric Centre Alexian Brothers, Boechout, Belgium; Jan Booij, MD, PhD, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Booij
- Cleo L. Crunelle, PhD, Collaborative Antwerp Psychiatric Research Institute (CAPRI), University of Antwerp, Belgium; Amsterdam Institute for Addiction Research and Departments of Psychiatry and Nuclear Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Wim van den Brink, MD, PhD, Amsterdam Institute for Addiction Research and Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Geert Dom, MD, PhD, Collaborative Antwerp Psychiatric Research Institute (CAPRI), University of Antwerp, and Psychiatric Centre Alexian Brothers, Boechout, Belgium; Jan Booij, MD, PhD, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Prepuberal intranasal dopamine treatment in an animal model of ADHD ameliorates deficient spatial attention, working memory, amino acid transmitters and synaptic markers in prefrontal cortex, ventral and dorsal striatum. Amino Acids 2014; 46:2105-22. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-014-1753-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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25
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Wu Z, Yang L, Wang Y. Applying Imaging Genetics to ADHD: the Promises and the Challenges. Mol Neurobiol 2014; 50:449-62. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-014-8683-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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26
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Searching for a Neurobiological Basis for Self-Medication Theory in ADHD Comorbid With Substance Use Disorders. Clin Nucl Med 2014; 39:e129-34. [DOI: 10.1097/rlu.0b013e31829f9119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Liu J, Hanlon A, Ma C, Zhao SR, Cao S, Compher C. Low blood zinc, iron, and other sociodemographic factors associated with behavior problems in preschoolers. Nutrients 2014; 6:530-45. [PMID: 24473235 PMCID: PMC3942715 DOI: 10.3390/nu6020530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2013] [Revised: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous research supports the link among malnutrition, cognitive dysfunction, and behavioral outcomes; however, less research has focused on micronutrient deficiencies. This study investigates whether micronutrient deficiencies, specifically blood zinc and iron levels, will be associated with increased behavior problem scores, including internalizing and externalizing behaviors. 1314 Children (55% boys and 45% girls) from the Jintan Preschool Cohort in China participated in this study. Venous blood samples were collected and analyzed for zinc and iron when the children were 3-5 years old. Behavior problems were measured with the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL), which was completed by the parents when children were in their last months of preschool (mean age 5.6 years). General linear multivariate modeling was used, with adjustment for important sociodemographic variables. The results indicate that low zinc levels alone (p = 0.024) and combined low zinc and iron levels (p = 0.022) are significantly associated with increased reports of total behavior problems. We did not find an association between low iron and behavior problems. With regards to sociodemographics, living in the suburbs is associated with increased internalizing problems, while higher mother's education and being female were associated with decreased externalizing problems. This study suggests that micronutrient deficiencies and sociodemographic facts are associated with behavior problems in preschoolers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianghong Liu
- School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, 418 Curie Blvd., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Alexandra Hanlon
- School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, 418 Curie Blvd., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Chenjuan Ma
- School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, 418 Curie Blvd., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Sophie R Zhao
- School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, 418 Curie Blvd., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Siyuan Cao
- School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, 418 Curie Blvd., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Charlene Compher
- School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, 418 Curie Blvd., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Chopra V, Harley K, Lahiff M, Eskenazi B. Association between phthalates and attention deficit disorder and learning disability in U.S. children, 6-15 years. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2014; 128:64-9. [PMID: 24267794 PMCID: PMC3889659 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2013.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2013] [Revised: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study investigates the association between urinary phthalate metabolite levels and attention deficit disorder (ADD), learning disability (LD), and co-occurrence of ADD and LD in 6-15-year-old children. METHODS We used cross-sectional data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES, 2001-2004). Phthalate metabolites with ≥75% detection in urine samples were examined. The study population comprised 1493 children with parent-reported information on ADD or LD diagnosis and phthalate concentrations in urine. Phthalate concentrations were creatinine-adjusted and log10-transformed for analysis. All models controlled for child sex, age, race, household income, blood lead, and maternal smoking during pregnancy. RESULTS There were 112 ADD cases, 173 LD cases, and 56 ADD and LD cases in the sample. After adjusting for potential confounders, we found increased odds of ADD with increasing urinary concentration of di-2-ethylhexyl phthalates (OR: 2.1; 95% CI: 1.1, 3.9) and high molecular weight phthalates (OR: 2.7; 95% CI: 1.2, 6.1). In addition, dibutyl phthalates (OR: 3.3; 95% CI: 0.9, 12.7) and high molecular weight phthalates (OR: 3.7; 95% CI: 0.9, 14.8) were marginally associated with increased odds of co-occurring ADD and LD. We did not find associations for any phthalate and LD alone. We observed stronger associations between phthalates and ADD and both ADD and LD in girls than boys in some models. CONCLUSIONS We found cross-sectional evidence that certain phthalates are associated with increased odds of ADD and both ADD and LD. Further investigations with longitudinal data are needed to confirm these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vidita Chopra
- Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
| | - Kim Harley
- Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Maureen Lahiff
- Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Brenda Eskenazi
- Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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29
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Low dopamine transporter occupancy by methylphenidate as a possible reason for reduced treatment effectiveness in ADHD patients with cocaine dependence. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2013; 23:1714-23. [PMID: 23731497 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2013.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Revised: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 05/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Methylphenidate (MPH) occupies brain striatal dopamine transporters (DATs) and is an effective treatment for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). However, patients with ADHD and comorbid cocaine dependence do not benefit significantly from treatment with MPH. To better understand the neurobiology of this phenomenon, we examined DAT availability and the effects of MPH treatment on DAT occupancy in ADHD patients with and without cocaine dependence. ADHD patients without a comorbid substance use disorder (N=16) and ADHD patients with comorbid cocaine dependence (N=8) were imaged at baseline and after two weeks MPH treatment using single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) with the DAT tracer [(123)I]FP-CIT. Changes in ADHD symptoms were measured with the ADHD symptom rating scale (ASRS). At baseline, we observed lower striatal DAT availability in ADHD patients with cocaine dependence. Following fixed MPH treatment, MPH occupied significantly less striatal DATs in cocaine-dependent than in non-cocaine dependent ADHD patients. There were no significant correlations between baseline DAT availability or DAT occupancy by MPH and ADHD symptom improvement. However, we did find significant correlations between DAT occupancy by MPH and decreases in impulsivity scores and years of cocaine use. These preliminary findings suggest that low DAT occupancy is not the reason why ADHD patients with cocaine dependence do not benefit from MPH treatment. It also suggests that higher dosages of MPH in these patients are probably not the solution and that medications directed at other pharmacological targets should be considered in these comorbid ADHD patients. This trial is registered at the Dutch Trial Register, www.trialregister.nl, under Trial ID number NTR3127.
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What influences clinicians' decisions about ADHD medication? Initial data from the Influences on Prescribing for ADHD Questionnaire (IPAQ). Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2013; 22:533-42. [PMID: 23455602 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-013-0393-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2012] [Accepted: 02/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Despite evidence for its efficacy and effectiveness, the use of medication for the treatment of ADHD remains controversial. Little is known about the factors that influence clinicians' decisions to use medication for ADHD. Here, we present initial data on the attitudes of prescribing clinicians from the Influences on Prescribing for ADHD Questionnaire (IPAQ)-a new clinician-completed, 40-item scale. The eight IPAQ subscales cover attitudes towards (1) treatment outcome optimisation, (2) the use of rule based over more informal approaches, (3) side effects, (4) symptoms control as the primary goal of treatment, (5) the influence of external pressure on medication-related decisions, (6) the value of taking the child's views into account, (7) long-term medication use and (8) the value of psychosocial approaches for the treatment of ADHD. Sixty-eight clinicians from Belgium and the UK took part. All subscales had acceptable levels of internal reliability (Chronbach's alpha = 0.62-0.78). Overall, clinicians reported taking a rule-based approach to prescribing with a focus on treatment optimisation, taking the child's view into account and valuing psycho-social approaches. They focused on treating broader patterns of impairment, but were wary of the potential side effects and long-term treatment. Psychiatrists scored high on their focus on symptom control and preference for long-term medication use, while paediatricians reported using more rule-based approaches. We identified four distinctive response profiles: (1) pro-psychosocial; (2) medication focused; (3) unsystematic; and (4) response optimizers. Future larger scale studies are required to replicate these profiles and to explore their relationship with prescribing behaviour and treatment outcomes.
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Yoon SY, dela Peña I, Kim SM, Woo TS, Shin CY, Son KH, Park H, Lee YS, Ryu JH, Jin M, Kim KM, Cheong JH. Oroxylin A improves attention deficit hyperactivity disorder-like behaviors in the spontaneously hypertensive rat and inhibits reuptake of dopamine in vitro. Arch Pharm Res 2013; 36:134-40. [PMID: 23371806 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-013-0009-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In previous studies we have demonstrated that the γ-aminobutryic acid-A (GABA-A) receptor antagonist oroxylin A has an awakening effect and it also represses ADHD-like behaviors (hyperactivity, impulsivity and inattention) in the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) model of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). We hypothesized that the effects of oroxylin A were exerted via the GABA-A receptor given the important role of the GABAergic system in ADHD. However, it is possible that aside from the GABAergic system, oroxylin A may influence other systems especially those implicated in ADHD (e.g. DAergic, etc.). To test this hypothesis, we evaluated the effects of GABA agonist, or dopamine (DA) antagonist in oroxylin A-induced alleviation of ADHD-like behaviors in SHR. SHR showed inattention and impulsivity as measured by the Y-maze and the electro-foot shock aversive water drinking tests, respectively. Oroxylin A significantly improved these behaviors, furthermore, its effect on SHR impulsivity was attenuated by haloperidol, a DA antagonist, but not by baicalein, an agonist of the GABA-A receptor. In vitro studies showed that oroxylin A inhibited DA uptake similar to methylphenidate, a dopamine transporter blocker, but did not influence norepinephrine uptake unlike atomoxetine, a selective NE reuptake inhibitor. Collectively, the present findings suggest that oroxylin A improves ADHD-like behaviors in SHR via enhancement of DA neurotransmission and not modulation of GABA pathway as previously reported. Importantly, the present study indicates the potential therapeutic value of oroxylin A in the treatment of ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seo Young Yoon
- Uimyung Research Institute for Neuroscience, Sahmyook University, Seoul 139-742, South Korea
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32
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Pasini A, Sinibaldi L, Paloscia C, Douzgou S, Pitzianti MB, Romeo E, Curatolo P, Pizzuti A. Neurocognitive effects of methylphenidate on ADHD children with different DAT genotypes: a longitudinal open label trial. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 2013; 17:407-14. [PMID: 23541676 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpn.2013.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2012] [Revised: 11/10/2012] [Accepted: 02/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The variable number of tandem repeat polymorphism in the 3'-untranslated region of the dopamine transporter gene (DAT) may influence the variability of the therapeutic response to methylphenidate (MPH) in Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). For this reason we evaluated the neuropsychological functioning after a prolonged period of MPH treatment and after a specific time from MPH suspension. Relationship between DAT VNTR genotypes and neurocognitive response to MPH was analyzed in a sample of 108 drug-naive ADHD patients. The performance of children with ADHD on measures of working memory, inhibition and planning was assessed at 4, 8 and 24 weeks and at 8 weeks after MPH withdrawal. Patients with 9/9 genotype evidenced an improvement in response inhibition and working memory only at 4 weeks of treatment, in planning at 24 weeks of therapy and after 8 weeks of MPH suspension. Patients with 9/10 showed an improvement in response inhibition at 4, 8 and 24 weeks of treatment, in planning at 24 weeks and after 8 weeks of MPH suspension. Patients with 10/10 evidenced an improvement in response inhibition and working memory at 4, 8 and 24 weeks of treatment and in planning at 4, 8 and 24 weeks of treatment and after 8 weeks of suspension. These results indicate that the 9/9 ADHD genotype has a different response at 24 weeks treatment with MPH. 10/10 DAT allele seems to be associated with an increased expression level of the dopamine transporter and seems to mediate the MPH treatment response in ADHD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Pasini
- Division of Child Neuropsychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Alberico 2 n.35, 00193 Rome, Italy.
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Hoogman M, Onnink M, Cools R, Aarts E, Kan C, Arias Vasquez A, Buitelaar J, Franke B. The dopamine transporter haplotype and reward-related striatal responses in adult ADHD. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2013; 23:469-78. [PMID: 22749356 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2012.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2012] [Revised: 05/07/2012] [Accepted: 05/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a highly heritable disorder and several genes increasing disease risk have been identified. The dopamine transporter gene, SLC6A3/DAT1, has been studied most extensively in ADHD research. Interestingly, a different haplotype of this gene (formed by genetic variants in the 3' untranslated region and intron 8) is associated with childhood ADHD (haplotype 10-6) and adult ADHD (haplotype 9-6). The expression of DAT1 is highest in striatal regions in the brain. This part of the brain is of interest to ADHD because of its role in reward processing is altered in ADHD patients; ADHD patients display decreased striatal activation during reward processing. To better understand how the DAT1 gene exerts effects on ADHD, we studied the effect of this gene on reward-related brain functioning in the area of its highest expression in the brain, the striatum, using functional magnetic resonance imaging. In doing so, we tried to resolve inconsistencies observed in previous studies of healthy individuals and ADHD-affected children. In a sample of 87 adult ADHD patients and 77 healthy comparison subjects, we confirmed the association of the 9-6 haplotype with adult ADHD. Striatal hypoactivation during the reward anticipation phase of a monetary incentive delay task in ADHD patients was again shown, but no significant effects of DAT1 on striatal activity were found. Although the importance of the DAT1 haplotype as a risk factor for adult ADHD was again demonstrated in this study, the mechanism by which this gene increases disease risk remains largely unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martine Hoogman
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Costa A, la Fougère C, Pogarell O, Möller HJ, Riedel M, Ettinger U. Impulsivity is related to striatal dopamine transporter availability in healthy males. Psychiatry Res 2013; 211:251-6. [PMID: 23158972 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2012.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2011] [Revised: 07/16/2012] [Accepted: 07/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Impulsivity characterises various psychiatric disorders, particularly attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Evidence shows that ADHD symptoms are associated with dopamine dysfunction and alleviated with methylphenidate, a drug that reduces dopamine transporter availability. ADHD-like symptoms and impulsive traits are continuously distributed across the general population. Here, we aimed to investigate the dopaminergic basis of impulsivity and other ADHD-related traits in healthy individuals by studying the association of these traits with striatal dopamine transporter availability. Single-photon emission computed tomography with [(123)I] FP-CIT was performed on 38 healthy males. Impulsivity was measured using the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS) and hyperactivity-impulsivity and inattention using the Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS). We found that greater dopamine transporter availability was associated with higher BIS impulsivity but not with ADHD-related traits. The association with BIS was significant after accounting for individual differences in age and neuroticism. These results suggest that individual differences in the dopamine system may be a neural correlate of trait impulsivity in healthy individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Costa
- Department of Psychiatry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
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35
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Fusar-Poli P, Meyer-Lindenberg A. Striatal presynaptic dopamine in schizophrenia, Part I: meta-analysis of dopamine active transporter (DAT) density. Schizophr Bull 2013; 39:22-32. [PMID: 22282456 PMCID: PMC3523907 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbr111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Striatal dopaminergic neurotransmission has been postulated to be fundamental to the emergence of key symptoms of schizophrenia, such as psychotic symptoms, and is targeted by currently available dopaminergic drugs. A specific marker of the integrity of presynaptic dopamine neurons in the striatum, the density of striatal dopamine terminals, can be quantified through molecular neuroimaging of the dopamine active transporter (DAT). However, the currently available results using this approach in schizophrenia are inconsistent. METHODS Thirteen Single Photon Emission Tomography or Positron Emission Tomography (PET) studies investigating DAT density in the striatum of schizophrenic patients and matched controls were included in a quantitative meta-analysis. Binding potentials in the striatum, caudate, and putamen, as well as demographic, clinical, and methodological variables, were extracted from each publication. Hedges' g was used as a measure of effect size. RESULTS The overall database contained 202 subjects with schizophrenia and 147 controls, well matched with respect to sociodemographic variables. Striatal DAT density was not significantly different between patients and controls. Similar negative findings were regionally confirmed in the putamen and caudate. There was no moderating effect for external factors. CONCLUSIONS Our meta-analysis uncovered no evidence indicating altered density of striatal dopamine terminals in schizophrenia. Moreover, striatal DAT density did not seem to be influenced by antipsychotic medication or illness duration. Our data suggest that altered integrity of striatal dopaminergic synapses is not critical for the emergence of schizophrenia or its treatment. These findings should be useful in further refining dopaminergic hypotheses of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Fusar-Poli
- Section of Psychiatry, Department of Health Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
| | - Andreas Meyer-Lindenberg
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
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Hakvoort Schwerdtfeger RM, Alahyane N, Brien DC, Coe BC, Stroman PW, Munoz DP. Preparatory neural networks are impaired in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder during the antisaccade task. Neuroimage Clin 2012; 2:63-78. [PMID: 24179760 PMCID: PMC3777763 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2012.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2012] [Revised: 10/23/2012] [Accepted: 10/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) often display executive function impairments, particularly in inhibitory control. The antisaccade task, which measures inhibitory control, requires one to suppress an automatic prosaccade toward a salient visual stimulus and voluntarily make an antisaccade in the opposite direction. ADHD patients not only have longer saccadic reaction times, but also make more direction errors (i.e., a prosaccade was executed toward the stimulus) during antisaccade trials. These deficits may stem from pathology in several brain areas that are important for executive control. Using functional MRI with a rapid event-related design, adults with combined subtype of ADHD (coexistence of attention and hyperactivity problems), who abstained from taking stimulant medication 20 h prior to experiment onset, and age-match controls performed pro- and antisaccade trials that were interleaved with pro- and anti-catch trials (i.e., instruction was presented but no target appeared, requiring no response). This method allowed us to examine brain activation patterns when participants either prepared (during instruction) or executed (after target appearance) correct pro or antisaccades. Behaviorally, ADHD adults displayed several antisaccade deficits, including longer and more variable reaction times and more direction errors, but saccade metrics (i.e., duration, velocity, and amplitude) were normal. When preparing to execute an antisaccade, ADHD adults showed less activation in frontal, supplementary, and parietal eye fields, compared to controls. However, activation in these areas was normal in the ADHD group during the execution of a correct antisaccade. Interestingly, unlike controls, adults with ADHD produced greater activation than controls in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex during antisaccade execution, perhaps as part of compensatory mechanisms to optimize antisaccade production. Overall, these data suggest that the saccade deficits observed in adults with ADHD do not result from an inability to execute a correct antisaccade but rather the failure to properly prepare (i.e., form the appropriate task set) for the antisaccade trial. The data support the view that the executive impairments, including inhibitory control, in ADHD adults are related to poor response preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nadia Alahyane
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Donald C. Brien
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brian C. Coe
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Patrick W. Stroman
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Physics, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Douglas P. Munoz
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Psychology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
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Pauls AM, O'Daly OG, Rubia K, Riedel WJ, Williams SCR, Mehta MA. Methylphenidate effects on prefrontal functioning during attentional-capture and response inhibition. Biol Psychiatry 2012; 72:142-9. [PMID: 22552046 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2011] [Revised: 03/01/2012] [Accepted: 03/14/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Methylphenidate improves motor response inhibition, typically assessed with the stop-signal task. The exact underlying mechanism for this, however, remains unknown. In addition, recent studies highlight that stop signals can have a confounding attentional-capture effect because of their low frequency in the task. In the current study, we assessed the effects of methylphenidate on neural networks of inhibitory control and attentional-capture within the context of two inhibitory control tasks. METHODS The effects of methylphenidate (40 mg) were assessed using functional magnetic resonance imaging in 16 healthy volunteers in a within-subject, double-blind, placebo-controlled design. RESULTS Methylphenidate significantly reduced activation of different regions within the right inferior frontal gyrus/insula to infrequent stimuli associated with successful inhibition, failed inhibition, and attentional capture. These inferior frontal gyrus regions showed different interregional connections with inhibitory and attention networks. For failed inhibitions, methylphenidate increased activation within performance-monitoring regions, including the superior frontal, anterior cingulate, and parietal-occipital cortices, but only after controlling for attentional capture. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that the improvement of response inhibition seen following methylphenidate administration is due to its influence on underlying attentional mechanisms linked to response control requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid M Pauls
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, United Kingdom.
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Recent advances in imaging of dopaminergic neurons for evaluation of neuropsychiatric disorders. J Biomed Biotechnol 2012; 2012:259349. [PMID: 22570524 PMCID: PMC3335602 DOI: 10.1155/2012/259349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2011] [Accepted: 01/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Dopamine is the most intensely studied monoaminergic neurotransmitter. Dopaminergic neurotransmission plays an important role in regulating several aspects of basic brain function, including motor, behavior, motivation, and working memory. To date, there are numerous positron emission tomography (PET) and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) radiotracers available for targeting different steps in the process of dopaminergic neurotransmission, which permits us to quantify dopaminergic activity in the living human brain. Degeneration of the nigrostriatal dopamine system causes Parkinson's disease (PD) and related Parkinsonism. Dopamine is the neurotransmitter that has been classically associated with the reinforcing effects of drug abuse. Abnormalities within the dopamine system in the brain are involved in the pathophysiology of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Dopamine receptors play an important role in schizophrenia and the effect of neuroleptics is through blockage of dopamine D2 receptors. This review will concentrate on the radiotracers that have been developed for imaging dopaminergic neurons, describe the clinical aspects in the assessment of neuropsychiatric disorders, and suggest future directions in the diagnosis and management of such disorders.
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Neurobiological circuits regulating attention, cognitive control, motivation, and emotion: disruptions in neurodevelopmental psychiatric disorders. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2012; 51:356-67. [PMID: 22449642 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2012.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 344] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2011] [Revised: 01/06/2012] [Accepted: 01/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This article aims to review basic and clinical studies outlining the roles of prefrontal cortical (PFC) networks in the behavior and cognitive functions that are compromised in childhood neurodevelopmental disorders and how these map into the neuroimaging evidence of circuit abnormalities in these disorders. METHOD Studies of animals, normally developing children, and patients with neurodevelopmental disorders were reviewed, with focus on neuroimaging studies. RESULTS The PFC provides "top-down" regulation of attention, inhibition/cognitive control, motivation, and emotion through connections with posterior cortical and subcortical structures. Dorsolateral and inferior PFC regulate attention and cognitive/inhibitory control, whereas orbital and ventromedial structures regulate motivation and affect. PFC circuitries are very sensitive to their neurochemical environment, and small changes in the underlying neurotransmitter systems, e.g. by medications, can produce large effects on mediated function. Neuroimaging studies of children with neurodevelopmental disorders show altered brain structure and function in distinctive circuits respecting this organization. Children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder show prominent abnormalities in the inferior PFC and its connections to striatal, cerebellar, and parietal regions, whereas children with conduct disorder show alterations in the paralimbic system, comprising ventromedial, lateral orbitofrontal, and superior temporal cortices together with specific underlying limbic regions, regulating motivation and emotion control. Children with major depressive disorder show alterations in ventral orbital and limbic activity, particularly in the left hemisphere, mediating emotions. Finally, children with obsessive-compulsive disorder appear to have a dysregulation in orbito-fronto-striatal inhibitory control pathways, but also deficits in dorsolateral fronto-parietal systems of attention. CONCLUSIONS Altogether, there is a good correspondence between anatomical circuitry mediating compromised functions and patterns of brain structure and function changes in children with neuropsychiatric disorders. Medications may optimize the neurochemical environment in PFC and associated circuitries, and improve structure and function.
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Abstract
In recent years, descriptive symptom-based approaches of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have been increasingly replaced by more sophisticated endophenotype-based strategies, better suited to investigate its pathophysiological basis, which is inherently heterogeneous. Measurements derived from neuroimaging techniques such as positron emission tomography (PET) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) constitute endophenotypes of growing interest, capable of providing unprecedented windows on neurochemical and neuroanatomical components of psychiatric conditions. This chapter reviews the current state of knowledge regarding putative neural and behavioral endophenotypes of ADHD, across the lifespan. To this end, recent evidence drawn from molecular and structural neuroimaging studies are discussed in the light of widely accepted neuropsychological and pharmacological models of ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia del Campo
- Department of Psychiatry, and Behavioral and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK,
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Vansickel AR, Stoops WW, Glaser PEA, Poole MM, Rush CR. Methylphenidate increases cigarette smoking in participants with ADHD. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2011; 218:381-90. [PMID: 21590284 PMCID: PMC3189423 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-011-2328-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2011] [Accepted: 04/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Methylphenidate (Ritalin®) is commonly prescribed for behavioral problems associated with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The results of previous studies suggest that methylphenidate increases cigarette smoking in participants without psychiatric diagnoses. Whether methylphenidate increases cigarette smoking in participants diagnosed with ADHD is unknown. OBJECTIVE In this within-subjects, repeated measures experiment, the acute effects of a range of doses of methylphenidate (10, 20, and 40 mg) and placebo were assessed in nine cigarette smokers who were not attempting to quit and met diagnostic criteria for ADHD but no other Axis I psychiatric disorders other than nicotine dependence. METHODS Each dose of methylphenidate was tested once while placebo was tested twice. One hour after ingesting drug, participants were allowed to smoke ad libitum for 4 h. Measures of smoking included total cigarettes smoked, total puffs, and carbon monoxide levels. Snacks and decaffeinated drinks were available ad libitum; caloric intake during the 4-h smoking session was calculated. RESULTS Methylphenidate increased the total number of cigarettes smoked, total number of puffs, and carbon monoxide levels. Methylphenidate decreased the number of food items consumed and caloric intake. CONCLUSIONS The results of this experiment suggest that acutely administered methylphenidate increases cigarette smoking in participants with ADHD, which is concordant with findings from previous studies that tested healthy young adults. These data indicate that clinicians may need to consider non-stimulant options or counsel their patients before starting methylphenidate when managing ADHD-diagnosed individuals who smoke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea R. Vansickel
- Department of Behavioral Science, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
- Department of Psychology, College of Arts and Science, University of Kentucky Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - William W. Stoops
- Department of Behavioral Science, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
- Department of Psychology, College of Arts and Science, University of Kentucky Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Paul E. A. Glaser
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Megan M. Poole
- Department of Psychology, College of Arts and Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Craig R. Rush
- Department of Behavioral Science, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
- Department of Psychology, College of Arts and Science, University of Kentucky Lexington, KY 40536, USA
- Department of Behavioral Science, University of Kentucky Medical Center, 140 Medical Behavioral Science Building, Lexington, KY, USA
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Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: is there a correlation between dopamine transporter density and cerebral blood flow? Clin Nucl Med 2011; 36:656-60. [PMID: 21716015 DOI: 10.1097/rlu.0b013e318219b49d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most frequent behavioral problems in school-age children. Although the etiology remains unclear, the involvement of the dopaminergic system has been suggested by genetic studies that report an overexpression of the dopamine transporter (DAT) gene. In spite of these abnormalities being directly related to the decrease of dopamine (DA) in the striatum (STR), abnormalities in brain perfusion have also been observed in cortical-subcortical structures. Functional neuroimaging studies have suggested that the DA concentration may cause changes in the cerebral blood flow (CBF). The objective of our study was to evaluate the relationship between DAT density in STR and cortical-subcortical impairment in CBF. Based on the hypothesis that there is a correlation between DA availability and brain perfusion, we postulated that individuals with ADHD, with a higher DAT density in the basal ganglia, will have lower perfusion in the fronto-striatal-cerebellar networks. We used Tc-99m TRODAT-1 SPECT to measure DAT density and Tc-99m ECD SPECT to assess brain perfusion. Ten adolescents diagnosed with ADHD by Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition criteria were investigated. Analysis with Statistical Parametric Mapping 5 corrected for multiple comparisons, using small volume correction, showed a significant negative correlation between the DAT density in the STR and CBF in the cingulate gyrus, frontal lobe, temporal lobe, and cerebellum (pFDR <0.01). Our findings suggest that higher DAT density in the STR was associated with a decrease in the regional CBF in the cortical and subcortical attention network.
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Carrey N, Wilkinson M. A review of psychostimulant-induced neuroadaptation in developing animals. Neurosci Bull 2011; 27:197-214. [PMID: 21614102 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-011-1004-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of clinically relevant doses of commonly prescribed stimulants methylphenidate (MPH), d-amphetamine (d-AMPH), and dl-AMPH or mixed amphetamine salts (MAS) such as Adderall, on short- and long-term gene neuroadaptations in developing animals have not been widely investigated. In the present review, the effects of oral stimulant administration were compared with those of the subcutaneous or intra-peritoneal route. A selective set of studies between 1979 and 2010, which incorporated in their design developmental period, clinically relevant doses of stimulants, and repeated daily doses were reviewed. These studies indicate that neuroadaptation to chronic stimulants includes blunting of stimulated immediate early gene expression, sensitivity of younger (prepubertal) brain to smaller dosages of stimulants, and the persistence of some effects, especially behavioral neuroadaptations, into adulthood. In addition, oral amphetamines (MAS) have more profound effects than does oral MPH. Further animal developmental studies are required to understand potential long-term neuroadaptations to low, daily oral doses of stimulants. Implications for clinical practice were also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Normand Carrey
- Department of Psychiatry, IWK Health Centre, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.
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Rubia K, Halari R, Mohammad AM, Taylor E, Brammer M. Methylphenidate normalizes frontocingulate underactivation during error processing in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Biol Psychiatry 2011; 70:255-62. [PMID: 21664605 PMCID: PMC3139835 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2011.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2010] [Revised: 03/29/2011] [Accepted: 04/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have deficits in performance monitoring often improved with the indirect catecholamine agonist methylphenidate (MPH). We used functional magnetic resonance imaging to investigate the effects of single-dose MPH on activation of error processing brain areas in medication-naive boys with ADHD during a stop task that elicits 50% error rates. METHODS Twelve medication-naive boys with ADHD were scanned twice, under either a single clinical dose of MPH or placebo, in a randomized, double-blind design while they performed an individually adjusted tracking stop task, designed to elicit 50% failures. Brain activation was compared within patients under either drug condition. To test for potential normalization effects of MPH, brain activation in ADHD patients under either drug condition was compared with that of 13 healthy age-matched boys. RESULTS During failed inhibition, boys with ADHD under placebo relative to control subjects showed reduced brain activation in performance monitoring areas of dorsomedial and left ventrolateral prefrontal cortices, thalamus, cingulate, and parietal regions. MPH, relative to placebo, upregulated activation in these brain regions within patients and normalized all activation differences between patients and control subjects. During successful inhibition, MPH normalized reduced activation observed in patients under placebo compared with control subjects in parietotemporal and cerebellar regions. CONCLUSIONS MPH normalized brain dysfunction in medication-naive ADHD boys relative to control subjects in typical brain areas of performance monitoring, comprising left ventrolateral and dorsomedial frontal and parietal cortices. This could underlie the amelioration of MPH of attention and academic performance in ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katya Rubia
- Department of Child Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Rozmin Halari
- Department of Child Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Abdul-Majeed Mohammad
- Department of Child Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Eric Taylor
- Department of Child Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Brammer
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
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Brown AB, Biederman J, Valera E, Makris N, Doyle A, Whitfield-Gabrieli S, Mick E, Spencer T, Faraone S, Seidman L. Relationship of DAT1 and adult ADHD to task-positive and task-negative working memory networks. Psychiatry Res 2011; 193:7-16. [PMID: 21596533 PMCID: PMC3105199 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2011.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2010] [Revised: 01/12/2011] [Accepted: 01/13/2011] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Alterations in working memory, default-mode network (DMN), and dopamine transporter have all been proposed as endophenotypes for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Despite evidence that these systems are interrelated, their relationship to each other has never been studied in the context of ADHD. In order to understand the potential mediating effects of task-positive and task-negative networks between DAT1 and diagnosis, we tested effects of genotype and diagnosis on regions of positive and negative BOLD signal change (as measured with fMRI) in 53 adults with ADHD and 38 control subjects during a working memory task. We also examined the relationship of these responses to ADHD symptoms. Our results yielded four principal findings: 1) association of the DAT1 9R allele with adult ADHD, 2) marginal DAT1 association with task-related suppression in left medial PFC, 3) marginal genotype×diagnosis interaction in the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, and 4) correlation of DMN suppression to ADHD symptoms. These findings replicate the association of the 9R allele with adult ADHD. Further, we show that DMN suppression is likely linked to DAT1 and to severity of inattention in ADHD. DMN may therefore be a target of DAT1 effects, and lie on the path between the gene and inattention in ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariel Beth Brown
- Clinical and Research Programs in Pediatric Psychopharmacology and Adult ADHD, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, United States.
| | - Joseph Biederman
- Clinical and Research Programs in Pediatric Psychopharmacology and Adult ADHD, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114
| | - Eve Valera
- Clinical and Research Programs in Pediatric Psychopharmacology and Adult ADHD, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, Psychiatric Neuroimaging Research Program, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston MA, 02129
| | - Nikos Makris
- Departments of Neurology and Radiology Services, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02118, Center for Morphometric Analysis, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02129
| | - Alysa Doyle
- Clinical and Research Programs in Pediatric Psychopharmacology and Adult ADHD, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114
| | - Susan Whitfield-Gabrieli
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Eric Mick
- Clinical and Research Programs in Pediatric Psychopharmacology and Adult ADHD, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114
| | - Thomas Spencer
- Clinical and Research Programs in Pediatric Psychopharmacology and Adult ADHD, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114
| | - Stephen Faraone
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, 13210
| | - Larry Seidman
- Clinical and Research Programs in Pediatric Psychopharmacology and Adult ADHD, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, The Massachusetts Mental Health Center Public Psychiatry Division of the Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School Department of Psychiatry, Boston, MA, 02215
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Methylphenidate normalizes fronto-striatal underactivation during interference inhibition in medication-naïve boys with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology 2011; 36:1575-86. [PMID: 21451498 PMCID: PMC3116801 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2011.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Youth with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have deficits in interference inhibition, which can be improved with the indirect catecholamine agonist methylphenidate (MPH). Functional magnetic resonance imaging was used to investigate the effects of a single dose of MPH on brain activation during interference inhibition in medication-naïve ADHD boys. Medication-naïve boys with ADHD were scanned twice, in a randomized, double-blind design, under either a single clinical dose of MPH or placebo, while performing a Simon task that measures interference inhibition and controls for the oddball effect of low-frequency appearance of incongruent trials. Brain activation was compared within patients under either drug condition. To test for potential normalization effects of MPH, brain activation in ADHD patients under either drug condition was compared with that of healthy age-matched comparison boys. During incongruent trials compared with congruent-oddball trials, boys with ADHD under placebo relative to controls showed reduced brain activation in typical areas of interference inhibition, including right inferior prefrontal cortex, left striatum and thalamus, mid-cingulate/supplementary motor area, and left superior temporal lobe. MPH relative to placebo upregulated brain activation in right inferior prefrontal and premotor cortices. Under the MPH condition, patients relative to controls no longer showed the reduced activation in right inferior prefrontal and striato-thalamic regions. Effect size comparison, furthermore, showed that these normalization effects were significant. MPH significantly normalized the fronto-striatal underfunctioning in ADHD patients relative to controls during interference inhibition, but did not affect medial frontal or temporal dysfunction. MPH therefore appears to have a region-specific upregulation effect on fronto-striatal activation.
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The roles of dopamine and noradrenaline in the pathophysiology and treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Biol Psychiatry 2011; 69:e145-57. [PMID: 21550021 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2011.02.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 403] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2010] [Revised: 01/16/2011] [Accepted: 02/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Through neuromodulatory influences over fronto-striato-cerebellar circuits, dopamine and noradrenaline play important roles in high-level executive functions often reported to be impaired in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Medications used in the treatment of ADHD (including methylphenidate, dextroamphetamine and atomoxetine) act to increase brain catecholamine levels. However, the precise prefrontal cortical and subcortical mechanisms by which these agents exert their therapeutic effects remain to be fully specified. Herein, we review and discuss the present state of knowledge regarding the roles of dopamine (DA) and noradrenaline in the regulation of corticostriatal circuits, with a focus on the molecular neuroimaging literature (both in ADHD patients and in healthy subjects). Recent positron emission tomography evidence has highlighted the utility of quantifying DA markers, at baseline or following drug administration, in striatal subregions governed by differential cortical connectivity. This approach opens the possibility of characterizing the neurobiological underpinnings of ADHD (and associated cognitive dysfunction) and its treatment by targeting specific neural circuits. It is anticipated that the application of refined and novel positron emission tomography methodology will help to disentangle the overlapping and dissociable contributions of DA and noradrenaline in the prefrontal cortex, thereby aiding our understanding of ADHD and facilitating new treatments.
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England SJ, Picchietti DL, Couvadelli BV, Fisher BC, Siddiqui F, Wagner ML, Hening WA, Lewin D, Winnie G, Cohen B, Walters AS. L-Dopa improves Restless Legs Syndrome and periodic limb movements in sleep but not Attention-Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder in a double-blind trial in children. Sleep Med 2011; 12:471-7. [PMID: 21463967 PMCID: PMC3094572 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2011.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2010] [Revised: 01/19/2011] [Accepted: 01/26/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In a previous open-label study, dopaminergic agents improved Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS) and Periodic Limb Movements in Sleep (PLMS), as well as Attention-Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in children with both disorders. We therefore conducted a double-blind placebo-controlled trial of L-DOPA in ADHD children with and without RLS/PLMS. METHODS Two groups of patients (total n = 29), those with ADHD only or those with ADHD and RLS/PLMS, were randomized to L-DOPA or placebo therapy. At baseline and after therapy patients were assessed with Conners' parent and teacher rating scales; polysomnography; RLS rating scale; and neuropsychometric measures of memory, learning, attention, and vigilance. RESULTS L-DOPA improved RLS/PLMS symptoms in all patients with those disorders compared with placebo (p = .007). When assessed by the Conners' Scales before therapy, ADHD was more severe in children without RLS/PLMS than in children with RLS/PLMS (p = 0.006). L-DOPA had no effect on Conners' scales, sleep, or neuropsychometric tests when all patients treated with the drug were compared to those on placebo or when patients with ADHD only were compared to those with ADHD and RLS/PLMS. CONCLUSIONS In this first double-blind study of a dopaminergic therapy in children with RLS/PLMS, L-Dopa significantly improved RLS/PLMS but not ADHD. These results, however, should be interpreted carefully since they may have been influenced by the relatively small sample size and the baseline differences in severity of ADHD symptoms. Further work needs to be done to elucidate the relationship between dopamine, ADHD and RLS/PLMS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel L. Picchietti
- University of Illinois School of Medicine and Carle Foundation Hospital, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Barbara Vera Couvadelli
- New Jersey Neuroscience Institute at JFK Medical Center, Seton Hall University School of Graduate Medical Education, Edison, New Jersey
| | | | - Fouzia Siddiqui
- New Jersey Neuroscience Institute at JFK Medical Center, Seton Hall University School of Graduate Medical Education, Edison, New Jersey
- Dept of Neurology University of Toledo Medical Center, Toledo, Ohio
| | | | - Wayne A. Hening
- UMDNJ-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey
- Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | | | - Barry Cohen
- Dept of Psychology and Biostatistics New York University Medical Center, N.Y., N.Y
| | - Arthur S. Walters
- New Jersey Neuroscience Institute at JFK Medical Center, Seton Hall University School of Graduate Medical Education, Edison, New Jersey
- Dept of Neurology Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
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Rubia K, Cubillo A, Woolley J, Brammer MJ, Smith A. Disorder-specific dysfunctions in patients with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder compared to patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder during interference inhibition and attention allocation. Hum Brain Mapp 2011; 32:601-11. [PMID: 21391250 PMCID: PMC6870444 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.21048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2009] [Revised: 02/12/2010] [Accepted: 02/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Abnormalities in inhibitory control and underlying fronto-striatal networks is common to both attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and obsessive-compulsive-disorder (OCD). The aim of this study was to investigate disorder-specific abnormalities in neural networks mediating interference inhibition and selective attention. METHOD Event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was used to compare brain activation of boys with ADHD (18), with OCD (10), and healthy boys during (20) during a Simon task that measures interference inhibition and controls for and therefore comeasures attention allocation. RESULTS During interference inhibition, both patient groups shared mesial frontal dysfunction compared to controls. Disorder-specific dysfunctions were observed in OCD patients in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex during the oddball condition and in ADHD patients in inferior parietal lobe during interference inhibition and in caudate and posterior cingulate during the simpler oddball condition. The decreased activation in caudate and cingulate in ADHD was furthermore negatively correlated with ADHD symptoms and positively with OCD behavioral traits. CONCLUSIONS The study shows that ADHD and OCD patients have shared but also disorder-specific brain dysfunctions during interference inhibition and attention allocation. Both disorders shared dysfunction in mesial frontal cortex. Disorder-specific dysfunctions, however, were observed in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in OCD patients and in caudate, cingulate, and parietal brain regions in ADHD patients. The disorder-specific dissociation of striato-cingulate activation that was increased in OCD compared to ADHD patients, was furthermore inversely related to the symptomatology of the two disorders, and may potentially reflect differential dopamine modulation of striatal brain regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katya Rubia
- Department of Child Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK.
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