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Cui Y, Ho M, Hu Y, Shi Y. Vaccine adjuvants: current status, research and development, licensing, and future opportunities. J Mater Chem B 2024; 12:4118-4137. [PMID: 38591323 PMCID: PMC11180427 DOI: 10.1039/d3tb02861e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Vaccines represent one of the most significant inventions in human history and have revolutionized global health. Generally, a vaccine functions by triggering the innate immune response and stimulating antigen-presenting cells, leading to a defensive adaptive immune response against a specific pathogen's antigen. As a key element, adjuvants are chemical materials often employed as additives to increase a vaccine's efficacy and immunogenicity. For over 90 years, adjuvants have been essential components in many human vaccines, improving their efficacy by enhancing, modulating, and prolonging the immune response. Here, we provide a timely and comprehensive review of the historical development and the current status of adjuvants, covering their classification, mechanisms of action, and roles in different vaccines. Additionally, we perform systematic analysis of the current licensing processes and highlights notable examples from clinical trials involving vaccine adjuvants. Looking ahead, we anticipate future trends in the field, including the development of new adjuvant formulations, the creation of innovative adjuvants, and their integration into the broader scope of systems vaccinology and vaccine delivery. The article posits that a deeper understanding of biochemistry, materials science, and vaccine immunology is crucial for advancing vaccine technology. Such advancements are expected to lead to the future development of more effective vaccines, capable of combating emerging infectious diseases and enhancing public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Cui
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - Megan Ho
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Yongjie Hu
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - Yuan Shi
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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Lavelle EC, McEntee CP. Vaccine adjuvants: Tailoring innate recognition to send the right message. Immunity 2024; 57:772-789. [PMID: 38599170 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2024.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Adjuvants play pivotal roles in vaccine development, enhancing immunization efficacy through prolonged retention and sustained release of antigen, lymph node targeting, and regulation of dendritic cell activation. Adjuvant-induced activation of innate immunity is achieved via diverse mechanisms: for example, adjuvants can serve as direct ligands for pathogen recognition receptors or as inducers of cell stress and death, leading to the release of immunostimulatory-damage-associated molecular patterns. Adjuvant systems increasingly stimulate multiple innate pathways to induce greater potency. Increased understanding of the principles dictating adjuvant-induced innate immunity will subsequently lead to programming specific types of adaptive immune responses. This tailored optimization is fundamental to next-generation vaccines capable of inducing robust and sustained adaptive immune memory across different cohorts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ed C Lavelle
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Craig P McEntee
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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3
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Li L, Li Y, Peng Y, Ma G, Wu J. Investigation on the immune effect of a chitosan-based particle-in-oil-in-water emulsion. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 128:111468. [PMID: 38171055 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.111468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Particle-in-oil-in-water (P/O/W) multiple emulsion adjuvants introduce particles into the internal water phase of a water-in-oil-in-water emulsion, combining the advantages of both particle and emulsion adjuvants to enhance humoral and cellular immune responses. In this study, we optimized P/O/W multiple emulsion adjuvants. Chitosan, poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid), and aluminum gel were used to prepare the particles, which were introduced into a water-in-oil-in-water emulsion to obtain three P/O/W multiple emulsion adjuvants. The immune enhancement effects and safety of the three adjuvants were compared, and it was proven that the adjuvant with chitosan nanoparticles in the internal water phase had good cellular and humoral immune effects. Simultaneously, the proportion of the internal water phase increased from 13% to 20%, reducing the antigen concentration required for embedding to one-third of the original concentration and expanding the application range of the composite adjuvant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanxin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China; Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Preparation and Delivery, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Yanan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China; Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Preparation and Delivery, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China; Division of Molecular Science, Graduate School of Science &Engineering Gunma University, Gunma 376-8515, Japan
| | - Yanan Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China; Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Preparation and Delivery, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Guanghui Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China; Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Preparation and Delivery, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China; PLA Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Production and Formulation Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China; Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing 210008, PR China.
| | - Jie Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China; Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Preparation and Delivery, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China; PLA Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Production and Formulation Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China; Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing 210008, PR China.
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Shen F, Wang H, Liu Z, Sun L. DNA Nanostructures: Self-Adjuvant Carriers for Highly Efficient Subunit Vaccines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202312624. [PMID: 37737971 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202312624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Subunit vaccines based on antigen proteins or epitopes of pathogens or tumors show advantages in immunological precision and high safety, but are often limited by their low immunogenicity. Adjuvants can boost immune responses by stimulating immune cells or promoting antigen uptake by antigen presenting cells (APCs), yet existing clinical adjuvants struggle in simultaneously achieving these dual functions. Additionally, the spatial organization of antigens might be crucial to their immunogenicity. Hence, superior adjuvants should potently stimulate the immune system, precisely arrange antigens, and effectively deliver antigens to APCs. Recently, precisely organizing and delivering antigens with the unique editability of DNA nanostructures has been proposed, presenting unique abilities in significantly improving the immunogenicity of antigens. In this minireview, we will discuss the principles behind using DNA nanostructures as self-adjuvant carriers and review the latest advancements in this field. The potential and challenges associated with self-adjuvant DNA nanostructures will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengyun Shen
- Institute of Materiobiology, Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 201240, China
| | - Haihan Wang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Lab Carbon Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhuang Liu
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Lab Carbon Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lele Sun
- Institute of Materiobiology, Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
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Fisher KJ, Shirtcliff L, Buchanan G, Thompson AW, Woolard FX, LaMunyon DH, Marshall JL, Baranouskas MB, Voelker RB, Lusk JS, Wells CE, Mohamath R, Kinsey R, Lykins WR, Ramer-Denisoff G, Fox CB, Paddon CJ, McPhee D. Kilo-Scale GMP Synthesis of Renewable Semisynthetic Vaccine-Grade Squalene. Org Process Res Dev 2023; 27:2317-2328. [PMID: 38524776 PMCID: PMC10956619 DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.3c00300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Emulsions of the triterpene squalene ((6E,10E,14E,18E)-2,6,10,15,19,23-hexamethyltetracosa-2,6,10,14,18,22-hexaene, CAS 111-02-4) have been used as adjuvants in influenza vaccines since the 1990s. Traditionally sourced from shark liver oil, the overfishing of sharks and concomitant reduction in the oceanic shark population raises sustainability issues for vaccine adjuvant grade squalene. We report a semisynthetic route to squalene meeting current pharmacopeial specifications for use in vaccines that leverages the ready availability of trans-β-farnesene ((6E)-7,11-dimethyl-3-methylene-1,6,10-dodecatriene, CAS 18794-84-8), manufactured from sustainable sugarcane via a yeast fermentation process. The scalability of the proposed route was verified by a kilo-scale GMP synthesis. We also report data demonstrating the synthesized semi-synthetic squalene's physical stability and biological activity when used in a vaccine adjuvant formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl J. Fisher
- Amyris Inc, 5885 Hollis St, Suite 100, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Laura Shirtcliff
- Actylis Eugene, 90 North Polk St., Suite 200, Eugene OR 97402, USA
| | - Greg Buchanan
- Amyris Inc, 5885 Hollis St, Suite 100, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | | | - Frank X. Woolard
- Amyris Inc, 5885 Hollis St, Suite 100, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Jason S. Lusk
- Actylis Eugene, 90 North Polk St., Suite 200, Eugene OR 97402, USA
| | - Charles E. Wells
- Actylis Eugene, 90 North Polk St., Suite 200, Eugene OR 97402, USA
| | - Raodoh Mohamath
- Access to Advanced Health Institute (AAHI), 1616 Eastlake Avenue East, Seattle, WA 98102, USA
| | - Robert Kinsey
- Access to Advanced Health Institute (AAHI), 1616 Eastlake Avenue East, Seattle, WA 98102, USA
| | - William R. Lykins
- Access to Advanced Health Institute (AAHI), 1616 Eastlake Avenue East, Seattle, WA 98102, USA
| | - Gabi Ramer-Denisoff
- Access to Advanced Health Institute (AAHI), 1616 Eastlake Avenue East, Seattle, WA 98102, USA
| | - Christopher B. Fox
- Access to Advanced Health Institute (AAHI), 1616 Eastlake Avenue East, Seattle, WA 98102, USA
| | | | - Derek McPhee
- Amyris Inc, 5885 Hollis St, Suite 100, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
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Fox CB, Khandhar AP, Khuu L, Phan T, Kinsey R, Cordero D, Gutiérrez JM, León G. Physicochemical and immunological effects of adjuvant formulations with snake venom antigens for immunization of horses for antivenom production. Toxicon 2023; 232:107229. [PMID: 37495191 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2023.107229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Enhancement of antivenom immune responses in horses through adjuvant technology improves antivenom production efficiency, but substantial local reactogenicity associated with some traditional veterinary adjuvants limits their usability. To explore modern adjuvant systems suitable for generating antivenom responses in horses, we first assessed their physicochemical compatibility with Bothrops asper snake venom. Liposome and nanoparticle aluminum adjuvants exhibited changes in particle size and phospholipid content after mixing with venom, whereas squalene emulsion-based adjuvants remained stable. Next, we evaluated serum antibody response magnitude and neutralization capacity in horses immunized with adjuvant-containing Echis ocellatus, Bitis arietans, Naja nigricollis, and Dendroaspis polylepis venom preparations. Whereas all tested adjuvants elicited significant neutralization capacity against the viperid venoms, the greatest antibody responses were generated by a squalene-in-water emulsion, thus representing a promising novel alternative for antivenom production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher B Fox
- Access to Advanced Health Institute (formerly Infectious Disease Research Institute), Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Amit P Khandhar
- Access to Advanced Health Institute (formerly Infectious Disease Research Institute), Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Lisa Khuu
- Access to Advanced Health Institute (formerly Infectious Disease Research Institute), Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Tony Phan
- Access to Advanced Health Institute (formerly Infectious Disease Research Institute), Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Robert Kinsey
- Access to Advanced Health Institute (formerly Infectious Disease Research Institute), Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Daniel Cordero
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - José María Gutiérrez
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Guillermo León
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
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Shuhsadhe R, Vazhayil J, Ali HS, Orsud H, Mergani AEO. Immunogenic characterization of AlPO 4 adsorbed Td vaccine and liposome-mediated Td vaccine. Clin Exp Vaccine Res 2023; 12:232-239. [PMID: 37599802 PMCID: PMC10435775 DOI: 10.7774/cevr.2023.12.3.232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this study was to compare the antigenic potency and stability of tetanus and diphtheria (Td) vaccines when combined with aluminum phosphate (AlPO4) and liposome adjuvants. Materials and Methods In vitro and in vivo analyses were conducted using the single radial immunodiffusion method and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The Td vaccines were prepared with AlPO4 adsorption and liposome-mediated delivery, and protein antigens were characterized using these methods. Results The results revealed that the liposome-mediated Td vaccines exhibited higher immunogenicity compared to the AlPO4-adsorbed Td vaccines. Additionally, the liposome-mediated Td vaccines demonstrated higher stability as native antigens. Conclusion This study highlights the importance of utilizing liposome adjuvants in vaccine development. The liposome-mediated Td vaccines showed enhanced immunogenicity and stability, making them a promising approach for improving vaccine efficacy. Understanding and optimizing adjuvant strategies can contribute to the development of effective vaccines against various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Junise Vazhayil
- Department of Pharmaceutics, AL Shifa College of Pharmacy, Perinthalmanna, India
| | - Heyam Saad Ali
- Pharmacy College, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Hiba Orsud
- Microbiology Department, Sanimed International Lab and Management LLC, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ahmed Elmontaser Omer Mergani
- Deparment of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hanover, Germany
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hanover, Germany
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Gal Y, Marcus H, Mamroud E, Aloni-Grinstein R. Mind the Gap-A Perspective on Strategies for Protecting against Bacterial Infections during the Period from Infection to Eradication. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1701. [PMID: 37512874 PMCID: PMC10386665 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11071701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria is a pressing public health concern, highlighting the need for alternative approaches to control bacterial infections. Promising approaches include the development of therapeutic vaccines and the utilization of innate immune activation techniques, which may prove useful in conjunction with antibiotics, as well as other antibacterial modalities. However, innate activation should be fast and self- or actively- contained to prevent detrimental consequences. TLR ligand adjuvants are effective at rapidly activating, within minutes to hours, the innate immune system by inducing cytokine production and other signaling molecules that bolster the host's immune response. Neutrophils serve as the first line of defense against invading pathogens by capturing and destroying them through various mechanisms, such as phagocytosis, intracellular degradation, and the formation of NETs. Nutritional immunity is another host defense mechanism that limits the availability of essential metals, such as iron, from invading bacterial pathogens. Thus, iron starvation has been proposed as a potential antibacterial strategy. In this review, we focus on approaches that have the potential to enhance rapid and precise antibacterial responses, bridging the gap between the onset of infection and the elimination of bacteria, hence limiting the infection by antibiotic-resistant bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoav Gal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona 74100, Israel
| | - Hadar Marcus
- Department of Biotechnology, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona 74100, Israel
| | - Emanuelle Mamroud
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona 74100, Israel
| | - Ronit Aloni-Grinstein
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona 74100, Israel
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Lykins WR, Fox CB. Practical Considerations for Next-Generation Adjuvant Development and Translation. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:1850. [PMID: 37514037 PMCID: PMC10385070 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15071850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the last several years, there has been increased interest from academia and the pharmaceutical/biotech industry in the development of vaccine adjuvants for new and emerging vaccine modalities. Despite this, vaccine adjuvant development still has some of the longest timelines in the pharmaceutical space, from discovery to clinical approval. The reasons for this are manyfold and range from complexities in translation from animal to human models, concerns about safety or reactogenicity, to challenges in sourcing the necessary raw materials at scale. In this review, we will describe the current state of the art for many adjuvant technologies and how they should be approached or applied in the development of new vaccine products. We postulate that there are many factors to be considered and tools to be applied earlier on in the vaccine development pipeline to improve the likelihood of clinical success. These recommendations may require a modified approach to some of the common practices in new product development but would result in more accessible and practical adjuvant-containing products.
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Zhao L, Shu M, Chen H, Shi K, Li Z. Preparation of graphene oxide-stabilized Pickering emulsion adjuvant for Pgp3 recombinant vaccine and enhanced immunoprotection against Chlamydia Trachomatis infection. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1148253. [PMID: 37143655 PMCID: PMC10152066 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1148253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Traditional emulsion adjuvants are limited in clinical application because of their surfactant dependence. Graphene oxide (GO) has unique amphiphilic properties and therefore has potential to be used as a surfactant substitute to stabilize Pickering emulsions. Methods In this study, GO-stabilized Pickering emulsion (GPE) was prepared and used as an adjuvant to facilitate an enhanced immune response to the Chlamydia trachomatis (Ct) Pgp3 recombinant vaccine. Firstly, GPE was prepared by optimizing the sonication conditions, pH, salinity, GO concentration, and water/oil ratio. GPE with small-size droplets was characterized and chosen as the candidate. Subsequently, controlled-release antigen delivery by GPE was explored. Cellular uptake behaviors, M1 polarization, and cytokine stimulation by GPE + Pgp3 was considered in terms of the production of macrophages. Finally, GPE's adjuvant effect was evaluated by vaccination with Pgp3 recombinant in BALB/c mouse models. Results GPE with the smallest droplet sizes was prepared by sonication under 163 W for 2 min at 1 mg/mL GO in natural salinity with a pH of 2 when the water/oil ratio was 10:1 (w/w). The optimized average GPE droplet size was 1.8 μm and the zeta potential was -25.0 ± 1.3 mv. GPE delivered antigens by adsorption onto the droplet surface, demonstrating the controlled release of antigens both in vitro and in vivo. In addition, GPE promoted antigen uptake, which stimulated proinflammatory tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), enhancing the M1 polarization of macrophages in vitro. Macrophage recruitment was also significantly promoted by GPE at the injection site. In the GPE + Pgp3 treatment group, higher levels of immunoglobin (IgG), immunoglobin G1 (IgG1), immunoglobin G2a (IgG2a) sera, and immunoglobin A (IgA) were detected in vaginal fluid, and higher levels of IFN-γ and IL-2 secretion were stimulated, than in the Pgp3 group, showing a significant type 1 T helper (Th1)-type cellular immune response. Chlamydia muridarum challenging showed that GPE enhanced Pgp3's immunoprotection through its advanced clearance of bacterial burden and alleviation of chronic pathological damage in the genital tract. Conclusion This study enabled the rational design of small-size GPE, shedding light on antigen adsorption and control release, macrophage uptake, polarization and recruitment, which enhanced augmented humoral and cellular immunity and ameliorated chlamydial-induced tissue damage in the genital tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanhua Zhao
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Mingyi Shu
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Hongliang Chen
- ILaboratory Department of Chenzhou First People's Hospital, Chenzhou, Hunan, China
| | - Keliang Shi
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Zhongyu Li
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, The School of Nursing, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
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Reyes C, Patarroyo MA. Adjuvants approved for human use: What do we know and what do we need to know for designing good adjuvants? Eur J Pharmacol 2023; 945:175632. [PMID: 36863555 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.175632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
Adjuvants represent one of the most significant biotechnological solutions regarding vaccine development, thereby broadening the amount of candidates which can now be used and tested in vaccine formulations targeting various pathogens, as antigens which were previously discarded due to their low or null immunogenicity can now be included. Adjuvant development research has grown side-by-side with an increasing body of knowledge regarding immune systems and their recognition of foreign microorganisms. Alum-derived adjuvants were used in human vaccines for many years, even though complete understanding of their vaccination-related mechanism of action was lacking. The amount of adjuvants approved for human use has increased recently in line with attempts to interact with and stimulate the immune system. This review is aimed at summarising what is known about adjuvants, focusing on those approved for use in humans, their mechanism of action and why they are so necessary for vaccine candidate formulations; it also discusses what the future may hold in this growing research field.
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Affiliation(s)
- César Reyes
- PhD Programme in Biotechnology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Carrera 45#26-85, Bogotá, DC 111321, Colombia; Three-dimensional Structures Department, Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Carrera 50#26-20, Bogotá, DC 111321, Colombia; Animal Science Faculty, Universidad de Ciencias Aplicadas y Ambientales (U.D.C.A), Calle 222#55-37, Bogotá, DC 111166, Colombia.
| | - Manuel A Patarroyo
- Microbiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Carrera 45#26-85, Bogotá, DC 111321, Colombia; Molecular Biology and Immunology Department, Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Carrera 50#26-20, Bogotá, DC 111321, Colombia.
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Li CJ, Jiang CL, Chao TL, Lin SY, Tsai YM, Chao CS, Su YT, Chen CJ, Chang SY, Lin FJ, Chang SC. Elicitation of potent neutralizing antibodies in obese mice by ISA 51-adjuvanted SARS-CoV-2 spike RBD-Fc vaccine. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 107:2983-2995. [PMID: 36988669 PMCID: PMC10049902 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12490-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
Vaccination is considered to be the most effective countermeasure to prevent and combat the global health threats of COVID-19. People with obesity are at a greater risk of hospitalization, life-threatening illness, and adverse outcomes after having COVID-19. Therefore, a safe and effective COVID-19 vaccine for obese individuals is urgently needed. In the study, the vaccine composed of the ISA 51 adjuvant and the SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) receptor-binding domain (RBD) in conjugation with the human IgG1 Fc fragment (named as ISA 51-adjuvanted RBD-Fc vaccine) was developed and inoculated in the regular chow diet (RCD) lean mice and the high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese mice. The S protein-specific IgG titers were largely induced in an increasing manner along with three doses of ISA 51-adjuvanted RBD-Fc vaccine without causing any harmful side effect. In the HFD mice, the S protein-specific IgG titers can be quickly observed 2 weeks post the first inoculation. The antisera elicited by the ISA 51-adjuvanted RBD-Fc vaccine in the RCD and HFD mice exhibited potent SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing activities in the plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT) assays and showed similar specificity for recognizing the key residues in the RBD which were involved in interacting with angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor. The immune efficacy of the ISA 51-adjuvanted RBD-Fc vaccine in the HFD mice can be sustainably maintained with the PRNT50 values of 1.80-1.91×10-3 for at least 8 weeks post the third inoculation. Collectively, the RBD-Fc-based immunogen and the ISA 51-adjuvanted formulation can be developed as an effective COVID-19 vaccine for obese individuals. KEY POINTS: • The ISA 51-adjuvanted RBD-Fc vaccine can induce potent SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies in the obese mouse • The antibodies elicited by the ISA 51-adjuvanted RBD-Fc vaccine can bind to the key RBD residues involved in interacting with ACE2 • The immune efficacy of the ISA 51-adjuvanted RBD-Fc vaccine can be sustainably maintained for at least 8 weeks post the third inoculation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Jung Li
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Lin Jiang
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Tai-Ling Chao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
| | - Shiau-Yu Lin
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Min Tsai
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Chong-Syun Chao
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ting Su
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Jen Chen
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Sui-Yuan Chang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan.
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan.
| | - Fu-Jung Lin
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan.
- Research Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan.
| | - Shih-Chung Chang
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan.
- Center for Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan.
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13
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Zhao L, Shu M, Shi K, Tang S, Li Z. Novel use of graphene oxide quantum dots in a pickering emulsion as a Chlamydia trachomatis vaccine adjuvant. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 118:110035. [PMID: 36958212 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023]
Abstract
Graphene oxide quantum dots (GOQDs), which are graphene-based nanoparticles, are potential surfactant substitutes for stabilizing Pickering emulsions, due to their high surface area, biodegradability, and reasonable biocompatibility. In the present study, GOQDs stabilized Pickering emulsion (GQPE) was prepared by simple sonication and then used as an adjuvant to enhance immune responses to the Chlamydia trachomatis Pgp3 recombinant vaccine. Immunization of mice showed that GQPE robustly activates adaptive immunity by efficiently stimulating IgG, sIgA, IFN-γ, IL-4, and TNF-α production. Controlled release repository of antigens both in vivo and in vitro prolonged the immune response. In addition, GQPE enhanced dendritic cell recruitment at the injection site, ensuring rapid and efficient innate immunity. Safety assessment revealed that GQPE does not cause liver, kidney, and myocardial damage in mice, suggesting its favorable biocompatibility. This study provides evidence for the use of GOPE as a facile, effective, and safe strategy to enhance the immune response to Pgp3 recombinant vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanhua Zhao
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, the School of Nuring, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001 Hunan, PR China
| | - Mingyi Shu
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, the School of Nuring, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001 Hunan, PR China
| | - Keliang Shi
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, the School of Nuring, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001 Hunan, PR China
| | - Shuangyang Tang
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, the School of Nuring, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001 Hunan, PR China
| | - Zhongyu Li
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, the School of Nuring, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001 Hunan, PR China.
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14
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Ustyugova IV, Pougatcheva S, Farrell T, Strugnell T, Ganesh V, Zeldovich KB, Chivukula S, Goncalvez AP, Barro M. AF03 adjuvant improves anti-hemagglutinin and anti-neuraminidase immune responses induced by licensed seasonal quadrivalent influenza vaccines in mice. Vaccine 2023; 41:2022-2034. [PMID: 36803901 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.02.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Abstract
Seasonal influenza remains a serious public health concern as the viral infection spreads easily from person to person and due to antigenic drift of neutralizing epitopes. Vaccination is the best method for disease prevention, however current seasonal influenza vaccines stimulate antibodies which are often effective against only antigenically similar strains. To boost the immune responses and increase vaccine effectiveness, adjuvants have been used for the past 20 years. The current study explores the use of oil-in-water adjuvant, AF03 to improve an immunogenicity of 2 licensed vaccines. A standard-dose inactivated quadrivalent influenza vaccine (IIV4-SD), containing both hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) antigens, and recombinant quadrivalent influenza vaccine (RIV4), containing only HA-antigen were adjuvanted with AF03 in naïve BALB/c mouse model. Functional HA-specific antibody titers against all four homologous vaccine strains were enhanced by AF03, indicating potential increase in protective immunity. An increase in HA-specific total immunoglobulin G (IgG) binding titers were detected against homologous HAs, heterologous panel of 30 H3 HAs and seven Influenza B HAs. The neuraminidase inhibition (NAI) activity was significantly higher in IIV4-SD-AF03 group. Use of AF03 adjuvant improved the immune response to two influenza vaccines in a mouse model via an increase in functional and total antibodies against NA and a broad panel of HA-antigens.
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15
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Xu S, Wu Z, Cai G, Zhang Y, Peng S, Jiao L, Liu Z, Yang Y, Wang D. Astragalus polysaccharides combined with simvastatin as an immunostimulant enhances the immune adjuvanticity of oil-in-water emulsion and immune responses in mice. Vaccine 2023; 41:1684-1693. [PMID: 36754767 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.01.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Oil-in-water emulsion-based adjuvants have demonstrated acceptable safety in many disease indications, while their adjuvant activities for vaccines still need to be improved. Recently, the strategy of combining adjuvants with multiple types of immunostimulants has been shown to enhance immune responses. In this study, astragalus polysaccharides were combined with simvastatin as an immunostimulant to construct a compound O/W emulsion adjuvant. The formulations were optimized according to the OVA-specific antibody responses induced in mice. For this reason, high (5 mg/mL), medium (2.5 mg/mL), and low (1.25 mg/mL) concentrations of astragalus polysaccharides and high (10 mg/mL), medium (1 mg/mL), and low (0.1 mg/mL) concentrations of simvastatin were selected. The final optimal formulation of the immunostimulant was a high concentration of astragalus polysaccharides combined with a medium concentration of simvastatin. The optimal compound O/W emulsion adjuvant could induce effective humoral and cellular immune responses that were stronger and more stable than those induced by aluminum adjuvant and Freund's adjuvant. The OVA/HAPS-MSim-OE induced dramatically strong and persistent IgG expressions and Th1-polarized immune responses. What's more, the highest CD4+/CD8+lymphocyte ratios were observed in OVA/HAPS-MSim-OE group. In addition, compound O/W emulsion adjuvant groups significantly promoted the secretion of IFN-γ and IL-6, which also indicated that the compound O/W emulsion adjuvants could induce both enhanced Th1 and Th2-mediated immune responses but prefer the Th1-mediated ones. This study would contribute to an interesting and promising direction in the development of emulsion-based adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuwen Xu
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, PR China; MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, PR China
| | - Zhiyong Wu
- Nanjing Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine Research Center, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, PR China
| | - Gaofeng Cai
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, PR China; MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, PR China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, PR China; MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, PR China
| | - Song Peng
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, PR China; MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, PR China
| | - Lina Jiao
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, PR China; MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, PR China
| | - Zhenguang Liu
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, PR China; MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, PR China
| | - Yang Yang
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, PR China; MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, PR China
| | - Deyun Wang
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, PR China; MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, PR China.
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16
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Nooraei S, Sarkar Lotfabadi A, Akbarzadehmoallemkolaei M, Rezaei N. Immunogenicity of Different Types of Adjuvants and Nano-Adjuvants in Veterinary Vaccines: A Comprehensive Review. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11020453. [PMID: 36851331 PMCID: PMC9962389 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11020453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccination is the best way to prevent and reduce the damage caused by infectious diseases in animals and humans. So, several vaccines are used for prophylactic purposes before the pathogen infects, while therapeutic vaccines strengthen the immune system after infection with the pathogen. Adjuvants are molecules, compounds, or macromolecules that enhance non-specific immunity and, in collaboration with antigen(s), can improve the body's immune responses and change the type of immune response. The potential and toxicity of adjuvants must be balanced to provide the safest stimulation with the fewest side effects. In order to overcome the limitations of adjuvants and the effective and controlled delivery of antigens, attention has been drawn to nano-carriers that can be a promising platform for better presenting and stimulating the immune system. Some studies show that nanoparticles have a more remarkable ability to act as adjuvants than microparticles. Because nano-adjuvants inactively target antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and change their chemical surface, nanoparticles also perform better in targeted antigen delivery because they cross biological barriers more easily. We collected and reviewed various types of nano-adjuvants with their specific roles in immunogenicity as a prominent strategy used in veterinary vaccines in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soren Nooraei
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord 8818634141, Iran
- Animal Model Integrated Network (AMIN), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran 1419733151, Iran
| | - Alireza Sarkar Lotfabadi
- Animal Model Integrated Network (AMIN), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran 1419733151, Iran
| | - Milad Akbarzadehmoallemkolaei
- Animal Model Integrated Network (AMIN), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran 1419733151, Iran
| | - Nima Rezaei
- Animal Model Integrated Network (AMIN), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran 1419733151, Iran
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children’s Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Dr. Gharib St, Keshavarz Blvd, Tehran 1419733151, Iran
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1417653761, Iran
- Correspondence:
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17
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Fisher KJ, Kinsey R, Mohamath R, Phan T, Liang H, Orr MT, Lykins WR, Guderian JA, Bakken J, Argilla D, Ramer-Denisoff G, Larson E, Qi Y, Sivananthan S, Smolyar K, Carter D, Paddon CJ, Fox CB. Semi-synthetic terpenoids with differential adjuvant properties as sustainable replacements for shark squalene in vaccine emulsions. NPJ Vaccines 2023; 8:14. [PMID: 36797262 PMCID: PMC9935550 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-023-00608-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Synthetic biology has allowed for the industrial production of supply-limited sesquiterpenoids such as the antimalarial drug artemisinin and β-farnesene. One of the only unmodified animal products used in medicine is squalene, a triterpenoid derived from shark liver oil, which when formulated into an emulsion is used as a vaccine adjuvant to enhance immune responses in licensed vaccines. However, overfishing is depleting deep-sea shark populations, leading to potential supply problems for squalene. We chemically generated over 20 squalene analogues from fermentation-derived β-farnesene and evaluated adjuvant activity of the emulsified compounds compared to shark squalene emulsion. By employing a desirability function approach that incorporated multiple immune readouts, we identified analogues with enhanced, equivalent, or decreased adjuvant activity compared to shark squalene emulsion. Availability of a library of structurally related analogues allowed elucidation of structure-function relationships. Thus, combining industrial synthetic biology with chemistry and immunology enabled generation of sustainable terpenoid-based vaccine adjuvants comparable to current shark squalene-based adjuvants while illuminating structural properties important for adjuvant activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Robert Kinsey
- Access to Advanced Health Institute, formerly Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Raodoh Mohamath
- Access to Advanced Health Institute, formerly Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Tony Phan
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
- Neoleukin, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Hong Liang
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Mark T Orr
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - William R Lykins
- Access to Advanced Health Institute, formerly Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Guderian
- Access to Advanced Health Institute, formerly Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Julie Bakken
- Access to Advanced Health Institute, formerly Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - David Argilla
- Access to Advanced Health Institute, formerly Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Gabi Ramer-Denisoff
- Access to Advanced Health Institute, formerly Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Elise Larson
- Access to Advanced Health Institute, formerly Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Yizhi Qi
- Access to Advanced Health Institute, formerly Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Sandra Sivananthan
- Access to Advanced Health Institute, formerly Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Darrick Carter
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
- HDT Bio Corp., Seattle, WA, USA
- PAI Life Sciences Inc., Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Christopher B Fox
- Access to Advanced Health Institute, formerly Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA.
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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18
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Chen S, Quan DH, Sam G, Ozberk V, Wang XT, Halfmann P, Pandey M, Good MF, Kawaoka Y, Britton WJ, Rehm BHA. Assembly of Immunogenic Protein Particles toward Advanced Synthetic Vaccines. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2205819. [PMID: 36564365 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202205819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Immunogenic carrier proteins such as the non-toxic diphtheria toxin variant, cross-reacting material 197 (CRM197), are widely used in subunit vaccine formulations to boost immunogenicity of chemically conjugated antigens. Conjugate vaccines are inherently expensive due to laborious manufacturing steps. Here, this work develops a particulate vaccine platform based on using engineered Escherichia coli to assemble CRM197-antigen fusion proteins into discrete submicron-sized particles. This approach enables precise loading of diverse antigens and epitopes enhancing their immunogenicity. A cost-effective, high-yield, and scalable biomanufacturing process is developed. Purified particulate CRM197-antigen vaccines are ambient-temperature stable. CRM197 particles incorporating pathogen-specific antigens or epitopes from SARS-CoV-2, Streptococcus pyogenes (group A), and Mycobacterium tuberculosis induced cell-mediated and humoral immune responses mediating protective immunity in respective animal models of infection. The CRM197 particle vaccine platform is versatile, enabling co-delivery of selected antigens/epitopes together with immunogenic CRM197 as discrete stable particles avoiding laborious manufacture of soluble CRM197 and antigen followed by chemical conjugation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuxiong Chen
- Centre for Cell Factories and Biopolymers, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, 4111, Australia
| | - Diana H Quan
- Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2050, Australia
| | - Gayathri Sam
- Centre for Cell Factories and Biopolymers, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, 4111, Australia
| | - Victoria Ozberk
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, 4215, Australia
| | - Xiaonan T Wang
- Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2050, Australia
| | - Peter Halfmann
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Manisha Pandey
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, 4215, Australia
| | - Michael F Good
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, 4215, Australia
| | - Yoshihiro Kawaoka
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Warwick J Britton
- Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2050, Australia
| | - Bernd H A Rehm
- Centre for Cell Factories and Biopolymers, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, 4111, Australia
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, 4215, Australia
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19
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A Self-Emulsified Adjuvant System Containing the Immune Potentiator Alpha Tocopherol Induces Higher Neutralizing Antibody Responses than a Squalene-Only Emulsion When Evaluated with a Recombinant Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Pentamer Antigen in Mice. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15010238. [PMID: 36678865 PMCID: PMC9867524 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15010238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of new vaccine adjuvants represents a key approach to improvingi the immune responses to recombinant vaccine antigens. Emulsion adjuvants, such as AS03 and MF59, in combination with influenza vaccines, have allowed antigen dose sparing, greater breadth of responses and fewer immunizations. It has been demonstrated previously that emulsion adjuvants can be prepared using a simple, low-shear process of self-emulsification (SE). The role of alpha tocopherol as an immune potentiator in emulsion adjuvants is clear from the success of AS03 in pandemic responses, both to influenza and COVID-19. Although it was a significant formulation challenge to include alpha tocopherol in an emulsion prepared by a low-shear process, the resultant self-emulsifying adjuvant system (SE-AS) showed a comparable effect to the established AS03 when used with a quadrivalent influenza vaccine (QIV). In this paper, we first optimized the SE-AS with alpha tocopherol to create SE-AS44, which allowed the emulsion to be sterile-filtered. Then, we compared the in vitro cell activation cytokine profile of SE-AS44 with the self-emulsifying adjuvant 160 (SEA160), a squalene-only adjuvant. In addition, we evaluated SE-AS44 and SEA160 competitively, in combination with a recombinant cytomegalovirus (CMV) pentamer antigen mouse.
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20
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Babayeva M, Tabynov K, Nurpeisov T, Fomin G, Renukaradhya GJ, Petrovsky N, Tabynov K. A recombinant Artemisia vulgaris pollen adjuvanted Art v 1 protein-based vaccine treats allergic rhinitis and bronchial asthma using pre- and co-seasonal ultrashort immunotherapy regimens in sensitized mice. Front Immunol 2022; 13:983621. [PMID: 36439113 PMCID: PMC9682083 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.983621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Allergic rhinitis is an important risk factor for bronchial asthma. Allergen-specific immunotherapy (ASIT) is the gold standard for treatment of allergic rhinitis, conjunctivitis, and asthma. A disadvantage of current ASIT methods is the length of therapy which requires numerous allergen administrations. The success of ASIT is determined by its schedule, which, depending on the vaccine and type of allergy, can be pre-seasonal (before the allergy season begins), combined pre/co-seasonal (during the allergy season) etc. The aim of the present study was to evaluate a vaccine based on recombinant Artemisia vulgaris pollen major Art v 1 protein formulated with ISA-51 adjuvant for therapy of allergic rhinitis and bronchial asthma in Artemisia-sensitized mice in an ultrashort (4 subcutaneous injections at weekly intervals) pre- and co-seasonal ASIT regimen. To simulate co-seasonal ASIT in mice, mice were regularly challenged with intranasal and nebulized Artemisia vulgaris pollen extract at the same time as receiving subcutaneous ASIT. For comparison, we used a previous Art v 1 protein vaccine formulated with SWE adjuvant, which in this study was modified by adding CpG oligonucleotide (Th1-biasing synthetic toll-like receptor 9 agonist), and a commercial vaccine containing a modified Artemisia vulgaris extract with aluminum hydroxide adjuvant. The therapeutic potential of Art v 1 based vaccine formulations with different ASIT regimens was evaluated in high and low (10 times lower) dose regimens. The ISA-51-adjuvanted vaccine formulations were the only ones among those studied in the ultrashort pre- and co-seasonal ASIT regimens to provide significant reduction in both signs of allergic rhinitis and bronchial asthma in sensitized mice (vs. positive control). In the ISA-51 adjuvanted group, immune response polarization toward Th1/Treg was observed in pre-seasonal ASIT, as reflected in a significant decrease in the serum level of total and Art v 1-specific IgE and increased ratios of allergen-specific IgG2a/IgG1 and IFN-γ/IL-4. The high dose SWE-CpG-adjuvanted vaccine had similar efficacy to the ISA-51 adjuvanted groups whereas the commercial vaccine showed significantly less effectiveness. The findings support further preclinical safety studies of the Art v 1-based vaccine formulated with ISA-51 adjuvant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meruert Babayeva
- International Center for Vaccinology, Kazakh National Agrarian Research University (KazNARU), Almaty, Kazakhstan
- Department of General Immunology, Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University (KazNMU), Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Kairat Tabynov
- International Center for Vaccinology, Kazakh National Agrarian Research University (KazNARU), Almaty, Kazakhstan
- Preclinical Research Laboratory with Vivarium, M. Aikimbayev National Research Center for Especially Dangerous Infections, Almaty, Kazakhstan
- T&TvaX LLC, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Tair Nurpeisov
- Department of General Immunology, Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University (KazNMU), Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Gleb Fomin
- International Center for Vaccinology, Kazakh National Agrarian Research University (KazNARU), Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Gourapura J. Renukaradhya
- Center for Food Animal Health, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University (OSU), Wooster, OH, United States
| | | | - Kaissar Tabynov
- International Center for Vaccinology, Kazakh National Agrarian Research University (KazNARU), Almaty, Kazakhstan
- T&TvaX LLC, Almaty, Kazakhstan
- Republican Allergy Center, Research Institute of Cardiology and Internal Medicine, Almaty, Kazakhstan
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21
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Yang X, Wei Y, Zheng L, You J, Li H, Gao L, Gong C, Yi C. Polyethyleneimine-based immunoadjuvants for designing cancer vaccines. J Mater Chem B 2022; 10:8166-8180. [PMID: 36217765 DOI: 10.1039/d2tb01358d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Despite extensive efforts to improve the effectiveness of cancer vaccines, the lack of immunogenicity remains an issue. Adjuvants are required to enhance the immunogenicity of antigens and activate the immune response. However, only a few adjuvants with acceptable toxicity have sufficient potency for use in cancer vaccines, necessitating the discovery of potent adjuvants. The most well-known cationic polymer polyethyleneimine (PEI) acts as a carrier for delivering antigens, and as an immunoadjuvant for enhancing the innate and adaptive immunity. In this review, we have summarized PEI-based adjuvants and discussed how to improve and boost the immune response to vaccines. We further focused on PEI-based adjuvants in cancer vaccines. Finally, we have proposed the potential challenges and future issues of PEI-based adjuvants to elicit the effectiveness of cancer vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Yang
- Division of Radiotherapy, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
| | - Yuanfeng Wei
- Division of Radiotherapy, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
| | - Lingnan Zheng
- Division of Radiotherapy, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
| | - Jia You
- Department of Oncology, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Huawei Li
- Department of Oncology, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Ling Gao
- Department of Health Ward, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Changyang Gong
- Division of Radiotherapy, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
| | - Cheng Yi
- Division of Radiotherapy, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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22
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Vanni T, Thomé BC, Sparrow E, Friede M, Fox CB, Beckmann AM, Huynh C, Mondini G, Silveira DH, Viscondi JYK, Braga PE, da Silva A, Salomão MDG, Piorelli RO, Santos JP, Gattás VL, Lucchesi MBB, de Oliveira MMM, Koike ME, Kallas EG, Campos LMA, Coelho EB, Siqueira MAM, Garcia CC, Miranda MD, Paiva TM, Timenetsky MDCST, Adami EA, Akamatsu MA, Ho PL, Precioso AR. Dose-sparing effect of two adjuvant formulations with a pandemic influenza A/H7N9 vaccine: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 1 clinical trial. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0274943. [PMID: 36256646 PMCID: PMC9578608 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0274943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of potentially pandemic viruses has resulted in preparedness efforts to develop candidate vaccines and adjuvant formulations. We evaluated the dose-sparing effect and safety of two distinct squalene-based oil-in-water adjuvant emulsion formulations (IB160 and SE) with influenza A/H7N9 antigen. This phase I, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-finding trial (NCT03330899), enrolled 432 healthy volunteers aged 18 to 59. Participants were randomly allocated to 8 groups: 1A) IB160 + 15μg H7N9, 1B) IB160 + 7.5μg H7N9, 1C) IB160 + 3.75μg H7N9, 2A) SE + 15μg H7N9, 2B) SE + 7.5μg H7N9, 2C) SE + 3.75μg H7N9, 3) unadjuvanted vaccine 15μg H7N9 and 4) placebo. Immunogenicity was evaluated through haemagglutination inhibition (HI) and microneutralization (MN) tests. Safety was evaluated by monitoring local and systemic, solicited and unsolicited adverse events (AE) and reactions (AR) 7 and 28 days after each study injection, respectively, whereas serious adverse events (SAE) were monitored up to 194 days post-second dose. A greater increase in antibody geometric mean titers (GMT) was observed in groups receiving adjuvanted vaccines. Vaccinees receiving IB160-adjuvanted formulations showed the greatest response in group 1B, which induced an HI GMT increase of 4.7 times, HI titers ≥40 in 45.2% of participants (MN titers ≥40 in 80.8%). Vaccinees receiving SE-adjuvanted vaccines showed the greatest response in group 2A, with an HI GMT increase of 2.5 times, HI titers ≥40 in 22.9% of participants (MN titers ≥40 in 65.7%). Frequencies of AE and AR were similar among groups. Pain at the administration site and headache were the most frequent local and systemic solicited ARs. The vaccine candidates were safe and the adjuvanted formulations have a potential dose-sparing effect on immunogenicity against influenza A/H7N9. The magnitude of this effect could be further explored.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Christopher B. Fox
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Anna Marie Beckmann
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Chuong Huynh
- Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Esper G. Kallas
- Clinics Hospital of the School of Medicine of University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lucia M. A. Campos
- Child Institute of the Clinics Hospital of the School of Medicine of University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eduardo B. Coelho
- Clinics Hospital of the Medical School of Ribeirão Preto of the University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Alexander R. Precioso
- Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
- Child Institute of the Clinics Hospital of the School of Medicine of University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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23
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Alharbi N, Skwarczynski M, Toth I. The influence of component structural arrangement on peptide vaccine immunogenicity. Biotechnol Adv 2022; 60:108029. [PMID: 36028180 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2022.108029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Peptide-based subunit vaccines utilise minimal immunogenic components (i.e. peptides) to generate highly specific immune responses, without triggering adverse reactions. However, strong adjuvants and/or effective delivery systems must be incorporated into such vaccines, as peptide antigens cannot induce substantial immune responses on their own. Unfortunately, many adjuvants are too weak or too toxic to be used in combination with peptide antigens. These shortcomings have been addressed by the conjugation of peptide antigens with lipidic/ hydrophobic adjuvanting moieties. The conjugates have shown promising safety profiles and improved immunogenicity without the help of traditional adjuvants and have been efficient in inducing desired immune responses following various routes of administration, including subcutaneous, oral and intranasal. However, not only conjugation per se, but also component arrangement influences vaccine efficacy. This review highlights the importance of influence of the vaccine chemical structure modification on the immune responses generated. It discusses a variety of factors that affect the immunogenicity of peptide conjugates, including: i) self-adjuvanting moiety length and number; ii) the orientation of epitopes and self-adjuvanting moieties in the conjugate; iii) the presence of spacers between conjugated components; iv) multiepitopic arrangement; and v) the effect of chirality on vaccine efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nedaa Alharbi
- School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; University of Jeddah, College of Science and Arts, Department of Chemistry, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mariusz Skwarczynski
- School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Istvan Toth
- School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4102, Australia.
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24
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Mechrez G, Mani KA, Saha A, Lachman O, Luria N, Molad O, Kotliarevski L, Zelinger E, Smith E, Yaakov N, Stone DS, Reches M, Dombrovsky A. Platform for Active Vaccine Formulation Using a Two-Mode Enhancement Mechanism of Epitope Presentation by Pickering Emulsion. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2022; 5:3859-3869. [PMID: 35913405 PMCID: PMC9382630 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.2c00410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The efficiency of epitope-based vaccination (subunit vaccines) is tightly correlated with heterogeneity and the high density of epitope presentation, which maximizes the potential antigenic determinants. Here, we developed a two-mode platform for intensifying the epitope presentation of subunit vaccines. The two-mode epitope presentation enhancement includes a covalent attachment of high concentrations of SARS-CoV-2-S1 peptide epitope to the surface of virus-like-particles (VLPs) and the subsequent assembly of VLP/epitope conjugates on the oil droplet surface at an oil/water interface of an emulsion as Pickering stabilizers. The resultant emulsions were stable for weeks in ambient conditions, and our platform was challenged using the epitope of the SARS-CoV-2-S1 peptide that served as a model epitope in this study. In vivo assays showed that the αSARS-CoV-2-S1 immunoglobulin G (IgG) titers of the studied mouse antisera, developed against the SARS-CoV-2-S1 peptide under different epitope preparation conditions, showed an order of magnitude higher IgG titers in the studied VLP-based emulsions than epitopes dissolved in water and epitopes administered with an adjuvant, thereby confirming the efficacy of the formulation. This VLP-based Pickering emulsion platform is a fully synthetic approach that can be readily applied for vaccine development to a wide range of pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy Mechrez
- Department of Food Science, Institute of Postharvest and Food Science, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Institute, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel
| | - Karthik Ananth Mani
- Department of Food Science, Institute of Postharvest and Food Science, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Institute, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel.,Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Abhijit Saha
- Institute of Chemistry and The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel.,Department of Chemistry, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chennai 603203, India
| | - Oded Lachman
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Institute, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel
| | - Neta Luria
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Institute, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel
| | - Ori Molad
- Institute of Chemistry and The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel.,Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Institute, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel
| | - Liliya Kotliarevski
- Department of Food Science, Institute of Postharvest and Food Science, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Institute, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel.,Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Einat Zelinger
- The Interdepartmental Equipment Unit, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Elisheva Smith
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Institute, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel
| | - Noga Yaakov
- Department of Food Science, Institute of Postharvest and Food Science, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Institute, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel
| | | | - Meital Reches
- Institute of Chemistry and The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
| | - Aviv Dombrovsky
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Institute, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel
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25
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Advances in Infectious Disease Vaccine Adjuvants. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10071120. [PMID: 35891284 PMCID: PMC9316175 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10071120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccines are one of the most significant medical interventions in the fight against infectious diseases. Since their discovery by Edward Jenner in 1796, vaccines have reduced the worldwide transmission to eradication levels of infectious diseases, including smallpox, diphtheria, hepatitis, malaria, and influenza. However, the complexity of developing safe and effective vaccines remains a barrier for combating many more infectious diseases. Immune stimulants (or adjuvants) are an indispensable factor in vaccine development, especially for inactivated and subunit-based vaccines due to their decreased immunogenicity compared to whole pathogen vaccines. Adjuvants are widely diverse in structure; however, their overall function in vaccine constructs is the same: to enhance and/or prolong an immunological response. The potential for adverse effects as a result of adjuvant use, though, must be acknowledged and carefully managed. Understanding the specific mechanisms of adjuvant efficacy and safety is a key prerequisite for adjuvant use in vaccination. Therefore, rigorous pre-clinical and clinical research into adjuvant development is essential. Overall, the incorporation of adjuvants allows for greater opportunities in advancing vaccine development and the importance of immune stimulants drives the emergence of novel and more effective adjuvants. This article highlights recent advances in vaccine adjuvant development and provides detailed data from pre-clinical and clinical studies specific to infectious diseases. Future perspectives into vaccine adjuvant development are also highlighted.
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26
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Tabynov K, Babayeva M, Nurpeisov T, Fomin G, Nurpeisov T, Saltabayeva U, Renu S, Renukaradhya GJ, Petrovsky N, Tabynov K. Evaluation of a Novel Adjuvanted Vaccine for Ultrashort Regimen Therapy of Artemisia Pollen-Induced Allergic Bronchial Asthma in a Mouse Model. Front Immunol 2022; 13:828690. [PMID: 35371056 PMCID: PMC8965083 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.828690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Wormwood (Artemisia) pollen is among the top 10 aeroallergens globally that cause allergic rhinitis and bronchial asthma. Allergen-specific immunotherapy (ASIT) is the gold standard for treating patients with allergic rhinitis, conjunctivitis, and asthma. A significant disadvantage of today's ASIT methods is the long duration of therapy and multiplicity of allergen administrations. The goal of this study was to undertake a pilot study in mice of a novel ultrashort vaccine immunotherapy regimen incorporating various adjuvants to assess its ability to treat allergic bronchial asthma caused by wormwood pollen. We evaluated in a mouse model of wormwood pollen allergy candidates comprising recombinant Art v 1 wormwood pollen protein formulated with either newer (Advax, Advax-CpG, ISA-51) or more traditional [aluminum hydroxide, squalene water emulsion (SWE)] adjuvants administered by the intramuscular or subcutaneous route vs. intranasal administration of a mucosal vaccine formulation using chitosan-mannose nanoparticle entrapped with Art v 1 protein. The vaccine formulations were administered to previously wormwood pollen-sensitized animals, four times at weekly intervals. Desensitization was determined by measuring decreases in immunoglobulin E (IgE), cellular immunity, ear swelling test, and pathological changes in the lungs of animals after aeroallergen challenge. Art v 1 protein formulation with Advax, Advax-CpG, SWE, or ISA-51 adjuvants induced a significant decrease in both total and Art v 1-specific IgE with a concurrent increase in Art v 1-specific IgG compared to the positive control group. There was a shift in T-cell cytokine secretion toward a Th1 (Advax-CpG, ISA-51, and Advax) or a balanced Th1/Th2 (SWE) pattern. Protection against lung inflammatory reaction after challenge was seen with ISA-51, Advax, and SWE Art v 1 formulations. Overall, the ISA-51-adjuvanted vaccine group induced the largest reduction of allergic ear swelling and protection against type 2 and non-type 2 lung inflammation in challenged animals. This pilot study shows the potential to develop an ultrashort ASIT regimen for wormwood pollen-induced bronchial asthma using appropriately adjuvanted recombinant Art v 1 protein. The data support further preclinical studies with the ultimate goal of advancing this therapy to human clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kairat Tabynov
- International Center for Vaccinology, Kazakh National Agrarian Research University (KazNARU), Almaty, Kazakhstan.,Preclinical Research Laboratory With Vivarium, M. Aikimbayev National Research Center for Especially Dangerous Infections, Almaty, Kazakhstan.,T&TvaX LLC, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Meruert Babayeva
- International Center for Vaccinology, Kazakh National Agrarian Research University (KazNARU), Almaty, Kazakhstan.,Department of General Immunology, Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University (KazNMU), Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Tair Nurpeisov
- Department of General Immunology, Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University (KazNMU), Almaty, Kazakhstan.,Republican Allergy Center, Research Institute of Cardiology and Internal Medicine, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Gleb Fomin
- International Center for Vaccinology, Kazakh National Agrarian Research University (KazNARU), Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Temirzhan Nurpeisov
- Department of General Immunology, Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University (KazNMU), Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | | | - Sankar Renu
- Center for Food Animal Health, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University (OSU), Wooster, OH, United States
| | - Gourapura J Renukaradhya
- Center for Food Animal Health, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University (OSU), Wooster, OH, United States
| | | | - Kaissar Tabynov
- International Center for Vaccinology, Kazakh National Agrarian Research University (KazNARU), Almaty, Kazakhstan.,T&TvaX LLC, Almaty, Kazakhstan.,Republican Allergy Center, Research Institute of Cardiology and Internal Medicine, Almaty, Kazakhstan
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27
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Song H, Su Q, Shi W, Huang P, Zhang C, Zhang C, Liu Q, Wang W. Antigen epitope-TLR7/8a conjugate as self-assembled carrier-free nanovaccine for personalized immunotherapy. Acta Biomater 2022; 141:398-407. [PMID: 35007785 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2022.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Epitope-based vaccine is a promising personalized cancer immunotherapy; however, a simple and effective approach for its bulk manufacturing is challenging. Current vaccination strategies complicate the process by introducing unnecessary components such as additional delivery carriers, and assembly units. Herein, a type of toll-like receptor 7/8 agonist-epitope conjugate (termed as TLR7/8a-epitope) has been developed as a self-assembled and carrier-free nano vaccine platform, which effectively introduces the antigen and adjuvant with maximum precision, resulting in significantly enhanced dendritic cells (DCs) activation through the MyD88-dependent TLR signaling pathway. TLR7/8a-epitope nanovaccine can prolong the local retention and increase drainage efficiency into the lymph node, eliciting a significantly higher level of CD8 T-cell immunity than those of conventional vaccine formulations. The immunization with TLR7/8a-epitope nanovaccine in mice can not only resist the invasion of B16 cancer cells, but also produce significant therapeutic effects against established B16 melanoma tumors. Therefore, the TLR7/8a-epitope nanovaccine, developed by the direct chemical conjugation of antigen peptide with immunoadjuvant, has great advantages of clear and leanest compositions, controllable and definite preparation process, and remarkable therapeutic effects, representing a new appraoch for personalized cancer immunotherapy. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Herein, a kind of toll-like receptor 7/8 agonist-epitope conjugate was developed and spontaneously self-assemble into nanostructure in aqueous solution without the use of any additional constituents, which can be termed as unique carrier-free nanovaccine platform, providing effectually the leanest vaccine components with maximally and precisely loading of antigen and adjuvant. Significantly, the nanovaccine augmented the immunogenicity of antigenic peptide by increasing DCs activation through MyD88-mediated TLR signaling pathways and promoting T-cell priming. Moreover, nanovaccines could prolong the local retention and further increase the efficiency of drainage into dLNs, which was contributing to efficient initiation of epitope-specific memory and effector T-cell immune responses, leading to effective prophylactic and therapeutic antitumor effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijuan Song
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Qi Su
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biomaterial Research, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Weifeng Shi
- Medical University of Tianjin, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Pingsheng Huang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biomaterial Research, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300192, China; Key Laboratory of Innovative Cardiovascular Devices, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300192, China.
| | - Chuangnian Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biomaterial Research, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300192, China; Key Laboratory of Innovative Cardiovascular Devices, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biomaterial Research, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Qiang Liu
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300192, China.
| | - Weiwei Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biomaterial Research, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300192, China; Key Laboratory of Innovative Cardiovascular Devices, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300192, China.
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28
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O'Hagan DT, van der Most R, Lodaya RN, Coccia M, Lofano G. "World in motion" - emulsion adjuvants rising to meet the pandemic challenges. NPJ Vaccines 2021; 6:158. [PMID: 34934069 PMCID: PMC8692316 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-021-00418-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Emulsion adjuvants such as MF59 and AS03 have been used for more than two decades as key components of licensed vaccines, with over 100 million doses administered to diverse populations in more than 30 countries. Substantial clinical experience of effectiveness and a well-established safety profile, along with the ease of manufacturing have established emulsion adjuvants as one of the leading platforms for the development of pandemic vaccines. Emulsion adjuvants allow for antigen dose sparing, more rapid immune responses, and enhanced quality and quantity of adaptive immune responses. The mechanisms of enhancement of immune responses are well defined and typically characterized by the creation of an "immunocompetent environment" at the site of injection, followed by the induction of strong and long-lasting germinal center responses in the draining lymph nodes. As a result, emulsion adjuvants induce distinct immunological responses, with a mixed Th1/Th2 T cell response, long-lived plasma cells, an expanded repertoire of memory B cells, and high titers of cross-neutralizing polyfunctional antibodies against viral variants. Because of these various properties, emulsion adjuvants were included in pandemic influenza vaccines deployed during the 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic, are still included in seasonal influenza vaccines, and are currently at the forefront of the development of vaccines against emerging SARS-CoV-2 pandemic variants. Here, we comprehensively review emulsion adjuvants, discuss their mechanism of action, and highlight their profile as a benchmark for the development of additional vaccine adjuvants and as a valuable tool to allow further investigations of the general principles of human immunity.
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29
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Ralbovsky NM, Soukup RJ, Lomont JP, Lauro ML, Gulasarian A, Saha-Shah A, Winters MA, Richardson DD, Wang SC, Mangion I, Smith JP. In situ real time monitoring of emulsification and homogenization processes for vaccine adjuvants. Analyst 2021; 147:378-386. [PMID: 34908043 DOI: 10.1039/d1an01797g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Adjuvants are commonly employed to enhance the efficacy of a vaccine and thereby increase the resulting immune response in a patient. The activity and effectiveness of emulsion-based adjuvants has been heavily studied throughout pharmaceuticals; however, there exists a lack in research which monitors the formation of a stable emulsion in real time. Process analytical technology (PAT) provides a solution to meet this need. PAT involves the collection of in situ data, thereby providing real time information about the monitored process as well as increasing understanding of that process. Here, three separate PAT tools - optical particle imaging, in situ particle analysis, and Raman spectroscopy - were used to monitor two key steps involved in the formation of a stable emulsion product, emulsification and homogenization, as well as perform a stability assessment. The obtained results provided new insights-particle size decreases during emulsification and homogenization, and molecular changes do not occur during either the emulsification or homogenization steps. Further, the stability assessment indicated that the coarse emulsion product obtained from the emulsification step is stable over the course of 24 hours when mixed. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of an analytical methodology for in situ, real time analysis of emulsification and homogenization processes for vaccine adjuvants. Using our proposed analytical methodology, an improved understanding of emulsion-based vaccine adjuvants can now be achieved, ultimately impacting the ability to develop and deliver successful pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole M Ralbovsky
- Analytical Research & Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA 19486, USA.
| | - Randal J Soukup
- Process Research & Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA, 19486, USA
| | - Justin P Lomont
- Analytical Research & Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA 19486, USA.
| | - Mackenzie L Lauro
- Analytical Research & Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA 19486, USA.
| | - Amanda Gulasarian
- Process Research & Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA, 19486, USA
| | - Anumita Saha-Shah
- Analytical Research & Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA 19486, USA.
| | - Michael A Winters
- Process Research & Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA, 19486, USA
| | - Douglas D Richardson
- Analytical Research & Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA 19486, USA.
| | - Sheng-Ching Wang
- Process Research & Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA, 19486, USA
| | - Ian Mangion
- Analytical Research & Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA 19486, USA.
| | - Joseph P Smith
- Analytical Research & Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA 19486, USA.
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30
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Ye T, Li F, Ma G, Wei W. Enhancing therapeutic performance of personalized cancer vaccine via delivery vectors. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 177:113927. [PMID: 34403752 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.113927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, personalized cancer vaccines have gained increasing attention as emerging immunotherapies with the capability to overcome interindividual differences and show great benefits for individual patients in the clinic due to the highly tailored vaccine formulations. A large number of materials have been studied as delivery vectors to enhance the therapeutic performance of personalized cancer vaccines, including artificial materials, engineered microorganisms, cells and cell derivatives. These delivery vectors with distinct features are employed to change antigen biodistributions and to facilitate antigen uptake, processing and presentation, improving the strength, velocity, and duration of the immune response when delivered by different strategies. Here, we provide an overview of personalized cancer vaccine delivery vectors, describing their materials, physicochemical properties, delivery strategies and challenges for clinical transformation.
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31
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Chen J, Fang H, Hu Y, Wu J, Zhang S, Feng Y, Lin L, Tian H, Chen X. Combining mannose receptor mediated nanovaccines and gene regulated PD-L1 blockade for boosting cancer immunotherapy. Bioact Mater 2021; 7:167-180. [PMID: 34466725 PMCID: PMC8379363 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2021.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor nanovaccines have potential applications in the prevention and treatment of malignant tumors. However, it remains a longstanding challenge in exploiting efficient nanocarriers for inducing potent specifically cellular immune responses. Toward this objective, we herein explore an intensive tumor immunotherapeutic strategy by combining mannosylated nanovaccines and gene regulated PD-L1 blockade for immune stimulation and killing activity. Here, we fabricate a mannose modified PLL-RT (Man-PLL-RT) mediated nanovaccines with dendritic cells (DCs) targeting capacity. Man-PLL-RT is capable of co-encapsulating with antigen (ovalbumin, OVA) and adjuvant (unmethylated cytosine-phosphate-guanine, CpG) by electrostatic interaction. This positively charged Man-PLL-RT/OVA/CpG nanovaccines can facilitate the endocytosis, maturation and cross presentation in DCs. However, the nanovaccines arouse limited inhibition of tumor growth, which is mainly due to the immunosuppressed microenvironment of tumors. Combining tumor nanovaccines with gene regulated PD-L1 blockade leads to an obvious tumor remission in B16F10 melanoma bearing mice. The collaborative strategy provides essential insights to boost the benefits of tumor vaccines by regulating the checkpoint blockade with gene therapy. The nanovaccines are composed of polypeptides, which are bio-safe and biodegradable. The nanovaccines have APCs target function. Blocking PD-1/PD-L1 through gene therapy can reverse the tumor immune-tolerant microenvironment. The combined strategy provides a potentially effective strategy for the clinical treatment of tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Chen
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, PR China.,University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, PR China.,Jilin Biomedical Polymers Engineering Laboratory, Changchun, 130022, PR China
| | - Huapan Fang
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, PR China.,University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, PR China.,Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for CarbonBased Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Yingying Hu
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, PR China.,University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, PR China
| | - Jiayan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, PR China.,University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, PR China
| | - Sijia Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, PR China.,University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, PR China
| | - Yuanji Feng
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, PR China.,University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, PR China
| | - Lin Lin
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, PR China.,University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, PR China.,Jilin Biomedical Polymers Engineering Laboratory, Changchun, 130022, PR China
| | - Huayu Tian
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, PR China.,University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, PR China.,Jilin Biomedical Polymers Engineering Laboratory, Changchun, 130022, PR China
| | - Xuesi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, PR China.,University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, PR China.,Jilin Biomedical Polymers Engineering Laboratory, Changchun, 130022, PR China
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Holmberg-Thydén S, Dufva IH, Gang AO, Breinholt MF, Schejbel L, Andersen MK, Kadivar M, Svane IM, Grønbæk K, Hadrup SR, El Fassi D. Epigenetic therapy in combination with a multi-epitope cancer vaccine targeting shared tumor antigens for high-risk myelodysplastic syndrome - a phase I clinical trial. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2021; 71:433-444. [PMID: 34218294 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-021-02993-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Standard care for patients with high-risk myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) is hypomethylating agents such as azacitidine (AZA), which can induce expression of methylated tumor-associated antigens and therefore potentiate immunotherapeutic targeting. METHOD In this phase 1 trial, we combined AZA with a therapeutic peptide vaccine targeting antigens encoded from NY-ESO-1, MAGE-A3, PRAME, and WT-1, which have previously been demonstrated to be upregulated by AZA treatment. RESULT Five patients who had responded to AZA monotherapy were included in the study and treated with the vaccine. The combination therapy showed only few adverse events during the study period, whereof none classified as serious. However, no specific immune responses could be detected using intracellular cytokine staining or ELISpot assays. Minor changes in the phenotypic composition of immune cells and their expression of stimulatory and inhibitory markers were detected. All patients progressed to AML with a mean time to progression from inclusion (TTP) of 5.2 months (range 2.8 to 7.6). Mean survival was 18.1 months (range 10.9 to 30.6) from MDS diagnosis and 11.3 months (range 4.3 to 22.2) from inclusion. Sequencing of bone marrow showed clonal expansion of malignant cells, as well as appearance of novel mutations. CONCLUSION The patients progressed to AML with an average time of only five months after initiating the combination therapy. This may be unrelated to the experimental treatment, but the trial was terminated early as there was no sign of clinical benefit or immunological response. Why the manuscript is especially interesting This study is the first to exploit the potential synergistic effects of combining a multi-peptide cancer vaccine with epigenetic therapy in MDS. Although our results are negative, they emphasize challenges to induce immune reactivity in patients with high-risk MDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Staffan Holmberg-Thydén
- Department of Hematology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Experimental & Translational Immunology (XTI), Health Technology, T-Cells and Cancer, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Inge Høgh Dufva
- Department of Oncology and Palliative Care, Copenhagen University Hospital, Hillerød, Denmark
| | - Anne Ortved Gang
- Department of Hematology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Lone Schejbel
- Department of Pathology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | | | - Mohammad Kadivar
- Experimental & Translational Immunology (XTI), Health Technology, T-Cells and Cancer, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Inge Marie Svane
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,National Center for Cancer Immune Therapy, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark.,Department of Oncology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Kirsten Grønbæk
- Department of Hematology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, BRIC, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sine Reker Hadrup
- Experimental & Translational Immunology (XTI), Health Technology, T-Cells and Cancer, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Daniel El Fassi
- Department of Hematology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark. .,Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Abhyankar MM, Orr MT, Kinsey R, Sivananthan S, Nafziger AJ, Oakland DN, Young MK, Farr L, Uddin MJ, Leslie JL, Burgess SL, Liang H, De Lima I, Larson E, Guderian JA, Lin S, Kahn A, Ghosh P, Reed S, Tomai MA, Pedersen K, Petri WA, Fox CB. Optimizing a Multi-Component Intranasal Entamoeba Histolytica Vaccine Formulation Using a Design of Experiments Strategy. Front Immunol 2021; 12:683157. [PMID: 34248966 PMCID: PMC8268010 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.683157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Amebiasis is a neglected tropical disease caused by Entamoeba histolytica. Although the disease burden varies geographically, amebiasis is estimated to account for some 55,000 deaths and millions of infections globally per year. Children and travelers are among the groups with the greatest risk of infection. There are currently no licensed vaccines for prevention of amebiasis, although key immune correlates for protection have been proposed from observational studies in humans. We previously described the development of a liposomal adjuvant formulation containing two synthetic TLR ligands (GLA and 3M-052) that enhanced antigen-specific fecal IgA, serum IgG2a, a mixed IFNγ and IL-17A cytokine profile from splenocytes, and protective efficacy following intranasal administration with the LecA antigen. By applying a statistical design of experiments (DOE) and desirability function approach, we now describe the optimization of the dose of each vaccine formulation component (LecA, GLA, 3M-052, and liposome) as well as the excipient composition (acyl chain length and saturation; PEGylated lipid:phospholipid ratio; and presence of antioxidant, tonicity, or viscosity agents) to maximize desired immunogenicity characteristics while maintaining physicochemical stability. This DOE/desirability index approach led to the identification of a lead candidate composition that demonstrated immune response durability and protective efficacy in the mouse model, as well as an assessment of the impact of each active vaccine formulation component on protection. Thus, we demonstrate that both GLA and 3M-052 are required for statistically significant protective efficacy. We also show that immunogenicity and efficacy results differ in female vs male mice, and the differences appear to be at least partly associated with adjuvant formulation composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayuresh M Abhyankar
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Mark T Orr
- Infectious Disease Research Institute (IDRI), Seattle, WA, United States.,Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Robert Kinsey
- Infectious Disease Research Institute (IDRI), Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Sandra Sivananthan
- Infectious Disease Research Institute (IDRI), Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Andrew J Nafziger
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - David N Oakland
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Mary K Young
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Laura Farr
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Md Jashim Uddin
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Jhansi L Leslie
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Stacey L Burgess
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Hong Liang
- Infectious Disease Research Institute (IDRI), Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Ines De Lima
- Infectious Disease Research Institute (IDRI), Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Elise Larson
- Infectious Disease Research Institute (IDRI), Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Jeffrey A Guderian
- Infectious Disease Research Institute (IDRI), Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Susan Lin
- Infectious Disease Research Institute (IDRI), Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Aaron Kahn
- Infectious Disease Research Institute (IDRI), Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Prakash Ghosh
- Infectious Disease Research Institute (IDRI), Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Sierra Reed
- Infectious Disease Research Institute (IDRI), Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Mark A Tomai
- 3M Corporate Research Materials Laboratory, 3M Center, St Paul, MN, United States
| | | | - William A Petri
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Christopher B Fox
- Infectious Disease Research Institute (IDRI), Seattle, WA, United States.,Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
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Pollack KE, Meneveau MO, Melssen MM, Lynch KT, Koeppel AF, Young SJ, Turner S, Kumar P, Sol-Church K, Mauldin IS, Slingluff CL. Incomplete Freund's adjuvant reduces arginase and enhances Th1 dominance, TLR signaling and CD40 ligand expression in the vaccine site microenvironment. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 8:jitc-2020-000544. [PMID: 32350119 PMCID: PMC7213888 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2020-000544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Immunogenicity of cancer vaccines is impacted by adjuvants and schedule, but systematic assessments of their effects have not been performed. Montanide ISA-51, an incomplete Freund’s adjuvant (IFA), is used in many vaccine trials, but concerns have been raised about negative effects in murine studies. We found in humans that IFA enhances systemic immune responses and that repeat vaccination at one site (same site vaccination (SSV)) creates tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS) in the vaccine site microenvironment (VSME). We hypothesized that vaccination with peptides+IFA+pICLC or SSV×3 with peptides in IFA would create an immunogenic milieu locally at the VSME, with activated dendritic cells (DC), TLS-associated chemokines and a Th1-dominant VSME. Methods Biopsies of the VSME were obtained from participants on two clinical trials who were immunized with multiple melanoma peptides (MELITAC 12.1) in adjuvants comprising IFA and/or the TLR3-agonist pICLC. Biopsies were obtained either a week after one vaccine or a week after SSV×3. Controls included normal skin and skin injected with IFA without peptides. Gene expression analysis was performed by RNAseq. Results VSME samples were evaluated from 27 patients. One vaccine with peptides in pICLC+IFA enhanced expression of CD80, CD83, CD86 (p<0.01), CD40 and CD40L (p<0.0001) over normal skin; these effects were significantly enhanced for SSV with peptides+IFA. Vaccines containing pICLC increased expression of TBX21 (T-bet) but did not decrease GATA3 over normal skin, whereas SSV with peptides in IFA dramatically enhanced TBX21 and decreased GATA3, with high expression of IFNγ and STAT1. SSV with peptides in IFA also reduced arginase-1 (ARG1) expression and enhanced expression of TLR adapter molecules TICAM-1 (TRIF) and MYD88. Furthermore, SSV with IFA and peptides also enhanced expression of chemokines associated with TLS formation. Conclusions These findings suggest that SSV with peptides in IFA enhances CD40L expression by CD4 T cells, supports a Th1 microenvironment, with accumulation of activated and mature DC. Increased expression of TLR adaptor proteins after SSV with peptides in IFA might implicate effects of the skin microbiome. Reduced ARG1 may reflect diminished suppressive myeloid activity in the VSME. Trial registration number (NCT00705640, NCT01585350).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Max O Meneveau
- Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Marit M Melssen
- Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Kevin T Lynch
- Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | | | - Samuel J Young
- Office of Research Cores Administration (ORCA), University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Stephen Turner
- Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Pankaj Kumar
- Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Katia Sol-Church
- Pathology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
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Qi Y, Fox CB. Development of thermostable vaccine adjuvants. Expert Rev Vaccines 2021; 20:497-517. [PMID: 33724133 PMCID: PMC8292183 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2021.1902314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The importance of vaccine thermostability has been discussed in the literature. Nevertheless, the challenge of developing thermostable vaccine adjuvants has sometimes not received appropriate emphasis. Adjuvants comprise an expansive range of particulate and molecular compositions, requiring innovative thermostable formulation and process development approaches. AREAS COVERED Reports on efforts to develop thermostable adjuvant-containing vaccines have increased in recent years, and substantial progress has been made in enhancing the stability of the major classes of adjuvants. This narrative review summarizes the current status of thermostable vaccine adjuvant development and looks forward to the next potential developments in the field. EXPERT OPINION As adjuvant-containing vaccines become more widely used, the unique challenges associated with developing thermostable adjuvant formulations merit increased attention. In particular, more focused efforts are needed to translate promising proof-of-concept technologies and formulations into clinical products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yizhi Qi
- Infectious Disease Research Institute (IDRI), 1616 Eastlake
Ave E, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Christopher B. Fox
- Infectious Disease Research Institute (IDRI), 1616 Eastlake
Ave E, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington,
Seattle, WA, USA
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36
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Su Q, Song H, Huang P, Zhang C, Yang J, Kong D, Wang W. Supramolecular co-assembly of self-adjuvanting nanofibrious peptide hydrogel enhances cancer vaccination by activating MyD88-dependent NF-κB signaling pathway without inflammation. Bioact Mater 2021; 6:3924-3934. [PMID: 33997486 PMCID: PMC8080410 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2021.03.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptide vaccine targeting tumor-specific antigens is a promising cancer treatment regimen. However, peptide vaccines are commonly low-immunogenic, leading to suboptimal antitumor T-cell responses. Current peptide vaccination approaches are challenged by the variability of peptide physicochemical characters and vaccine formulations, flexibility, and the broad feasibility. Here, the supramolecular co-assembly of antigen epitope-conjugated peptides (ECPs) targeting CD8 or CD4 T-cell receptors was used to engineer a nanofibrious hydrogel vaccine platform. This approach provided precise and tunable loading of peptide antigens in nanofibers, which notably increased the antigen uptake, cross-presentation, and activation of dendritic cells (DCs). Immunization in mice indicated that the co-assembled peptide hydrogel did not induce local inflammation responses and elicited significantly promoted T-cell immunity by activating the MyD88-dependent NF-κB signaling pathway in DCs. Vaccination of mice using co-assembled peptide vaccine stimulated both enhanced CD8 and CD4 T cells against EG.7-OVA tumors without additional immunoadjuvants or delivery systems, and resulted in a more remarkable cancer immunotherapy efficacy, compared with free peptide vaccine or aluminum-adjuvanted peptide formulation. Altogether, peptide co-assembly demonstrated by three independent pairs of ECPs is a facile, customizable, and chemically defined approach for co-delivering peptide antigens in self-adjuvanting hydrogel vaccines that could induce stronger anticancer T-cell responses. Supramolecular co-assembly is a facile approach for manufacturing peptide vaccine. Peptide vaccine activates DCs through the MyD88-dependent NF-κB signaling pathway. Vaccination of co-assembled peptide hydrogel augments antitumor T-cell responses. Co-assembled peptide vaccine shows therapeutic cancer immunotherapy efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Su
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Huijuan Song
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, 300192, China
| | - Pingsheng Huang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biomaterial Research, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, 300192, China
| | - Chuangnian Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biomaterial Research, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, 300192, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biomaterial Research, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, 300192, China
| | - Deling Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Weiwei Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biomaterial Research, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, 300192, China
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Pirahmadi S, Zakeri S, Djadid ND, Mehrizi AA. A review of combination adjuvants for malaria vaccines: a promising approach for vaccine development. Int J Parasitol 2021; 51:699-717. [PMID: 33798560 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2021.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
It is obvious that there is a critical need for an efficient malaria vaccine to accelerate malaria eradication. Currently, recombinant subunit vaccination against malaria using proteins and peptides is gaining attention. However, one of the major drawbacks of this approach is the lack of an efficient and durable immune response. Therefore, subunit vaccines require adjuvants to make the vaccine sufficiently immunogenic. Considering the history of the RTS,S vaccine, it seems likely that no single adjuvant is capable of eliciting all the protective immune responses required in many malarial subunit vaccines and the use of combination adjuvants will be increasingly important as the science of malaria vaccines advances. In light of this, it appears that identifying the most effective mixture of adjuvants with minimal adverse effects offers tremendous opportunities in improving the efficacy of vaccines against malaria. Owing to the importance of a multi-adjuvanted approach in subunit malaria vaccine development, this review paper outlines some of the best known combination adjuvants used in malaria subunit vaccines, focusing on their proposed mechanisms of action, their immunological properties, and their notable results. The aim of the present review is to consolidate these findings to aid the application of these combination adjuvants in experimental malaria vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakineh Pirahmadi
- Malaria and Vector Research Group (MVRG), Biotechnology Research Center (BRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sedigheh Zakeri
- Malaria and Vector Research Group (MVRG), Biotechnology Research Center (BRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Navid D Djadid
- Malaria and Vector Research Group (MVRG), Biotechnology Research Center (BRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Akram A Mehrizi
- Malaria and Vector Research Group (MVRG), Biotechnology Research Center (BRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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Sudo K, Ochiai M, Aihara N, Horiuchi N, Yamamoto A, Matsumoto S, Oishi K. Pathological analysis of batch safety testing of veterinary vaccines using small laboratory animals. J Toxicol Pathol 2021; 34:137-146. [PMID: 33976469 PMCID: PMC8100255 DOI: 10.1293/tox.2020-0078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Batch safety tests (BSTs) of veterinary vaccines are conducted using small laboratory animals to assure the safety of vaccines according to several criteria, including clinical signs and change in body weight. Although the latter is used as an evaluation index in BSTs, there have been no reports on the internal changes that affect body weight during the test period. Therefore, we analyzed BST via pathological examination of the tested animals. Here, BSTs were performed for 176 batches using mice and 126 batches using of guinea pigs. Most of the gross findings could be classified into four lesion types (nodules, adhesions, ascites, no apparent signs), with only one vaccine inducing lesions that could not be classified into any of these four types. Histopathological examination revealed that the reactions caused by BST were pyogenic and/or granulomatous inflammation. Nodular or adhesive lesions comprised more severe pyogenic granulomatous inflammation than ascites or cases with no apparent gross lesions. These nodular or adhesive lesions were more frequently induced by vaccines that contained an adjuvant than by vaccines that did not contain an adjuvant. The cases with "exceptional" gross findings histologically presented severe necrosis of the hematopoietic system. Additional testing showed that these "exceptional" lesions were induced when a specific type of light liquid paraffin was injected along with other vaccine additives. Our results show that body weight loss and/or lesions during BST were induced by proinflammatory properties of the tested vaccines and that BST is a sensitive method for detecting unexpected effects of vaccine components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasumi Sudo
- National Veterinary Assay Laboratory, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, 1-15-1 Tokura, Kokubunji, Tokyo 185-8511, Japan
| | - Mariko Ochiai
- National Veterinary Assay Laboratory, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, 1-15-1 Tokura, Kokubunji, Tokyo 185-8511, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Aihara
- National Veterinary Assay Laboratory, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, 1-15-1 Tokura, Kokubunji, Tokyo 185-8511, Japan.,Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5201, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Horiuchi
- National Veterinary Assay Laboratory, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, 1-15-1 Tokura, Kokubunji, Tokyo 185-8511, Japan.,Research Center for Global Agromedicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Atsushi Yamamoto
- National Veterinary Assay Laboratory, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, 1-15-1 Tokura, Kokubunji, Tokyo 185-8511, Japan
| | - Sachiko Matsumoto
- National Veterinary Assay Laboratory, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, 1-15-1 Tokura, Kokubunji, Tokyo 185-8511, Japan
| | - Koji Oishi
- National Veterinary Assay Laboratory, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, 1-15-1 Tokura, Kokubunji, Tokyo 185-8511, Japan.,Present address: Japan Veterinary Products Association, Sato Bldg. 6F 4-6-10 Nihonbashi-Honcho, Chuo, Tokyo 103-0023, Japan
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Co-expression network analysis identifies innate immune signatures for Albizia julibrissin saponin active fraction-adjuvanted avian influenza vaccine. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 93:107417. [PMID: 33550033 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.107417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Albizia julibrissin saponin active fraction (AJSAF) is a promising adjuvant candidate, but its innate immune response mechanisms remain unclear. Here, the quadriceps muscles from the mice injected intramuscularly with AJSAF alone or in combination with ovalbumin and avian influenza vaccine (rL-H5) were subjected to gene microarray. Antigen- and AJSAF-related modules with intramodular hub genes were identified and functionally analyzed using weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) and gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA). AJSAF induced early innate immune responses at the injection site, characterized by cytokine production and neutrophil recruitment. AJSAF mainly elicited the expression of "Th1 immune response" and "Neutrophils" genes such as CCL2, CXCL1, CXCL5, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-33, S100A8, and S100A9, whereas these two gene sets were negatively enriched for rL-H5. AJSAF-specific long noncoding RNAs MIRT1 and MIRT2 could function as inflammatory mediators, whereas function unknown TINCR was co-expressed with immune response genes including CCL2, CCL4, CCL7, CSF3, CXCL5, IL-33, S100A8, and S100A9. Finally, the innate immune molecular mechanisms of adjuvant action of AJSAF and the potential signatures were proposed. These findings expanded the current knowledge on the mechanisms of action of saponin-based adjuvants.
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Natural and synthetic carbohydrate-based vaccine adjuvants and their mechanisms of action. Nat Rev Chem 2021; 5:197-216. [PMID: 37117529 PMCID: PMC7829660 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-020-00244-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Modern subunit vaccines based on homogeneous antigens offer more precise targeting and improved safety compared with traditional whole-pathogen vaccines. However, they are also less immunogenic and require an adjuvant to increase the immunogenicity of the antigen and potentiate the immune response. Unfortunately, few adjuvants have sufficient potency and low enough toxicity for clinical use, highlighting the urgent need for new, potent and safe adjuvants. Notably, a number of natural and synthetic carbohydrate structures have been used as adjuvants in clinical trials, and two have recently been approved in human vaccines. However, naturally derived carbohydrate adjuvants are heterogeneous, difficult to obtain and, in some cases, unstable. In addition, their molecular mechanisms of action are generally not fully understood, partly owing to the lack of tools to elucidate their immune-potentiating effects, thus hampering the rational development of optimized adjuvants. To address these challenges, modification of the natural product structure using synthetic chemistry emerges as an attractive approach to develop well-defined, improved carbohydrate-containing adjuvants and chemical probes for mechanistic investigation. This Review describes selected examples of natural and synthetic carbohydrate-based adjuvants and their application in synthetic self-adjuvanting vaccines, while also discussing current understanding of their molecular mechanisms of action.
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Squalene Emulsion Manufacturing Process Scale-Up for Enhanced Global Pandemic Response. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2020; 13:ph13080168. [PMID: 32731486 PMCID: PMC7464178 DOI: 10.3390/ph13080168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Squalene emulsions are among the most widely employed vaccine adjuvant formulations. Among the demonstrated benefits of squalene emulsions is the ability to enable vaccine antigen dose sparing, an important consideration for pandemic response. In order to increase pandemic response capabilities, it is desirable to scale up adjuvant manufacturing processes. We describe innovative process enhancements that enabled the scale-up of bulk stable squalene emulsion (SE) manufacturing capacity from a 3000- to 5,000,000-dose batch size. Manufacture of concentrated bulk along with the accompanying viscosity change in the continuous phase resulted in a ≥25-fold process efficiency enhancement. Process streamlining and implementation of single-use biocontainers resulted in reduced space requirements, fewer unit operations, and minimization of cleaning requirements. Emulsion physicochemical characteristics were measured by dynamic light scattering, laser diffraction, and HPLC with charged aerosol detection. The newly developed full-scale process was demonstrated by producing two 5,000,000-dose batches of bulk concentrated SE. A scale-up of adjuvant manufacturing capacity through process innovation enables more efficient production capabilities for pandemic response.
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Functional Recognition by CD8+ T Cells of Epitopes with Amino Acid Variations Outside Known MHC Anchor or T Cell Receptor Recognition Residues. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21134700. [PMID: 32630213 PMCID: PMC7369715 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21134700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptide-based vaccines can be safer and more cost effective than whole organism vaccines. Previous studies have shown that inorganic polystyrene nanoparticles (PSNPs) covalently conjugated to the minimal immunodominant peptide epitope from murine liver stage malaria (SYIPSAEKI) induced potent CD8+ T cell responses. Many pathogens, including malaria, have polymorphic T cell epitope regions. Amino acid changes in positions that are contact residues for the T cell receptor (TCR) often alter the specific cross-reactivity induced by the peptide antigen, and it is largely assumed that changes outside of these residues have little impact. Herein, each amino acid residue (except major histocompatibility complex (MHC) anchors) was systematically changed to an alanine. Peptide epitopes with altered amino acids outside T cell contact residues were still recognized by T cells induced by PSNPs-SYIPSAEKI (KI) vaccines, albeit at lower levels, except for the variant SYIPSAAKI (A7). PSNPs-SYIPSAAKI vaccines further elicited high responses to the index KI peptide. None of the epitopes displayed altered peptide ligand (APL) antagonism in vitro, and re-stimulating SYIPSAEKI and SYIPSAAKI together synergistically enhanced IFN-γ production by the T cells. These results show epitope variation in non-TCR recognition residues can have effects on T cell reactivity, suggesting that such natural variation may also be driven by immune pressure. Additionally, when re-modelling peptides to enhance the cross-reactivity of vaccines, both TCR recognition and non-recognition residues should be considered.
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Lynn GM, Sedlik C, Baharom F, Zhu Y, Ramirez-Valdez RA, Coble VL, Tobin K, Nichols SR, Itzkowitz Y, Zaidi N, Gammon JM, Blobel NJ, Denizeau J, de la Rochere P, Francica BJ, Decker B, Maciejewski M, Cheung J, Yamane H, Smelkinson MG, Francica JR, Laga R, Bernstock JD, Seymour LW, Drake CG, Jewell CM, Lantz O, Piaggio E, Ishizuka AS, Seder RA. Peptide-TLR-7/8a conjugate vaccines chemically programmed for nanoparticle self-assembly enhance CD8 T-cell immunity to tumor antigens. Nat Biotechnol 2020; 38:320-332. [PMID: 31932728 PMCID: PMC7065950 DOI: 10.1038/s41587-019-0390-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Personalized cancer vaccines targeting patient-specific neoantigens are a promising cancer treatment modality; however, neoantigen physicochemical variability can present challenges to manufacturing personalized cancer vaccines in an optimal format for inducing anticancer T cells. Here, we developed a vaccine platform (SNP-7/8a) based on charge-modified peptide-TLR-7/8a conjugates that are chemically programmed to self-assemble into nanoparticles of uniform size (~20 nm) irrespective of the peptide antigen composition. This approach provided precise loading of diverse peptide neoantigens linked to TLR-7/8a (adjuvant) in nanoparticles, which increased uptake by and activation of antigen-presenting cells that promote T-cell immunity. Vaccination of mice with SNP-7/8a using predicted neoantigens (n = 179) from three tumor models induced CD8 T cells against ~50% of neoantigens with high predicted MHC-I binding affinity and led to enhanced tumor clearance. SNP-7/8a delivering in silico-designed mock neoantigens also induced CD8 T cells in nonhuman primates. Altogether, SNP-7/8a is a generalizable approach for codelivering peptide antigens and adjuvants in nanoparticles for inducing anticancer T-cell immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey M Lynn
- Vaccine Research Center (VRC), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA.
- Avidea Technologies, Inc, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Christine Sedlik
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Paris, France
- Centre d'Investigation Clinique Biothérapie, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Faezzah Baharom
- Vaccine Research Center (VRC), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Yaling Zhu
- Avidea Technologies, Inc, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ramiro A Ramirez-Valdez
- Vaccine Research Center (VRC), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Kennedy Tobin
- Vaccine Research Center (VRC), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | | | - Neeha Zaidi
- Vaccine Research Center (VRC), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Joshua M Gammon
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Nicolas J Blobel
- Vaccine Research Center (VRC), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jordan Denizeau
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Paris, France
- Centre d'Investigation Clinique Biothérapie, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Philippe de la Rochere
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Paris, France
- Centre d'Investigation Clinique Biothérapie, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Brian J Francica
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Tempest Therapeutics, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Justin Cheung
- Vaccine Research Center (VRC), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Hidehiro Yamane
- Vaccine Research Center (VRC), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Margery G Smelkinson
- Biological Imaging Section, Research Technologies Branch, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Joseph R Francica
- Vaccine Research Center (VRC), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Richard Laga
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Joshua D Bernstock
- Avidea Technologies, Inc, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Charles G Drake
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Christopher M Jewell
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Olivier Lantz
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Paris, France
- Centre d'Investigation Clinique Biothérapie, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Eliane Piaggio
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Paris, France
- Centre d'Investigation Clinique Biothérapie, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Andrew S Ishizuka
- Vaccine Research Center (VRC), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
- Avidea Technologies, Inc, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Robert A Seder
- Vaccine Research Center (VRC), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA.
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Lin YJ, Wen CN, Lin YY, Hsieh WC, Chang CC, Chen YH, Hsu CH, Shih YJ, Chen CH, Fang CT. Oil-in-water emulsion adjuvants for pediatric influenza vaccines: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nat Commun 2020; 11:315. [PMID: 31949137 PMCID: PMC6965081 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-14230-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Standard inactivated influenza vaccines are poorly immunogenic in immunologically naive healthy young children, who are particularly vulnerable to complications from influenza. For them, there is an unmet need for better influenza vaccines. Oil-in-water emulsion-adjuvanted influenza vaccines are promising candidates, but clinical trials yielded inconsistent results. Here, we meta-analyze randomized controlled trials with efficacy data (3 trials, n = 15,310) and immunogenicity data (17 trials, n = 9062). Compared with non-adjuvanted counterparts, adjuvanted influenza vaccines provide a significantly better protection (weighted estimate for risk ratio of RT-PCR-confirmed influenza: 0.26) and are significantly more immunogenic (weighted estimates for seroprotection rate ratio: 4.6 to 7.9) in healthy immunologically naive young children. Nevertheless, in immunologically non-naive children, adjuvanted and non-adjuvanted vaccines provide similar protection and are similarly immunogenic. These results indicate that oil-in-water emulsion adjuvant improves the efficacy of inactivated influenza vaccines in healthy young children at the first-time seasonal influenza vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ju Lin
- Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Taiwan Centers for Disease Control, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chiao-Ni Wen
- Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Ying Lin
- Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Center for Drug Evaluation, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chi Hsieh
- Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Chen Chang
- Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hsuan Chen
- Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chian-Hui Hsu
- Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Center for Drug Evaluation, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Jui Shih
- Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Taiwan Centers for Disease Control, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Chi-Tai Fang
- Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Abstract
Mucosal surfaces are the interface between the host’s internal milieu and the external environment, and they have dual functions, serving as physical barriers to foreign antigens and as accepting sites for vital materials. Mucosal vaccines are more favored to prevent mucosal infections from the portal of entry. Although mucosal vaccination has many advantages, licensed mucosal vaccines are scarce. The most widely studied mucosal routes are oral and intranasal. Licensed oral and intranasal vaccines are composed mostly of whole cell killed or live attenuated microorganisms serving as both delivery systems and built-in adjuvants. Future mucosal vaccines should be made with more purified antigen components, which will be relatively less immunogenic. To induce robust protective immune responses against well-purified vaccine antigens, an effective mucosal delivery system is an essential requisite. Recent developments in biomaterials and nanotechnology have enabled many innovative mucosal vaccine trials. For oral vaccination, the vaccine delivery system should be able to stably carry antigens and adjuvants and resist harsh physicochemical conditions in the stomach and intestinal tract. Besides many nano/microcarrier tools generated by using natural and chemical materials, the development of oral vaccine delivery systems using food materials should be more robustly researched to expand vaccine coverage of gastrointestinal infections in developing countries. For intranasal vaccination, the vaccine delivery system should survive the very active mucociliary clearance mechanisms and prove safety because of the anatomical location of nasal cavity separated by a thin barrier. Future mucosal vaccine carriers, regardless of administration routes, should have certain common characteristics. They should maintain stability in given environments, be mucoadhesive, and have the ability to target specific tissues and cells.
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Zou Y, Wu N, Miao C, Yue H, Wu J, Ma G. A novel multiple emulsion enhanced immunity via its biomimetic delivery approach. J Mater Chem B 2020; 8:7365-7374. [DOI: 10.1039/d0tb01318h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
A special emulsion with biomimetic structural dynamic properties was fabricated, inducing efficient vaccine–cell interaction and robust immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjuan Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering
- Institute of Process Engineering
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
- P. R. China
| | - Nan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering
- Institute of Process Engineering
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
- P. R. China
| | - Chunyu Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering
- Institute of Process Engineering
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
- P. R. China
| | - Hua Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering
- Institute of Process Engineering
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
- P. R. China
| | - Jie Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering
- Institute of Process Engineering
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
- P. R. China
| | - Guanghui Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering
- Institute of Process Engineering
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
- P. R. China
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Fox CB, Van Hoeven N, Granger B, Lin S, Guderian JA, Hartwig A, Marlenee N, Bowen RA, Soultanov V, Carter D. Vaccine adjuvant activity of emulsified oils from species of the Pinaceae family. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 64:152927. [PMID: 31465981 PMCID: PMC6790179 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2019.152927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Next to aluminum salts, squalene nanoemulsions comprise the most widely employed class of adjuvants in approved vaccines. Despite their importance, the mechanisms of action of squalene nanoemulsions are not completely understood, nor are the structure/function requirements of the oil composition. PURPOSE In this study, we build on previous work that compared the adjuvant properties of nanoemulsions made with different classes of oil structures to squalene nanoemulsion. Here, we introduce nanoemulsions made with polyprenols derived from species of the Pinaceae family as novel vaccine adjuvant compositions. In contrast with long-chain triglycerides that do not efficiently enhance an immune response, both polyprenols and squalene are comprised of multimeric isoprene units, which may represent an important structural property of oils in nanoemulsions with adjuvant properties. STUDY DESIGN Oils derived from species of the Pinaceae family were formulated in nanoemulsions, with or without a synthetic Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) ligand, and characterized regarding physicochemical and biological activity properties in comparison to squalene nanoemulsions. METHODS Oils were extracted from species of the Pinaceae family and used to prepare oil-in-water nanoemulsions by microfluidization. Emulsion droplet diameter stability was characterized by dynamic light scattering. Nanoemulsions were evaluated for in vitro biological activity using human whole blood, and in vivo biological activity in mouse, pig, and ferret models when combined with pandemic influenza vaccine antigens. RESULTS Nanoemulsions comprised of Pinaceae-derived polyprenol oils demonstrated long-term physical stability, stimulated cytokine production from human cells in vitro, and promoted antigen-specific immune responses in various animal models, particularly when formulated with the TLR4 ligand glucopyranosyl lipid adjuvant (GLA). CONCLUSION Pinaceae-derived nanoemulsions are compatible with inclusion of a synthetic TLR4 ligand and promote antigen-specific immune responses to pandemic influenza antigens in mouse, pig, and ferret models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher B Fox
- IDRI, 1616 Eastlake Ave E, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | | | | | - Susan Lin
- IDRI, 1616 Eastlake Ave E, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Airn Hartwig
- Colorado State University, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Nicole Marlenee
- Colorado State University, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Richard A Bowen
- Colorado State University, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Vagif Soultanov
- Prenolica Limited, 98-106 Moray St., South Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Darrick Carter
- IDRI, 1616 Eastlake Ave E, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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Adjuvants as Delivery Systems in Antigen-Specific Immunotherapies. J Pharm Sci 2019; 108:3831-3841. [PMID: 31526814 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2019.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Combining autoantigens with immune-modulating drugs has emerged as an attractive approach to selectively reinstate tolerance in autoimmune diseases. The disparate properties of autoantigens and small-molecule immunosuppressants commonly used to treat autoimmune diseases can confound efforts to co-deliver these therapies. However, both components may be co-delivered with adjuvants which have been successful in delivering antigens to immune cells. We evaluated several common adjuvants as vehicles to co-deliver a model antigen and immunosuppressant, ovalbumin (OVA) and dexamethasone (DEX), respectively. Formulations were developed, and the release of DEX from adjuvants was investigated. Next, the effect of adjuvant, DEX, and OVA was tested in vitro using a DC line. A MF59-analog (MF59a) formulation was advanced to more sophisticated co-culture studies using OVA-primed bone marrow-derived dendritic cells and splenocytes or T-cells from OT-II mice. Most of these studies indicated MF59a-based antigen-specific immunotherapies could diminish the markers of inflammation associated with OVA recognition. We rationalized MF59a co-delivery of antigen and drug could reduce the risk of side effects typically associated with these drugs and reinstate immune tolerance, thus prompting continued investigation of emulsion adjuvants as delivery vehicles for antigen-specific immunotherapy of autoimmune diseases.
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Tegenge MA, Von Tungeln LS, Anderson SA, Mitkus RJ, Vanlandingham MM, Forshee RA, Beland FA. Comparative pharmacokinetic and biodistribution study of two distinct squalene-containing oil-in-water emulsion adjuvants in H5N1 influenza vaccines. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2019; 108:104436. [PMID: 31381939 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2019.104436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In recent years, there has been great interest from academia, industry and government scientists for an increased understanding of the mode of action of vaccine adjuvants to characterize the safety and efficacy of vaccines. In this context, pharmacokinetic (PK) and biodistribution studies are useful for quantifying the concentration of vaccine adjuvants in mechanistically or toxicologically relevant target tissues. METHODS In this study, we conducted a comparative analysis of the PK and biodistribution profile of radiolabeled squalene for up to 336 h (14 days) after intramuscular injection of mice with adjuvanted H5N1 influenza vaccines. The evaluated adjuvants included an experimental-grade squalene-in-water (SQ/W) emulsion (AddaVax®) and an adjuvant system (AS03®) that contained squalene and α-tocopherol in the oil phase of the emulsion. RESULTS The half-life of the initial exponential decay from quadriceps muscle was 1.5 h for AS03 versus 12.9 h for AddaVax. At early time points (1-6 h), there was about a 10-fold higher concentration of labeled squalene in draining lymph nodes following AS03 injection compared to AddaVax. The area-under-concentration curve up to 336 h (AUC0-336hr) and peak concentration of squalene in spleen (immune organ) was about 1.7-fold higher following injection of AS03 than AddaVax. The peak systemic tissue concentration of squalene from the two adjuvants, with or without antigen, remained below 1% of injected dose for toxicologically relevant target tissues, such as spinal cord, brain, and kidney. The pharmacokinetics of AS03 was unaffected by the presence of H5N1 antigen. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates a rapid decline of AS03 from the quadriceps muscles of mice as compared to conventional SQ/W emulsion adjuvant, with an increased transfer to mechanistically relevant tissues such as local lymph nodes. Systemic tissue exposure to potential toxicological target tissues was very low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Million A Tegenge
- Office of Biostatistics & Epidemiology, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, FDA, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA.
| | - Linda S Von Tungeln
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, FDA, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA
| | - Steven A Anderson
- Office of Biostatistics & Epidemiology, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, FDA, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
| | - Robert J Mitkus
- Office of Biostatistics & Epidemiology, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, FDA, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA; Current Address: BASF Corporation, 26 Davis Drive, Durham, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Michelle M Vanlandingham
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, FDA, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA
| | - Richard A Forshee
- Office of Biostatistics & Epidemiology, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, FDA, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
| | - Frederick A Beland
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, FDA, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA
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Antibody responses to crucial functional epitopes as a novel approach to assess immunogenicity of vaccine adjuvants. Vaccine 2019; 37:3770-3778. [PMID: 31153687 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.05.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
We are interested in developing a vaccine that prevents genital herpes. Adjuvants have a major impact on vaccine immunogenicity. We compared two adjuvants, an experimental Merck Sharp & Dohme lipid nanoparticle (LNP) adjuvant, LNP-2, with CpG oligonucleotide combined with alum for immunogenicity in mice when administered with herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) glycoproteins C, D and E (gC2, gD2, gE2). The immunogens are intended to produce neutralizing antibodies to gC2 and gD2, antibodies to gD2 and gE2 that block cell-to-cell spread, and antibodies to gE2 and gC2 that block immune evasion from antibody and complement, respectively. Overall, CpG/alum was better at producing serum and vaginal IgG binding antibodies, neutralizing antibodies, antibodies that block virus spread from cell-to-cell, and antibodies that block immune evasion domains on gC2. We used a novel high throughput biosensor assay to further assess differences in immunogenicity by mapping antibody responses to seven crucial epitopes on gD2 involved in virus entry or cell-to-cell spread. We found striking differences between CpG/alum and LNP-2. Mice immunized with gD2 CpG/alum produced higher titers of antibodies than LNP-2 to six of seven crucial epitopes and produced antibodies to more crucial epitopes than LNP-2. Measuring epitope-specific antibodies helped to define mechanisms by which CpG/alum outperformed LNP-2 and is a valuable technique to compare adjuvants.
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