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Pinto MV, Barkoff AM, Bibi S, Knuutila A, Teräsjärvi J, Clutterbuck E, Gimenez-Fourage S, Pagnon A, van Gaans-van den Brink JAM, Corbiere V, De Montfort A, Saso A, Jobe H, Roetynck S, Kampmann B, Simonetti E, Diavatopoulos D, Lambert EE, Mertsola J, Blanc P, van Els CACM, Kelly D, He Q. A novel whole blood assay to quantify the release of T cell associated cytokines in response to Bordetella pertussis antigens. J Immunol Methods 2024:113758. [PMID: 39353482 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2024.113758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2024] [Revised: 09/11/2024] [Accepted: 09/21/2024] [Indexed: 10/04/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bordetella pertussis continues to cause whooping cough globally even in countries with high immunisation coverage. Booster vaccinations with acellular pertussis vaccines are thus used in children, adolescents, and adults. T cell immunity is crucial for orchestrating the immune response after vaccination. However, T cell assays can be expensive and difficult to implement in large clinical trials. In this study, a whole blood (WB) stimulation assay was developed to identify secreted T cell associated cytokines in different age groups after acellular pertussis booster vaccination. MATERIAL AND METHODS Longitudinal WB samples were collected from a small set of subjects (n = 38) aged 7-70 years participating in a larger ongoing clinical trial. For assay development, samples were diluted and incubated with purified inactivated pertussis toxin (PT), filamentous haemagglutinin (FHA), inactivated B. pertussis lysate, and complete medium (M) as stimulating conditions, with anti-CD28 and anti-CD49d as co-stimulants. Different timepoints around the vaccination (D0, D7, D14, D28), WB dilution factor (1:2, 1:4) and incubation time (24 h, 48 h, 72 h) were compared. Responses to 15 cytokines were tested with Luminex/multiplex immunoassay. RESULTS The optimized assay consisted of WB incubation with M, PT, and FHA (including the two co-stimulants). After 48 h incubation, supernatants were collected for measurement of seven selected T cell associated cytokines (IL-2, IL-5, IL-10, IL-13, IL-17 A, IL-17F, and IFN-y) from samples before and 28 days after vaccination. PT stimulation showed a trend for upregulation of IL-2, IL-13, and IL-17 A/F for adult subjects, whereas the responses of all cytokines were downregulated for the paediatric subjects. Furthermore, PT and FHA-stimulated WB showed diverse cytokine producing profiles. CONCLUSIONS The developed WB-based cytokine assay was shown to be less costly, easy to perform, and functional in differently aged individuals. Further, it requires only a small amount of fresh blood, which is beneficial especially for studies including infants. Our results support the use of this assay for other immunological studies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Valente Pinto
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Periscope Consortium; Egas Moniz Center for Interdisciplinary Research (CiiEM), Egas Moniz School of Health & Science, Almada, Portugal
| | - Alex-Mikael Barkoff
- Periscope Consortium; Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
| | - Sagida Bibi
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Periscope Consortium
| | - Aapo Knuutila
- Periscope Consortium; Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Johanna Teräsjärvi
- Periscope Consortium; Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Elizabeth Clutterbuck
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Periscope Consortium
| | | | | | - Jacqueline A M van Gaans-van den Brink
- Periscope Consortium; Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and The Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | | | | | - Anja Saso
- Vaccine & Immunity Theme, MRC Unit the Gambia, Banjul, Fajara, the Gambia; Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Haddijatou Jobe
- Vaccine & Immunity Theme, MRC Unit the Gambia, Banjul, Fajara, the Gambia
| | - Sophie Roetynck
- Vaccine & Immunity Theme, MRC Unit the Gambia, Banjul, Fajara, the Gambia
| | - Beate Kampmann
- Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Institute of International Health, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Elles Simonetti
- Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Dimitri Diavatopoulos
- Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Eleonora E Lambert
- Periscope Consortium; Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and The Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Jussi Mertsola
- Periscope Consortium; Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Department of Paediatrics, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Pascal Blanc
- Periscope Consortium; Sanofi Pasteur, Marcy-l'Étoile, France
| | - Cécile A C M van Els
- Periscope Consortium; Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and The Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Dominic Kelly
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Periscope Consortium; Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Qiushui He
- Periscope Consortium; Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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Bitzer GJ, Fitzgerald NA, DeJong MA, Cunningham C, Chapman JA, Boehm DT, Pyles GM, Huckaby AB, Miller SJ, Dublin SR, Warden MD, Barbier M, Damron FH. Immunization with an mRNA DTP vaccine protects against pertussis in rats. Infect Immun 2024; 92:e0052023. [PMID: 39016553 PMCID: PMC11320933 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00520-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Bordetella pertussis is a Gram-negative bacterium that is the causative agent of the respiratory disease known as pertussis. Since the switch to the acellular vaccines of DTaP and Tap, pertussis cases in the US have risen and cyclically fallen. We have observed that mRNA pertussis vaccines are immunogenic and protective in mice. Here, we further evaluated the pertussis toxoid mRNA antigen and refined the formulation based on optimal pertussis toxin neutralization in vivo. We next evaluated the mRNA pertussis vaccine in Sprague-Dawley rats using an aerosol B. pertussis challenge model paired with whole-body plethysmography to monitor coughing and respiratory function. Female Sprague-Dawley rats were primed and boosted with either commercially available vaccines (DTaP or wP-DTP), an mRNA-DTP vaccine, or mock-vaccinated. The mRNA-DTP vaccine was immunogenic in rats and induced antigen-specific IgG antibodies comparable to DTaP. Rats were then aerosol challenged with a streptomycin-resistant emerging clinical isolate D420Sm1. Bacterial burden was assessed at days 1 and 9 post-challenge, and the mRNA vaccine reduced burden equal to both DTaP and wP-DTP. Whole-body plethysmography revealed that mRNA-DTP vaccinated rats were well protected against coughing which was comparable to the non-challenged group. These data suggest that an mRNA-DTP vaccine is immunogenic in rats and provides protection against aerosolized B. pertussis challenge in Sprague-Dawley rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham J. Bitzer
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
- West Virginia University Vaccine Development Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Nicholas A. Fitzgerald
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
- West Virginia University Vaccine Development Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Megan A. DeJong
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
- West Virginia University Vaccine Development Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Casey Cunningham
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
- West Virginia University Vaccine Development Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Joshua A. Chapman
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
- West Virginia University Vaccine Development Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Dylan T. Boehm
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
- West Virginia University Vaccine Development Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Gage M. Pyles
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
- West Virginia University Vaccine Development Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Annalisa B. Huckaby
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
- West Virginia University Vaccine Development Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Sarah J. Miller
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
- West Virginia University Vaccine Development Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Spencer R. Dublin
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
- West Virginia University Vaccine Development Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Matthew D. Warden
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
- West Virginia University Vaccine Development Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Mariette Barbier
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
- West Virginia University Vaccine Development Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - F. Heath Damron
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
- West Virginia University Vaccine Development Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
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3
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Natrajan MS, Hall JM, Weigand MR, Peng Y, Williams MM, Momin M, Damron FH, Dubey P, Tondella ML, Pawloski LC. Genome-based prediction of cross-protective, HLA-DR-presented epitopes as putative vaccine antigens for multiple Bordetella species. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0352723. [PMID: 38054724 PMCID: PMC10783135 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03527-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Pertussis, caused by Bordetella pertussis, can cause debilitating respiratory symptoms, so whole-cell pertussis vaccines (wPVs) were introduced in the 1940s. However, reactogenicity of wPV necessitated the development of acellular pertussis vaccines (aPVs) that were introduced in the 1990s. Since then, until the COVID-19 pandemic began, reported pertussis incidence was increasing, suggesting that aPVs do not induce long-lasting immunity and may not effectively prevent transmission. Additionally, aPVs do not provide protection against other Bordetella species that are observed during outbreaks. The significance of this work is in determining potential new vaccine antigens for multiple Bordetella species that are predicted to elicit long-term immune responses. Genome-based approaches have aided the development of novel vaccines; here, these methods identified Bordetella vaccine candidates that may be cross-protective and predicted to induce strong memory responses. These targets can lead to an improved vaccine with a strong safety profile while also strengthening the longevity of the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muktha S. Natrajan
- Division of Bacterial Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Laboratory Leadership Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jesse M. Hall
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Michael R. Weigand
- Division of Bacterial Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Yanhui Peng
- Division of Bacterial Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Margaret M. Williams
- Division of Bacterial Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Mohamed Momin
- Division of Bacterial Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Frederick Heath Damron
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Purnima Dubey
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Maria Lucia Tondella
- Division of Bacterial Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Lucia C. Pawloski
- Division of Bacterial Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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Kim AR, Sette A, da Silva Antunes R. Adaptive immune response to bordetella pertussis during vaccination and infection: emerging perspectives and unanswered questions. Expert Rev Vaccines 2024; 23:705-714. [PMID: 39037200 PMCID: PMC11306532 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2024.2383745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Whooping cough, also known as pertussis, remains a significant challenge as a vaccine-preventable disease worldwide. Since the switch from the whole-cell Pertussis (wP) vaccine to the acellular Pertussis vaccine (aP), cases of whooping cough have increased in countries using the aP vaccine. Understanding the immune system's response to pertussis vaccines and infection is crucial for improving current vaccine efficacy. AREAS COVERED This review of the literature using PubMed records offers an overview of the qualitative differences in antibody and T cell responses to B. pertussis (BP) in vaccination and infection, and their potential association with decreased efficacy of the aP vaccine in preventing infection and subclinical colonization. We further discuss how asymptomatic infections and carriage are widespread among vaccinated human populations, and explore methodologies that can be employed for their detection, to better understand their impact on adaptive immune responses and identify key features necessary for protection against the disease. EXPERT OPINION An underappreciated human BP reservoir, stemming from the decreased capacity of the aP vaccine to prevent subclinical infection, offers an alternative explanation for the increased incidence of clinical disease and recurrent outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- A-Reum Kim
- Center for Vaccine Innovation, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Alessandro Sette
- Center for Vaccine Innovation, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease and Global Public Health, University of California San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
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5
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Miguelena Chamorro B, De Luca K, Swaminathan G, Longet S, Mundt E, Paul S. Bordetella bronchiseptica and Bordetella pertussis: Similarities and Differences in Infection, Immuno-Modulation, and Vaccine Considerations. Clin Microbiol Rev 2023; 36:e0016422. [PMID: 37306571 PMCID: PMC10512794 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00164-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Bordetella pertussis and Bordetella bronchiseptica belong to the genus Bordetella, which comprises 14 other species. B. pertussis is responsible for whooping cough in humans, a severe infection in children and less severe or chronic in adults. These infections are restricted to humans and currently increasing worldwide. B. bronchiseptica is involved in diverse respiratory infections in a wide range of mammals. For instance, the canine infectious respiratory disease complex (CIRDC), characterized by a chronic cough in dogs. At the same time, it is increasingly implicated in human infections, while remaining an important pathogen in the veterinary field. Both Bordetella can evade and modulate host immune responses to support their persistence, although it is more pronounced in B. bronchiseptica infection. The protective immune responses elicited by both pathogens are comparable, while there are important characteristics in the mechanisms that differ. However, B. pertussis pathogenesis is more difficult to decipher in animal models than those of B. bronchiseptica because of its restriction to humans. Nevertheless, the licensed vaccines for each Bordetella are different in terms of formulation, route of administration and immune responses induced, with no known cross-reaction between them. Moreover, the target of the mucosal tissues and the induction of long-lasting cellular and humoral responses are required to control and eliminate Bordetella. In addition, the interaction between both veterinary and human fields are essential for the control of this genus, by preventing the infections in animals and the subsequent zoonotic transmission to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Miguelena Chamorro
- CIRI – Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team GIMAP (Saint-Etienne), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS Lyon, UJM, Lyon, France
- Boehringer Ingelheim, Global Innovation, Saint-Priest, France
| | - Karelle De Luca
- Boehringer Ingelheim, Global Innovation, Saint-Priest, France
| | | | - Stéphanie Longet
- CIRI – Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team GIMAP (Saint-Etienne), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS Lyon, UJM, Lyon, France
- CIC Inserm 1408 Vaccinology, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Egbert Mundt
- Boehringer Ingelheim, Global Innovation, Saint-Priest, France
| | - Stéphane Paul
- CIRI – Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team GIMAP (Saint-Etienne), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS Lyon, UJM, Lyon, France
- CIC Inserm 1408 Vaccinology, Saint-Etienne, France
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6
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Blanchard-Rohner G. Novel approaches to reactivate pertussis immunity. Expert Rev Vaccines 2022; 21:1787-1797. [PMID: 36400443 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2022.2149499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Whole cell and acellular pertussis vaccines have been very effective in decreasing the deaths of neonates and infants from Bordetella pertussis. Despite high vaccine coverage worldwide, pertussis remains one of the most common vaccine-preventable diseases, thus suggesting that new pertussis vaccination strategies are needed. Several candidates are currently under development, such as acellular pertussis vaccines that use genetically detoxified pertussis toxin, acellular pertussis vaccines delivered with new adjuvants or new delivery systems, or an intranasally delivered, live attenuated vaccine. AREAS COVERED This review discusses the different possibilities for improving current pertussis vaccines and the present state of knowledge on the pertussis vaccine candidates under development. EXPERT OPINION Until there is a safe, effective, and affordable alternative to the two types of existing vaccines, we should maintain sufficient childhood coverage and increase the vaccination of pregnant women, adolescents, and young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geraldine Blanchard-Rohner
- Center of Vaccinology, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Unit of Immunology and Vaccinology, Division of General Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, Gynecology and Obstetrics, Geneva University Hospitals, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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7
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Mask E, Hodara VL, Callery JE, Parodi LM, Obregon-Perko V, Yagi S, Glenn J, Frost P, Clemmons E, Patterson JL, Cox LA, Giavedoni LD. Molecular Approaches for the Validation of the Baboon as a Nonhuman Primate Model for the Study of Zika Virus Infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:880860. [PMID: 35493734 PMCID: PMC9046911 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.880860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonhuman primates (NHP) are particularly important for modeling infections with viruses that do not naturally replicate in rodent cells. Zika virus (ZIKV) has been responsible for sporadic epidemics, but in 2015 a disseminated outbreak of ZIKV resulted in the World Health Organization declaring it a global health emergency. Since the advent of this last epidemic, several NHP species, including the baboon, have been utilized for modeling and understanding the complications of ZIKV infection in humans; several health issues related to the outcome of infection have not been resolved yet and require further investigation. This study was designed to validate, in baboons, the molecular signatures that have previously been identified in ZIKV-infected humans and macaque models. We performed a comprehensive molecular analysis of baboons during acute ZIKV infection, including flow cytometry, cytokine, immunological, and transcriptomic analyses. We show here that, similar to most human cases, ZIKV infection of male baboons tends to be subclinical, but is associated with a rapid and transient antiviral interferon-based response signature that induces a detectable humoral and cell-mediated immune response. This immunity against the virus protects animals from challenge with a divergent ZIKV strain, as evidenced by undetectable viremia but clear anamnestic responses. These results provide additional support for the use of baboons as an alternative animal model to macaques and validate omic techniques that could help identify the molecular basis of complications associated with ZIKV infections in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Mask
- Department of Biology, Trinity University, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Vida L. Hodara
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, San Antonio, TX, United States,Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Jessica E. Callery
- Department of Biology, Trinity University, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Laura M. Parodi
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, San Antonio, TX, United States,Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | | | - Shigeo Yagi
- California Department of Public Health, Richmond, CA, United States
| | - Jeremy Glenn
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Patrice Frost
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Elizabeth Clemmons
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | | | - Laura A. Cox
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, San Antonio, TX, United States,Center for Precision Medicine, Wake Forest Health Sciences University, Winston Salem, NC, United States
| | - Luis D. Giavedoni
- Department of Biology, Trinity University, San Antonio, TX, United States,Southwest National Primate Research Center, San Antonio, TX, United States,*Correspondence: Luis D. Giavedoni,
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8
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Holubova J, Stanek O, Juhasz A, Hamidou Soumana I, Makovicky P, Sebo P. The Fim and FhaB adhesins play a crucial role in nasal cavity infection and Bordetella pertussis transmission in a novel mouse catarrhal infection model. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010402. [PMID: 35395059 PMCID: PMC9020735 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary infections caused by Bordetella pertussis used to be the prime cause of infant mortality in the pre-vaccine era and mouse models of pertussis pneumonia served in characterization of B. pertussis virulence mechanisms. However, the biologically most relevant catarrhal disease stage and B. pertussis transmission has not been adequately reproduced in adult mice due to limited proliferation of the human-adapted pathogen on murine nasopharyngeal mucosa. We used immunodeficient C57BL/6J MyD88 KO mice to achieve B. pertussis proliferation to human-like high counts of 108 viable bacteria per nasal cavity to elicit rhinosinusitis accompanied by robust shedding and transmission of B. pertussis bacteria to adult co-housed MyD88 KO mice. Experiments with a comprehensive set of B. pertussis mutants revealed that pertussis toxin, adenylate cyclase toxin-hemolysin, the T3SS effector BteA/BopC and several other known virulence factors were dispensable for nasal cavity infection and B. pertussis transmission in the immunocompromised MyD88 KO mice. In contrast, mutants lacking the filamentous hemagglutinin (FhaB) or fimbriae (Fim) adhesins infected the nasal cavity poorly, shed at low levels and failed to productively infect co-housed MyD88 KO or C57BL/6J mice. FhaB and fimbriae thus appear to play a critical role in B. pertussis transmission. The here-described novel murine model of B. pertussis-induced nasal catarrh opens the way to genetic dissection of host mechanisms involved in B. pertussis shedding and to validation of key bacterial transmission factors that ought to be targeted by future pertussis vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Holubova
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Stanek
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Attila Juhasz
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Illiassou Hamidou Soumana
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Peter Makovicky
- Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Czech Centre for Phenogenomics, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Peter Sebo
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
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9
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Abstract
Pertussis, also known as whooping cough, is a contagious respiratory disease caused by the Gram-negative bacterium Bordetella pertussis. This disease is characterized by severe and uncontrollable coughing, which imposes a significant burden on patients. However, its etiological agent and the mechanism are totally unknown because of a lack of versatile animal models that reproduce the cough. Here, we present a mouse model that reproduces coughing after intranasal inoculation with the bacterium or its components and demonstrate that lipooligosaccharide (LOS), pertussis toxin (PTx), and Vag8 of the bacterium cooperatively function to cause coughing. Bradykinin induced by LOS sensitized a transient receptor potential ion channel, TRPV1, which acts as a sensor to evoke the cough reflex. Vag8 further increased bradykinin levels by inhibiting the C1 esterase inhibitor, the major downregulator of the contact system, which generates bradykinin. PTx inhibits intrinsic negative regulation systems for TRPV1 through the inactivation of Gi GTPases. Our findings provide a basis to answer long-standing questions on the pathophysiology of pertussis cough.
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10
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Weaver KL, Blackwood CB, Horspool AM, Pyles GM, Sen-Kilic E, Grayson EM, Huckaby AB, Witt WT, DeJong MA, Wolf MA, Damron FH, Barbier M. Long-Term Analysis of Pertussis Vaccine Immunity to Identify Potential Markers of Vaccine-Induced Memory Associated With Whole Cell But Not Acellular Pertussis Immunization in Mice. Front Immunol 2022; 13:838504. [PMID: 35211125 PMCID: PMC8861382 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.838504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Over two decades ago acellular pertussis vaccines (aP) replaced whole cell pertussis vaccines (wP) in several countries. Since then, a resurgence in pertussis has been observed, which is hypothesized to be linked, in part, to waning immunity. To better understand why waning immunity occurs, we developed a long-term outbred CD1 mouse model to conduct the longest murine pertussis vaccine studies to date, spanning out to 532 days post primary immunization. Vaccine-induced memory results from follicular responses and germinal center formation; therefore, cell populations and cytokines involved with memory were measured alongside protection from challenge. Both aP and wP immunization elicit protection from intranasal challenge by decreasing bacterial burden in both the upper and lower airways, and by generation of pertussis specific antibody responses in mice. Responses to wP vaccination were characterized by a significant increase in T follicular helper cells in the draining lymph nodes and CXCL13 levels in sera compared to aP mice. In addition, a population of B. pertussis+ memory B cells was found to be unique to wP vaccinated mice. This population peaked post-boost, and was measurable out to day 365 post-vaccination. Anti-B. pertussis and anti-pertussis toxoid antibody secreting cells increased one day after boost and remained high at day 532. The data suggest that follicular responses, and in particular CXCL13 levels in sera, could be monitored in pre-clinical and clinical studies for the development of the next-generation pertussis vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly L. Weaver
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States,Vaccine Development Center, West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Catherine B. Blackwood
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States,Vaccine Development Center, West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Alexander M. Horspool
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States,Vaccine Development Center, West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Gage M. Pyles
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States,Vaccine Development Center, West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Emel Sen-Kilic
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States,Vaccine Development Center, West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Emily M. Grayson
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States,Vaccine Development Center, West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Annalisa B. Huckaby
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States,Vaccine Development Center, West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - William T. Witt
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States,Vaccine Development Center, West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Megan A. DeJong
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States,Vaccine Development Center, West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - M. Allison Wolf
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States,Vaccine Development Center, West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - F. Heath Damron
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States,Vaccine Development Center, West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Mariette Barbier
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States,Vaccine Development Center, West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, WV, United States,*Correspondence: Mariette Barbier,
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11
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Cimolai N. Non-primate animal models for pertussis: back to the drawing board? Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:1383-1398. [PMID: 35103810 PMCID: PMC8803574 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-11798-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Despite considerable progress in the understanding of clinical pertussis, the contemporary emergence of antimicrobial resistance for Bordetella pertussis and an evolution of concerns with acellular component vaccination have both sparked a renewed interest. Although simian models of infection best correlate with the observed attributes of human infection, several animal models have been used for decades and have positively contributed in many ways to the related science. Nevertheless, there is yet the lack of a reliable small animal model system that mimics the combination of infection genesis, variable upper and lower respiratory infection, systemic effects, infection resolution, and vaccine responses. This narrative review examines the history and attributes of non-primate animal models for pertussis and places context with the current use and needs. Emerging from the latter is the necessity for further such study to better create the optimal model of infection and vaccination with use of current molecular tools and a broader range of animal systems. KEY POINTS: • Currently used and past non-primate animal models of B. pertussis infection often have unique and focused applications. • A non-primate animal model that consistently mimics human pertussis for the majority of key infection characteristics is lacking. • There remains ample opportunity for an improved non-primate animal model of pertussis with the use of current molecular biology tools and with further exploration of species not previously considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nevio Cimolai
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
- Children's and Women's Health Centre of British Columbia, 4480 Oak Street, Vancouver, B.C., V6H3V4, Canada.
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12
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Hall JM, Kang J, Kenney SM, Wong TY, Bitzer GJ, Kelly CO, Kisamore CA, Boehm DT, DeJong MA, Wolf MA, Sen-Kilic E, Horspool AM, Bevere JR, Barbier M, Damron FH. Reinvestigating the Coughing Rat Model of Pertussis To Understand Bordetella pertussis Pathogenesis. Infect Immun 2021; 89:e0030421. [PMID: 34125597 PMCID: PMC8594615 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00304-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Bordetella pertussis is a highly contagious bacterium that is the causative agent of whooping cough (pertussis). Currently, acellular pertussis vaccines (aP, DTaP, and Tdap) are used to prevent pertussis disease. However, it is clear that the aP vaccine efficacy quickly wanes, resulting in the reemergence of pertussis. Furthermore, recent work performed by the CDC suggest that current circulating strains are genetically distinct from strains of the past. The emergence of genetically diverging strains, combined with waning aP vaccine efficacy, calls for reevaluation of current animal models of pertussis. In this study, we used the rat model of pertussis to compare two genetically divergent strains Tohama 1 and D420. We intranasally challenged 7-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats with 108 viable Tohama 1 and D420 and measured the hallmark signs/symptoms of B. pertussis infection such as neutrophilia, pulmonary inflammation, and paroxysmal cough using whole-body plethysmography. Onset of cough occurred between 2 and 4 days after B. pertussis challenge, averaging five coughs per 15 min, with peak coughing occurring at day 8 postinfection, averaging upward of 13 coughs per 15 min. However, we observed an increase of coughs in rats infected with clinical isolate D420 through 12 days postchallenge. The rats exhibited increased bronchial restriction following B. pertussis infection. Histology of the lung and flow cytometry confirm both cellular infiltration and pulmonary inflammation. D420 infection induced higher production of anti-B. pertussis IgM antibodies compared to Tohama 1 infection. The coughing rat model provides a way of characterizing disease manifestation differences between B. pertussis strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse M. Hall
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
- Vaccine Development Center, WVU Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Jason Kang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
- Vaccine Development Center, WVU Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Sophia M. Kenney
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
- Vaccine Development Center, WVU Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Ting Y. Wong
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
- Vaccine Development Center, WVU Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Graham J. Bitzer
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
- Vaccine Development Center, WVU Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Claire O. Kelly
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
- Vaccine Development Center, WVU Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Caleb A. Kisamore
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
- Vaccine Development Center, WVU Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Dylan T. Boehm
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
- Vaccine Development Center, WVU Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Megan A. DeJong
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
- Vaccine Development Center, WVU Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - M. Allison Wolf
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
- Vaccine Development Center, WVU Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Emel Sen-Kilic
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
- Vaccine Development Center, WVU Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Alexander M. Horspool
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
- Vaccine Development Center, WVU Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Justin R. Bevere
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
- Vaccine Development Center, WVU Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Mariette Barbier
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
- Vaccine Development Center, WVU Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - F. Heath Damron
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
- Vaccine Development Center, WVU Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
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13
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Citron MP, McAnulty J, Callahan C, Knapp W, Fontenot J, Morales P, Flynn JA, Douglas CM, Espeseth AS. Transplacental Antibody Transfer of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Specific IgG in Non-Human Primate Mother-Infant Pairs. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10111441. [PMID: 34832599 PMCID: PMC8624788 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10111441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
One approach to protect new-borns against respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is to vaccinate pregnant women in the last trimester of pregnancy. The boosting of circulating antibodies which can be transferred to the foetus would offer immune protection against the virus and ultimately the disease. Since non-human primates (NHPs) have similar reproductive anatomy, physiology, and antibody architecture and kinetics to humans, we utilized this preclinical species to evaluate maternal immunization (MI) using an RSV F subunit vaccine. Three species of NHPs known for their ability to be infected with human RSV in experimental challenge studies were tested for RSV-specific antibodies. African green monkeys had the highest overall antibody levels of the old-world monkeys evaluated and they gave birth to offspring with anti-RSV titers that were proportional to their mother. These higher overall antibody levels are associated with greater durability found in their offspring. Immunization of RSV seropositive AGMs during late pregnancy boosts RSV titers, which consequentially results in significantly higher titers in the vaccinated new-borns compared to the new-borns of unvaccinated mothers. These findings, accomplished in small treatment group sizes, demonstrate a model that provides an efficient, resource sparing and translatable preclinical in vivo system for evaluating vaccine candidates for maternal immunization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P. Citron
- Infectious Disease & Vaccines, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA; (J.M.); (C.C.); (J.A.F.); (C.M.D.); (A.S.E.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Jessica McAnulty
- Infectious Disease & Vaccines, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA; (J.M.); (C.C.); (J.A.F.); (C.M.D.); (A.S.E.)
| | - Cheryl Callahan
- Infectious Disease & Vaccines, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA; (J.M.); (C.C.); (J.A.F.); (C.M.D.); (A.S.E.)
| | - Walter Knapp
- Safety Assessment and Laboratory Animal Resources, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA;
| | - Jane Fontenot
- The New Iberia Research Center, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, New Iberia, LA 70560, USA;
| | - Pablo Morales
- The Mannheimer Foundation, Homestead, FL 33034, USA;
| | - Jessica A. Flynn
- Infectious Disease & Vaccines, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA; (J.M.); (C.C.); (J.A.F.); (C.M.D.); (A.S.E.)
| | - Cameron M. Douglas
- Infectious Disease & Vaccines, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA; (J.M.); (C.C.); (J.A.F.); (C.M.D.); (A.S.E.)
| | - Amy S. Espeseth
- Infectious Disease & Vaccines, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA; (J.M.); (C.C.); (J.A.F.); (C.M.D.); (A.S.E.)
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14
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Barbosa MMF, Kanno AI, Barazzone GC, Rodriguez D, Pancakova V, Trentini M, Faquim-Mauro EL, Freitas AP, Khouri MI, Lobo-Silva J, Goncalves VM, Schenkman RPF, Tanizaki MM, Boraschi D, Malley R, Farias LP, Leite LCC. Robust Immune Response Induced by Schistosoma mansoni TSP-2 Antigen Coupled to Bacterial Outer Membrane Vesicles. Int J Nanomedicine 2021; 16:7153-7168. [PMID: 34712047 PMCID: PMC8548026 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s315786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The use of adjuvants can significantly strengthen a vaccine’s efficacy. We sought to explore the immunization efficacy of bacterial outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) displaying the Schistosoma mansoni antigen, SmTSP-2, through a biotin-rhizavidin coupling approach. The rationale is to exploit the nanoparticulate structure and the adjuvant properties of OMVs to induce a robust antigen-specific immune response, in light of developing new vaccines against S. mansoni. Materials and Methods OMVs were obtained from Neisseria lactamica and conjugated with biotin. The recombinant SmTSP-2 in fusion with the biotin-binding protein rhizavidin (rRzvSmTSP-2) was produced in E. coli and coupled to biotinylated OMVs to generate an OMV complex displaying SmTSP-2 on the membrane surface (OMV:rSmTSP-2). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and dynamic light scattering analysis were used to determine particle charge and size. The immunogenicity of the vaccine complex was evaluated in C57BL/6 mice. Results The rRzvSmTSP-2 protein was successfully coupled to biotinylated OMVs and purified by size-exclusion chromatography. The OMV:rSmTSP-2 nanoparticles showed an average size of 200 nm, with zeta potential around – 28 mV. Mouse Bone Marrow Dendritic Cells were activated by the nanoparticles as determined by increased expression of the co-stimulatory molecules CD40 and CD86, and the proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-12) or IL-10. Splenocytes of mice immunized with OMV:rSmTSP-2 nanoparticles reacted to an in vitro challenge with SmTSP-2 with an increased production of IL-6, IL-10 and IL-17 and displayed a higher number of CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes expressing IFN-γ, IL-4 and IL-2, compared to mice immunized with the antigen alone. Immunization of mice with OMV:rSmTSP-2 induced a 100-fold increase in specific anti-SmTSP-2 IgG antibody titers, as compared to the group receiving the recombinant rSmTSP-2 protein alone or even co-administered with unconjugated OMV. Conclusion Our results demonstrate that the SmTSP-2 antigen coupled with OMVs is highly immunogenic in mice, supporting the potential effectiveness of this platform for improved antigen delivery in novel vaccine strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayra M F Barbosa
- Laboratório de Desenvolvimento de Vacinas, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação Interunidades em Biotecnologia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alex I Kanno
- Laboratório de Desenvolvimento de Vacinas, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Giovana C Barazzone
- Laboratório de Desenvolvimento de Vacinas, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Dunia Rodriguez
- Laboratório de Desenvolvimento de Vacinas, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Violeta Pancakova
- Laboratório de Desenvolvimento de Vacinas, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil.,Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL1), Villeurbanne, 69100, France
| | - Monalisa Trentini
- Laboratório de Desenvolvimento de Vacinas, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Amanda P Freitas
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mariana I Khouri
- Laboratório de Biomarcadores e Inflamação, Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Jessica Lobo-Silva
- Laboratório de Biomarcadores e Inflamação, Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Viviane M Goncalves
- Laboratório de Desenvolvimento de Vacinas, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Martha M Tanizaki
- Laboratório de Desenvolvimento de Vacinas, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Diana Boraschi
- Istituto di Biochimica e Biologia Cellulare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Napoli, Italy.,Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Napoli, Italy.,Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technologies (SIAT), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shenzhen, China Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Richard Malley
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Leonardo P Farias
- Laboratório de Biomarcadores e Inflamação, Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Luciana C C Leite
- Laboratório de Desenvolvimento de Vacinas, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
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15
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Saso A, Kampmann B, Roetynck S. Vaccine-Induced Cellular Immunity against Bordetella pertussis: Harnessing Lessons from Animal and Human Studies to Improve Design and Testing of Novel Pertussis Vaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:877. [PMID: 34452002 PMCID: PMC8402596 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9080877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Pertussis ('whooping cough') is a severe respiratory tract infection that primarily affects young children and unimmunised infants. Despite widespread vaccine coverage, it remains one of the least well-controlled vaccine-preventable diseases, with a recent resurgence even in highly vaccinated populations. Although the exact underlying reasons are still not clear, emerging evidence suggests that a key factor is the replacement of the whole-cell (wP) by the acellular pertussis (aP) vaccine, which is less reactogenic but may induce suboptimal and waning immunity. Differences between vaccines are hypothesised to be cell-mediated, with polarisation of Th1/Th2/Th17 responses determined by the composition of the pertussis vaccine given in infancy. Moreover, aP vaccines elicit strong antibody responses but fail to protect against nasal colonisation and/or transmission, in animal models, thereby potentially leading to inadequate herd immunity. Our review summarises current knowledge on vaccine-induced cellular immune responses, based on mucosal and systemic data collected within experimental animal and human vaccine studies. In addition, we describe key factors that may influence cell-mediated immunity and how antigen-specific responses are measured quantitatively and qualitatively, at both cellular and molecular levels. Finally, we discuss how we can harness this emerging knowledge and novel tools to inform the design and testing of the next generation of improved infant pertussis vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Saso
- The Vaccine Centre, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London WC1 7HT, UK; (B.K.); (S.R.)
- Vaccines and Immunity Theme, MRC Unit, The Gambia at London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Banjul P.O. Box 273, The Gambia
| | - Beate Kampmann
- The Vaccine Centre, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London WC1 7HT, UK; (B.K.); (S.R.)
- Vaccines and Immunity Theme, MRC Unit, The Gambia at London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Banjul P.O. Box 273, The Gambia
| | - Sophie Roetynck
- The Vaccine Centre, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London WC1 7HT, UK; (B.K.); (S.R.)
- Vaccines and Immunity Theme, MRC Unit, The Gambia at London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Banjul P.O. Box 273, The Gambia
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16
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Clemmons EA, Chavez D, Condel L, Dutton JW, Price S, Lanford R. Comparison of oral, nebulized and combination antibiotic treatment of Bordetella bronchiseptica in baboons (Papio spp.). J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2021; 44:836-841. [PMID: 33963570 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Incidence of Bordetella pertussis, the causative agent of whooping cough, is rising in some global human populations despite high vaccination rates, and significant research is underway to address the issue. Baboons are an established model for pertussis research, but like many mammals, they can be naturally infected with Bordetella bronchiseptica. Because B. bronchiseptica interferes with B. pertussis research, it must be excluded from baboons under consideration for enrollment in pertussis studies. In addition to research-related concerns, B. bronchiseptica can sometimes cause clinical disease in baboons and other nonhuman primates. This study examined the use of antibiotics to clear B. bronchiseptica in naturally infected baboons. Thirty-five juvenile baboons were divided into five treatment groups: oral sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim (TMS), nebulized gentamicin (gentamicin), combination (TMS + gentamicin) in positive animals, combination (TMS + gentamicin) as a prophylactic in exposed animals and no treatment (control). Combination of oral TMS and nebulized gentamicin given to positive animals was most effective, producing long-term clearance in 11 out of 12 treated animals. To avoid unnecessary use of antibiotics, our primary management strategy is screening and separating to allow natural clearance and limiting exposure to non-infected animals, but this study investigates an antibiotic regimen that could be used in special circumstances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Clemmons
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Deborah Chavez
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Laura Condel
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - John W Dutton
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Sharon Price
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Robert Lanford
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
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17
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Sartoretti J, Eberhardt CS. The Potential Role of Nonhuman Primate Models to Better Comprehend Early Life Immunity and Maternal Antibody Transfer. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9040306. [PMID: 33804886 PMCID: PMC8063815 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9040306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Early life immunity is a complex field of research and there are still gaps in knowledge regarding the detailed mechanism of maternal antibody transfer, the impact of maternal antibodies on infant vaccine responses and the ontogeny of human early life immunity. A comprehensive understanding is necessary to identify requirements for early life vaccines and to improve early childhood immunization. New immunological methods have facilitated performing research in the youngest, however, some questions can only be addressed in animal models. To date, mostly murine models are used to study neonatal and infant immunity since they are well-described, easy to use and cost effective. Given their limitations especially in the transfer biology of maternal antibodies and the lack of infectivity of numerous human pathogens, this opinion piece discusses the potential and prerequisites of the nonhuman primate model in studying early life immunity and maternal antibody transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Sartoretti
- Center for Vaccinology, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland;
- Department of Woman, Child and Adolescent Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, 6 rue Willy-Donze, 1211 Geneve 4, Switzerland
| | - Christiane S. Eberhardt
- Center for Vaccinology, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland;
- Department of Woman, Child and Adolescent Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, 6 rue Willy-Donze, 1211 Geneve 4, Switzerland
- Center for Vaccinology, University Hospitals of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Correspondence:
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18
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Intranasal Immunization with Acellular Pertussis Vaccines Results in Long-Term Immunity to Bordetella pertussis in Mice. Infect Immun 2021; 89:IAI.00607-20. [PMID: 33318136 PMCID: PMC8097269 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00607-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Bordetella pertussis colonizes the respiratory mucosa of humans, inducing an immune response seeded in the respiratory tract. An individual, once convalescent, exhibits long-term immunity to the pathogen. Current acellular pertussis (aP) vaccines do not induce the long-term immune response observed after natural infection in humans. In this study, we evaluated the durability of protection from intranasal (i.n.) pertussis vaccines in mice. Mice that convalesced from B. pertussis infection served as a control group. Mice were immunized with a mock vaccine (phosphate-buffered saline [PBS]), aP only, or an aP base vaccine combined with one of the following adjuvants: alum, curdlan, or purified whole glucan particles (IRI-1501). We utilized two study designs: short term (challenged 35 days after priming vaccination) and long term (challenged 6 months after boost). The short-term study demonstrated that immunization with i.n. vaccine candidates decreased the bacterial burden in the respiratory tract, reduced markers of inflammation, and induced significant serum and lung antibody titers. In the long-term study, protection from bacterial challenge mirrored the results observed in the short-term challenge study. Immunization with pertussis antigens alone was surprisingly protective in both models; however, the alum and IRI-1501 adjuvants induced significant B. pertussis-specific IgG antibodies in both the serum and lung and increased numbers of anti-B. pertussis IgG-secreting plasma cells in the bone marrow. Our data indicate that humoral responses induced by the i.n. vaccines correlated with protection, suggesting that long-term antibody responses can be protective.
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19
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Locht C, Carbonetti NH, Cherry JD, Damron FH, Edwards KM, Fernandez R, Harvill ET, Hozbor D, Mills KHG, Rodriguez ME, Mascart F. Highlights of the 12th International Bordetella Symposium. Clin Infect Dis 2020; 71:2521-2526. [PMID: 32463883 PMCID: PMC7713684 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciaa651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To commemorate the 100th anniversary of the Nobel prize being awarded to Jules Bordet, the discoverer of Bordetella pertussis, the 12th International Bordetella Symposium was held from 9 to 12 April 2019 at the Université Libre de Bruxelles, where Jules Bordet studied and was Professor of Microbiology. The symposium attracted more than 300 Bordetella experts from 34 countries. They discussed the latest epidemiologic data and clinical aspects of pertussis, Bordetella biology and pathogenesis, immunology and vaccine development, and genomics and evolution. Advanced technological and methodological tools provided novel insights into the genomic diversity of Bordetella and a better understanding of pertussis disease and vaccine performance. New molecular approaches revealed previously unrecognized complexity of virulence gene regulation. Innovative insights into the immune responses to infection by Bordetella resulted in the development of new vaccine candidates. Such discoveries will aid in the design of more effective approaches to control pertussis and other Bordetella-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Locht
- Université Lille, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Inserm, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019, Unité Mixte de Recherche 8204, Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Nicholas H Carbonetti
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - James D Cherry
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - F Heath Damron
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
- Vaccine Development Center at West Virginia University Health Science Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Kathryn M Edwards
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Rachel Fernandez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Eric T Harvill
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Daniela Hozbor
- Laboratorio VacSal, Instituto de Biotecnología y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Técnicas, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Kingston H G Mills
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Maria Eugenia Rodriguez
- Centro de Investigacion y Desarrollo en Fermentaciones Industriales, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Técnicas, La Plata, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Françoise Mascart
- Laboratory of Vaccinology and Mucosal Immunity, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
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20
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Plotkin SA. Updates on immunologic correlates of vaccine-induced protection. Vaccine 2019; 38:2250-2257. [PMID: 31767462 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.10.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Correlates of protection (CoPs) are increasingly important in the development and licensure of vaccines. Although the study of CoPs was initially directed at identifying a single immune function that could explain vaccine efficacy, it has become increasingly clear that there are often multiple functions responsible for efficacy. This review is meant to supplement prior articles on the subject, illustrating both simple and complex CoPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanley A Plotkin
- Emeritus Professor of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania, Vaxconsult, 4650 Wismer Rd., Doylestown, PA 18902, United States.
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21
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Cherry JD. The 112-Year Odyssey of Pertussis and Pertussis Vaccines-Mistakes Made and Implications for the Future. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc 2019; 8:334-341. [PMID: 30793754 DOI: 10.1093/jpids/piz005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Effective diphtheria, tetanus toxoids, whole-cell pertussis (DTwP) vaccines became available in the 1930s, and they were put into routine use in the United States in the 1940s. Their use reduced the average rate of reported pertussis cases from 157 in 100 000 in the prevaccine era to <1 in 100 000 in the 1970s. Because of alleged reactions (encephalopathy and death), several countries discontinued (Sweden) or markedly decreased (United Kingdom, Germany, Japan) use of the vaccine. During the 20th century, Bordetella pertussis was studied extensively in animal model systems, and many "toxins" and protective antigens were described. A leader in B pertussis research was Margaret Pittman of the National Institutes of Health/US Food and Drug Administration. She published 2 articles suggesting that pertussis was a pertussis toxin (PT)-mediated disease. Dr Pittman's views led to the idea that less-reactogenic acellular vaccines could be produced. The first diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis (DTaP) vaccines were developed in Japan and put into routine use there. Afterward, DTaP vaccines were developed in the Western world, and definitive efficacy trials were carried out in the 1990s. These vaccines were all less reactogenic than DTwP vaccines, and despite the fact that their efficacy was less than that of DTwP vaccines, they were approved in the United States and many other countries. DTaP vaccines replaced DTwP vaccines in the United States in 1997. In the last 13 years, major pertussis epidemics have occurred in the United States, and numerous studies have shown the deficiencies of DTaP vaccines, including the small number of antigens that the vaccines contain and the type of cellular immune response that they elicit. The type of cellular response a predominantly, T2 response results in less efficacy and shorter duration of protection. Because of the small number of antigens (3-5 in DTaP vaccines vs >3000 in DTwP vaccines), linked-epitope suppression occurs. Because of linked-epitope suppression, all children who were primed by DTaP vaccines will be more susceptible to pertussis throughout their lifetimes, and there is no easy way to decrease this increased lifetime susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- James D Cherry
- Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA
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22
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Auderset F, Ballester M, Mastelic-Gavillet B, Fontannaz P, Chabaud-Riou M, Reveneau N, Garinot M, Mistretta N, Liu Y, Lambert PH, Ochs M, Siegrist CA. Reactivating Immunity Primed by Acellular Pertussis Vaccines in the Absence of Circulating Antibodies: Enhanced Bacterial Control by TLR9 Rather Than TLR4 Agonist-Including Formulation. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1520. [PMID: 31333656 PMCID: PMC6618515 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Pertussis is still observed in many countries despite of high vaccine coverage. Acellular pertussis (aP) vaccination is widely implemented in many countries as primary series in infants and as boosters in school-entry/adolescents/adults (including pregnant women in some). One novel strategy to improve the reactivation of aP-vaccine primed immunity could be to include genetically- detoxified pertussis toxin and novel adjuvants in aP vaccine boosters. Their preclinical evaluation is not straightforward, as it requires mimicking the human situation where T and B memory cells may persist longer than vaccine-induced circulating antibodies. Toward this objective, we developed a novel murine model including two consecutive adoptive transfers of the memory cells induced by priming and boosting, respectively. Using this model, we assessed the capacity of three novel aP vaccine candidates including genetically-detoxified pertussis toxin, pertactin, filamentous hemagglutinin, and fimbriae adsorbed to aluminum hydroxide, supplemented—or not—with Toll-Like-Receptor 4 or 9 agonists (TLR4A, TLR9A), to reactivate aP vaccine-induced immune memory and protection, reflected by bacterial clearance. In the conventional murine immunization model, TLR4A- and TLR9A-containing aP formulations induced similar aP-specific IgG antibody responses and protection against bacterial lung colonization as current aP vaccines, despite IL-5 down-modulation by both TLR4A and TLR9A and IL-17 up-modulation by TLR4A. In the absence of serum antibodies at time of boosting or exposure, TLR4A- and TLR9A-containing formulations both enhanced vaccine antibody recall compared to current aP formulations. Unexpectedly, however, protection was only increased by the TLR9A-containing vaccine, through both earlier bacterial control and accelerated clearance. This suggests that TLR9A-containing aP vaccines may better reactivate aP vaccine-primed pertussis memory and enhance protection than current or TLR4A-adjuvanted aP vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Floriane Auderset
- World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Vaccine Immunology, Departments of Pathology-Immunology and Pediatrics, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Marie Ballester
- World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Vaccine Immunology, Departments of Pathology-Immunology and Pediatrics, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Beatris Mastelic-Gavillet
- World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Vaccine Immunology, Departments of Pathology-Immunology and Pediatrics, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Paola Fontannaz
- World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Vaccine Immunology, Departments of Pathology-Immunology and Pediatrics, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Paul-Henri Lambert
- World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Vaccine Immunology, Departments of Pathology-Immunology and Pediatrics, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Claire-Anne Siegrist
- World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Vaccine Immunology, Departments of Pathology-Immunology and Pediatrics, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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23
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Scanlon K, Skerry C, Carbonetti N. Association of Pertussis Toxin with Severe Pertussis Disease. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11070373. [PMID: 31252532 PMCID: PMC6669598 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11070373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Pertussis, caused by respiratory tract infection with the bacterial pathogen Bordetella pertussis, has long been considered to be a toxin-mediated disease. Bacteria adhere and multiply extracellularly in the airways and release several toxins, which have a variety of effects on the host, both local and systemic. Predominant among these toxins is pertussis toxin (PT), a multi-subunit protein toxin that inhibits signaling through a subset of G protein-coupled receptors in mammalian cells. PT activity has been linked with severe and lethal pertussis disease in young infants and a detoxified version of PT is a common component of all licensed acellular pertussis vaccines. The role of PT in typical pertussis disease in other individuals is less clear, but significant evidence supporting its contribution to pathogenesis has been accumulated from animal model studies. In this review we discuss the evidence indicating a role for PT in pertussis disease, focusing on its contribution to severe pertussis in infants, modulation of immune and inflammatory responses to infection, and the characteristic paroxysmal cough of pertussis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Scanlon
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Ciaran Skerry
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Nicholas Carbonetti
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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24
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Kapil P, Merkel TJ. Pertussis vaccines and protective immunity. Curr Opin Immunol 2019; 59:72-78. [PMID: 31078081 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2019.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Despite high vaccine coverage, reported cases of pertussis have increased steadily over the last twenty years. This resurgence has stimulated interest in host responses to pertussis infection and vaccination with the goal of developing more effective next-generation vaccines and vaccination strategies. Optimal protection against Bordetella pertussis appears to be multifactorial requiring both humoral and cellular responses. Natural infection and whole-cell pertussis vaccination induce Th1 and Th17-dominated responses. In contrast, acellular vaccines induce Th2-dominated responses. Available immunological data indicate that while antibodies provide protection against disease, Th1 and Th17-mediated immune responses are required for bacterial clearance and long-lasting protection. The nature of the priming in children appears to be important in modulating bias and durability of immune responses required to provide protection against B. pertussis. This review summarizes the current understanding of differences in immune responses and their role in protection against B. pertussis following infection or vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parul Kapil
- Division of Bacterial, Parasitic and Allergenic Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, FDA, Silver Spring MD 20993, USA
| | - Tod J Merkel
- Division of Bacterial, Parasitic and Allergenic Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, FDA, Silver Spring MD 20993, USA.
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25
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Caution K, Yount K, Deora R, Dubey P. Evaluation of Host-Pathogen Responses and Vaccine Efficacy in Mice. J Vis Exp 2019. [PMID: 30855568 DOI: 10.3791/58930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccines are a 20th century medical marvel. They have dramatically reduced the morbidity and mortality caused by infectious diseases and contributed to a striking increase in life expectancy around the globe. Nonetheless, determining vaccine efficacy remains a challenge. Emerging evidence suggests that the current acellular vaccine (aPV) for Bordetella pertussis (B. pertussis) induces suboptimal immunity. Therefore, a major challenge is designing a next-generation vaccine that induces protective immunity without the adverse side effects of a whole-cell vaccine (wPV). Here we describe a protocol that we used to test the efficacy of a promising, novel adjuvant that skews immune responses to a protective Th1/Th17 phenotype and promotes a better clearance of a B. pertussis challenge from the murine respiratory tract. This article describes the protocol for mouse immunization, bacterial inoculation, tissue harvesting, and analysis of immune responses. Using this method, within our model, we have successfully elucidated crucial mechanisms elicited by a promising, next-generation acellular pertussis vaccine. This method can be applied to any infectious disease model in order to determine vaccine efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle Caution
- Department of Microbial Infection & Immunity, The Ohio State University
| | - Kacy Yount
- Department of Microbial Infection & Immunity, The Ohio State University
| | - Rajendar Deora
- Department of Microbial Infection & Immunity, The Ohio State University; Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University
| | - Purnima Dubey
- Department of Microbial Infection & Immunity, The Ohio State University;
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26
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Lambert EE, Buisman AM, van Els CACM. Superior B. pertussis Specific CD4+ T-Cell Immunity Imprinted by Natural Infection. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1183:81-98. [PMID: 31321753 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2019_405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Pertussis remains endemic in vaccinated populations due to waning of vaccine-induced immunity and insufficient interruption of transmission. Correlates of long-term protection against whooping cough remain elusive but increasing evidence from experimental models indicates that the priming of particular lineages of B. pertussis (Bp) specific CD4+ T cells is essential to control bacterial load. Critical hallmarks of these protective CD4+ T cell lineages in animals are suggested to be their differentiation profile as Th1 and Th17 cells and their tissue residency. These features seem optimally primed by previous infection but insufficiently or only partially by current vaccines. In this review, evidence is sought indicating whether infection also drives such superior Bp specific CD4+ T cell lineages in humans. We highlight key features of effector immunity downstream of Th1 and Th17 cell cytokines that explain clearing of primary Bp infections in naïve hosts, and effective prevention of infection in convalescent hosts during secondary challenge. Outstanding questions are put forward that need answers before correlates of human Bp infection-primed CD4+ T cell immunity can be used as benchmark for the development of improved pertussis vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora E Lambert
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Anne-Marie Buisman
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Cécile A C M van Els
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
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27
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Scanlon K, Skerry C, Carbonetti N. Role of Major Toxin Virulence Factors in Pertussis Infection and Disease Pathogenesis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1183:35-51. [PMID: 31376138 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2019_403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Bordetella pertussis produces several toxins that affect host-pathogen interactions. Of these, the major toxins that contribute to pertussis infection and disease are pertussis toxin, adenylate cyclase toxin-hemolysin and tracheal cytotoxin. Pertussis toxin is a multi-subunit protein toxin that inhibits host G protein-coupled receptor signaling, causing a wide array of effects on the host. Adenylate cyclase toxin-hemolysin is a single polypeptide, containing an adenylate cyclase enzymatic domain coupled to a hemolysin domain, that primarily targets phagocytic cells to inhibit their antibacterial activities. Tracheal cytotoxin is a fragment of peptidoglycan released by B. pertussis that elicits damaging inflammatory responses in host cells. This chapter describes these three virulence factors of B. pertussis, summarizing background information and focusing on the role of each toxin in infection and disease pathogenesis, as well as their role in pertussis vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Scanlon
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ciaran Skerry
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Nicholas Carbonetti
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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28
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Seroprevalence of pertussis among healthcare workers: A cross-sectional study from Tunisia. Vaccine 2018; 37:109-112. [PMID: 30459070 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
This cross-sectional study aimed to assess pertussis seroprevalence among healthy healthcare workers (HCW) of the Children's Hospital of Tunis, Tunisia. During the study period, 236 blood samples were obtained to determine HCW exposure to pertussis. Concentrations of immunoglobulin G (IgG) to pertussis toxin (PT) were measured using a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Cut-offs values used were 40 and 100 IU/ml, respectively indicative of an infection within the last year and a current/recent infection. Overall, seropositivity rate was 11.4% (95% CI 7.4-15.5) and 2.5% (95% CI 0.5-4.6) of ELISA results were indicative of a current infection. Seroprevalence was significantly most important in nurses (p = 0.03) and in participants aged 21-31y (p = 0.009). Our study confirmed that pertussis is circulating in hospital settings and affecting Tunisian HCW, in close contact with infants. Therefore, a booster dose of acellular pertussis vaccine needs to be considered.
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29
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Lönnqvist E, Barkoff AM, Mertsola J, He Q. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of Finnish Bordetella pertussis isolates collected during 2006–2017. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2018; 14:12-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2018.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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30
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Salyer ACD, David SA. Transcriptomal signatures of vaccine adjuvants and accessory immunostimulation of sentinel cells by toll-like receptor 2/6 agonists. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2018; 14:1686-1696. [PMID: 29852079 PMCID: PMC6067887 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2018.1480284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
An important component of vaccine development is the identification of safe and effective adjuvants. We sought to identify transcriptomal signatures of innate immune stimulating molecules using next-generation RNA sequencing with the goal of being able to utilize such signatures in identifying novel immunostimulatory compounds with adjuvant activity. The CC family of chemokines, particularly CC chemokines 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 8, 17, 18, 20, and 23, were broadly upregulated by most Toll-like receptor (TLR) and nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat-containing receptors (NLR) stimuli. Extracellular receptors such as TLR2, TLR4 and TLR5 induced the transcription of CXC chemokines including CXCL5, CXCL6 and CXCL8, whereas intracellular receptors such as TLR7 and TLR8 upregulated CXC chemokines 11 and 12. Both TLR1/2 and TLR2/6 agonists induced strong chemokine production in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Human skeletal muscle cells and fibroblasts respond with chemokine production only to TLR2/6 agonists, but not TLR1/2 agonists, consistent with strong expression of TLR2 and TLR6, but not of TLR1, in fibroblasts. TLR2/6 stimulated fibroblasts demonstrated functional chemotactic responses to human T cell and natural killer cells subsets. The activation of non-hematopoietic, adventitial cells such as fibroblasts and myocytes may contribute.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex C. D. Salyer
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Sunil A. David
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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31
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The Adjuvant Bordetella Colonization Factor A Attenuates Alum-Induced Th2 Responses and Enhances Bordetella pertussis Clearance from Mouse Lungs. Infect Immun 2018. [PMID: 29531137 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00935-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The reemergence of pertussis or whooping cough in several countries highlights the need for better vaccines. Acellular pertussis vaccines (aPV) contain alum as the adjuvant and elicit Th2-biased immune responses that are less effective in protecting against infection than the reactogenic whole-cell pertussis vaccines (wPV), which elicit primarily a Th1/Th17 response. An important goal for the field is to devise aPV that will induce immune responses similar to those of wPV. We show that Bordetella colonization factor A (BcfA), an outer membrane protein from Bordetella bronchiseptica, has strong adjuvant function and elicits cellular and humoral immune responses to heterologous and Bordetella pertussis antigens. Addition of BcfA to a commercial aPV resulted in greater reduction of B. pertussis numbers from the lungs than that elicited by aPV alone. The more-efficient pathogen clearance was accompanied by increased interleukin-17 (IL-17) and reduced IL-5 and an increased ratio of IgG2/IgG1 antibodies. Thus, our results suggest that BcfA improves aPV-induced responses by modifying the alum-induced Th2-biased aPV response toward Th1/Th17. A redesigned aPV containing BcfA may allow better control of pertussis reemergence by reshaping immune responses to resemble those elicited by wPV immunization.
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32
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Morgan RA, Karl JA, Bussan HE, Heimbruch KE, O'Connor DH, Dudley DM. Restricted MHC class I A locus diversity in olive and hybrid olive/yellow baboons from the Southwest National Primate Research Center. Immunogenetics 2018; 70:449-458. [PMID: 29594415 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-018-1057-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Baboons are valuable models for complex human diseases due to their genetic and physiologic similarities to humans. Deep sequencing methods to characterize full-length major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I (MHC-I) alleles in different nonhuman primate populations were used to identify novel MHC-I alleles in baboons. We combined data from Illumina MiSeq sequencing and Roche/454 sequencing to characterize novel full-length MHC-I transcripts in a cohort of olive and hybrid olive/yellow baboons from the Southwest National Primate Research Center (SNPRC). We characterized 57 novel full-length alleles from 24 baboons and found limited genetic diversity at the MHC-I A locus, with significant sharing of two MHC-I A lineages between 22 out of the 24 animals characterized. These shared alleles provide the basis for development of tools such as MHC:peptide tetramers for studying cellular immune responses in this important animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A Morgan
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53715, USA
| | - Julie A Karl
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Hailey E Bussan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Katelyn E Heimbruch
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53715, USA
| | - David H O'Connor
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53715, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Dawn M Dudley
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA.
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Hasan S, Kulkarni NN, Asbjarnarson A, Linhartova I, Osicka R, Sebo P, Gudmundsson GH. Bordetella pertussis Adenylate Cyclase Toxin Disrupts Functional Integrity of Bronchial Epithelial Layers. Infect Immun 2018; 86:e00445-17. [PMID: 29203545 PMCID: PMC5820963 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00445-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The airway epithelium restricts the penetration of inhaled pathogens into the underlying tissue and plays a crucial role in the innate immune defense against respiratory infections. The whooping cough agent, Bordetella pertussis, adheres to ciliated cells of the human airway epithelium and subverts its defense functions through the action of secreted toxins and other virulence factors. We examined the impact of B. pertussis infection and of adenylate cyclase toxin-hemolysin (CyaA) action on the functional integrity of human bronchial epithelial cells cultured at the air-liquid interface (ALI). B. pertussis adhesion to the apical surface of polarized pseudostratified VA10 cell layers provoked a disruption of tight junctions and caused a drop in transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER). The reduction of TEER depended on the capacity of the secreted CyaA toxin to elicit cAMP signaling in epithelial cells through its adenylyl cyclase enzyme activity. Both purified CyaA and cAMP-signaling drugs triggered a decrease in the TEER of VA10 cell layers. Toxin-produced cAMP signaling caused actin cytoskeleton rearrangement and induced mucin 5AC production and interleukin-6 (IL-6) secretion, while it inhibited the IL-17A-induced secretion of the IL-8 chemokine and of the antimicrobial peptide beta-defensin 2. These results indicate that CyaA toxin activity compromises the barrier and innate immune functions of Bordetella-infected airway epithelia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shakir Hasan
- Institute of Microbiology of the CAS, v.v.i., Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | | | - Irena Linhartova
- Institute of Microbiology of the CAS, v.v.i., Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Radim Osicka
- Institute of Microbiology of the CAS, v.v.i., Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Peter Sebo
- Institute of Microbiology of the CAS, v.v.i., Prague, Czech Republic
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Abstract
Whooping cough is a highly contagious, acute respiratory disease, caused by the Gram-negative bacterium Bordetella pertussis (Bp). Despite the introduction and widespread use of vaccines starting in the 1950s pertussis cases continue to be reported, with a significant global impact. The role of specific virulence factors in disease and the immune mechanisms associated with protection following natural infection or vaccination are still not completely understood. The recently-developed baboon model of clinical pertussis provides a valuable tool for the study of pertussis. Baboons infected with B. pertussis exhibit all of the manifestations of human pertussis including paroxysmal coughing, mucus production, leukocytosis and transmission. The establishment of this model provides the opportunity to address unanswered questions about the natural progression of this disease and host responses to infection and vaccination in a very relevant model. In this review, we present an overview of our knowledge of pertussis along with recent advances resulting from use of the baboon model. Remaining questions and future research directions are discussed. We hope that the knowledge gained through use of the baboon model of pertussis and clinical studies will allow the development of more efficacious vaccines, conferring long lasting protection against disease and transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta V Pinto
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Tod J Merkel
- Laboratory of Respiratory and Special Pathogens, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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Abstract
Currently used vaccines have had major effects on eliminating common infections, largely by duplicating the immune responses induced by natural infections. Now vaccinology faces more complex problems, such as waning antibody, immunosenescence, evasion of immunity by the pathogen, deviation of immunity by the microbiome, induction of inhibitory responses, and complexity of the antigens required for protection. Fortunately, vaccine development is now incorporating knowledge from immunology, structural biology, systems biology and synthetic chemistry to meet these challenges. In addition, international organisations are developing new funding and licensing pathways for vaccines aimed at pathogens with epidemic potential that emerge from tropical areas.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marta V Pinto
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Manish Sadarangani
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Vaccine Evaluation Center, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver BC, Canada.
| | - Stanley A Plotkin
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA.
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Burdin N, Handy LK, Plotkin SA. What Is Wrong with Pertussis Vaccine Immunity? The Problem of Waning Effectiveness of Pertussis Vaccines. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2017; 9:a029454. [PMID: 28289064 PMCID: PMC5710106 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a029454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Pertussis is resurgent in some countries, particularly those in which children receive acellular pertussis (aP) vaccines in early infancy and boosters later in life. Immunologic studies show that, whereas whole-cell pertussis (wP) vaccines orient the immune system toward Th1/Th17 responses, acellular pertussis vaccines orient toward Th1/Th2 responses. Although aP vaccines do provide protection during the first years of life, the change in T-cell priming results in waning effectiveness of aP as early as 2-3 years post-boosters. Although other factors, such as increased virulence of pertussis strains, better diagnosis, and better surveillance may play a role, the increase in pertussis appears to be the result of waning immunity. In addition, studies in baboon models, requiring confirmation in humans, show that aP is less able to prevent nasopharyngeal colonization of Bordetella pertussis than wP or natural infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Burdin
- EU Research and Non Clinical Safety, R&D, Sanofi Pasteur, Campus Mérieux, 69280 Marcy l'Etoile, France
| | - Lori Kestenbaum Handy
- Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Division of Infectious Diseases, Nemours/Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, Delaware 19803
| | - Stanley A Plotkin
- Emeritus Professor of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania, Vaxconsult, Doylestown, Pennsylvania 18902
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Gill C, Rohani P, Thea DM. The relationship between mucosal immunity, nasopharyngeal carriage, asymptomatic transmission and the resurgence of Bordetella pertussis. F1000Res 2017; 6:1568. [PMID: 28928960 PMCID: PMC5580413 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.11654.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of whooping cough in the US has been rising slowly since the 1970s, but the pace of this has accelerated sharply since acellular pertussis vaccines replaced the earlier whole cell vaccines in the late 1990s. A similar trend occurred in many other countries, including the UK, Canada, Australia, Ireland, and Spain, following the switch to acellular vaccines. The key question is why. Two leading theories (short duration of protective immunologic persistence and evolutionary shifts in the pathogen to evade the vaccine) explain some but not all of these shifts, suggesting that other factors may also be important. In this synthesis, we argue that sterilizing mucosal immunity that blocks or abbreviates the duration of nasopharyngeal carriage of
Bordetella pertussis and impedes person-to-person transmission (including between asymptomatically infected individuals) is a critical factor in this dynamic. Moreover, we argue that the ability to induce such mucosal immunity is fundamentally what distinguishes whole cell and acellular pertussis vaccines and may be pivotal to understanding much of the resurgence of this disease in many countries that adopted acellular vaccines. Additionally, we offer the hypothesis that observed herd effects generated by acellular vaccines may reflect a modification of disease presentation leading to reduced potential for transmission by those already infected, as opposed to inducing resistance to infection among those who have been exposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Gill
- Centre for Global Health and Development , Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, 02118, USA.,Department of Global Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, 02118, USA
| | - Pejman Rohani
- Department of Infectious Diseases College of Veterinary Medicine, Odum School of Ecology , University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, 30602, USA
| | - Donald M Thea
- Centre for Global Health and Development , Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, 02118, USA.,Department of Global Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, 02118, USA
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Survey of Household Contacts of Infants With Laboratory-confirmed Pertussis Infection During a National Pertussis Outbreak in England and Wales. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2017; 36:140-145. [PMID: 27755466 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0000000000001378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Highest rates of pertussis occur in infants <3 months of age, too young to be fully vaccinated. The 2012 national outbreak provided a valuable opportunity to study sources of infection for these infants at highest risk of severe complications and death. METHODS Households of infants <3 months of age with laboratory-confirmed pertussis between August 2012 and October 2013 were invited to complete a questionnaire with information on household members' demographics, relationship with the infant, chronology of cough onset where relevant and vaccination history. Contacts were also invited to provide an oral fluid sample for antipertussis toxin IgG testing. Individuals with laboratory evidence of infection and cough onset up to 3 months before infant onset were considered probable sources of infection. RESULTS In total, 220 contacts from 63 families were included in the analysis. In 86% of households (54/63), at least one positive result was found with 44% (97/220) of all contacts testing positive. Around 29% (31/108) of noncoughers tested positive. A probable source of infection was found for 46% (29/63) of infant cases. Mothers were the probable source in 38% of cases, followed by siblings (31%) and fathers (10%). CONCLUSION Household contacts play an important role in the transmission of pertussis to infants and when identified, mothers were the main sources of infection. Immunization during pregnancy has a key role in preventing infant disease through passive protection from birth and reduced maternal exposure.
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Nguyen AW, Wagner EK, Posada L, Liu X, Connelly S, Papin JF, Wolf RF, Kaleko M, Maynard JA. Prior exposure to Bordetella species as an exclusion criterion in the baboon model of pertussis. J Vet Med Sci 2016; 79:60-64. [PMID: 27666464 PMCID: PMC5289237 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.16-0427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The baboon model of Bordetella pertussis infection is the newest and most clinically accurate model of the human disease to date. However, among the 15 experimentally infected baboons in this study, a subset of baboons did not exhibit the expected high bacterial colonization levels or increase in white blood cell count. Moreover, cultures of nasopharyngeal wash samples from several baboons suggested B. bronchiseptica coinfection. Analysis of serum antibodies recognizing filamentous hemagglutinin, pertussis toxin and B. pertussis lipo-oligosaccharide indicated that several baboons had likely been previously exposed to Bordetella species and that prior exposure correlated with partial protection from B. pertussis infection. Notably, all animals with a baseline Fha titer of 5 IU/ml or below exhibited symptoms typical of the model, suggesting this value can be used as inclusion criteria for animals prior to study enrollment. While B. pertussis infection is endemic to human populations and B. bronchiseptica is common in wild small mammals, this study illustrates that baboons can readily harbor both organisms. Awareness of Bordetella species that share antigens capable of generating protective immune responses and tracking of prior exposure to those species is required for successful use of the baboon model of pertussis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalee W Nguyen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, U.S.A
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40
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Choi YH, Campbell H, Amirthalingam G, van Hoek AJ, Miller E. Investigating the pertussis resurgence in England and Wales, and options for future control. BMC Med 2016; 14:121. [PMID: 27580649 PMCID: PMC5007864 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-016-0665-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In 2012 England and Wales experienced a resurgence of pertussis and an increase in infant deaths. This occurred 8 years after acellular pertussis (aP) vaccine replaced whole cell (wP) primary vaccine despite continued high coverage for the primary series and pre-school aP booster. We developed a mathematical model to describe pertussis transmission dynamics in England and Wales since the 1950s and used it to investigate the cause of the resurgence and the potential impact of additional vaccination strategies. METHODS An age-structured, compartmental, deterministic model of the pertussis transmission dynamics was fitted to 60 continuous years of age-stratified pertussis notification data in England and Wales. The model incorporated vaccine-induced and natural immunity and differentiated between vaccine-induced protection against clinical disease and infection. RESULTS The degree of protection of wP vaccine against infection was estimated to be higher than that of aP vaccine. Furthermore, the duration of protection for natural and wP-induced immunity was likely to be at least 15 years, but for aP vaccine it could be as low as 5 years. Model results indicated that the likely cause of the resurgence was the replacement of wP by less efficacious aP vaccine and that an elevated level of pertussis would continue. The collapse in wP vaccine coverage in the 1970s and resultant outbreaks in the late 1970s and early 1980s could not explain the resurgence. Addition of an adolescent or toddler booster was predicted to have little impact on the disease in infants. CONCLUSIONS Our findings support the recent recommendation by the World Health Organisation that countries currently using wP vaccine for primary immunisation should not change to aP vaccine unless additional strategies to control infant disease such as maternal immunisation can be assured. Improved pertussis vaccines that provide better protection against infection are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon Hong Choi
- Immunisation, Hepatitis and Blood Safety Department, National Infection Service, Public Health England, 61, Colindale Avenue, London, NW9 5EQ, UK.
| | - Helen Campbell
- Immunisation, Hepatitis and Blood Safety Department, National Infection Service, Public Health England, 61, Colindale Avenue, London, NW9 5EQ, UK
| | - Gayatri Amirthalingam
- Immunisation, Hepatitis and Blood Safety Department, National Infection Service, Public Health England, 61, Colindale Avenue, London, NW9 5EQ, UK
| | - Albert Jan van Hoek
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Elizabeth Miller
- Immunisation, Hepatitis and Blood Safety Department, National Infection Service, Public Health England, 61, Colindale Avenue, London, NW9 5EQ, UK
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41
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Breakwell L, Kelso P, Finley C, Schoenfeld S, Goode B, Misegades LK, Martin SW, Acosta AM. Pertussis Vaccine Effectiveness in the Setting of Pertactin-Deficient Pertussis. Pediatrics 2016; 137:peds.2015-3973. [PMID: 27244813 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2015-3973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the United States, the proportion of Bordetella pertussis isolates lacking pertactin, a component of acellular pertussis vaccines, increased from 14% in 2010 to 85% in 2012. The impact on vaccine effectiveness (VE) is unknown. METHODS We conducted 2 matched case-control evaluations in Vermont to assess VE of the 5-dose diphtheria, tetanus, and acellular pertussis vaccine (DTaP) series among 4- to 10-year-olds, and tetanus, diphtheria, and acellular pertussis vaccine (Tdap) among 11- to 19-year-olds. Cases reported during 2011 to 2013 were included. Three controls were matched to each case by medical home, and additionally by birth year for the Tdap evaluation. Vaccination history was obtained from medical records and parent interviews. Odds ratios (OR) were calculated by using conditional logistic regression; VE was estimated as (1-OR) × 100%. Pertactin status was determined for cases with available isolates. RESULTS Overall DTaP VE was 84% (95% confidence interval [CI] 58%-94%). VE within 12 months of dose 5 was 90% (95% CI 71%-97%), declining to 68% (95% CI 10%-88%) by 5-7 years post-vaccination. Overall Tdap VE was 70% (95% CI 54%-81%). Within 12 months of Tdap vaccination, VE was 76% (95% CI 60%-85%), declining to 56% (95% CI 16%-77%) by 2-4 years post-vaccination. Of cases with available isolates, >90% were pertactin-deficient. CONCLUSIONS Our DTaP and Tdap VE estimates remain similar to those found in other settings, despite high prevalence of pertactin deficiency in Vermont, suggesting these vaccines continue to be protective against reported pertussis disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Breakwell
- Epidemic Intelligence Service, Scientific Education and Professional Development Program Office, Meningitis and Vaccine Preventable Diseases Branch, Division of Bacterial Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, and
| | - Patsy Kelso
- Vermont Department of Health, Burlington, Vermont
| | | | | | - Brant Goode
- Vermont Department of Health, Burlington, Vermont Career Epidemiology Field Officer Program, Division of State and Local Readiness, Office of Public Health Preparedness and Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; and
| | - Lara K Misegades
- Meningitis and Vaccine Preventable Diseases Branch, Division of Bacterial Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, and
| | - Stacey W Martin
- Meningitis and Vaccine Preventable Diseases Branch, Division of Bacterial Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, and
| | - Anna M Acosta
- Meningitis and Vaccine Preventable Diseases Branch, Division of Bacterial Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, and
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42
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Warfel JM, Zimmerman LI, Merkel TJ. Comparison of Three Whole-Cell Pertussis Vaccines in the Baboon Model of Pertussis. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2016; 23:47-54. [PMID: 26561389 PMCID: PMC4711092 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00449-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Pertussis is a highly contagious respiratory illness caused by the bacterial pathogen Bordetella pertussis. Pertussis rates in the United States have escalated since the 1990s and reached a 50-year high of 48,000 cases in 2012. While this pertussis resurgence is not completely understood, we previously showed that the current acellular pertussis vaccines do not prevent colonization or transmission following challenge. In contrast, a whole-cell pertussis vaccine accelerated the rate of clearance compared to rates in unvaccinated animals and animals treated with the acellular vaccine. In order to understand if these results are generalizable, we used our baboon model to compare immunity from whole-cell vaccines from three different manufacturers that are approved outside the United States. We found that, compared to clearance rates with no vaccine and with an acellular pertussis vaccine, immunization with any of the three whole-cell vaccines significantly accelerated the clearance of B. pertussis following challenge. Whole-cell vaccination also significantly reduced the total nasopharyngeal B. pertussis burden, suggesting that these vaccines reduce the opportunity for pertussis transmission. Meanwhile, there was no difference in either the duration or in B. pertussis burden between unvaccinated and acellular-pertussis-vaccinated animals, while previously infected animals were not colonized following reinfection. We also determined that transcription of the gene encoding interleukin-17 (IL-17) was increased in whole-cell-vaccinated and previously infected animals but not in acellular-pertussis-vaccinated animals following challenge. Together with our previous findings, these data are consistent with a role for Th17 responses in the clearance of B. pertussis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason M Warfel
- Division of Bacterial, Parasitic and Allergenic Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, FDA, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Lindsey I Zimmerman
- Division of Bacterial, Parasitic and Allergenic Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, FDA, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Tod J Merkel
- Division of Bacterial, Parasitic and Allergenic Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, FDA, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
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Rubin FA, Koso-Thomas M, Isaacs MB, Piper J, Read J, Nesin M. Maternal immunization efforts of the National Institutes of Health. Vaccine 2015; 33:6380-7. [PMID: 26458798 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.08.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Over the last 35 years, efforts at the National Institutes of Health (NIH) to protect mothers and their infants against infectious diseases have involved a bench-to-bedside approach. Basic and translational research that provided a foundation for clinical trials of vaccines in pregnancy include natural history and vaccine antigen identification studies. Development of laboratory assays and reagents have been funded by NIAID; these are critical for the advancement of vaccine candidates through the preclinical and clinical steps along the maternal immunization research pathway to support vaccine efficacy. Animal models of maternal immunization have been developed to evaluate efficacy of vaccine candidates. Clinical studies required development of maternal immunization protocols to address specific pregnancy related issues, for enrollment and safety assessment of mothers and their infants. NIH has organized and participated in meetings, workshops and other collaborative efforts with partners have advanced maternal immunization efforts. Partners have included many institutes and offices at NIH as well as other Department of Health and Human Services agencies and offices (Food and Drug Administration, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Vaccine Program Office), World Health Organization, academic investigators, Biotech and pharmaceutical companies, and nonprofit organizations such as the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. These research and development partnership are essential for advancing maternal immunization. Continued efforts are needed to promote maternal immunization to protect pregnant women and their infants against vaccine-preventable infectious disease, especially in resource-limited settings where the burden of infections is high.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Mirjana Nesin
- NIH/NIAID/DMID, 5601 Fischers Lane, Office: 7G38, Rockville, MD 20852, United States.
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Carbonetti NH. Contribution of pertussis toxin to the pathogenesis of pertussis disease. Pathog Dis 2015; 73:ftv073. [PMID: 26394801 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftv073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Pertussis toxin (PT) is a multisubunit protein toxin secreted by Bordetella pertussis, the bacterial agent of the disease pertussis or whooping cough. PT in detoxified form is a component of all licensed acellular pertussis vaccines, since it is considered to be an important virulence factor for this pathogen. PT inhibits G protein-coupled receptor signaling through Gi proteins in mammalian cells, an activity that has led to its widespread use as a cell biology tool. But how does this activity of PT contribute to pertussis, including the severe respiratory symptoms of this disease? In this minireview, the contribution of PT to the pathogenesis of pertussis disease will be considered based on evidence from both human infections and animal model studies. Although definitive proof of the role of PT in humans is lacking, substantial evidence supports the idea that PT is a major contributor to pertussis pathology, including the severe respiratory symptoms associated with this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas H Carbonetti
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland Medical School, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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45
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Bouchez V, Guiso N. Bordetella pertussis,B. parapertussis, vaccines and cycles of whooping cough. Pathog Dis 2015; 73:ftv055. [DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftv055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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46
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Warfel JM, Edwards KM. Pertussis vaccines and the challenge of inducing durable immunity. Curr Opin Immunol 2015; 35:48-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2015.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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47
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan T Poolman
- Crucell Hollland B. V. one of the Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson - Bacterial Vaccines Research and Development Archimedesweg 4-6, Zernikedreef 9, Leiden 2333 CK, The Netherlands
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