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Makinde J, Jones C, Bartolf A, Sibeko S, Baden S, Cosgrove C, Shattock RJ. Localized cyclical variations in immunoproteins in the female genital tract and the implications on the design and assessment of mucosal infection and therapies. Am J Reprod Immunol 2017; 79. [PMID: 29286179 DOI: 10.1111/aji.12801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM Fluctuating hormones regulate reproductive processes in the female genital tract. Consequent changes in the local immunological environment are likely to affect cellular interaction with infectious agents and the assessment of therapies that target mucosal infections. METHOD OF STUDY We compared Softcup and Weck-Cel sampling protocols and assessed the changes in the concentrations of 39 soluble proteins with menstrual cycle progression in the mucosal and peripheral compartments. RESULTS We demonstrate that the mucosal immunological profile is distinct from serum with inflammatory and migratory signatures that are localized throughout the cycle. The analytes highlighted in the mucosal compartment were generally highest at the follicular phase with a tendency to fall as the cycle progressed through ovulation to the luteal phase. CONCLUSION Our results underscore the need to consider these localized cyclical differences in studies aimed at assessing the outcome of disease and the efficacy of mucosal vaccines and other therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Makinde
- Mucosal Infection & Immunity Group, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Clifford Jones
- Mucosal Infection & Immunity Group, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Angela Bartolf
- St George's Vaccine Institute, Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George's University of London, London, UK
| | - Sengeziwe Sibeko
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Target Discovery Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Susan Baden
- St George's Vaccine Institute, Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George's University of London, London, UK
| | - Catherine Cosgrove
- St George's Vaccine Institute, Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George's University of London, London, UK
| | - Robin J Shattock
- Mucosal Infection & Immunity Group, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
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2
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Archary D, Seaton KE, Passmore JS, Werner L, Deal A, Dunphy LJ, Arnold KB, Yates NL, Lauffenburger DA, Bergin P, Liebenberg LJ, Samsunder N, Mureithi MW, Altfeld M, Garrett N, Karim QA, Karim SSA, Morris L, Tomaras GD. Distinct genital tract HIV-specific antibody profiles associated with tenofovir gel. Mucosal Immunol 2016; 9:821-833. [PMID: 26813340 PMCID: PMC4848129 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2015.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The impact of topical antiretrovirals for pre-exposure prophylaxis on humoral responses following HIV infection is unknown. Using a binding antibody multiplex assay, we investigated HIV-specific IgG and IgA responses to envelope glycoproteins, p24 Gag and p66, in the genital tract (GT) and plasma following HIV acquisition in women assigned to tenofovir gel (n=24) and placebo gel (n=24) in the CAPRISA 004 microbicide trial to assess if this topical antiretroviral had an impact on mucosal and systemic antibody responses. Linear mixed effect modeling and partial least squares discriminant analysis was used to identify multivariate antibody signatures associated with tenofovir use. There were significantly higher response rates to gp120 Env (P=0.03), p24 (P=0.002), and p66 (P=0.009) in plasma and GT in women assigned to tenofovir than placebo gel at multiple time points post infection. Notably, p66 IgA titers in the GT and plasma were significantly higher in the tenofovir compared with the placebo arm (P<0.05). Plasma titers for 9 of the 10 HIV-IgG specificities predicted GT levels. Taken together, these data suggest that humoral immune responses are increased in blood and GT of individuals who acquire HIV infection in the presence of tenofovir gel.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Archary
- Centre for the AIDS Program of Research in South Africa, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - KE Seaton
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - JS Passmore
- Centre for the AIDS Program of Research in South Africa, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - L Werner
- Centre for the AIDS Program of Research in South Africa, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - A Deal
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - LJ Dunphy
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - KB Arnold
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - NL Yates
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - DA Lauffenburger
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - P Bergin
- Imperial College, International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Core Immune Monitoring Laboratory, London, UK
| | - LJ Liebenberg
- Centre for the AIDS Program of Research in South Africa, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - N Samsunder
- Centre for the AIDS Program of Research in South Africa, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - MW Mureithi
- KAVI Institute of Clinical Research, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - M Altfeld
- Heinrich-Pette Institut, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - N Garrett
- Centre for the AIDS Program of Research in South Africa, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Q Abdool Karim
- Centre for the AIDS Program of Research in South Africa, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - SS Abdool Karim
- Centre for the AIDS Program of Research in South Africa, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - L Morris
- Centre for the AIDS Program of Research in South Africa, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - GD Tomaras
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Departments of Surgery, Immunology and Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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3
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Ranasinghe C, Ramshaw IA. Genetic heterologous prime–boost vaccination strategies for improved systemic and mucosal immunity. Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 8:1171-81. [DOI: 10.1586/erv.09.86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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4
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Isakov D, Dzutsev A, Berzofsky JA, Belyakov IM. Lack of IL-7 and IL-15 signaling affects interferon-γ production by, more than survival of, small intestinal intraepithelial memory CD8+ T cells. Eur J Immunol 2012; 41:3513-28. [PMID: 21928282 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201141453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Survival of antigen-specific CD8(+) T cells in peripheral lymphoid organs during viral infection is known to be dependent predominantly on IL-7 and IL-15. However, little is known about a possible influence of tissue environmental factors on this process. To address this question, we studied survival of memory antigen-specific CD8(+) T cells in the small intestine. Here, we show that 2 months after vaccinia virus infection, B8R(20-27) /H2-K(b) tetramer(+) CD8(+) T cells in the small intestinal intraepithelial (SI-IEL) layer are found in mice deficient in IL-15 expression. Moreover, SI-IEL and lamina propria lymphocytes do not express the receptor for IL-7 (IL-7Rα/CD127). In addition, after in vitro stimulation with B8R(20-27) peptide, SI-IEL cells do not produce high amounts of IFN-γ neither at 5 days nor at 2 months postinfection (p.i.). Importantly, the lack of IL-15 was found to shape the functional activity of antigen-specific CD8(+) T cells, by narrowing the CTL avidity repertoire. Taken together, these results reveal that survival factors, as well as the functional activity, of antigen-specific CD8(+) T cells in the SI-IEL compartments may markedly differ from their counterparts in peripheral lymphoid tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry Isakov
- Molecular Immunogenetics and Vaccine Research Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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5
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Ranasinghe C, Eyers F, Stambas J, Boyle DB, Ramshaw IA, Ramsay AJ. A comparative analysis of HIV-specific mucosal/systemic T cell immunity and avidity following rDNA/rFPV and poxvirus-poxvirus prime boost immunisations. Vaccine 2011; 29:3008-20. [PMID: 21352941 PMCID: PMC3244379 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.01.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2010] [Revised: 01/19/2011] [Accepted: 01/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In this study we have firstly compared a range of recombinant DNA poxvirus prime-boost immunisation strategies and shown that combined intramuscular (i.m.) 2× DNA-HIV/intranasal (i.n.) 2× FPV-HIV prime-boost immunisation can generate high-level of HIV-specific systemic (spleen) and mucosal (genito-rectal nodes, vaginal tissues and lung tissues) T cell responses and HIV-1 p24 Gag-specific serum IgG1, IgG2a and mucosal IgG, SIgA responses in vaginal secretions in BALB/c mice. Data indicate that following rDNA priming, two rFPV booster immunisations were necessary to generate good antibody and mucosal T cell immunity. This data also revealed that mucosal uptake of recombinant fowl pox (rFPV) was far superior to plasmid DNA. To further evaluate CD8+ T cell immunity, i.m. 2× DNA-HIV/i.n. 1× FPV-HIV immunisation strategy was directly compared with single shot poxvirus/poxvirus, i.n. FPV-HIV/i.m. VV-HIV immunisation. Results indicate that the latter strategy was able to generate strong sustained HIV-specific CD8+ T cells with higher avidity, broader cytokine/chemokine profiles and better protection following influenza-K(d)Gag(197-205) challenge compared to rDNA poxvirus prime-boost strategy. Our findings further substantiate the importance of vector selection/combination, order and route of delivery when designing effective vaccines for HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charani Ranasinghe
- The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.
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6
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Mucosal immunity and HIV-1 infection: applications for mucosal AIDS vaccine development. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2011; 354:157-79. [PMID: 21203884 DOI: 10.1007/82_2010_119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Natural transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) occurs through gastrointestinal and vaginal mucosa. These mucosal tissues are major reservoirs for initial HIV replication and amplification, and the sites of rapid CD4(+) T cell depletion. In both HIV-infected humans and SIV-infected macaques, massive loss of CD4(+) CCR5(+) memory T cells occurs in the gut and vaginal mucosa within the first 10-14 days of infection. Induction of local HIV-specific immune responses by vaccines may facilitate effective control of HIV or SIV replication at these sites. Vaccines that induce mucosal responses, in particular CD8(+) cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL), have controlled viral replication at mucosal sites and curtailed systemic dissemination. Thus, there is strong justification for development of next generation vaccines that induce mucosal immune effectors against HIV-1 including CD8(+) CTL, CD4(+) T helper cells and secretory IgA. In addition, further understanding of local innate mechanisms that impact early viral replication will greatly inform future vaccine development. In this review, we examine the current knowledge concerning mucosal AIDS vaccine development. Moreover, we propose immunization strategies that may be able to elicit an effective immune response that can protect against AIDS as well as other mucosal infections.
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7
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Adjuvants and delivery systems in veterinary vaccinology: current state and future developments. Arch Virol 2010; 156:183-202. [PMID: 21170730 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-010-0863-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2010] [Accepted: 11/13/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Modern adjuvants should induce strong and balanced immune responses, and it is often desirable to induce specific types of immunity. As an example, efficient Th1-immunity-inducing adjuvants are highly in demand. Such adjuvants promote good cell-mediated immunity against subunit vaccines that have low immunogenicity themselves. The development of such adjuvants may take advantage of the increased knowledge of the molecular mechanisms and factors controlling these responses. However, knowledge of such molecular details of immune mechanisms is relatively scarce for species other than humans and laboratory rodents, and in addition, there are special considerations pertaining to the use of adjuvants in veterinary animals, such as production and companion animals. With a focus on veterinary animals, this review highlights a number of approaches being pursued, including cytokines, CpG oligonucleotides, microparticles and liposomes.
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8
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Combadière B, Vogt A, Mahé B, Costagliola D, Hadam S, Bonduelle O, Sterry W, Staszewski S, Schaefer H, van der Werf S, Katlama C, Autran B, Blume-Peytavi U. Preferential amplification of CD8 effector-T cells after transcutaneous application of an inactivated influenza vaccine: a randomized phase I trial. PLoS One 2010; 5:e10818. [PMID: 20520820 PMCID: PMC2877091 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0010818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2009] [Accepted: 03/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current conventional vaccination approaches do not induce potent CD8 T-cell responses for fighting mostly variable viral diseases such as influenza, avian influenza viruses or HIV. Following our recent study on vaccine penetration by targeting of vaccine to human hair follicular ducts surrounded by Langerhans cells, we tested in the first randomized Phase-Ia trial based on hair follicle penetration (namely transcutaneous route) the induction of virus-specific CD8 T cell responses. METHODS AND FINDINGS We chose the inactivated influenza vaccine - a conventional licensed tetanus/influenza (TETAGRIP) vaccine - to compare the safety and immunogenicity of transcutaneous (TC) versus IM immunization in two randomized controlled, multi-center Phase I trials including 24 healthy-volunteers and 12 HIV-infected patients. Vaccination was performed by application of inactivated influenza vaccine according to a standard protocol allowing the opening of the hair duct for the TC route or needle-injection for the IM route. We demonstrated that the safety of the two routes was similar. We showed the superiority of TC application, but not the IM route, to induce a significant increase in influenza-specific CD8 cytokine-producing cells in healthy-volunteers and in HIV-infected patients. However, these routes did not differ significantly for the induction of influenza-specific CD4 responses, and neutralizing antibodies were induced only by the IM route. The CD8 cell response is thus the major immune response observed after TC vaccination. CONCLUSIONS This Phase Ia clinical trial (Manon05) testing an anti-influenza vaccine demonstrated that vaccines designed for antibody induction by the IM route, generate vaccine-specific CD8 T cells when administered transcutaneously. These results underline the necessity of adapting vaccination strategies to control complex infectious diseases when CD8 cellular responses are crucial. Our work opens up a key area for the development of preventive and therapeutic vaccines for diseases in which CD8 cells play a crucial role. TRIAL REGISTRATION Clinicaltrials.gov NCT00261001.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behazine Combadière
- Institut National de Santé et de Recherche Médicale, INSERM U945, Paris, France.
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9
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Keeping the memory of influenza viruses. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 58:e79-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.patbio.2010.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2010] [Accepted: 01/26/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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10
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Belyakov IM, Ahlers JD. What role does the route of immunization play in the generation of protective immunity against mucosal pathogens? THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 183:6883-92. [PMID: 19923474 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0901466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The route of vaccination is important in influencing immune responses at the initial site of pathogen invasion where protection is most effective. Immune responses required for mucosal protection can differ vastly depending on the individual pathogen. For some mucosal pathogens, including acute self-limiting infections, high-titer neutralizing Abs that enter tissue parenchyma or transude into the mucosal lumen are sufficient for clearing cell-free virus. However, for pathogens causing chronic infections such as HIV, hepatitis C virus, herpes viruses, mycobacteria, and fungal and parasitic infections, a single arm of the immune response generated by systemic vaccination may be insufficient for protection. Induction of the mucosal innate and adaptive immune systems, including CD4+ T help, Th17, high avidity CD8+ CTL, and secretory IgA and IgG1 neutralizing Abs, at the site of pathogen entry may be required for effective protection against highly invasive pathogens that lead to chronic infection and may be generated predominantly by mucosal vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor M Belyakov
- Midwest Research Institute, 110 Thomas Johnson Drive, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
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11
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Ahlers JD, Belyakov IM. Strategies for optimizing targeting and delivery of mucosal HIV vaccines. Eur J Immunol 2009; 39:2657-69. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.200939269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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12
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Isakov D, Dzutsev A, Belyakov IM, Berzofsky JA. Non-equilibrium and differential function between intraepithelial and lamina propria virus-specific TCRalphabeta(+) CD8alphabeta(+) T cells in the small intestinal mucosa. Mucosal Immunol 2009; 2:450-61. [PMID: 19571797 PMCID: PMC3224999 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2009.95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The gastrointestinal mucosa regularly encounters commensal and pathogenic microbiota. Gut mucosal lymphocytes consist of two phenotypically different populations residing in the intestinal intraepithelial (IEL) compartment and lamina propria (LP). Little is known about compositional and functional differences of antigen-specific T cells from these mucosal compartments after mucosal infection, or the degree of trafficking between them. We here studied the B8R(20-27)-specific CD8 T-cell response in LP and IEL compartments after intrarectal immunization with modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA). CD8(+) T cells in the IEL compartment had much lower avidity than in the LP or spleen during acute and memory phases. Surprisingly, the TCR Vbeta-chain distribution of antigen-specific T cells and the length of the CDR3 region of the dominant Vbeta genes showed substantial dissimilarities between IEL and LP antigen-specific CD8alphabeta T cells in individual mice, increasing with time. We show functional and compositional differences between these mucosal compartments during the effector and memory phases of the immune response, indicating limited crosstalk and microenvironmental differences between the IEL, LP, and spleen. The restricted migration of cells from each of these mucosal compartments could partly account for a founder effect we observed in the IEL TCRalphabeta CD8alphabeta epitope-specific repertoire that might impact protective efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Isakov
- Molecular Immunogenetics and Vaccine Research Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - A Dzutsev
- Molecular Immunogenetics and Vaccine Research Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - IM Belyakov
- Molecular Immunogenetics and Vaccine Research Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA, Midwest Research Institute, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - JA Berzofsky
- Molecular Immunogenetics and Vaccine Research Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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13
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Belyakov IM, Ahlers JD. Functional CD8+ CTLs in mucosal sites and HIV infection: moving forward toward a mucosal AIDS vaccine. Trends Immunol 2008; 29:574-85. [PMID: 18838298 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2008.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2008] [Revised: 07/12/2008] [Accepted: 07/14/2008] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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14
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Belyakov IM, Ahlers JD, Nabel GJ, Moss B, Berzofsky JA. Generation of functionally active HIV-1 specific CD8+ CTL in intestinal mucosa following mucosal, systemic or mixed prime-boost immunization. Virology 2008; 381:106-15. [PMID: 18793787 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2008.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2008] [Revised: 07/17/2008] [Accepted: 08/12/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal and vaginal mucosa are major sites of entry in natural HIV infection and therefore the preferred sites to elicit high-avidity CD8+ CTL by vaccination. We directly compare systemic and mucosal immunization in mice after DNA priming and boosting with rgp160 env expressed either in MVA or Ad for their ability to induce mucosal as well as systemic HIV-specific CTL. The optimal CTL response in the gut mucosa was observed after priming with the HIV-1 gp160 env DNA vaccine and boosting with rMVA or rAd encoding the same envelope gene all administered intrarectally (IR). Maximum levels of high-avidity CD8+ T cells were seen in intestinal lamina propria following this regimen. When the prime and boost routes were distinct, the delivery site of the boost had a greater impact than the DNA priming. IM DNA prime and IR rMVA boost were more effective than IR DNA prime and IM rMVA boost for eliciting mucosal CD8+ T-cell avidity. A systemic DNA-prime-followed by systemic rMVA boost induced high levels of high-avidity CD8+ T cells systemically, but responses were undetectable in mucosal sites. A single systemic immunization with rMVA was sufficient to induce high-avidity IFN-gamma secreting CD8+ T cells in systemic organs, whereas a single mucosal immunization with rMVA was not sufficient to elicit high-avidity CD8+ T cells in mucosa. Thus, a heterologous mucosal DNA prime-viral vectored boost strategy was needed. The requirement for a heterologous DNA prime-recombinant viral boost strategy for generation of high-avidity CD8+ T cells in mucosal sites in mice may be more stringent than for the induction of high-avidity CD8+ T cells in systemic compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor M Belyakov
- Molecular Immunogenetics and Vaccine Research Section, Vaccine Branch, CCR, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Midwest Research Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
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15
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Anton PA, Ibarrondo FJ, Boscardin WJ, Zhou Y, Schwartz EJ, Ng HL, Hausner MA, Shih R, Elliott J, Hultin PM, Hultin LE, Price C, Fuerst M, Adler A, Wong JT, Yang OO, Jamieson BD. Differential immunogenicity of vaccinia and HIV-1 components of a human recombinant vaccine in mucosal and blood compartments. Vaccine 2008; 26:4617-23. [PMID: 18621451 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.05.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2007] [Revised: 05/07/2008] [Accepted: 05/14/2008] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Mucosal immune responses induced by HIV-1 vaccines are likely critical for prevention. We report a Phase 1 safety and immunogenicity trial in eight participants using the vaccinia-based TBC-3B vaccine given subcutaneously to determine the relationship between HIV-1 specific systemic and gastrointestinal mucosal responses. Across all subjects, detectable levels of blood vaccinia- and HIV-1-specific antibodies were elicited but none were seen mucosally. While the vaccinia component was immunogenic for CD8(+) T lymphocyte (CTL) responses in both blood and mucosa, it was greater in blood. The HIV-1 component of the vaccine was poorly immunogenic in both blood and mucosa. Although only eight volunteers were studied intensively, the discordance between mucosal and blood responses may highlight mechanisms contributing to recent vaccine failures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter A Anton
- Center for Prevention Research and the UCLA AIDS Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, USA.
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16
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Bielinska AU, Janczak KW, Landers JJ, Markovitz DM, Montefiori DC, Baker JR. Nasal immunization with a recombinant HIV gp120 and nanoemulsion adjuvant produces Th1 polarized responses and neutralizing antibodies to primary HIV type 1 isolates. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2008; 24:271-81. [PMID: 18260780 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2007.0148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological and experimental data suggest that both robust neutralizing antibodies and potent cellular responses play important roles in controlling primary HIV-1 infection. In this study we have investigated the induction of systemic and mucosal immune responses to HIV gp120 monomer immunogen administered intranasally in a novel, oil-in-water nanoemulsion (NE) adjuvant. Mice and guinea pigs intranasally immunized by the application of recombinant HIV gp120 antigen mixed in NE demonstrated robust serum anti-gp120 IgG, as well as bronchial, vaginal, and serum anti-gp120 IgA in mice. The serum of these animals demonstrated antibodies that cross-reacted with heterologous serotypes of gp120 and had significant neutralizing activity against two clade-B laboratory strains of HIV (HIVBaL and HIVSF162) and five primary HIV-1 isolates. The analysis of gp120-specific CTL proliferation, INF-gamma induction, and prevalence of anti-gp120 IgG2 subclass antibodies indicated that nasal vaccination in NE also induced systemic, Th1-polarized cellular immune responses. This study suggests that NE should be evaluated as a mucosal adjuvant for multivalent HIV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna U. Bielinska
- Michigan Nanotechnology Institute for Medicine and Biological Sciences (MNIMBS), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Katarzyna W. Janczak
- Michigan Nanotechnology Institute for Medicine and Biological Sciences (MNIMBS), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Jeffrey J. Landers
- Michigan Nanotechnology Institute for Medicine and Biological Sciences (MNIMBS), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - David M. Markovitz
- Internal Medicine, Infectious Diseases, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - David C. Montefiori
- Department of Surgery, Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine Research and Development, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27706
| | - James R. Baker
- Michigan Nanotechnology Institute for Medicine and Biological Sciences (MNIMBS), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
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17
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Pialoux G, Hocini H, Pérusat S, Silberman B, Salmon-Ceron D, Slama L, Journot V, Mathieu E, Gaillard C, Petitprez K, Launay O, Chêne G. Phase I study of a candidate vaccine based on recombinant HIV-1 gp160 (MN/LAI) administered by the mucosal route to HIV-seronegative volunteers: the ANRS VAC14 study. Vaccine 2007; 26:2657-66. [PMID: 18068876 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2007] [Revised: 10/22/2007] [Accepted: 11/04/2007] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
One goal of HIV vaccination is to achieve high mucosal levels of specific secretory IgA (SIgA). In order to elicit specific SIgA antibodies against human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1), a vaccine must be administered by the mucosal route, to the nasal or vaginal mucosa for example. We report here the results of the first phase I, randomized, open-label trial designed to assess the mucosal tolerability and immunogenicity of a candidate vaccine (recombinant protein HIV-1 gp160MN/LAI with or without DC-Chol adjuvant) administered by the nasal or vaginal route. Thirty-four female volunteers with a mean age of 46 years were vaccinated. There were 465 adverse events, of which 65 were considered related to the vaccine. No severe adverse events were related to the vaccine, and no difference in terms of tolerability was observed between the sites of vaccination or between the vaccine formulations. None of the volunteers reported that study participation affected their intimate or broader social relationships. No anti-gp160 activity was found between week 4 and week 48 in serum, saliva, or cervicovaginal and nasal secretions. These results show that a mucosal HIV vaccine can be well tolerated when administered by the nasal or vaginal route.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilles Pialoux
- APHP, Hôpital Tenon, 4 rue de la Chine, Paris Cedex 20, France.
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18
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Belyakov IM, Kozlowski S, Mage M, Ahlers JD, Boyd LF, Margulies DH, Berzofsky JA. Role of alpha3 domain of class I MHC molecules in the activation of high- and low-avidity CD8+ CTLs. Int Immunol 2007; 19:1413-20. [PMID: 17981793 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxm111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
CD8 can serve as a co-receptor or accessory molecule on the surface of CTL. As a co-receptor, CD8 can bind to the alpha3 domain of the same MHC class I molecules as the TCR to facilitate TCR signaling. To evaluate the role of the MHC class I molecule alpha3 domain in the activation of CD8(+) CTL, we have produced a soluble 227 mutant of H-2D(d), with a point mutation in the alpha3 domain (Glu227 --> Lys). 227 mutant class I-peptide complexes were not able to effectively activate H-2D(d)-restricted CD8 T cells in vitro, as measured by IFN-gamma production by an epitope-specific CD8(+) CTL line. However, the 227 mutant class I-peptide complexes in the presence of another MHC class I molecule (H-2K(b)) (that cannot present the peptide) with a normal alpha3 domain can induce the activation of CD8(+) CTL. Therefore, in order to activate CD8(+) CTL, the alpha3 domain of MHC class I does not have to be located on the same molecule with the alpha1 and alpha2 domains of MHC class I. A low-avidity CD8(+) CTL line was significantly less sensitive to stimulation by the 227 mutant class I-peptide complexes in the presence of the H-2K(b) molecule. Thus, low-avidity CTL may not be able to take advantage of the interaction between CD8 and the alpha3 domain of non-presenting class I MHC molecules, perhaps because of a shorter dwell time for the TCR-MHC interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor M Belyakov
- Molecular Immunogenetics and Vaccine Research Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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19
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Schneider JA, Alam SA, Ackers M, Parekh B, Chen HY, Graham P, Gurwith M, Mayer K, Novak RM. Mucosal HIV-binding antibody and neutralizing activity in high-risk HIV-uninfected female participants in a trial of HIV-vaccine efficacy. J Infect Dis 2007; 196:1637-44. [PMID: 18008247 DOI: 10.1086/522232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2007] [Accepted: 05/14/2007] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study investigated gp120-binding antibody and neutralizing activity, at the gingival- and cervical-mucosal levels, in response to a bivalent gp120 candidate vaccine. METHODS Women who met the study's inclusion criteria for documented high-risk behaviors participated in a nested substudy of the multicenter phase 3 trial of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-vaccine efficacy, VAX004. Gingival, cervicovaginal lavage, and plasma specimens were collected at 6-month intervals for 3 years. Binding-antibody and neutralizing-activity assays quantified the presence of anti-HIV activity in mucosal specimens. RESULTS Vaccine recipients were more likely than placebo recipients to have IgG binding antibodies in all 3 compartments tested and to have only IgA binding antibody in plasma (P<.0001). The relationship between vaccine and cervicovaginal IgG achieved significance (odds ratio [OR], 6.6 [P=.01]) but was weakened by the presence of cervicovaginal leukocytes. There was no relationship between immunization and the presence of neutralizing activity, in either bivariate or multivariate modeling (OR, 6.0 [P=.29]). CONCLUSIONS Vaccination is associated with the presence of both gp120-binding IgG in all compartments and plasma IgA but not with neutralizing activity. There is a role for the measurement of mucosal immunity in response to candidate vaccines and, in particular, for a determination of HIV-specific neutralizing antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Schneider
- Department of Medicine, Tufts-New England Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
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20
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Belyakov IM, Isakov D, Zhu Q, Dzutsev A, Berzofsky JA. A novel functional CTL avidity/activity compartmentalization to the site of mucosal immunization contributes to protection of macaques against simian/human immunodeficiency viral depletion of mucosal CD4+ T cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 178:7211-21. [PMID: 17513770 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.11.7211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The presence of high-avidity CTLs in the right compartment can greatly affect clearance of a virus infection (for example, AIDS viral infection of and dissemination from mucosa). Comparing mucosal vs systemic immunization, we observed a novel compartmentalization of CTL avidity and proportion of functionally active Ag-specific CD8(+) T cells to tissues proximal to sites of immunization. Whereas both s.c. and intrarectal routes of immunization induced tetramer(+) cells in the spleen and gut, the mucosal vaccine induced a higher percentage of functioning IFN-gamma(+) Ag-specific CD8(+) T cells in the gut mucosa in mice. Translating to the CD8(+) CTL avidity distribution in rhesus macaques, intrarectal vaccination induced more high-avidity mucosal CTL than s.c. vaccination and protection of mucosal CD4(+) T cells from AIDS viral depletion, whereas systemic immunization induced higher avidity IFN-gamma-secreting cells in the draining lymph nodes but no protection of mucosal CD4(+) T cells, after mucosal challenge with pathogenic simian/human immunodeficiency virus. Mucosal CD4(+) T cell loss is an early critical step in AIDS pathogenesis. The preservation of CD4(+) T cells in colonic lamina propria and the reduction of virus in the intestine correlated better with high-avidity mucosal CTL induced by the mucosal AIDS vaccine. This preferential localization of high-avidity CTL may explain previous differences in vaccination results and may guide future vaccination strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor M Belyakov
- Molecular Immunogenetics and Vaccine Research Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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21
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Titti F, Cafaro A, Ferrantelli F, Tripiciano A, Moretti S, Caputo A, Gavioli R, Ensoli F, Robert-Guroff M, Barnett S, Ensoli B. Problems and emerging approaches in HIV/AIDS vaccine development. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs 2007; 12:23-48. [PMID: 17355212 DOI: 10.1517/14728214.12.1.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
According to recent estimates, 39.5 million people have been infected with HIV and 2.9 million have already died. The effect of HIV infection on individuals and communities is socially and economically devastating. Although antiretroviral drugs have had a dramatically beneficial impact on HIV-infected individuals who have access to treatment, it has had a negligible impact on the global epidemic. Therefore, the need for an efficacious HIV/AIDS vaccine remains the highest priority of the world HIV/AIDS agenda. The generation of a vaccine against HIV/AIDS has turned out to be extremely challenging, as indicated by > 20 years of unsuccessful attempts. This review discusses the major challenges in the field and key experimental evidence providing a rationale for the use of non-structural HIV proteins, such as Rev, Tat and Nef, either in the native form or expressed by viral vectors such as a replicating adeno-vector. These non-structural proteins alone or in combination with modified structural HIV-1 Env proteins represent a novel strategy for both preventative and therapeutic HIV/AIDS vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fausto Titti
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, National AIDS Center, V.le Regina Elena 299, Rome 00161, Italy
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22
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Belyakov IM, Isakov D, Zhu Q, Dzutsev A, Klinman D, Berzofsky JA. Enhancement of CD8+ T cell immunity in the lung by CpG oligodeoxynucleotides increases protective efficacy of a modified vaccinia Ankara vaccine against lethal poxvirus infection even in a CD4-deficient host. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 177:6336-43. [PMID: 17056564 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.9.6336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Immunostimulatory CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN) have proven effective as adjuvants for protein-based vaccines, but their impact on immune responses induced by live viral vectors is not known. We found that addition of CpG ODN to modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA) markedly improved the induction of longer-lasting adaptive protective immunity in BALB/c mice against intranasal pathogenic vaccinia virus (Western Reserve; WR). Protection was mediated primarily by CD8(+) T cells in the lung, as determined by CD8-depletion studies, protection in B cell-deficient mice, and greater protection correlating with CD8(+) IFN-gamma-producing cells in the lung but not with those in the spleen. Intranasal immunization was more effective at inducing CD8(+) T cell immunity in the lung, and protection, than i.m. immunization. Addition of CpG ODN increased the CD8(+) response but not the Ab response. Depletion of CD4 T cells before vaccination with MVA significantly diminished protection against pathogenic WR virus. However, CpG ODN delivered with MVA was able to substitute for CD4 help and protected CD4-depleted mice against WR vaccinia challenge. This study demonstrates for the first time a protective adjuvant effect of CpG ODN for a live viral vector vaccine that may overcome CD4 deficiency in the induction of protective CD8(+) T cell-mediated immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor M Belyakov
- Molecular Immunogenetics and Vaccine Research Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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23
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Ranasinghe C, Medveczky JC, Woltring D, Gao K, Thomson S, Coupar BEH, Boyle DB, Ramsay AJ, Ramshaw IA. Evaluation of fowlpox–vaccinia virus prime-boost vaccine strategies for high-level mucosal and systemic immunity against HIV-1. Vaccine 2006; 24:5881-95. [PMID: 16759767 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2006] [Revised: 03/16/2006] [Accepted: 04/14/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
We have tested the efficacy of recombinant fowl pox (rFPV) and recombinant vaccinia virus (rVV) encoding antigens of AE clade HIV-1 in a prime-boost strategy, using both systemic and mucosal delivery routes. Of the various vaccine routes tested, intranasal/intramuscular (i.n./i.m.) AE FPV/AE VV prime-boosting generated the highest mucosal and systemic T cell responses. Peak mucosal T cell responses occurred as early as 3 days post-boost vaccination. In contrast only low systemic responses were observed at this time with the peak response occurring at day 7. Current data also revealed that, due to better uptake of the rFPV, intranasal viral priming was much more effective than intranasal rDNA priming tested previously. The i.m./i.m. prime-boost delivery also generated strong systemic but poor mucosal responses to Gag peptides. Interestingly, the oral administration of AE FPV followed by i.m. AE VV delivery elicited strong systemic responses to sub-dominant Pol 1 peptides that were absent in mice that received vaccine by other routes. Moreover, priming with AE FPV co-expressing cytokine IL-12 significantly enhanced the T cell responses to target antigens, whilst co-expression of IFNgamma decreased these responses. The results also indicated that the route of inoculation and the vaccine vector combination could radically influence not only the magnitude but also the antigen specificity of the immune response generated. Further, in contrast to the generally protracted HIV rDNA/rFPV multiple delivery prime-boosting, this single rFPV prime and rVV boost approach was more flexible and generated excellent mucosal and systemic immune responses to HIV vaccine antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charani Ranasinghe
- Division of Immunology and Genetics, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.
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24
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Matoba N, Geyer BC, Kilbourne J, Alfsen A, Bomsel M, Mor TS. Humoral immune responses by prime-boost heterologous route immunizations with CTB-MPR649–684, a mucosal subunit HIV/AIDS vaccine candidate. Vaccine 2006; 24:5047-55. [PMID: 16621185 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.03.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2005] [Revised: 03/15/2006] [Accepted: 03/16/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
CTB-MPR(649-684) is a translational fusion protein consisting of the cholera toxin B subunit and a 36-residue peptide, MPR(649-684), corresponding to the conserved membrane proximal ectodomain of gp41. CTB-MPR(649-684) was previously shown to induce HIV-1 transcytosis-blocking antibodies in mice. In this report, we describe an effective immunization regimen for this novel anti HIV-1 vaccine-candidate. Bacterially-produced CTB-MPR(649-684) was intranasally and/or intraperitoneally administered to investigate several prime-boost heterologous route immunization regimens. Mucosal priming with the adjuvant cholera toxin elicited significant levels of vaginal IgA and serum IgG specific to MPR(649-684). Systemic boosting after mucosal priming enhanced the levels of serum and mucosal antibodies. Systemic priming induced a strong serum anti-MPR(649-684) IgG response, which was efficiently recalled and augmented by either systemic or mucosal boosting. However, this regimen was less effective in inducing secretory anti-MPR(649-684) IgA. The serum anti-MPR(649-684) IgG subtype profile revealed that both IgG1 and IgG2a were induced in all the immunization regimens, and that mucosal co-administration of cholera toxin shifted the bias to the latter subtype. We concluded that, of the various immunization regimens examined here, mucosal priming with adjuvant followed by systemic boosting exhibited the best response in respect to either systemic or mucosal anti-MPR(649-684) antibodies. Most importantly, mucosal antibodies elicited by this regimen significantly inhibited HIV-1 transcytosis in a human tight epithelium model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuyuki Matoba
- The Biodesign Institute and School of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 874501, Arizona State University, Tempe, 85287-4501, USA
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25
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Belyakov IM, Kuznetsov VA, Kelsall B, Klinman D, Moniuszko M, Lemon M, Markham PD, Pal R, Clements JD, Lewis MG, Strober W, Franchini G, Berzofsky JA. Impact of vaccine-induced mucosal high-avidity CD8+ CTLs in delay of AIDS viral dissemination from mucosa. Blood 2006; 107:3258-64. [PMID: 16373659 PMCID: PMC1895757 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2005-11-4374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2005] [Accepted: 12/09/2005] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural HIV transmission occurs through mucosa, but it is debated whether mucosal cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) can prevent or reduce dissemination from the initial mucosal site to the systemic circulation. Also, the role of CTL avidity in mucosal AIDS viral transmission is unknown. To address these questions, we used delay in acute-phase peak viremia after intrarectal challenge as an indicator of systemic dissemination. We found that a peptide-prime/poxviral boost vaccine inducing high levels of high-avidity mucosal CTLs can have an impact on dissemination of intrarectally administered pathogenic SHIV-ku2 in macaques and that such protection correlates better with mucosal than with systemic CTLs and particularly with levels of high-avidity mucosal CTLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor M Belyakov
- Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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26
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Eberhard A, Ponceau B, Biron F, Verrier B. [Mechanisms of resistance to sexual transmission of HIV-1]. Med Mal Infect 2005; 35:517-24. [PMID: 16253454 DOI: 10.1016/j.medmal.2005.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2005] [Accepted: 05/24/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Sexual transmission is the most common pathway for HIV-1; nevertheless some individuals remain seronegative despite repeated high risk sexual exposure. These were grouped in cohorts of "highly exposed but persistently seronegative" individuals, mostly prostitutes and flailing couples. Three lines of defence were observed in these cohorts. The first one is the mucosal barrier, the determining factors of which are the type of epithelium (monolayer or multilayer), epithelial integrity, and the pre-existing microflora. The second one is linked to innate immunity directly related to the genetic and/or immune predispositions of the individual: mutations affecting the CCR5 chemokine receptor, secretion of protective soluble factors, and particular HLA alleles. The third one is acquired immunity via the mechanisms of humoral and/or specific cellular immunity. These studies suggest anti HIV-1 vaccinal strategies aiming at a local immunization combining the different types of responses observed in these individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Eberhard
- FRE 2736 CNRS biomérieux, Tour CERVI IFR128 Lyon biosciences, 21, avenue Tony-Garnier, 69365 Lyon cedex 07, France.
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