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Zamanpour M, Mohebali M, Khamesipour A, Mohammadi AMA, Akhoundi B. Diagnosis of Human Cutaneous Leishmaniasis: A Comparative Study Using CL Detect ™ Dipstick, Direct Smear and Polymerase Chain Reaction Methods. Acta Parasitol 2023:10.1007/s11686-023-00662-5. [PMID: 36913075 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-023-00662-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In most of the endemic areas, the detection of CL is based on searching for amastigotes using the direct smear method. Since expert microscopists are not usually available in every laboratory, false diagnoses are a disaster that happens. Therefore, the aim of current research is to evaluate the validity of the CL Detect™ Rapid Test (CDRT) for diagnosis CL in comparison to direct smear and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods. METHODS A total of 70 patients with skin lesions suspected to be CL were recruited. Skin samples from the lesions were collected and used for direct microscopic examination and the PCR method. Furthermore, the skin sample was collected in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions for the CDRT-based rapid diagnostic test. RESULTS Of 70 samples, 51 and 35 samples were positive by direct smear examination and the CDRT, respectively. The PCR showed positive results in 59 samples; 50 and 9 samples were identified as Leishmania major and Leishmania tropica, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity were calculated to be 68.6% (95% CI 54.11-80.89%) and 100% (95% CI 82.35-100%). When the results of CDRT were compared to the microscopic examinations, an agreement of 77.14% was seen between the CDRT and microscopic examination. In addition, the sensitivity and specificity were 59.32% (95% CI 45.75-71.93%) and 100% (95% CI 71.5-100%) when the CDRT was compared to PCR assay (as gold standard) and an agreement (65.71%) was found between CDRT and PCR assay. CONCLUSION As the CDRT is simple, rapid, and does not require great proficiency, it is recommended for use in the detection of CL caused by L. major or L. tropica as a diagnostic method, especially in areas with limited access to expert microscopists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Zamanpour
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Medical Parasitology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mehdi Mohebali
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. .,Center for Research of Endemic Parasites of Iran (CREPI), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Ali Khamesipour
- Center for Research and Training in Skin Diseases and Leprosy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Akram Mir Amin Mohammadi
- Center for Research and Training in Skin Diseases and Leprosy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Behnaz Akhoundi
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Amni F, Maleki-Ravasan N, Nateghi-Rostami M, Hadighi R, Karimian F, Meamar AR, Badirzadeh A, Parvizi P. Co-infection of Phlebotomus papatasi (Diptera: Psychodidae) gut bacteria with Leishmania major exacerbates the pathological responses of BALB/c mice. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1115542. [PMID: 36779192 PMCID: PMC9909354 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1115542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Clinical features and severity of the leishmaniasis is extremely intricate and depend on several factors, especially sand fly-derived products. Bacteria in the sand fly's gut are a perpetual companion of Leishmania parasites. However, consequences of the concomitance of these bacteria and Leishmania parasite outside the midgut environment have not been investigated in the infection process. Herein, a needle infection model was designed to mimic transmission by sand flies, to examine differences in the onset and progression of L. major infection initiated by inoculation with "low" or "high" doses of Enterobacter cloacae and Bacillus subtilis bacteria. The results showed an alteration in the local expression of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in mice receiving different inoculations of bacteria. Simultaneous injection of two bacteria with Leishmania parasites in the low-dose group caused greater thickness of ear pinna and enhanced tissue chronic inflammatory cells, as well as resulted in multifold increase in the expression of IL-4 and IL-1β and a decrease in the iNOS expression, without changing the L. major burden. Despite advances in scientific breakthroughs, scant survey has investigated the interaction between micro and macro levels of organization of leishmaniasis that ranges from the cellular to macro ecosystem levels, giving rise to the spread and persistence of the disease in a region. Our findings provide new insight into using the potential of the vector-derived microbiota in modulating the vertebrate immune system for the benefit of the host or recommend the use of appropriate antibiotics along with antileishmanial medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fariba Amni
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Naseh Maleki-Ravasan
- Department of Parasitology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
- *Correspondence: Naseh Maleki-Ravasan, ; Mahmoud Nateghi-Rostami, ; Ramtin Hadighi, ; Parviz Parvizi,
| | - Mahmoud Nateghi-Rostami
- Department of Parasitology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
- *Correspondence: Naseh Maleki-Ravasan, ; Mahmoud Nateghi-Rostami, ; Ramtin Hadighi, ; Parviz Parvizi,
| | - Ramtin Hadighi
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- *Correspondence: Naseh Maleki-Ravasan, ; Mahmoud Nateghi-Rostami, ; Ramtin Hadighi, ; Parviz Parvizi,
| | - Fateh Karimian
- Department of Parasitology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Reza Meamar
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Badirzadeh
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parviz Parvizi
- Department of Parasitology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
- *Correspondence: Naseh Maleki-Ravasan, ; Mahmoud Nateghi-Rostami, ; Ramtin Hadighi, ; Parviz Parvizi,
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Pudasaini P, Pudasaini P. Cutaneous leishmaniasis: A case report of a diagnostic dilemma. Clin Case Rep 2022; 10:e05428. [PMID: 35198202 PMCID: PMC8841021 DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.5428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is the most prevalent clinical form of leishmaniasis and is caused by vector-borne protozoan parasite. Variation in diagnostic accuracy exists. A 54-year-old female farmer by occupation presented with lesion over right thigh for 8 months. Lesion evolved over period of 2-3 months and progressed to form ulcer with surrounding redness. On examination, solitary plaque with crateriform ulcer 3 * 2 cm in size roughly oval in shape was present. Ulcer floor was moist, smooth shiny with serous discharge, and well-defined raised erythematous margin was present. Biopsy was done which showed features suggestive of lupus vulgaris, for which anti-tubercular treatment (ATT) was started. There was persistence of ulcer despite 4 months of ATT, for which diagnosis was reconsidered and fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) was performed. FNAC showed numerous intra- and extracellular amastigotes suggestive of leishmaniasis which was treated with complete disappearance of ulcer over 4 months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prajwal Pudasaini
- Department of DermatologyGandaki Medical College Teaching Hospital (GMCTH)PokharaNepal
| | - Prashanta Pudasaini
- Department of General SurgeryKathmandu Medical College Teaching Hospital (KMCTH)KathmanduNepal
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Investigating the Existence of Ribosomal Protein L5 Gene in Syrian Strain of Leishmania tropica Genome: Sequencing It and Evaluating Its Immune Response as DNA Vaccine. J Parasitol Res 2021; 2021:6617270. [PMID: 34094593 PMCID: PMC8163552 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6617270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous leishmaniasis in Syria is caused mainly by Leishmania tropica. It represents a serious health problem, which has aggravated further after the civil war in the country. Until now, there are no effective protective strategies, safe therapy, or efficacious vaccine to protect from this infection. DNA vaccines represent a promising approach for achieving protection against leishmaniasis. The L5 ribosomal protein plays fundamental roles in the assembly process of the ribosome subunits, so this study has chosen the ribosomal protein L5 gene to design a DNA vaccine against Leishmania tropica infection. After proving the existence of the ribosomal protein L5 gene in a Syrian strain of Leishmania tropica (LCED Syrian 01), it was sequenced and cloned into a pCI plasmid, and the designed DNA vaccine was administered to BALB/c mice. The protective response was evaluated by measuring lesion development in immunized BALB/c mice for 6 weeks after challenging mice with the parasite. RT-qPCR was used to quantify IL-12, IFN-γ, and IL-4 in draining lymph nodes (DLNs) of immunized mice. In the final week, the parasite burden was determined in footpad lesions and local draining lymph nodes (DLNs). This study demonstrated the presence and expression of the ribosomal protein L5 gene in the Syrian strain of Leishmania tropica promastigotes. The sequence of the ribosomal protein cDNA L5 gene was determined and published in Genbank. The gene size was 918 bp. Expression was also demonstrated at the level of cDNA. This study also demonstrated that vaccination with the ribosomal protein L5 gene induces TH1 response in immunized mice. This response prevents the partial development of a skin lesion of Leishmania.
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Inhibition of anti-inflammatory cytokines, IL-10 and TGF-β, in Leishmania major infected macrophage by miRNAs: A new therapeutic modality against leishmaniasis. Microb Pathog 2021; 153:104777. [PMID: 33592260 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2021.104777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Leishmania major (L. major) applies several mechanisms to escape the immune system. Interleukin-10 (IL-10) and Transforming Growth Factor (TGF-β) downregulate nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) leading to the survival of Leishmania within macrophages. The miRNAs are known as the modulators of the immune system. The present study was conducted to assess the effect of synthetic miR-340 mimic on cytokines (IL-10 and TGF-β1) involved in L. major infected macrophages. The miRNAs targeting of IL-10 and TGF-β1 was predicted using bioinformatic tools. Relative expression of predicted miRNA, IL-10, and TGF-β1 was measured by RT-qPCR before and after synthetic miRNA mimic transfection. Concentration of IL-10 and TGF-β was measured in posttreatment condition using ELISA method. Also, infectivity was assessed by Giemsa staining. mmu-miR-340 received the highest score for targeting cytokines. The expression of miR-340 was downregulated in L. major infected macrophages. By contrast, expression of IL-10 and TGF-β1 was upregulated in infected macrophages. After miRNA transfection, TGF-β1 and IL-10 were both downregulated and interestingly, the combination of miR-340 and miR-27a had a stronger effect on the downregulation of target genes. This research revealed that transfection of infected macrophages with miR-340 alone or in combination with miR-27a mimic can reduce macrophage infectivity and might be introduced as a novel therapeutic agent for cutaneous leishmaniasis.
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Assolini JP, da Silva TP, da Silva Bortoleti BT, Gonçalves MD, Tomiotto-Pellissier F, Sahd CS, Carloto ACM, Feuser PE, Cordeiro AP, Sayer C, Hermes de Araújo PH, Costa IN, Conchon-Costa I, Miranda-Sapla MM, Pavanelli WR. 4-nitrochalcone exerts leishmanicidal effect on L. amazonensis promastigotes and intracellular amastigotes, and the 4-nitrochalcone encapsulation in beeswax copaiba oil nanoparticles reduces macrophages cytotoxicity. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 884:173392. [PMID: 32735985 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The Leishmaniasis treatment currently available involves some difficulties, such as high toxicity, variable efficacy, high cost, therefore, it is crucial to search for new therapeutic alternatives. Over the past few years, research on new drugs has focused on the use of natural compounds such as chalcones and nanotechnology. In this context, this research aimed at assessing the in vitro leishmanicidal activity of free 4-nitrochalcone (4NC) on promastigotes and encapsulated 4NC on L. amazonensis-infected macrophages, as well as their action mechanisms. Free 4NC was able to reduce the viability of promastigotes, induce reactive oxygen species production, decrease mitochondrial membrane potential, increase plasma membrane permeability, and expose phosphatidylserine, in addition to altering the morphology and lowering parasite cellular volume. Treatment containing encapsulated 4NC in beeswax-copaiba oil nanoparticles (4NC-beeswax-CO Nps) did not alter the viability of macrophages. Furthermore, 4NC-beeswax-CO Nps reduced the percentage of infected macrophages and the number of amastigotes per macrophages, increasing the production of reactive oxygen species, NO, TNF-α, and IL-10. Therefore, free 4NC proved to exert anti-promastigote effect, while 4NC-beeswax-CO Nps showed a leishmanicidal effect on L. amazonensis-infected macrophages by activating the macrophage microbicidal machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Paulo Assolini
- Department of Pathological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, State University of Londrina, PR, Brazil.
| | - Thais Peron da Silva
- Department of Pathological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, State University of Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Bruna Taciane da Silva Bortoleti
- Department of Pathological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, State University of Londrina, PR, Brazil; Biosciences and Biotechnology Postgraduate Program, Carlos Chagas Institute (ICC), Fiocruz, Curitiba, Brazil
| | | | - Fernanda Tomiotto-Pellissier
- Department of Pathological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, State University of Londrina, PR, Brazil; Biosciences and Biotechnology Postgraduate Program, Carlos Chagas Institute (ICC), Fiocruz, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Claudia Stoeglehner Sahd
- Department of Pathological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, State University of Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | | | - Paulo Emilio Feuser
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Food Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, SC, Brazil
| | - Arthur Poester Cordeiro
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Food Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, SC, Brazil
| | - Claudia Sayer
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Food Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, SC, Brazil
| | | | - Idessania Nazareth Costa
- Department of Pathological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, State University of Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Ivete Conchon-Costa
- Department of Pathological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, State University of Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | | | - Wander Rogério Pavanelli
- Department of Pathological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, State University of Londrina, PR, Brazil; Biosciences and Biotechnology Postgraduate Program, Carlos Chagas Institute (ICC), Fiocruz, Curitiba, Brazil.
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Lasjerdi Z, Ghanbarian H, Mohammadi Yeganeh S, Seyyed Tabaei SJ, Mohebali M, Taghipour N, Koochaki A, Hamidi F, Gholamrezaei M, Haghighi A. Comparative Expression Profile Analysis of Apoptosis-Related miRNA and Its Target Gene in Leishmania major Infected Macrophages. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2020; 15:332-340. [PMID: 33082797 PMCID: PMC7548466 DOI: 10.18502/ijpa.v15i3.4197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Background: Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (CL) is an emerging uncontrollable and neglected infectious disease worldwide including Iran. The aim of this study was to investigate the expression profile of apoptosis-related miRNA and its target gene in macrophages. Methods: This study was carried out in the Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran from January 2016 to November 2018. Applying literature reviews, bioinformatics software, and microarray expression analysis, we selected miRNA-24-3p interfering in apoptosis pathway. The expression profile of this miRNA and target gene were investigated in Leishmania major (MRHO/IR/75/ER)-infected primary and RAW 264.7 macrophages (IBRC-C10072) compared with non-infected macrophages (control group) using quantitative Real-time PCR. Results: Results of bioinformatics analysis showed that miR-24-3p as anti-apoptotic miRNA inhibits pro-apoptotic genes (Caspases 3 and 7). Microarray expression data presented in Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) revealed a significant difference in the expression level of selected miRNA and its target gene between two groups. QRT-PCR results showed that the expression of miR-24-3p was upregulated in L. major infectioned macrophages that approved the results of bioinformatics and microarray analysis. Conclusion: Parasite can alter miRNAs expression pattern in the host cells to establish infection and its survival. Alteration in miRNAs levels likely plays an important role in regulating macrophage functions following L. major infection. These results could highlight current understanding and new insights concerning the gene expression in macrophages during leishmaniasis and will help to development of novel strategies for control and treatment of CL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zohreh Lasjerdi
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Student Research Committee, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Ghanbarian
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Samira Mohammadi Yeganeh
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyyed Javad Seyyed Tabaei
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Mohebali
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran, Iran
| | - Niloofar Taghipour
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ameneh Koochaki
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Faezeh Hamidi
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mostafa Gholamrezaei
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Haghighi
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Qurtas DS, Shabila NP. Using Q-methodology to understand the perspectives and practical experiences of dermatologists about treatment difficulties of cutaneous leishmaniasis. BMC Infect Dis 2020; 20:645. [PMID: 32873242 PMCID: PMC7466828 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-020-05365-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background During the outbreak of cutaneous leishmaniasis in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq that started in 2015, the course of the disease and the treatment were not consistent with the available literature. Physicians, particularly dermatologists, faced challenges with treating the cutaneous leishmaniasis lesions with high rates of treatment failure and resistance to treatment. We used Q-methodology to understand the range and diversities of opinions and the practical experiences of dermatologists about the treatment difficulties of cutaneous leishmaniasis. Methods This Q-methodology study was carried out in Erbil, Kurdistan Region of Iraq, and involved 37 dermatologists. A set of 40 statements related to different aspects of difficulties and uncertainties of treating cutaneous leishmaniasis was prepared. The dermatologists were requested to distribute the 40 statements into a scaled grid of nine piles from least agree to most agree. We applied by-person factor analysis using PQMethod 2.35 for the data analysis. Results The analysis revealed two different viewpoints about the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis and a consensus viewpoint. The first viewpoint emphasized the use of sodium stibogluconate-based combination therapy, concerns with treatment failure, and lack of compliance with the treatment. The second viewpoint emphasized the lack of standard treatment and advances in the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis. There was a consensus between both groups of respondents about many aspects of the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis, including considering sodium stibogluconate the first drug of choice for cutaneous leishmaniasis treatment. Conclusions This study revealed a diversity of viewpoints and uncertainties about the effectiveness of the available treatment modalities and treatment difficulties and failure. Interrupted supply and poor quality of the available drugs and lack of a standard and advanced treatment are the main problems facing the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis. More research is required to determine the best treatment modalities for the different types of cutaneous leishmaniasis. There is a need for the development of treatment guidelines specific to the Iraqi context with a particular focus on the treatment of the resistant and atypical cases of cutaneous leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dindar S Qurtas
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Hawler Medical University, Erbil, Kurdistan, Iraq.
| | - Nazar Pauls Shabila
- College of Health Sciences, Hawler Medical University, Erbil, Kurdistan, Iraq
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Riaz A, Hendricks S, Elbrink K, Guy C, Maes L, Ahmed N, Kiekens F, Khan GM. Preparation and Characterization of Nanostructured Lipid Carriers for Improved Topical Drug Delivery: Evaluation in Cutaneous Leishmaniasis and Vaginal Candidiasis Animal Models. AAPS PharmSciTech 2020; 21:185. [PMID: 32632542 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-020-01717-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to develop, characterize and evaluate the amphotericin B-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers (AmB-NLCs) for topical treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) and vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC). AmB-NLCs were characterized for particle size, zeta potential, encapsulation efficiency and surface morphology. Prepared NLCs were also characterized for in vitro drug release, ex vivo skin permeation and deposition before evaluating their in vitro and in vivo efficacy. Cytotoxicity of NLCs was assessed on MRC-5 cells, whereas skin irritation potential was evaluated in vivo using rats. Significant accumulation of drug in to the skin supported the topical application potential of drug-loaded NLCs. Encapsulation of AmB in NLCs resulted in enhanced in vitro potency against promastigotes and intracellular amastigotes of L. major JISH 118 (IC50 ± SEM = 0.02 ± 0.1 μM for both) compared with free drug (IC50 ± SEM = 0.15 ± 0.2 & 0.14 ± 0.0, respectively). Similar improved potency of AmB-NLCs was also observed for other Leishmania and fungal strains compared with drug solution. Topical application of AmB-NLCs on L. major-infected BALB/c mice caused a significant reduction in parasite burden per mg of lesion (65 × 108 ± 13) compared with the control group (> 167.8 × 108 ± 11). Topical AmB-NLCs gel demonstrated superior efficacy in the vaginal C. albicans rat model for VVC as compared with plain AmB gel. Moreover, results of in vitro cytotoxicity assay and in vivo skin irritation test confirmed AmB-NLCs to be non-toxic and safe for topical use. In conclusion, NLCs may have promising potential as carrier for topical treatment of various conditions of skin and mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amina Riaz
- Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
- Department of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Sarah Hendricks
- Department of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Kimberley Elbrink
- Department of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Caljon Guy
- Department of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Louis Maes
- Department of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Naveed Ahmed
- Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
| | - Filip Kiekens
- Department of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Gul Majid Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan.
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Tamiru HF, Mashalla YJ, Mohammed R, Tshweneagae GT. Cutaneous leishmaniasis a neglected tropical disease: community knowledge, attitude and practices in an endemic area, Northwest Ethiopia. BMC Infect Dis 2019; 19:855. [PMID: 31619180 PMCID: PMC6796443 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-019-4506-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cutaneous leishmaniasis is one of the neglected tropical diseases in the Ethiopian highlands and studies on assessment of knowledge, attitude and practice of the community in endemic areas are scanty. The study aimed to assess the knowledge, attitude towards cutaneous leishmaniasis and treatment seeking practices in people living in the endemic highlands areas in the Northwest, Ethiopia and to provide evidence-based information to guide development of appropriate interventions to reduce the impact of cutaneous leishmaniasis on communities. Methods Quantitative cross-sectional study was conducted in cutaneous leishmaniasis endemic districts (woredas) using a semi structured questionnaire. Households were randomly selected according to probability proportional to size of households in each enumeration area. Systematic random sampling of eligible households was based on the number of households recorded during listing of households. Descriptive statistics was used to describe numerical data, organise and summarise the data in a manner that gave meaning to the numerical form. Frequency tables were used to show descriptive analysis and regression analysis was used to determine correlation between variables. Results Majority of respondents 321(78.7%) lived in rural areas, age ranged between 18 and 85 years and most were farmers. Illiteracy was high (47.6%) among respondents and majority 358(87.8%) had seen patients with CL. Less than quarter (21.6%) had heard about sand flies and knowledge on the peak transmission period was low (46.3%). About 192 (47.1%) of the respondents indicated disfiguring lesions were the major clinical presentations, less than half 55(27.5%) of urban residents believed CL was treatable compared to 145(72.5%) of rural residents (P < 0.001). Traditional medicines were indicated as best treatment option by 209(51.2%) compared to 114(27.9%) for modern treatment. Major factors influencing treatment options included accessibility to treatment facilities, distance and short duration of treatment. Participants expressed negative experiential attitude and perceived control towards modern treatment because of inaccessibility and distance from where modern treatment is provided. Conclusion Priority should be given to primary prevention and appropriate awareness campaigns on lesion recognition. Information on modern treatment should be intensified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helina Fikre Tamiru
- Department of Health Studies, University of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa.,Leishmaniasis Research and Treatment Centre, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Yohana James Mashalla
- Department of Health Studies, University of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa. .,Faculty of Medicine, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana.
| | - Rezika Mohammed
- Leishmaniasis Research and Treatment Centre, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
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Makeen HA, Buraik MA, Menachery SJ, Alattas KM, Meraya AM. Evaluation of the Interventional Approaches in the Management of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Jazan: An Observational Study. Ann Dermatol 2018; 30:575-580. [PMID: 33911481 PMCID: PMC7992491 DOI: 10.5021/ad.2018.30.5.575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 05/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cutaneous leishmaniasis is a tropical infection of public health importance. Numerous treatment approaches are in practice with variable degree of success however its management has no universal consensus or practice guidelines to follow. Objective Analyze the management of cutaneous leishmaniasis retrospectively at a central hospital of Jazan Province, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia to identify the current treatment pattern and compare the outcomes. Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted based on the hospital records of patients who attended the dermatology clinic for cutaneous leishmaniasis during the year 2012 to 2015. Results Forty three patients were included in the study. There was a male preponderance (65.1%) among the patients and 60.5% of them were of pediatric age group. Monotherapy was the initial choice for 58.1% of the patients. Intralesional sodium stibogluconate (SS-IL) was the most preferred treatment for initial therapy, as monotherapy and as part of combination therapy. A complete response was achieved in 22 patients (51.2%) with initial therapy. Among the different treatment groups, SS-IL+itraconazole showed significantly higher complete response rate compared to other treatments offered as initial therapy (p<0.01). Initial SS-IL monotherapy provided complete response in 41.2% patients receiving it, while itraconazole monotherapy provided complete response in 75% and 90.9% of the patients receiving initial itraconazole+SS-IL combination therapy with achieved complete response. Conclusion The findings and observations suggest that initial combination therapy with SS-IL+itraconazole significantly improved the complete response rates and thus reduced the need for additional or prolonged therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hafiz A Makeen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed A Buraik
- Departments of Dermatology and Pathology, King Fahd Central Hospital, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Khalid M Alattas
- Department of Dermatology, King Fahd Central Hospital, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulkarim M Meraya
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
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12
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Rivas AK, Alcover M, Martínez-Orellana P, Montserrat-Sangrà S, Nachum-Biala Y, Bardagí M, Fisa R, Riera C, Baneth G, Solano-Gallego L. Clinical and diagnostic aspects of feline cutaneous leishmaniosis in Venezuela. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:141. [PMID: 29554979 PMCID: PMC5859506 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-2747-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Aruanai Kalú Rivas
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary School, University Centroccidental Lisandro Alvarado, Barquisimeto, Venezuela.,Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Magdalena Alcover
- Laboratori de Parasitologia, Departament de Biologia, Salut i Medi Ambient, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pamela Martínez-Orellana
- Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Sara Montserrat-Sangrà
- Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | | | - Mar Bardagí
- Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Roser Fisa
- Laboratori de Parasitologia, Departament de Biologia, Salut i Medi Ambient, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Riera
- Laboratori de Parasitologia, Departament de Biologia, Salut i Medi Ambient, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gad Baneth
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Laia Solano-Gallego
- Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.
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13
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Souza DM, Alves PM, Silva MLF, Paulino TP, Coraspe HO, Mendonça MMS, Ribeiro BM, da Silva MV, Rodrigues Júnior V, Rodrigues DBR. 5-ALA-mediated photodynamic therapy reduces the parasite load in mice infected withLeishmania braziliensis. Parasite Immunol 2017; 39. [DOI: 10.1111/pim.12403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. M. Souza
- Immunology Laboratory; Department of Biological Sciences; Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro; Uberaba Minas Gerais Brazil
| | - P. M. Alves
- Immunology Laboratory; Department of Biological Sciences; Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro; Uberaba Minas Gerais Brazil
| | - M. L. F. Silva
- Immunology Laboratory; Department of Biological Sciences; Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro; Uberaba Minas Gerais Brazil
| | - T. P. Paulino
- Cefores - Centro de Educação Profissional; Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro; Uberaba Minas Gerais Brazil
| | - H. O. Coraspe
- Immunology Laboratory; Department of Biological Sciences; Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro; Uberaba Minas Gerais Brazil
| | - M. M. S. Mendonça
- Immunology Laboratory; Department of Biological Sciences; Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro; Uberaba Minas Gerais Brazil
| | - B. M. Ribeiro
- Immunology Laboratory; Department of Biological Sciences; Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro; Uberaba Minas Gerais Brazil
| | - M. V. da Silva
- Immunology Laboratory; Department of Biological Sciences; Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro; Uberaba Minas Gerais Brazil
| | - V. Rodrigues Júnior
- Immunology Laboratory; Department of Biological Sciences; Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro; Uberaba Minas Gerais Brazil
| | - D. B. R. Rodrigues
- Immunology Laboratory; Department of Biological Sciences; Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro; Uberaba Minas Gerais Brazil
- Cefores - Centro de Educação Profissional; Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro; Uberaba Minas Gerais Brazil
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Biology; University of Uberaba; Uberaba Minas Gerais Brazil
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de Vries HJC, Reedijk SH, Schallig HDFH. Cutaneous leishmaniasis: recent developments in diagnosis and management. Am J Clin Dermatol 2015; 16:99-109. [PMID: 25687688 PMCID: PMC4363483 DOI: 10.1007/s40257-015-0114-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on recent developments in the diagnosis, treatment, management, and strategies for the prevention and control of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) caused by both Old and New World Leishmania species. CL is caused by the vector-borne protozoan parasite Leishmania and is transmitted via infected female sandflies. The disease is endemic in more than 98 countries and an estimated 350 million people are at risk. The overall prevalence is 12 million cases and the annual incidence is 2–2.5 million. The World Health Organization considers CL a severely neglected disease and a category 1 emerging and uncontrolled disease. The management of CL differs from region to region and is primarily based on local experience-based evidence. Most CL patients can be treated with topical treatments, but some Leishmania species can cause mucocutaneous involvement requiring a systemic therapeutic approach. Moreover, Leishmania species can vary in their sensitivity to available therapeutic options. This makes species determination critical for the choice of treatment and the clinical outcome of CL. Identification of the infecting parasite used to be laborious, but now the Leishmania species can be identified relatively easy with new DNA techniques that enable a more rational therapy choice. Current treatment guidelines for CL are based on poorly designed and reported trials. There is a lack of evidence for potentially beneficial treatments, a desperate need for large well-conducted studies, and standardization of future trials. Moreover, intensified research programs to improve vector control, diagnostics, and the therapeutic arsenal to contain further incidence and morbidity are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry J C de Vries
- Department of Dermatology, Academic Medical Center (AMC), University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 22700, 1100 DE, Amsterdam, The Netherlands,
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de Souza AO, Hemerly FP, Gomes-Cardoso L, Santa-Rita RM, Leon LL, de Castro SL, Durán N. 2-Propen-1-amine Derivatives and Their Synthetic Intermediates: Activity Against Pathogenic Trypanosomatids. J Chemother 2013; 16:530-3. [PMID: 15700843 DOI: 10.1179/joc.2004.16.6.530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
The potential activity of three new derivatives of 3-(4'-Y-[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl)-3-(4-X-phenyl)-N,N-dimethyl-2-propen-1-amine (2-PAMs) was assayed against Trypanosoma cruzi and Leishmania amazonensis. They showed higher activity against trypomastigotes and epimastigotes of T. cruzi than the standard drugs, crystal violet and nifurtimox. Besides these derivatives, a series of eleven 2-PAMs derivatives and the corresponding intermediates, biphenyl methanones (BPMs) were assayed against promastigotes of L. amazonensis, showing that the 2-PAMs were remarkably more active than the BPMs. The PAMs 2c, 2e and 2j were about 2-fold more active that pentamidine isothionate and between 27.2- and 46.4-fold less toxic to V79 mammalian cells. The present results encourage further studies, especially against intracellular parasites and in experimental animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- A O de Souza
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Immunologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Bandeirantes, 3900, CEP 14015-049, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
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Madke B, Kharkar V, Chikhalkar S, Mahajan S, Khopkar U. Successful treatment of multifocal cutaneous leishmaniasis with miltefosine. Indian J Dermatol 2012; 56:587-90. [PMID: 22121288 PMCID: PMC3221233 DOI: 10.4103/0019-5154.87165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We report a 48-year-old immunocompetent male, resident of Central India, who presented with slowly progressive asymptomatic multiple red lesions on different parts of body. On enquiry, the patient gave history of travel to Middle East 6 months back. Examination showed 10 crusted erythematous indurated plaques and nodules over forearms, left leg, right index finger, left wrist and dorsa of both feet. Histopathological examination of tissue biopsy showed multiple intracellular as well as extracellular leishmania donovan bodies. Keeping in mind the higher rate of side effects to pentavalent antimony, we treated this patient with oral miltefosine 50 mg bid and the lesions showed complete resolution over 4 months of therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhushan Madke
- Department of Dermatology, Seth GS Medical College and KEM Hospital, Parel, Mumbai, India
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Akilov OE, Yousaf W, Lukjan SX, Verma S, Hasan T. Optimization of topical photodynamic therapy with 3,7-bis(di-n-butylamino)phenothiazin-5-ium bromide for cutaneous leishmaniasis. Lasers Surg Med 2009; 41:358-65. [PMID: 19533767 DOI: 10.1002/lsm.20775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has evolved as a promising therapeutic measure for the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL). In particular, phenothiazine compounds have demonstrated efficacy for PDT of CL. The objective of our present study is to define the use of a new specific phenothiazine photosensitizer, 3,7-bis(di-n-butylamino)phenothiazin-5-ium bromide (PPA904) applied topically as a cream to treat CL. MATERIALS AND METHODS To establish the optimal conditions for this treatment, we compared two different ways to improve current regimens of PDT with PPA904 cream (500 microM of PPA904 in Unguentum M) by changing the duration of topical application, and by administration of several consecutive PDT procedures. An initial regimen recommended by the manufacturer (Photopharmica Co. Ltd., Leeds, UK) was maintained as a control: the cream was applied topically for 30 minutes at a final concentration of PPA904 at 500 microM, and the designated treatment area was irradiated with a broad band light source of 665+/-15 nm at a fluence of 50 J/cm(2) (50 mW/cm(2)). RESULTS The best curative PPA904-PDT regimen was achieved under the conditions of a longer duration of topical application time (90 minutes) and several (three) consecutive treatments with 4-day intervals between treatments. The mechanisms responsible for such improvements (kinetics of drug penetration, depth of necrosis of the CL lesions after PDT, and daily changes in the parasitic load after PDT) are discussed in the present study. CONCLUSION Topical PPA904-PDT, implemented as described above, is a promising treatment for CL, and clinical studies will be initiated to establish efficacy in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg E Akilov
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
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Hachicha I, Sellami M, Fourati H, Akrout R, Hdiji N, Baklouti S. [Cutaneous leishmaniasis in rheumatoid arthritis]. Rev Med Interne 2009; 30:609-12. [PMID: 19285366 DOI: 10.1016/j.revmed.2008.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2008] [Revised: 10/14/2008] [Accepted: 11/24/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cutaneous leishmaniasis is a protozoal infection. Its prevalence is increasing, especially in immunocompromised subjects. CASE REPORTS We report four patients with rheumatoid arthritis, treated with methotrexate and prednisone who developed cutaneous leishmaniasis. Clinical outcome was favorable after institution of antimony therapy in three cases despite the continuation of methotrexate and prednisone. One patient failed to respond to therapy. DISCUSSION The frequency of cutaneous leishmaniasis is increasing especially in immunocompromised subjects. In our patients, rheumatoid arthritis, corticosteroid therapy and methotrexate were predisposing factors of cutaneous leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Hachicha
- Service de rhumatologie, CHU Hédi Chaker, 3029 Sfax, Tunisia.
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Wöhrl S, Schnedl J, Auer H, Walochnik J, Stingl G, Geusau A. Successful treatment of a married couple for American leishmaniasis with miltefosine. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2008; 22:258-9. [PMID: 18211436 DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-3083.2007.02311.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Marie I, Fevre C, Favennec L, Courville P, Bernet J, Levesque H. Leishmaniose cutanée au cours d'une polymyosite. Rev Med Interne 2006; 27:566-8. [PMID: 16644068 DOI: 10.1016/j.revmed.2006.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2005] [Accepted: 02/23/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The prevalence of cutaneous leishmaniasis is increasing, especially in immunocompromized subjects. CASE RECORD We report a case of particular interest, where a patient with steroid refractory polymyositis developed cutaneous leishmaniasis. Clinical outcome was favorable after institution of intralesional antimony therapy. DISCUSSION Cutaneous leishmaniasis is still recognized to be an opportunistic infection. Its frequency is indeed higher in immunocompromized subjects, mainly HIV-infected patients. In our patient, both polymyositis and steroid therapy were predisposing factors of cutaneous leishmaniasis onset; prednisone therapy has been postulated to be associated with immune dysfunction leading to: reduced blood T cells' levels (CD4 et CD8) as well as decreased cytokine synthesis (e.g. interferon gamma).
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Affiliation(s)
- I Marie
- Département de Médecine Interne, CHU Rouen-Boisguillaume, 76031 Rouen cedex, France.
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Nelson KG, Bishop JV, Ryan RO, Titus R. Nanodisk-associated amphotericin B clears Leishmania major cutaneous infection in susceptible BALB/c mice. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2006; 50:1238-44. [PMID: 16569834 PMCID: PMC1426947 DOI: 10.1128/aac.50.4.1238-1244.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanometer-scale, apolipoprotein-stabilized phospholipid bilayer disk complexes (nanodisks [ND]) harboring the toxic and poorly soluble antileishmanial agent amphotericin B (AMB) were examined for efficacy in treatment of Leishmania major-infected BALB/c mice (Mus musculus). L. major-infected mice were intraperitoneally (i.p.) treated with AMB-ND in 0-, 1-, and 5-mg/kg doses at 24 h, 48 h, and 4, 7, 14, and 21 days postinfection in two experiments. L. major-infected mice were i.p. treated with phosphate-buffered saline, 5 mg/kg AMB-ND, or 5 mg/kg lipid-associated amphotericin B (liposomal amphotericin B, AmBisome) at 24 h, 48 h, and 10, 20, 30, and 40 days postinfection in one experiment. Parasite numbers, footpad lesion size progression, and development of cytokine responses were assayed at days 7, 15, 30, 50, 140, and 250 or at days 14, 30, 50, 95, and 140 postinfection. Mice administered AMB-ND in 1- or 5-mg/kg doses were significantly protected from L. major, displaying decreases in lesion size and parasite burden, particularly at the 5-mg/kg dosage level. In contrast to the i.p. treated AmBisome group, BALB/c mice treated with i.p. AMB-ND completely cleared an L. major infection by 140 to 250 days postinfection, with no lesions remaining and no parasites isolated from infected animals. Restimulated mixed lymphocyte culture cytokine responses (interleukin-4 [IL-4], IL-12, IL-10, NO, and gamma interferon) were unchanged by AMB-ND administration compared to controls. The marked clearance of Leishmania parasites from a susceptible strain of mice without an appreciable change in the cytokine response suggests that AMB-ND represent a potentially useful formulation for treatment of intrahistiocytic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith G Nelson
- Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology Department, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1619, and Lipid Biology in Health and Disease Research Group, Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, CA 94609, USA.
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The potential for photodynamic therapy in the treatment of localized infections. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2005; 2:247-62. [DOI: 10.1016/s1572-1000(05)00099-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2005] [Revised: 09/20/2005] [Accepted: 09/21/2005] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Paradisi A, Capizzi R, Zampetti A, Proietti I, De Simone C, Feliciani C, Amerio PL. Atypical multifocal cutaneous leishmaniasis in an immunocompetent patient treated by liposomal amphotericin B. J Infect 2005; 51:e261-4. [PMID: 15936088 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2005.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2005] [Accepted: 03/22/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Multifocal cutaneous leishmaniasis (MCL) is an extremely rare disease in South Europe, and it mainly affects immunosuppressed patients. We report a case of MCL in an immunocompetent patient affected by type II diabetes mellitus that clinically presented with three large ulcers on the legs with a non-linear distribution and several months later with an erythematous-crusty lesion on the left cheek. Diagnosis of leishmaniasis due to Leishmania infantum was formulated by PCR analysis. Given the diffuse and wide lesions, the unresponsiveness to previous local and systemic treatments, a parenteral i.v. therapy with liposomal amphotericin B at a dosage of 3mg/kg/day for 5 days was started and then repeated on the 14th and 21st days, leading to a clear improvement in the clinical picture. The different clinical expression and the evolution of leishmaniasis depend on both the parasite subtype and the host's immunity status. L. infantum manifests with an atypical clinical feature more frequently than other species. The differential diagnosis for multiple ulcers must include several skin diseases, such as cutaneous TBC, bacterial ulcers, traumatic ulcers, deep mycoses, and sarcoidosis. However, an MCL should always be considered in subjects coming from endemic areas. In our case, the multifocality, the size of the lesions and the unresponsiveness to other treatment indicate a short course treatment with liposomal B amphotericin that proved to be a suitable alternative to traditional drugs used in MCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Paradisi
- Department of Dermatology, Catholic University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
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Butler MS. Natural products to drugs: natural product derived compounds in clinical trials. Nat Prod Rep 2005; 22:162-95. [PMID: 15806196 DOI: 10.1039/b402985m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 339] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Natural product and natural product-derived compounds that are being evaluated in clinical trials or in registration (current 31 December 2004) have been reviewed. Natural product derived drugs launched in the United States of America, Europe and Japan since 1998 and new natural product templates discovered since 1990 are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark S Butler
- MerLion Pharmaceuticals, 1 Science Park Road, The Capricorn #05-01, Singapore Science Park II, Singapore 117528.
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