1
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Syahirah R, Beckman J, Malik H, Hsu AY, Deng Q. Method for Visualization of Emergency Granulopoiesis in the Zebrafish Embryo. Zebrafish 2023; 20:175-179. [PMID: 37306974 PMCID: PMC10495196 DOI: 10.1089/zeb.2023.0014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Emergency granulopoiesis (EG) is a response to severe inflammation in which increased neutrophils are generated in the hematopoietic tissue. Photolabeling is utilized to distinguish newly developed neutrophils from existing neutrophils. However, this technique requires a strong laser line and labels subsets of the existing neutrophils. Here we create a transgenic zebrafish line that expresses a time-dependent switch from green fluorescent protein (GFP) to red fluorescent protein (RFP) in neutrophils, which allows quantification of EG using simple GFP/RFP ratiometric imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramizah Syahirah
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Jennifer Beckman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Hanna Malik
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Alan Y. Hsu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Qing Deng
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
- Purdue Institute for Inflammation, Immunology and Infectious Disease, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
- Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
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2
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Bruserud Ø, Mosevoll KA, Bruserud Ø, Reikvam H, Wendelbo Ø. The Regulation of Neutrophil Migration in Patients with Sepsis: The Complexity of the Molecular Mechanisms and Their Modulation in Sepsis and the Heterogeneity of Sepsis Patients. Cells 2023; 12:cells12071003. [PMID: 37048076 PMCID: PMC10093057 DOI: 10.3390/cells12071003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is defined as life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated host response to infection. Common causes include gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria as well as fungi. Neutrophils are among the first cells to arrive at an infection site where they function as important effector cells of the innate immune system and as regulators of the host immune response. The regulation of neutrophil migration is therefore important both for the infection-directed host response and for the development of organ dysfunctions in sepsis. Downregulation of CXCR4/CXCL12 stimulates neutrophil migration from the bone marrow. This is followed by transmigration/extravasation across the endothelial cell barrier at the infection site; this process is directed by adhesion molecules and various chemotactic gradients created by chemotactic cytokines, lipid mediators, bacterial peptides, and peptides from damaged cells. These mechanisms of neutrophil migration are modulated by sepsis, leading to reduced neutrophil migration and even reversed migration that contributes to distant organ failure. The sepsis-induced modulation seems to differ between neutrophil subsets. Furthermore, sepsis patients should be regarded as heterogeneous because neutrophil migration will possibly be further modulated by the infecting microorganisms, antimicrobial treatment, patient age/frailty/sex, other diseases (e.g., hematological malignancies and stem cell transplantation), and the metabolic status. The present review describes molecular mechanisms involved in the regulation of neutrophil migration; how these mechanisms are altered during sepsis; and how bacteria/fungi, antimicrobial treatment, and aging/frailty/comorbidity influence the regulation of neutrophil migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Øystein Bruserud
- Leukemia Research Group, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5021 Bergen, Norway
- Section for Hematology, Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway
- Correspondence:
| | - Knut Anders Mosevoll
- Section for Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway
- Section for Infectious Diseases, Department of Clinical Research, University of Bergen, 5021 Bergen, Norway
| | - Øyvind Bruserud
- Department for Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway
| | - Håkon Reikvam
- Leukemia Research Group, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5021 Bergen, Norway
- Section for Hematology, Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway
| | - Øystein Wendelbo
- Section for Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway
- Faculty of Health, VID Specialized University, Ulriksdal 10, 5009 Bergen, Norway
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3
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Wang Y, Zhu CL, Li P, Liu Q, Li HR, Yu CM, Deng XM, Wang JF. The role of G protein-coupled receptor in neutrophil dysfunction during sepsis-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1112196. [PMID: 36891309 PMCID: PMC9986442 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1112196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is defined as a life-threatening dysfunction due to a dysregulated host response to infection. It is a common and complex syndrome and is the leading cause of death in intensive care units. The lungs are most vulnerable to the challenge of sepsis, and the incidence of respiratory dysfunction has been reported to be up to 70%, in which neutrophils play a major role. Neutrophils are the first line of defense against infection, and they are regarded as the most responsive cells in sepsis. Normally, neutrophils recognize chemokines including the bacterial product N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP), complement 5a (C5a), and lipid molecules Leukotriene B4 (LTB4) and C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 8 (CXCL8), and enter the site of infection through mobilization, rolling, adhesion, migration, and chemotaxis. However, numerous studies have confirmed that despite the high levels of chemokines in septic patients and mice at the site of infection, the neutrophils cannot migrate to the proper target location, but instead they accumulate in the lungs, releasing histones, DNA, and proteases that mediate tissue damage and induce acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). This is closely related to impaired neutrophil migration in sepsis, but the mechanism involved is still unclear. Many studies have shown that chemokine receptor dysregulation is an important cause of impaired neutrophil migration, and the vast majority of these chemokine receptors belong to the G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). In this review, we summarize the signaling pathways by which neutrophil GPCR regulates chemotaxis and the mechanisms by which abnormal GPCR function in sepsis leads to impaired neutrophil chemotaxis, which can further cause ARDS. Several potential targets for intervention are proposed to improve neutrophil chemotaxis, and we hope that this review may provide insights for clinical practitioners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wang
- Faculty of Anesthesiology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Cheng-Long Zhu
- Faculty of Anesthesiology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Peng Li
- Faculty of Anesthesiology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiang Liu
- Faculty of Anesthesiology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China.,Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hui-Ru Li
- Faculty of Anesthesiology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China.,Faculty of Anesthesiology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Chang-Meng Yu
- Faculty of Anesthesiology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China.,Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiao-Ming Deng
- Faculty of Anesthesiology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China.,Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Faculty of Anesthesiology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Jia-Feng Wang
- Faculty of Anesthesiology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
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4
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Giustina AD, Rodrigues JF, Bagio E, Bonfante S, Joaquim L, Zarbato G, Stork S, Machado RS, de Souza Goldim MP, Danielski LG, Mathias K, Dacoregio C, Cardoso T, Predroso GS, Venturini LM, Zaccaron RP, Silveira PCL, Pinho RA, Petronilho F. Lung-Brain Crosstalk in Sepsis: Protective Effect of Prophylactic Physical Exercise Against Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in Rats. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:3860-3872. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-02823-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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5
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Sendo F, Yoshitake H, Araki Y. Targeting of neutrophil activation in the early phase of the disease for prevention of Coronavirus disease-19 severity. Microbiol Immunol 2022; 66:264-276. [PMID: 35348252 PMCID: PMC9111295 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The prevention of the disease severity seems critical for reducing the mortality of Coronavirus (CoV) disease‐19. The neutrophils play a key role in the induction of severity. It is proposed here that inhibition of neutrophil activation and/or cascade reactions of complement, leading to this cell activation at the early phase of the disease, is a potential tool to inhibit aggravation of the disease. The need for appropriate timing in intervention is emphasized as follows. (1) Intervention at the very early stage of severe acute respiratory syndrome‐CoV‐2 infection may harm the defensive host response to the infection because of the critical function of neutrophils in this response, and (2) intervention at too late a stage will not stop the infiltration of fully activated neutrophils that produce large amounts of toxic substances.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hiroshi Yoshitake
- Institute for Environmental & Gender-specific Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Urayasu, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Araki
- Institute for Environmental & Gender-specific Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Urayasu, Chiba, Japan.,Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology & Microbiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Itabashi, Tokyo, Japan
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6
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Syahirah R, Hsu AY, Deng Q. A curious case of cyclin‐dependent kinases in neutrophils. J Leukoc Biol 2022; 111:1057-1068. [PMID: 35188696 PMCID: PMC9035055 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.2ru1021-573r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are terminally differentiated, short-lived white blood cells critical for innate immunity. Although cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) are typically related to cell cycle progression, increasing evidence has shown that they regulate essential functions of neutrophils. This review highlights the roles of CDKs and their partners, cyclins, in neutrophils, outside of cell cycle regulation. CDK1-10 and several cyclins are expressed in neutrophils, albeit at different levels. Observed phenotypes associated with specific inhibition or genetic loss of CDK2 indicate its role in modulating neutrophil migration. CDK4 and 6 regulate neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) formation, while CDK5 regulates neutrophil degranulation. CDK7 and 9 are critical in neutrophil apoptosis, contributing to inflammation resolution. In addition to the CDKs that regulate mature neutrophil functions, cyclins are essential in hematopoiesis and granulopoiesis. The pivotal roles of CDKs in neutrophils present an untapped potential in targeting CDKs for treating neutrophil-dominant inflammatory diseases and understanding the regulation of the neutrophil life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramizah Syahirah
- Department of Biological Sciences Purdue University West Lafayette Indiana USA
| | - Alan Y. Hsu
- Department of Biological Sciences Purdue University West Lafayette Indiana USA
- Department of Pathology Harvard Medical School Boston Massachusetts USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine The Stem Cell Program, Boston Children's Hospital Boston Massachusetts USA
| | - Qing Deng
- Department of Biological Sciences Purdue University West Lafayette Indiana USA
- Purdue Institute of Inflammation Immunology and Infectious Disease, Purdue University West Lafayette Indiana USA
- Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University West Lafayette Indiana USA
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7
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Bringué J, Guillamat-Prats R, Martinez ML, Torrents E, Camprubí-Rimblas M, Blanch L, Artigas A. Methotrexate Ameliorates Systemic Inflammation and Septic Associated-Lung Damage in a Cecal Ligation and Puncture Septic Rat Model. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22179612. [PMID: 34502521 PMCID: PMC8431751 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Sepsis is a serious, heterogeneous clinical entity produced by a severe and systemic host inflammatory response to infection. Methotrexate (MTX) is a folate-antagonist that induces the generation of adenosine and also inhibits JAK/STAT pathway; MTX it is widely used as an anti-inflammatory drug to control the immune system. Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the beneficial effects of a single and low dose of MTX in the systemic response and acute lung injury (ALI) induced by sepsis. As in the clinics, we treated our animals with antibiotics and fluids and performed the source control to mimic the current clinic treatment. Methods and main results: Sepsis was induced in rats by a cecal ligation puncture (CLP) procedure. Six hours after induction of sepsis, we proceeded to the source control; fluids and antibiotics were administered at 6 h and 24 h after CLP. MTX (2.5 mg/Kg) was administered 6 h after the first surgery in one CLP experimental group and to one Sham group. A protective effect of MTX was observed through a significant reduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines and a decrease infiltration of inflammatory cells in the lung. In addition, we found a regulation in adenosine receptor A2aR and the metalloproteinases by MTX. Conclusion: A single, low dose of MTX attenuates sepsis lung-associated damage by decreasing pro-inflammatory response, infiltration of pro-inflammatory cells and avoiding defective tissue lung remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josep Bringué
- Institut d’ Investigació i Innovació Parc Taulí (I3PT), 08201 Sabadell, Spain; (J.B.); (M.C.-R.); (L.B.); (A.A.)
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), 08201 Sabadell, Spain
- Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Raquel Guillamat-Prats
- Institut d’ Investigació i Innovació Parc Taulí (I3PT), 08201 Sabadell, Spain; (J.B.); (M.C.-R.); (L.B.); (A.A.)
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), 08201 Sabadell, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-9-3723-1010
| | - Maria Luisa Martinez
- Critical Care Center—Hospital Universitario General de Catalunya, 08190 Sant Cugat del Valles, Spain;
| | - Eva Torrents
- Critical Care Center—Corporació Sanitària i Universitària Parc Taulí, 08201 Sabadell, Spain;
| | - Marta Camprubí-Rimblas
- Institut d’ Investigació i Innovació Parc Taulí (I3PT), 08201 Sabadell, Spain; (J.B.); (M.C.-R.); (L.B.); (A.A.)
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), 08201 Sabadell, Spain
- Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Lluís Blanch
- Institut d’ Investigació i Innovació Parc Taulí (I3PT), 08201 Sabadell, Spain; (J.B.); (M.C.-R.); (L.B.); (A.A.)
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), 08201 Sabadell, Spain
- Critical Care Center—Corporació Sanitària i Universitària Parc Taulí, 08201 Sabadell, Spain;
| | - Antonio Artigas
- Institut d’ Investigació i Innovació Parc Taulí (I3PT), 08201 Sabadell, Spain; (J.B.); (M.C.-R.); (L.B.); (A.A.)
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), 08201 Sabadell, Spain
- Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- Critical Care Center—Corporació Sanitària i Universitària Parc Taulí, 08201 Sabadell, Spain;
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8
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Lehmann C, Aali M, Zhou J, Holbein B. Comparison of Treatment Effects of Different Iron Chelators in Experimental Models of Sepsis. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11010057. [PMID: 33466819 PMCID: PMC7830599 DOI: 10.3390/life11010057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Growing evidence indicates that dysregulated iron metabolism with altered and excess iron availability in some body compartments plays a significant role in the course of infection and sepsis in humans. Given that all bacterial pathogens require iron for growth, that iron withdrawal is a normal component of innate host defenses and that bacterial pathogens have acquired increasing levels of antibiotic resistance, targeting infection and sepsis through use of appropriate iron chelators has potential to provide new therapeutics. We have directly compared the effects of three Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved chelators (deferoxamine—DFO; deferiprone—DFP; and deferasirox—DFX), as were developed for treating hematological iron overload conditions, to DIBI, a novel purpose-designed, anti-infective and anti-inflammatory water-soluble hydroxypyridinone containing iron-selective copolymers. Two murine sepsis models, endotoxemia and polymicrobial abdominal sepsis, were utilized to help differentiate anti-inflammatory versus anti-infective activities of the chelators. Leukocyte adhesion, as measured by intravital microscopy, was observed in both models, with DIBI providing the most effective reduction and DFX the poorest. Inflammation in the abdominal sepsis model, assessed by cytokine measurements, indicated exacerbation by DFX and DFO for plasma Interleukin (IL)-6 and reductions to near-control levels for DIBI and DFP. Peritoneal infection burden was reduced 10-fold by DIBI while DFX and DFP provided no reductions. Overall, the results, together with those from other studies, revealed serious limitations for each of the three hematological chelators, i.e., as potentially repurposed for treating infection/sepsis. In contrast, DIBI provided therapeutic benefits, consistent with various in vitro and in vivo results from other studies, supporting the potential for its use in treating sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Lehmann
- Department of Anesthesia, Pain Management and Perioperative Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada;
- Correspondence:
| | - Maral Aali
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada;
| | - Juan Zhou
- Department of Anesthesia, Pain Management and Perioperative Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada;
| | - Bruce Holbein
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada;
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9
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Neutrophils and Macrophages as Targets for Development of Nanotherapeutics in Inflammatory Diseases. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12121222. [PMID: 33348630 PMCID: PMC7766591 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12121222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils and macrophages are major components of innate systems, playing central roles in inflammation responses to infections and tissue injury. If they are out of control, inflammation responses can cause the pathogenesis of a wide range of diseases, such as inflammatory disorders and autoimmune diseases. Precisely regulating the functions of neutrophils and macrophages in vivo is a potential strategy to develop immunotherapies to treat inflammatory diseases. Advances in nanotechnology have enabled us to design nanoparticles capable of targeting neutrophils or macrophages in vivo. This review discusses the current status of how nanoparticles specifically target neutrophils or macrophages and how they manipulate leukocyte functions to inhibit their activation for inflammation resolution or to restore their defense ability for pathogen clearance. Finally, we present a novel concept of hijacking leukocytes to deliver nanotherapeutics across the blood vessel barrier. This review highlights the challenges and opportunities in developing nanotherapeutics to target leukocytes for improved treatment of inflammatory diseases.
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10
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Lázaro-Díez M, Chapartegui-González I, Suberbiola B, Ocejo-Vinyals JG, López-Hoyos M, Ramos-Vivas J. Gene expression profiling in human neutrophils after infection with Acinetobacter baumannii in vitro. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0242674. [PMID: 33253325 PMCID: PMC7703911 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0242674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Acinetobacter baumannii is a Gram negative nosocomial pathogen that has acquired increasing worldwide notoriety due to its high antibiotic resistance range and mortality rates in hospitalized patients. Therefore, it is necessary to better understand key aspects of A. baumannii pathogenesis such as host-pathogen interactions. In this report, we analyzed both gene expression and cytokine production by human neutrophils infected with A. baumannii. Our assays reveal a proinflammatory response of neutrophils after A. baumannii infection, since intracellular transcription of effector proteins such as COX-2, transcription factors, and proinflammatory cytokines resulted significantly upregulated in neutrophils infected by A. baumannii, compared with unstimulated human neutrophils. Translation and release of CXCL-8, IL-1β and TNF-α by neutrophils was confirmed by protein quantification in culture supernatants. Results obtained in this report reinforce the importance of human neutrophils in controlling A. baumannii infections but also emphasize the proinflammatory nature of these host-pathogen interactions as a target for future immunomodulatory therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Lázaro-Díez
- Health Research Institute Marqués de Valdecilla (IDIVAL), Santander, Spain
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, UCSD, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Itziar Chapartegui-González
- Health Research Institute Marqués de Valdecilla (IDIVAL), Santander, Spain
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, UTMB, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Borja Suberbiola
- Health Research Institute Marqués de Valdecilla (IDIVAL), Santander, Spain
- Intensive Care Department, University Hospital Marqués de Valdecilla, Santander, Spain
| | | | - Marcos López-Hoyos
- Health Research Institute Marqués de Valdecilla (IDIVAL), Santander, Spain
- Immunology Department, University Hospital Marqués de Valdecilla, Santander, Spain
| | - José Ramos-Vivas
- Health Research Institute Marqués de Valdecilla (IDIVAL), Santander, Spain
- Spanish Network for Research in Infectious Diseases (REIPI), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail:
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11
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Safari H, Kelley WJ, Saito E, Kaczorowski N, Carethers L, Shea LD, Eniola-Adefeso O. Neutrophils preferentially phagocytose elongated particles-An opportunity for selective targeting in acute inflammatory diseases. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaba1474. [PMID: 32577517 PMCID: PMC7286665 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aba1474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Polymeric particles have recently been used to modulate the behavior of immune cells in the treatment of various inflammatory conditions. However, there is little understanding of how physical particle parameters affect their specific interaction with different leukocyte subtypes. While particle shape is known to be a crucial factor in their phagocytosis by macrophages, where elongated particles are reported to experience reduced uptake, it remains unclear how shape influences phagocytosis by circulating phagocytes, including neutrophils that are the most abundant leukocyte in human blood. In this study, we investigated the phagocytosis of rod-shaped polymeric particles by human neutrophils relative to other leukocytes. In contrast to macrophages and other mononuclear phagocytes, neutrophils were found to exhibit increased internalization of rods in ex vivo and in vivo experimentation. This result suggests that alteration of particle shape can be used to selectively target neutrophils in inflammatory pathologies where these cells play a substantial role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanieh Safari
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - William J. Kelley
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Eiji Saito
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Nicholas Kaczorowski
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Lauren Carethers
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Lonnie D. Shea
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Omolola Eniola-Adefeso
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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12
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Chakraborty P, Dalpati N, Bhan C, Dash SP, Kumar P, Sarangi PP. A C-terminal fragment of adhesion protein Fibulin7 regulates neutrophil migration and functions and improves survival in LPS induced systemic inflammation. Cytokine 2020; 131:155113. [PMID: 32388247 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2020.155113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Accumulation of hyperactive neutrophils in the visceral organs was shown to be associated with sepsis-induced multi-organ failure. Recently, a C-terminal fragment of secreted glycoprotein Fibulin7 (Fbln7-C) was shown to inhibit angiogenesis and regulate monocyte functions in inflammatory conditions. However, its effects on neutrophil functions and systemic inflammation induced lethality remain unknown. In this study, we show that human peripheral blood neutrophils adhered to Fbln7-C in a dose-dependent manner via integrin β1. Moreover, the presence of Fbln7-C inhibited spreading, and fMLP mediated random migration of neutrophils on fibronectin. Significant reduction in ROS and inflammatory cytokine production (i.e., IL-6, IL-1β) was observed, including a reduction in ERK1⁄2 phosphorylation in neutrophils stimulated with LPS and fMLP in the presence of Fbln7-C compared to untreated controls. In an in vivo model of endotoxemia, the administration of Fbln7-C (10 μg/dose) significantly improved survival and reduced the infiltration of neutrophils to the site of inflammation. Additionally, neutrophils infiltrating into the inflamed peritoneum of Fbln7-C administered animals expressed lower levels CD11b marker, IL-6, and produced lower levels of ROS upon stimulation with PMA compared to untreated controls. In conclusion, our results show that Fbln7-C could bind to the integrin β1 on the neutrophil surface and regulate their inflammatory functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Papiya Chakraborty
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667, India
| | - Nibedita Dalpati
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667, India
| | - Chandra Bhan
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667, India
| | - Shiba Prasad Dash
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667, India
| | - Puneet Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667, India
| | - Pranita P Sarangi
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667, India.
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13
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Németh T, Sperandio M, Mócsai A. Neutrophils as emerging therapeutic targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2020; 19:253-275. [DOI: 10.1038/s41573-019-0054-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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14
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Hu J, Zhang W, Liu Y, Yang Y, Tan C, Wei X, Wang Y, Tan S, Liu M, Liu K, Liu Y, Zhang H, Xiao X. LDK
378 inhibits the recruitment of myeloid‐derived suppressor cells to spleen via the p38–
GRK
2–
CCR
2 pathway in mice with sepsis. Immunol Cell Biol 2019; 97:902-915. [DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Hu
- Department of Anesthesiology Xiangya Hospital Central South University Changsha Hunan China
- Sepsis Translational Medicine Key Lab of Hunan Province Central South University Changsha Hunan China
- Department of Pathophysiology Xiangya School of Medicine Central South University Changsha Hunan China
| | - Wenqin Zhang
- Sepsis Translational Medicine Key Lab of Hunan Province Central South University Changsha Hunan China
- Department of Pathophysiology Xiangya School of Medicine Central South University Changsha Hunan China
| | - Yanjuan Liu
- Sepsis Translational Medicine Key Lab of Hunan Province Central South University Changsha Hunan China
- Department of Pathophysiology Xiangya School of Medicine Central South University Changsha Hunan China
| | - Yang Yang
- Sepsis Translational Medicine Key Lab of Hunan Province Central South University Changsha Hunan China
- Department of Pathophysiology Xiangya School of Medicine Central South University Changsha Hunan China
| | - Chuyi Tan
- Sepsis Translational Medicine Key Lab of Hunan Province Central South University Changsha Hunan China
- Department of Pathophysiology Xiangya School of Medicine Central South University Changsha Hunan China
| | - Xue Wei
- Sepsis Translational Medicine Key Lab of Hunan Province Central South University Changsha Hunan China
- Department of Pathophysiology Xiangya School of Medicine Central South University Changsha Hunan China
| | - Yufang Wang
- Sepsis Translational Medicine Key Lab of Hunan Province Central South University Changsha Hunan China
- Department of Pathophysiology Xiangya School of Medicine Central South University Changsha Hunan China
| | - Sipin Tan
- Sepsis Translational Medicine Key Lab of Hunan Province Central South University Changsha Hunan China
- Department of Pathophysiology Xiangya School of Medicine Central South University Changsha Hunan China
| | - Meidong Liu
- Sepsis Translational Medicine Key Lab of Hunan Province Central South University Changsha Hunan China
- Department of Pathophysiology Xiangya School of Medicine Central South University Changsha Hunan China
| | - Ke Liu
- Sepsis Translational Medicine Key Lab of Hunan Province Central South University Changsha Hunan China
- Department of Pathophysiology Xiangya School of Medicine Central South University Changsha Hunan China
| | - Ying Liu
- Sepsis Translational Medicine Key Lab of Hunan Province Central South University Changsha Hunan China
- Department of Pathophysiology Xiangya School of Medicine Central South University Changsha Hunan China
| | - Huali Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology Xiangya Hospital Central South University Changsha Hunan China
- Sepsis Translational Medicine Key Lab of Hunan Province Central South University Changsha Hunan China
- Department of Pathophysiology Xiangya School of Medicine Central South University Changsha Hunan China
| | - Xianzhong Xiao
- Sepsis Translational Medicine Key Lab of Hunan Province Central South University Changsha Hunan China
- Department of Pathophysiology Xiangya School of Medicine Central South University Changsha Hunan China
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15
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Zerouti K, Khemili D, Laraba-Djebari F, Hammoudi-Triki D. Nontoxic fraction of scorpion venom reduces bacterial growth and inflammatory response in a mouse model of infection. TOXIN REV 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/15569543.2019.1614064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Khedidja Zerouti
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, USTHB, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Dalila Khemili
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, USTHB, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Fatima Laraba-Djebari
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, USTHB, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Djelila Hammoudi-Triki
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, USTHB, Algiers, Algeria
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16
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Gonçalves-de-Albuquerque CF, Rohwedder I, Silva AR, Ferreira AS, Kurz ARM, Cougoule C, Klapproth S, Eggersmann T, Silva JD, de Oliveira GP, Capelozzi VL, Schlesinger GG, Costa ER, Estrela Marins RDCE, Mócsai A, Maridonneau-Parini I, Walzog B, Macedo Rocco PR, Sperandio M, de Castro-Faria-Neto HC. The Yin and Yang of Tyrosine Kinase Inhibition During Experimental Polymicrobial Sepsis. Front Immunol 2018; 9:901. [PMID: 29760707 PMCID: PMC5936983 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are the first cells of our immune system to arrive at the site of inflammation. They release cytokines, e.g., chemokines, to attract further immune cells, but also actively start to phagocytose and kill pathogens. In the case of sepsis, this tightly regulated host defense mechanism can become uncontrolled and hyperactive resulting in severe organ damage. Currently, no effective therapy is available to fight sepsis; therefore, novel treatment targets that could prevent excessive inflammatory responses are warranted. Src Family tyrosine Kinases (SFK), a group of tyrosine kinases, have been shown to play a major role in regulating immune cell recruitment and host defense. Leukocytes with SFK depletion display severe spreading and migration defects along with reduced cytokine production. Thus, we investigated the effects of dasatinib, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, with a strong inhibitory capacity on SFKs during sterile inflammation and polymicrobial sepsis in mice. We found that dasatinib-treated mice displayed diminished leukocyte adhesion and extravasation in tumor necrosis factor-α-stimulated cremaster muscle venules in vivo. In polymicrobial sepsis, sepsis severity, organ damage, and clinical outcome improved in a dose-dependent fashion pointing toward an optimal therapeutic window for dasatinib dosage during polymicrobial sepsis. Dasatinib treatment may, therefore, provide a balanced immune response by preventing an overshooting inflammatory reaction on the one side and bacterial overgrowth on the other side.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassiano Felippe Gonçalves-de-Albuquerque
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Walter Brendel Centre, Department of Cardiovascular Physiology and Pathophysiology, Klinikum der Universität, Ludwig Maximilians University München, Munich, Germany.,Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Instituto Biomédico, Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ina Rohwedder
- Walter Brendel Centre, Department of Cardiovascular Physiology and Pathophysiology, Klinikum der Universität, Ludwig Maximilians University München, Munich, Germany
| | - Adriana Ribeiro Silva
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Angela R M Kurz
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Walter Brendel Centre, Department of Cardiovascular Physiology and Pathophysiology, Klinikum der Universität, Ludwig Maximilians University München, Munich, Germany
| | - Céline Cougoule
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Sarah Klapproth
- Walter Brendel Centre, Department of Cardiovascular Physiology and Pathophysiology, Klinikum der Universität, Ludwig Maximilians University München, Munich, Germany
| | - Tanja Eggersmann
- Walter Brendel Centre, Department of Cardiovascular Physiology and Pathophysiology, Klinikum der Universität, Ludwig Maximilians University München, Munich, Germany
| | - Johnatas D Silva
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Investigation, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Gisele Pena de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Investigation, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Vera Luiza Capelozzi
- Laboratório de Genômica Pulmonar, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Edlaine Rijo Costa
- Laboratorio de Farmacologia, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rita de Cassia Elias Estrela Marins
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France.,Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica em DST e AIDS, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Attila Mócsai
- MTA-SE "Lendület" Inflammation Physiology Research Group, Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Isabelle Maridonneau-Parini
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Barbara Walzog
- Walter Brendel Centre, Department of Cardiovascular Physiology and Pathophysiology, Klinikum der Universität, Ludwig Maximilians University München, Munich, Germany
| | - Patricia Rieken Macedo Rocco
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Investigation, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Markus Sperandio
- Walter Brendel Centre, Department of Cardiovascular Physiology and Pathophysiology, Klinikum der Universität, Ludwig Maximilians University München, Munich, Germany
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17
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Abstract
Sepsis is a life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by a deregulated host response to infection. This inappropriate response to micro-organism invasion is characterized by an overwhelmed systemic inflammatory response and cardiovascular collapse that culminate in high mortality and morbidity in critical care units. The occurrence of sepsis in diabetes mellitus (DM) patients has become more frequent, as the prevalence of DM has increased dramatically worldwide. These two important diseases represent a global public health concern and highlight the importance of increasing our knowledge of the key elements of the immune response related to both conditions. In this context, it is well established that the cells taking part in the innate and adaptive immune responses in diabetic patients have compromised function. These altered responses favor micro-organism growth, a process that contributes to sepsis progression. The present review provides an update on the characteristics of the immune system in diabetic and septic subjects. We also explore the beneficial effects of insulin on the immune response in a glycemic control-dependent and independent manner.
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18
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Ren C, Zhang H, Wu TT, Yao YM. Autophagy: A Potential Therapeutic Target for Reversing Sepsis-Induced Immunosuppression. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1832. [PMID: 29326712 PMCID: PMC5741675 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Sepsis remains the leading cause of mortality in intensive care units and an intractable condition due to uncontrolled inflammation together with immune suppression. Dysfunction of immune cells is considered as a major cause for poor outcome of septic patients but with little specific treatments. Currently, autophagy that is recognized as an important self-protective mechanism for cellular survival exhibits great potential for maintaining immune homeostasis and alleviating multiple organ failure, which further improves survival of septic animals. The protective effect of autophagy on immune cells covers both innate and adaptive immune responses and refers to various cellular receptors and intracellular signaling. Multiple drugs and measures are reportedly beneficial for septic challenge by inducing autophagy process. Therefore, autophagy might be an effective target for reversing immunosuppression compromised by sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Ren
- Trauma Research Center, First Hospital Affiliated to the Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.,School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Trauma Research Center, First Hospital Affiliated to the Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Tian-Tian Wu
- Trauma Research Center, First Hospital Affiliated to the Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yong-Ming Yao
- Trauma Research Center, First Hospital Affiliated to the Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.,School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.,State Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease, The Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
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19
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Wu B, Wang L, Jiang L, Dong L, Xu F, Lu Y, Jin J, Wang Z, Liang G, Shan X. n-butanol extract from Folium isatidis inhibits the lipopolysaccharide-induced downregulation of CXCR1 and CXCR2 on human neutrophils. Mol Med Rep 2017; 17:179-185. [PMID: 29115434 PMCID: PMC5780124 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.7870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils, immune cells crucial for protecting against invading pathogens, are important in sepsis. Neutrophil migration is regulated by chemokine receptors and their cognate ligands. Our previous study investigated the effect of n‑butanol extract from Folium isatidis on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‑induced septic shock. The present study stimulated neutrophils with LPS to explore the influence of LPS on cell. Neutrophils were then pretreated with n‑butanol extract from Folium isatidis followed by LPS to examine the effect of this extract on neutrophil chemotaxis. The results showed that LPS decreased the expression levels of CXC‑chemokine receptor (CXCR)1, CXCR2 and L‑selectin (CD62L), and increased the expression of interleukin‑8 (IL‑8) by neutrophils. The addition of n‑butanol extract from Folium isatidis inhibited this LPS‑induced downregulation of CXCR1, CXCR2 and CD62L, and decreased the expression of IL‑8 on neutrophils. In addition, n‑butanol extract promoted myeloperoxidase activity in neutrophils. Taken together, LPS downregulated the expression of chemokine receptors, leading to the failure of neutrophils to migrate to sites of infection. The addition of n‑butanol extract, which promoted the ability of neutrophils to migrate, is a natural product and potential therapeutic agent with which to target neutrophil chemotaxis during LPS stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beibei Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, P.R. China
| | - Liyin Wang
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, P.R. China
| | - Lili Jiang
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, P.R. China
| | - Lili Dong
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, P.R. China
| | - Fengli Xu
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, P.R. China
| | - Yili Lu
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, P.R. China
| | - Jiahui Jin
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, P.R. China
| | - Zhanyue Wang
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, P.R. China
| | - Guang Liang
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoou Shan
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, P.R. China
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20
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Mishra HK, Ma J, Walcheck B. Ectodomain Shedding by ADAM17: Its Role in Neutrophil Recruitment and the Impairment of This Process during Sepsis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:138. [PMID: 28487846 PMCID: PMC5403810 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are specialized at killing bacteria and are recruited from the blood in a rapid and robust manner during infection. A cascade of adhesion events direct their attachment to the vascular endothelium and migration into the underlying tissue. A disintegrin and metalloproteinase 17 (ADAM17) functions in the cell membrane of neutrophils and endothelial cells by cleaving its substrates, typically in a cis manner, at an extracellular site proximal to the cell membrane. This process is referred to as ectodomain shedding and it results in the downregulation of various adhesion molecules and receptors, and the release of immune regulating factors. ADAM17 sheddase activity is induced upon cell activation and rapidly modulates intravascular adhesion events in response to diverse environmental stimuli. During sepsis, an excessive systemic inflammatory response against infection, neutrophil migration becomes severely impaired. This involves ADAM17 as indicated by increased levels of its cleaved substrates in the blood of septic patients, and that ADAM17 inactivation improves neutrophil recruitment and bacterial clearance in animal models of sepsis. Excessive ADAM17 sheddase activity during sepsis thus appears to undermine in a direct and indirect manner the necessary balance between intravascular adhesion and de-adhesion events that regulate neutrophil migration into sites of infection. This review provides an overview of ADAM17 function and regulation and its potential contribution to neutrophil dysfunction during sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemant K Mishra
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of MinnesotaSt. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Jing Ma
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of MinnesotaSt. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Bruce Walcheck
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of MinnesotaSt. Paul, MN, USA
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21
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Mincle activation enhances neutrophil migration and resistance to polymicrobial septic peritonitis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:41106. [PMID: 28112221 PMCID: PMC5253726 DOI: 10.1038/srep41106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is a systemic inflammatory response to bacterial infection. The therapeutic options for treating sepsis are limited. Impaired neutrophil recruitment into the infection site is directly associated with severe sepsis, but the precise mechanism is unclear. Here, we show that Mincle plays a key role in neutrophil migration and resistance during polymicrobial sepsis. Mincle-deficient mice exhibited lower survival rates in experimental sepsis from cecal ligation and puncture and Escherichia coli–induced peritonitis. Mincle deficiency led to higher serum inflammatory cytokine levels and reduced bacterial clearance and neutrophil recruitment. Transcriptome analyses revealed that trehalose dimycolate, a Mincle ligand, reduced the expression of G protein–coupled receptor kinase 2 (GRK2) in neutrophils. Indeed, GRK2 expression was upregulated, but surface expression of the chemokine receptor CXCR2 was downregulated in blood neutrophils from Mincle-deficient mice with septic injury. Moreover, CXCL2-mediated adhesion, chemotactic responses, and F-actin polymerization were reduced in Mincle-deficient neutrophils. Finally, we found that fewer Mincle-deficient neutrophils infiltrated from the blood circulation into the peritoneal fluid in bacterial septic peritonitis compared with wild-type cells. Thus, our results indicate that Mincle plays an important role in neutrophil infiltration and suggest that Mincle signaling may provide a therapeutic target for treating sepsis.
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22
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Ergen C, Heymann F, Al Rawashdeh W, Gremse F, Bartneck M, Panzer U, Pola R, Pechar M, Storm G, Mohr N, Barz M, Zentel R, Kiessling F, Trautwein C, Lammers T, Tacke F. Targeting distinct myeloid cell populations in vivo using polymers, liposomes and microbubbles. Biomaterials 2016; 114:106-120. [PMID: 27855336 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2016.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Revised: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Identifying intended or accidental cellular targets for drug delivery systems is highly relevant for evaluating therapeutic and toxic effects. However, limited knowledge exists on the distribution of nano- and micrometer-sized carrier systems at the cellular level in different organs. We hypothesized that clinically relevant carrier materials, differing in composition and size, are able to target distinct myeloid cell subsets that control inflammatory processes, such as macrophages, neutrophils, monocytes and dendritic cells. Therefore, we analyzed the biodistribution and in vivo cellular uptake of intravenously injected poly(N-(2-hydroxypropyl) methacrylamide) polymers, PEGylated liposomes and poly(butyl cyanoacrylate) microbubbles in mice, using whole-body imaging (computed tomography - fluorescence-mediated tomography), intra-organ imaging (intravital multi-photon microscopy) and cellular analysis (flow cytometry of blood, liver, spleen, lung and kidney). While the three carrier materials shared accumulation in tissue macrophages in liver and spleen, they notably differed in uptake by other myeloid subsets. Kupffer cells and splenic red pulp macrophages rapidly take up microbubbles. Liposomes efficiently reach dendritic cells in liver, lung and kidney. Polymers exhibit the longest circulation half-life and target endothelial cells in the liver, neutrophils and alveolar macrophages. The identification of such previously unrecognized target cell populations might open up new avenues for more efficient drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Ergen
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Felix Heymann
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Wa'el Al Rawashdeh
- Department of Experimental Molecular Imaging, University Clinic and Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Felix Gremse
- Department of Experimental Molecular Imaging, University Clinic and Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Matthias Bartneck
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Ulf Panzer
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Robert Pola
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czechia
| | - Michal Pechar
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czechia
| | - Gert Storm
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Targeted Therapeutics, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Nicole Mohr
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Matthias Barz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Rudolf Zentel
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Fabian Kiessling
- Department of Experimental Molecular Imaging, University Clinic and Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | | | - Twan Lammers
- Department of Experimental Molecular Imaging, University Clinic and Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany; Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Targeted Therapeutics, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands.
| | - Frank Tacke
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany.
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23
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Pleiotropic regulations of neutrophil receptors response to sepsis. Inflamm Res 2016; 66:197-207. [DOI: 10.1007/s00011-016-0993-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Revised: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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24
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Wang Y, Wang F, Yang D, Tang X, Li H, Lv X, Lu D, Wang H. Berberine in combination with yohimbine attenuates sepsis-induced neutrophil tissue infiltration and multiorgan dysfunction partly via IL-10-mediated inhibition of CCR2 expression in neutrophils. Int Immunopharmacol 2016; 35:217-225. [PMID: 27082997 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2016.03.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Revised: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Infiltration of activated neutrophils into the vital organs contributes to the multiple organ dysfunctions in sepsis. In the present study, we investigated the effects of berberine in combination with yohimbine (BY) on neutrophil tissue infiltration and multiple organ damage during sepsis, and further elucidated the involved mechanisms. Sepsis was induced in mice by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). BY or CCR2 antagonist was administered 2h after CLP, and anti-IL-10 antibody (IL-10 Ab) or control IgG was injected intraperitoneally just before BY treatment. We found that IL-10 production was enhanced by BY therapy in septic mice. BY significantly attenuated neutrophil tissue infiltration and multiple organ injury in CLP-challenged mice, all of which were completely reversed by IL-10 Ab pretreatment. The levels of KC, MCP-1, MIP-1α and MIP-2 in the lung, liver and kidney were markedly increased 6h after CLP. BY reduced the tissue concentrations of these chemokines in septic mice, but IL-10 Ab pretreatment did not completely eliminate these inhibitory effects of BY. Particularly, dramatically increased CCR2 expression in circulating neutrophils of septic mice was reduced by BY and this effect was completely abolished by IL-10 Ab pretreatment. Furthermore, CCR2 antagonist also inhibited lung and renal injury and neutrophil infiltration in septic mice. Taken together, our data strongly suggest that BY therapy attenuates neutrophil tissue infiltration and multiple organ injury in septic mice, at least in part, via IL-10-mediated inhibition of CCR2 expression in circulating neutrophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People's Republic of China, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong, China
| | - Faqiang Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People's Republic of China, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong, China
| | - Duomeng Yang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People's Republic of China, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiangxu Tang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People's Republic of China, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong, China
| | - Hongmei Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People's Republic of China, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiuxiu Lv
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People's Republic of China, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong, China
| | - Daxiang Lu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People's Republic of China, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong, China
| | - Huadong Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People's Republic of China, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong, China.
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25
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Sônego F, Castanheira FVES, Ferreira RG, Kanashiro A, Leite CAVG, Nascimento DC, Colón DF, Borges VDF, Alves-Filho JC, Cunha FQ. Paradoxical Roles of the Neutrophil in Sepsis: Protective and Deleterious. Front Immunol 2016; 7:155. [PMID: 27199981 PMCID: PMC4844928 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis, an overwhelming inflammatory response syndrome secondary to infection, is one of the costliest and deadliest medical conditions worldwide. Neutrophils are classically considered to be essential players in the host defense against invading pathogens. However, several investigations have shown that impairment of neutrophil migration to the site of infection, also referred to as neutrophil paralysis, occurs during severe sepsis, resulting in an inability of the host to contain and eliminate the infection. On the other hand, the neutrophil antibacterial arsenal contributes to tissue damage and the development of organ dysfunction during sepsis. In this review, we provide an overview of the main events in which neutrophils play a beneficial or deleterious role in the outcome of sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiane Sônego
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo , Ribeirão Preto , Brazil
| | | | - Raphael Gomes Ferreira
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo , Ribeirão Preto , Brazil
| | - Alexandre Kanashiro
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo , Ribeirão Preto , Brazil
| | | | - Daniele Carvalho Nascimento
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo , Ribeirão Preto , Brazil
| | - David Fernando Colón
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo , Ribeirão Preto , Brazil
| | - Vanessa de Fátima Borges
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo , Ribeirão Preto , Brazil
| | - José Carlos Alves-Filho
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo , Ribeirão Preto , Brazil
| | - Fernando Queiróz Cunha
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo , Ribeirão Preto , Brazil
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Mishra HK, Johnson TJ, Seelig DM, Walcheck B. Targeting ADAM17 in leukocytes increases neutrophil recruitment and reduces bacterial spread during polymicrobial sepsis. J Leukoc Biol 2016; 100:999-1004. [PMID: 27059842 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.3vmab1115-496rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
A rapid and robust recruitment of circulating neutrophils at sites of infection is critical for preventing bacterial spread. The efficiency of this process, however, is greatly diminished during sepsis, a severe systemic inflammatory response to infection. The proteolytic activity of a disintegrin and metalloprotease-17 is induced in the cell membrane of leukocytes upon their activation, resulting in the conversion of membrane to soluble TNF-α and the release of assorted receptors from the surface of neutrophils important for their effector functions. We show that conditional knockout mice lacking a disintegrin and metalloprotease-17 in all leukocytes had a survival advantage when subjected to polymicrobial sepsis. Bacteremia and the levels of circulating proinflammatory cytokines, key determinants of sepsis severity, were significantly reduced in conditional a disintegrin and metalloprotease-17 knockout mice during sepsis. Although cecal bacterial microbiota and load were similar in unmanipulated conditional a disintegrin and metalloprotease-17 knockout and control mice, peritoneal spread of bacteria was significantly reduced in conditional a disintegrin and metalloprotease-17 knockout mice following sepsis induction, which was associated with an amplified recruitment of neutrophils. Taken together, our findings suggest that extensive a disintegrin and metalloprotease-17 induction during sepsis may tip the balance between efficient and impaired neutrophil recruitment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemant K Mishra
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA; and
| | - Timothy J Johnson
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA; and
| | - Davis M Seelig
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Bruce Walcheck
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA; and
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Chen YG, Zhang Y, Deng LQ, Chen H, Zhang YJ, Zhou NJ, Yuan K, Yu LZ, Xiong ZH, Gui XM, Yu YR, Wu XM, Min WP. Control of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Pneumonia Utilizing TLR2 Agonist Pam3CSK4. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0149233. [PMID: 26974438 PMCID: PMC4790907 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0149233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The spread of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a critical health issue that has drawn greater attention to the potential use of immunotherapy. Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2), a pattern recognition receptor, is an essential component in host innate defense system against S. aureus infection. However, little is known about the innate immune response, specifically TLR2 activation, against MRSA infection. Here, we evaluate the protective effect and the mechanism of MRSA murine pneumonia after pretreatment with Pam3CSK4, a TLR2 agonist. We found that the MRSA-pneumonia mouse model, pretreated with Pam3CSK4, had reduced bacteria and mortality in comparison to control mice. As well, lower protein and mRNA levels of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 were observed in lungs and bronchus of the Pam3CSK4 pretreatment group. Conversely, expression of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10, but not TGF-β, increased in Pam3CSK4-pretreated mice. Our additional studies showed that CXCL-2 and CXCL1, which are necessary for neutrophil recruitment, were less evident in the Pam3CSK4-pretreated group compared to control group, whereas the expression of Fcγ receptors (FcγⅠ/Ⅲ) and complement receptors (CR1/3) increased in murine lungs. Furthermore, we found that increased survival and improved bacterial clearance were not a result of higher levels of neutrophil infiltration, but rather a result of enhanced phagocytosis and bactericidal activity of neutrophils in vitro and in vivo as well as increased robust oxidative activity and release of lactoferrin. Our cumulative findings suggest that Pam3CSK4 could be a novel immunotherapeutic candidate against MRSA pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Guo Chen
- Medical Laboratory, Jiangxi Provincial People’s Hospital, and Institute of Immunotherapy, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330008 China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Jiangxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, China
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Immunotherapy, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, China
| | - Lin-Qiang Deng
- Medical Laboratory, Jiangxi Provincial People’s Hospital, and Institute of Immunotherapy, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330008 China
| | - Hui Chen
- Medical Laboratory, Jiangxi Provincial People’s Hospital, and Institute of Immunotherapy, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330008 China
| | - Yu-Juan Zhang
- Medical Laboratory, Jiangxi Provincial People’s Hospital, and Institute of Immunotherapy, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330008 China
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Immunotherapy, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, China
| | - Nan-Jin Zhou
- Jiangxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, China
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Immunotherapy, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, China
| | - Keng Yuan
- Jiangxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, China
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Immunotherapy, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, China
| | - Li-Zhi Yu
- Medical Laboratory, Jiangxi Provincial People’s Hospital, and Institute of Immunotherapy, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330008 China
| | - Zhang-Hua Xiong
- Medical Laboratory, Jiangxi Provincial People’s Hospital, and Institute of Immunotherapy, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330008 China
| | - Xiao-Mei Gui
- Medical Laboratory, Jiangxi Provincial People’s Hospital, and Institute of Immunotherapy, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330008 China
| | - Yan-Rong Yu
- Jiangxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, China
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Immunotherapy, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, China
| | - Xiao-Mu Wu
- Medical Laboratory, Jiangxi Provincial People’s Hospital, and Institute of Immunotherapy, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330008 China
| | - Wei-Ping Min
- Medical Laboratory, Jiangxi Provincial People’s Hospital, and Institute of Immunotherapy, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330008 China
- Jiangxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, China
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Immunotherapy, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, China
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Correlation of Surface Toll-Like Receptor 9 Expression with IL-17 Production in Neutrophils during Septic Peritonitis in Mice Induced by E. coli. Mediators Inflamm 2016; 2016:3296307. [PMID: 27057095 PMCID: PMC4785266 DOI: 10.1155/2016/3296307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Revised: 12/31/2015] [Accepted: 01/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
IL-17 is a proinflammatory cytokine produced by various immune cells. Polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) are the first line of defense in bacterial infection and express surface Toll-like receptor 9 (sTLR9). To study the relationship of sTLR9 and IL-17 in PMNs during bacterial infection, we infected mice with E. coli intraperitoneally to establish a septic peritonitis model for studying the PMNs response in peritoneal cavity. We found that PMNs and some of "giant cells" were massively accumulated in the peritoneal cavity of mice with fatal septic peritonitis induced by E. coli. Kinetically, the CD11b(+) PMNs were increased from 20-40% at 18 hours to >80% at 72 hours after infection. After E. coli infection, sTLR9 expression on CD11b(+) and CD11b(-) PMNs and macrophages in the PLCs were increased at early stage and deceased at late stage; IL-17 expression was also increased in CD11b(+) PMNs, CD11b(-) PMNs, macrophages, and CD3(+) T cells. Using experiments of in vitro blockage, qRT-PCR and cell sorting, we confirmed that PMNs in the PLCs did increase their IL-17 expression during E. coli infection. Interestingly, sTLR9(-)CD11b(+)Ly6G(+) PMNs, not sTLR9(+)CD11b(+)Ly6G(+) PMNs, were found to be able to increase their IL-17 expression. Together, the data may help understand novel roles of PMNs in septic peritonitis.
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