1
|
Piemonti L, Citro A, Tomajer V, Partelli S, Caldara R. Pig Xenotransplantation in Beta Cell Replacement: Addressing Challenges and Harnessing Potential for Type 1 Diabetes Therapy. Transpl Int 2024; 37:13122. [PMID: 39512630 PMCID: PMC11540633 DOI: 10.3389/ti.2024.13122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 10/14/2024] [Indexed: 11/15/2024]
Abstract
This opinion paper evaluates the potential of porcine islets as a promising alternative in beta cell replacement therapy for Type 1 Diabetes (T1D), juxtaposed with the current limitations of human donor islets. It analyzes the compatibility of pig islets with human glucose metabolism, their prospects as a limitless and high-quality source of beta cells, and the unique immunogenic challenges they present in xenotransplantation. Additionally, the paper discusses the regulatory and ethical considerations pertinent to the use of porcine islets. By synthesizing current research and expert perspectives, the paper highlights both the opportunities and significant barriers that need addressing to advance pig islets as a viable therapeutic option. The findings advocate for a balanced and forward-looking approach to the integration of pig islets in T1D treatment, underscoring the need for continued research and dialogue in this evolving field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Piemonti
- Clinic Unit of Regenerative Medicine and Organ Transplants and Diabetes Research Institute, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
- Diabetes Research Institute, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Antonio Citro
- Clinic Unit of Regenerative Medicine and Organ Transplants and Diabetes Research Institute, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Valentina Tomajer
- Pancreatic Surgery, Pancreas Translational and Clinical Research Center, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Partelli
- Diabetes Research Institute, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
- Pancreatic Surgery, Pancreas Translational and Clinical Research Center, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Rossana Caldara
- Clinic Unit of Regenerative Medicine and Organ Transplants and Diabetes Research Institute, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Adams AB, Blumberg EA, Gill JS, Katz E, Kawai T, Schold JD, Sykes M, Tector A, Sachs DH. Enhancing Kidney Transplantation and the Role of Xenografts: Report of a Scientific Workshop Sponsored by the National Kidney Foundation. Am J Kidney Dis 2024; 84:94-101. [PMID: 38452918 PMCID: PMC11558888 DOI: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2023.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease affects an estimated 37 million people in the United States; of these,>800,000 have end-stage renal disease requiring chronic dialysis or a kidney transplant to survive. Despite efforts to increase the donor kidney supply, approximately 100,000 people are registered on the kidney transplant wait-list with no measurable decrease over the past 2 decades. The outcomes of kidney transplantation are significantly better than for chronic dialysis: kidney transplant recipients have lower rates of mortality and cardiovascular events and better quality of life, but wait-list time matters. Time on dialysis waiting for a deceased-donor kidney is a strong independent risk factor for outcomes after a kidney transplant. Deceased-donor recipients with wait-list times on dialysis of<6 months have graft survival rates equivalent to living-donor recipients with waitlist times on dialysis of>2 years. In 2021,>12,000 people had been on the kidney transplant waitlist for ≥5 years. As the gap between the demand for and availability of donor kidneys for allotransplantation continues to widen, alternative strategies are needed to provide a stable, sufficient, and timely supply. A strategy that is gaining momentum toward clinical application is pig-to-human kidney xenotransplantation. This report summarizes the proceedings of a meeting convened on April 11-12, 2022, by the National Kidney Foundation to review and assess the state of pig-to-human kidney xenotransplantation as a potential cure for end-stage renal disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew B Adams
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Emily A Blumberg
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - John S Gill
- Division of Nephrology, University of British Columbia, British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | | | - Tatsuo Kawai
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts; Center for Transplantation Sciences, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jesse D Schold
- Department of Surgery and Epidemiology, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Megan Sykes
- Department of Medicine, Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, and Department of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and Department of Surgery; Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Alfred Tector
- DeWitt Daughtry Family Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - David H Sachs
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts; Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts; Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wang Q, Huang YX, Liu L, Zhao XH, Sun Y, Mao X, Li SW. Pancreatic islet transplantation: current advances and challenges. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1391504. [PMID: 38887292 PMCID: PMC11180903 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1391504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Diabetes is a prevalent chronic disease that traditionally requires severe reliance on medication for treatment. Oral medication and exogenous insulin can only temporarily maintain blood glucose levels and do not cure the disease. Most patients need life-long injections of exogenous insulin. In recent years, advances in islet transplantation have significantly advanced the treatment of diabetes, allowing patients to discontinue exogenous insulin and avoid complications.Long-term follow-up results from recent reports on islet transplantation suggest that they provide significant therapeutic benefit although patients still require immunotherapy, suggesting the importance of future transplantation strategies. Although organ shortage remains the primary obstacle for the development of islet transplantation, new sources of islet cells, such as stem cells and porcine islet cells, have been proposed, and are gradually being incorporated into clinical research. Further research on new transplantation sites, such as the subcutaneous space and mesenteric fat, may eventually replace the traditional portal vein intra-islet cell infusion. Additionally, the immunological rejection reaction in islet transplantation will be resolved through the combined application of immunosuppressant agents, islet encapsulation technology, and the most promising mesenchymal stem cells/regulatory T cell and islet cell combined transplantation cell therapy. This review summarizes the progress achieved in islet transplantation, and discusses the research progress and potential solutions to the challenges faced.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yu-xi Huang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, Zhejiang, China
| | - Long Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-hong Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, Taizhou Hospital, Zhejiang University, Taizhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yi Sun
- MRL Global Medical Affairs, MSD China, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinli Mao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Minimally Invasive Techniques and Rapid Rehabilitation of Digestive System Tumor of Zhejiang Province, Taizhou Hospital Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shao-wei Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Minimally Invasive Techniques and Rapid Rehabilitation of Digestive System Tumor of Zhejiang Province, Taizhou Hospital Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, Zhejiang, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kioulaphides S, García AJ. Encapsulation and immune protection for type 1 diabetes cell therapy. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2024; 207:115205. [PMID: 38360355 PMCID: PMC10948298 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2024.115205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) involves the autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing β-cells in the pancreas. Exogenous insulin injections are the current therapy but are user-dependent and cannot fully recapitulate physiological insulin secretion dynamics. Since the emergence of allogeneic cell therapy for T1D, the Edmonton Protocol has been the most promising immunosuppression protocol for cadaveric islet transplantation, but the lack of donor islets, poor cell engraftment, and required chronic immunosuppression have limited its application as a therapy for T1D. Encapsulation in biomaterials on the nano-, micro-, and macro-scale offers the potential to integrate islets with the host and protect them from immune responses. This method can be applied to different cell types, including cadaveric, porcine, and stem cell-derived islets, mitigating the issue of a lack of donor cells. This review covers progress in the efforts to integrate insulin-producing cells from multiple sources to T1D patients as a form of cell therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Kioulaphides
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Andrés J García
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Hawthorne WJ. Ethical and legislative advances in xenotransplantation for clinical translation: focusing on cardiac, kidney and islet cell xenotransplantation. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1355609. [PMID: 38384454 PMCID: PMC10880189 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1355609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
In this state-of-the-art review we detail the journey of xenotransplantation from its infancy, detailing one of the first published cases and the subsequent journey the field took in its inception and development. With a focus on the science, technological advances, precautions required along with the potential limitations in application, the ethics, guidance's, and legislative advances that are required to reach the safe and efficacious clinical application of xenotransplantation. Along with a view over the past several decades with the overall significant advancements in pre-clinical study outcomes particularly in islet, kidney, and heart xenotransplantation, to ultimately reach the pinnacle of successful clinical heart and kidney xenotransplants. It outlines the importance for the appropriate guidance's required to have been developed by experts, scientists, clinicians, and other players who helped develop the field over the past decades. It also touches upon patient advocacy along with perspectives and expectations of patients, along with public opinion and media influence on the understanding and perception of xenotransplantation. It discusses the legislative environment in different jurisdictions which are reviewed in line with current clinical practices. All of which are ultimately based upon the guidance's developed from a strong long-term collaboration between the International Xenotransplantation Association, the World Health Organisation and The Transplantation Society; each having constantly undertaken consultation and outreach to help develop best practice for clinical xenotransplantation application. These clearly helped forge the legislative frameworks required along with harmonization and standardization of regulations which are detailed here. Also, in relation to the significant advances in the context of initial xeno-kidney trials and the even greater potential for clinical xeno-islet trials to commence we discuss the significant advantages of xenotransplantation and the ultimate benefit to our patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wayne J. Hawthorne
- The Centre for Transplant & Renal Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, NSW, Australia
- Department of Surgery, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Skepastianos G, Mallis P, Kostopoulos E, Michalopoulos E, Skepastianos V, Palazi C, Pannuto L, Tsourouflis G. Efficient Decellularization of the Full-Thickness Rat-Derived Abdominal Wall to Produce Acellular Biologic Scaffolds for Tissue Reconstruction: Promising Evidence Acquired from In Vitro Results. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:913. [PMID: 37627798 PMCID: PMC10451677 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10080913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Functional restoration of abdominal wall defects represents one of the fundamental challenges of reconstructive surgery. Synthetic grafts or crosslinked animal-derived biological grafts are characterized by significant adverse reactions, which are mostly observed after their implantation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of the decellularization protocol to produce a completely acellular full-thickness abdominal wall scaffold. METHODS Full-thickness abdominal wall samples were harvested from Wistar rats and submitted to a three-cycle decellularization process. Histological, biochemical, and DNA quantification analyses were applied to evaluate the effect of the decellularization protocol. Mechanical testing and immunogenicity assessment were also performed. RESULTS Histological, biochemical, and DNA analysis results showed efficient decellularization of the abdominal wall samples after the third cycle. Decellularized abdominal wall scaffolds were characterized by good biochemical and mechanical properties. CONCLUSION The data presented herein confirm the effective production of a rat-derived full-thickness abdominal wall scaffold. Expanding this approach will allow the exploitation of the capacity of the proposed decellularization protocol in producing acellular abdominal wall scaffolds from larger animal models or human cadaveric donors. In this way, the utility of biological scaffolds with preserved in vivo remodeling properties may be one step closer to its application in clinical studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- George Skepastianos
- Plastic Surgery Department, EANP Metaxa, National Hospital of Athens, 51 Botatsi Street, 185 37 Pireus, Greece; (G.S.); (E.K.); (V.S.); (C.P.)
- Center of Experimental Surgery, Biomedical Research Foundation Academy of Athens, 4 Soranou Ephessiou Street, 115 27 Athens, Greece
| | - Panagiotis Mallis
- Hellenic Cord Blood Bank, Biomedical Research Foundation Academy of Athens, 4 Soranou Ephessiou Street, 115 27 Athens, Greece;
| | - Epameinondas Kostopoulos
- Plastic Surgery Department, EANP Metaxa, National Hospital of Athens, 51 Botatsi Street, 185 37 Pireus, Greece; (G.S.); (E.K.); (V.S.); (C.P.)
| | - Efstathios Michalopoulos
- Hellenic Cord Blood Bank, Biomedical Research Foundation Academy of Athens, 4 Soranou Ephessiou Street, 115 27 Athens, Greece;
| | - Vasileios Skepastianos
- Plastic Surgery Department, EANP Metaxa, National Hospital of Athens, 51 Botatsi Street, 185 37 Pireus, Greece; (G.S.); (E.K.); (V.S.); (C.P.)
| | - Chrysoula Palazi
- Plastic Surgery Department, EANP Metaxa, National Hospital of Athens, 51 Botatsi Street, 185 37 Pireus, Greece; (G.S.); (E.K.); (V.S.); (C.P.)
| | - Lucia Pannuto
- Queen Victoria Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, East Grinstead RH19 3DZ, UK;
| | - Gerasimos Tsourouflis
- Second Department of Propedeutic Surgery, Medical School, University of Athens, 115 27 Athens, Greece;
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Hwang SA, Park KS, Kim WS, Shin KC, Ahn YR, Kim JS, Chee HK, Yang HS, Oh KB, Choi KM, Hwang JH, Hur CG, Yun IJ. Current Status of Genetically Engineered Pig to Monkey Kidney Xenotransplantation in Korea. Transplant Proc 2023:S0041-1345(23)00225-7. [PMID: 37179178 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2023.03.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In South Korea, pig-to-nonhuman primate trials of solid organs have only been performed recently, and the results are not sufficiently satisfactory to initiate clinical trials. Since November 2011, we have performed 30 kidney pig-to-nonhuman primate xenotransplantations at Konkuk University Hospital. METHODS Donor αGal-knockout-based transgenic pigs were obtained from 3 institutes. The knock-in genes were CD39, CD46, CD55, CD73, and thrombomodulin, and 2-4 transgenic modifications with GTKO were done. The recipient animal was the cynomolgus monkey. We used the immunosuppressants anti-CD154, rituximab, anti-thymocyte globulin, tacrolimus, mycophenolate mofetil, and steroids. RESULTS The mean survival duration of the recipients was 39 days. Except for a few cases for which survival durations were <2 days because of technical failure, 24 grafts survived for >7 days, with an average survival duration of 50 days. Long-term survival was observed 115 days after the removal of the contralateral kidney, which is currently the longest-recorded graft survival in Korea. We confirmed functioning grafts for the surviving transplanted kidneys after the second-look operation, and no signs of hyperacute rejection were observed. CONCLUSIONS Although our survival results are relatively poor, they are the best-recorded results in South Korea, and the ongoing results are improving. With the support of government funds and the volunteering activities of clinical experts, we aim to further improve our experiments and contribute to the commencement of clinical trials of kidney xenotransplantation in Korea.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sun Ae Hwang
- Department of Surgery, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyoung Sik Park
- Department of Surgery, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Wan Seop Kim
- Department of Pathology, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ki Cheul Shin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Konkuk University Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yu Rim Ahn
- Department of Surgery, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jun Seok Kim
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyun Keun Chee
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyun Suk Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Keon Bong Oh
- Animal Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Wanju-gun, Korea
| | - Ki Myung Choi
- Department of Transgenic Animal Research, Optipharm, Inc., Cheongju-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Ho Hwang
- Non-Human Primate Minipig Translational Toxicology Research, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jeonbuk, Korea
| | | | - Ik Jin Yun
- Department of Surgery, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zhou Q, Li T, Wang K, Zhang Q, Geng Z, Deng S, Cheng C, Wang Y. Current status of xenotransplantation research and the strategies for preventing xenograft rejection. Front Immunol 2022; 13:928173. [PMID: 35967435 PMCID: PMC9367636 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.928173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Transplantation is often the last resort for end-stage organ failures, e.g., kidney, liver, heart, lung, and pancreas. The shortage of donor organs is the main limiting factor for successful transplantation in humans. Except living donations, other alternatives are needed, e.g., xenotransplantation of pig organs. However, immune rejection remains the major challenge to overcome in xenotransplantation. There are three different xenogeneic types of rejections, based on the responses and mechanisms involved. It includes hyperacute rejection (HAR), delayed xenograft rejection (DXR) and chronic rejection. DXR, sometimes involves acute humoral xenograft rejection (AHR) and cellular xenograft rejection (CXR), which cannot be strictly distinguished from each other in pathological process. In this review, we comprehensively discussed the mechanism of these immunological rejections and summarized the strategies for preventing them, such as generation of gene knock out donors by different genome editing tools and the use of immunosuppressive regimens. We also addressed organ-specific barriers and challenges needed to pave the way for clinical xenotransplantation. Taken together, this information will benefit the current immunological research in the field of xenotransplantation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Zhou
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- Clinical Immunology Translational Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Sichuan Translational Medicine Research Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Ting Li
- Department of Rheumatology, Wenjiang District People’s Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Kaiwen Wang
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Qi Zhang
- School of Medicine, University of Electronics and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhuowen Geng
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Shaoping Deng
- Clinical Immunology Translational Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Sichuan Translational Medicine Research Hospital, Chengdu, China
- Institute of Organ Transplantation, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science and Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Chunming Cheng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, James Comprehensive Cancer Center and College of Medicine at The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
- *Correspondence: Chunming Cheng, ; Yi Wang,
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Chunming Cheng, ; Yi Wang,
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Yagyu S, Mochizuki H, Yamashima K, Kubo H, Saito S, Tanaka M, Sakamoto K, Shimoi A, Nakazawa Y. A lymphodepleted non-human primate model for the assessment of acute on-target and off-tumor toxicity of human chimeric antigen receptor-T cells. Clin Transl Immunology 2021; 10:e1291. [PMID: 34123382 PMCID: PMC8175993 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)‐T cell therapy possesses the potential to cause unexpected on‐target toxicities that may be life‐threatening. Non‐human primates (NHPs) share considerable structural homology and expression profiles of most proteins with humans and are therefore utilised as an animal model for non‐clinical safety studies. We have developed a lymphodepleted NHP model by conditioning the animals with immunosuppressive chemotherapy designed to simulate clinical practice conditions, to induce transient mixed chimerism before the administration of human CAR‐T cells redirected to target Ephrin type‐B receptor 4 (EPHB4‐CAR‐T cells) to evaluate the toxicity of these cells. Methods We administered 60 mg m−2 day−1 of fludarabine for 4 days and 30 mg kg−1 day−1 of cyclophosphamide for 2 days intravenously to cynomolgus macaques for lymphodepletion; then, 3.3 × 106 kg−1 of non‐transduced or EPHB4‐CAR‐T cells was infused into the macaques, respectively. All macaques were closely monitored and evaluated for potential toxicity for 7 days. Results Lymphodepletion was successfully achieved on day −1 before T‐cell infusion and persisted over 7 days without severe organ toxicities. A single administration of human EPHB4‐CAR‐T cells did not induce overt organ toxicities, although EPHB4‐CAR‐T cells were activated in vivo as evidenced by the elevation in copy numbers of the CAR transgene 24 h after infusion. Conclusion Although this NHP model is limited for the full evaluation of toxicity of human CAR‐T cells and the conditioning protocol should be further optimised, this lymphodepleted NHP model could be used to assess acute on‐target/off‐tumor toxicities of CAR‐T cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shigeki Yagyu
- Department of Pediatrics Graduate School of Medical Science Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine Kyoto Japan.,Center for Advanced Research of Gene and Cell Therapy in Shinshu University (CARS) Shinshu University School of Medicine Matsumoto Japan
| | - Hidemi Mochizuki
- Center for Advanced Research of Gene and Cell Therapy in Shinshu University (CARS) Shinshu University School of Medicine Matsumoto Japan.,Ina Research Inc. Ina Japan
| | - Kumiko Yamashima
- Department of Pediatrics Graduate School of Medical Science Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine Kyoto Japan.,Division of Cancer Immunotherapy Exploratory Oncology Research and Clinical Trial Center National Cancer Center Kashiwa Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kubo
- Department of Pediatrics Graduate School of Medical Science Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine Kyoto Japan
| | - Shoji Saito
- Center for Advanced Research of Gene and Cell Therapy in Shinshu University (CARS) Shinshu University School of Medicine Matsumoto Japan.,Department of Pediatrics Shinshu University School of Medicine Matsumoto Japan
| | - Miyuki Tanaka
- Center for Advanced Research of Gene and Cell Therapy in Shinshu University (CARS) Shinshu University School of Medicine Matsumoto Japan.,Department of Pediatrics Shinshu University School of Medicine Matsumoto Japan
| | | | - Akihito Shimoi
- Center for Advanced Research of Gene and Cell Therapy in Shinshu University (CARS) Shinshu University School of Medicine Matsumoto Japan.,Ina Research Inc. Ina Japan
| | - Yozo Nakazawa
- Center for Advanced Research of Gene and Cell Therapy in Shinshu University (CARS) Shinshu University School of Medicine Matsumoto Japan.,Department of Pediatrics Shinshu University School of Medicine Matsumoto Japan.,Institute for Biomedical Sciences Interdisciplinary Cluster for Cutting Edge Research Shinshu University Matsumoto Japan
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Hong SH, Kim HJ, Kang SJ, Park CG. Novel Immunomodulatory Approaches for Porcine Islet Xenotransplantation. Curr Diab Rep 2021; 21:3. [PMID: 33433735 DOI: 10.1007/s11892-020-01368-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Porcine islet xenotransplantation is a promising alternative to overcome the shortage of organ donors. For the successful application of islet xenotransplantation, robust immune/inflammatory responses against porcine islets should be thoroughly controlled. Over the last few decades, there have been numerous attempts to surmount xenogeneic immune barriers. In this review, we summarize the current progress in immunomodulatory therapy for the clinical application of porcine islet xenotransplantation. RECENT FINDINGS Long-term graft survival of porcine islets was achieved by using anti-CD154 Ab-based regimens in a preclinical non-human primate (NHP) model. However, owing to a serious complication of thromboembolism in clinical trials, the development of an anti-CD154 Ab-sparing immunosuppressant procedure is required. The efficacy of new immunosuppressive practices that employ anti-CD40 Abs or other immunosuppressive reagents has been tested in a NHP model to realize their utility in porcine islet xenotransplantation. The recent progress in the development of immunomodulatory approaches, including the immunosuppressive regimen, which enables long-term graft survival in a pig-to-non-human primate islet xenotransplantation model, with their potential clinical applicability was reviewed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- So-Hee Hong
- Xenotransplantation Research Center, Seoul National University, College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Seoul National University, College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Institute of Endemic Diseases, Seoul National University, College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University, College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University, College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyun-Je Kim
- Xenotransplantation Research Center, Seoul National University, College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Seoul National University, College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Institute of Endemic Diseases, Seoul National University, College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seong-Jun Kang
- Xenotransplantation Research Center, Seoul National University, College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Seoul National University, College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University, College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Chung-Gyu Park
- Xenotransplantation Research Center, Seoul National University, College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Seoul National University, College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
- Institute of Endemic Diseases, Seoul National University, College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University, College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University, College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
- Xenotransplantation Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, South Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Carvalho-Oliveira M, Valdivia E, Blasczyk R, Figueiredo C. Immunogenetics of xenotransplantation. Int J Immunogenet 2021; 48:120-134. [PMID: 33410582 DOI: 10.1111/iji.12526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Xenotransplantation may become the highly desired solution to close the gap between the availability of donated organs and number of patients on the waiting list. In recent years, enormous progress has been made in the development of genetically engineered donor pigs. The introduced genetic modifications showed to be efficient in prolonging xenograft survival. In this review, we focus on the type of immune responses that may target xeno-organs after transplantation and promising immunogenetic modifications that show a beneficial effect in ameliorating or eliminating harmful xenogeneic immune responses. Increasing histocompatibility of xenografts by eliminating genetic discrepancies between species will pave their way into clinical application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Carvalho-Oliveira
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Transplant Engineering, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,TRR127 - Biology of Xenogeneic Cell and Organ Transplantation - from bench to bedside, Hannover, Germany
| | - Emilio Valdivia
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Transplant Engineering, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Rainer Blasczyk
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Transplant Engineering, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Constanca Figueiredo
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Transplant Engineering, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,TRR127 - Biology of Xenogeneic Cell and Organ Transplantation - from bench to bedside, Hannover, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Aravalli RN. Generating liver using blastocyst complementation: Opportunities and challenges. Xenotransplantation 2020; 28:e12668. [PMID: 33372360 DOI: 10.1111/xen.12668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) is the only definitive treatment option for many patients with end-stage liver disease. Current supply of donor livers for OLT is not keeping up with the growing demand. To overcome this problem, a number of experimental strategies have been developed either to provide a bridge to transplant for patients on the waiting list or to bioengineer whole livers for OLT by replenishing them with fresh supplies of hepatic cells. In recent years, blastocyst complementation has emerged as the most promising approach for generating whole organs and, in combination with gene editing technology, it has revolutionized regenerative medicine. This methodology was successful in producing xenogeneic organs in animal hosts. Blastocyst complementation has the potential to produce whole livers in large animals that could be xenotransplanted in humans, thereby reducing the shortage of livers for OLT. However, significant experimental and ethical barriers remain for the production of human livers in domestic animals, such as the pig. This review summarizes the current knowledge and provides future perspectives for liver xenotransplantation in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rajagopal N Aravalli
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Science and Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Carvalho Oliveira M, Valdivia E, Verboom M, Yuzefovych Y, Sake HJ, Pogozhykh O, Niemann H, Schwinzer R, Petersen B, Seissler J, Blasczyk R, Figueiredo C. Generating low immunogenic pig pancreatic islet cell clusters for xenotransplantation. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:5070-5081. [PMID: 32212307 PMCID: PMC7205796 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.15136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Xenotransplantation of pancreatic islets offers a promising alternative to overcome the shortage of allogeneic donors. Despite significant advances, either immune rejection or oxygen supply in immune protected encapsulated islets remains major bottlenecks for clinical application. To decrease xenogeneic immune responses, we generated tissue engineered swine leucocyte antigen (SLA)‐silenced islet cell clusters (ICC). Single‐cell suspensions from pancreatic islets were generated by enzymatic digestion of porcine ICCs. Cells were silenced for SLA class I and class II by lentiviral vectors encoding for short hairpin RNAs targeting beta2‐microglobulin or class II transactivator, respectively. SLA‐silenced ICCs‐derived cells were then used to form new ICCs in stirred bioreactors in the presence of collagen VI. SLA class I silencing was designed to reach a level of up to 89% and class II by up to 81% on ICCs‐derived cells. Xenogeneic T cell immune responses, NK cell and antibody‐mediated cellular‐dependent immune responses were significantly decreased in SLA‐silenced cells. In stirred bioreactors, tissue engineered islets showed the typical 3D structure and insulin production. These data show the feasibility to generate low immunogenic porcine ICCs after single‐cell engineering and post‐transduction islet reassembling that might serve as an alternative to allogeneic pancreatic islet cell transplantation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Carvalho Oliveira
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Transregional Collaborative Research Centre 127, Munich, Germany
| | - Emilio Valdivia
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Murielle Verboom
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Yuliia Yuzefovych
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Hendrik Johannes Sake
- Transregional Collaborative Research Centre 127, Munich, Germany.,Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Farm Animal Genetics, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Olena Pogozhykh
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Heiner Niemann
- Transregional Collaborative Research Centre 127, Munich, Germany.,Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Farm Animal Genetics, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.,Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Reinhard Schwinzer
- Transregional Collaborative Research Centre 127, Munich, Germany.,Transplantation Laboratory, Clinic for General, Visceral and Transplantation-Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Björn Petersen
- Transregional Collaborative Research Centre 127, Munich, Germany.,Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Farm Animal Genetics, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Jochen Seissler
- Transregional Collaborative Research Centre 127, Munich, Germany.,Diabetes Center, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Rainer Blasczyk
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Constança Figueiredo
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Transregional Collaborative Research Centre 127, Munich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Lu T, Yang B, Wang R, Qin C. Xenotransplantation: Current Status in Preclinical Research. Front Immunol 2020; 10:3060. [PMID: 32038617 PMCID: PMC6989439 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.03060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing life expectancy of humans has led to a growing numbers of patients with chronic diseases and end-stage organ failure. Transplantation is an effective approach for the treatment of end-stage organ failure; however, the imbalance between organ supply and the demand for human organs is a bottleneck for clinical transplantation. Therefore, xenotransplantation might be a promising alternative approach to bridge the gap between the supply and demand of organs, tissues, and cells; however, immunological barriers are limiting factors in clinical xenotransplantation. Thanks to advances in gene-editing tools and immunosuppressive therapy as well as the prolonged xenograft survival time in pig-to-non-human primate models, clinical xenotransplantation has become more viable. In this review, we focus on the evolution and current status of xenotransplantation research, including our current understanding of the immunological mechanisms involved in xenograft rejection, genetically modified pigs used for xenotransplantation, and progress that has been made in developing pig-to-pig-to-non-human primate models. Three main types of rejection can occur after xenotransplantation, which we discuss in detail: (1) hyperacute xenograft rejection, (2) acute humoral xenograft rejection, and (3) acute cellular rejection. Furthermore, in studies on immunological rejection, genetically modified pigs have been generated to bridge cross-species molecular incompatibilities; in the last decade, most advances made in the field of xenotransplantation have resulted from the production of genetically engineered pigs; accordingly, we summarize the genetically modified pigs that are currently available for xenotransplantation. Next, we summarize the longest survival time of solid organs in preclinical models in recent years, including heart, liver, kidney, and lung xenotransplantation. Overall, we conclude that recent achievements and the accumulation of experience in xenotransplantation mean that the first-in-human clinical trial could be possible in the near future. Furthermore, we hope that xenotransplantation and various approaches will be able to collectively solve the problem of human organ shortage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tianyu Lu
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, The Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Beijing Engineering Research Center for Experimental Animal Models of Human Critical Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Bochao Yang
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, The Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Beijing Engineering Research Center for Experimental Animal Models of Human Critical Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Ruolin Wang
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, The Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Beijing Engineering Research Center for Experimental Animal Models of Human Critical Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Chuan Qin
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, The Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Beijing Engineering Research Center for Experimental Animal Models of Human Critical Diseases, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Indicators of impending pig kidney and heart xenograft failure: Relevance to clinical organ xenotransplantation - Review article. Int J Surg 2019; 70:84-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2019.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 08/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
16
|
Sake HJ, Frenzel A, Lucas-Hahn A, Nowak-Imialek M, Hassel P, Hadeler KG, Hermann D, Becker R, Eylers H, Hein R, Baars W, Brinkmann A, Schwinzer R, Niemann H, Petersen B. Possible detrimental effects of beta-2-microglobulin knockout in pigs. Xenotransplantation 2019; 26:e12525. [PMID: 31119817 DOI: 10.1111/xen.12525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite major improvements in pig-to-primate xenotransplantation, long-term survival of xenografts is still challenging. The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I, which is crucial in cellular immune response, is an important xenoantigen. Abrogating MHC class I expression on xenografts might be beneficial for extending graft survival beyond current limits. METHODS In this study, we employed the CRISPR/Cas9 system to target exon 2 of the porcine beta-2-microglobulin (B2M) gene to abrogate SLA class I expression on porcine cells. B2M-KO cells served as donor cells for somatic cell nuclear transfer, and cloned embryos were transferred to three recipient sows. The offspring were genotyped for mutations at the B2M locus, and blood samples were analyzed via flow cytometry for the absence of SLA class I molecules. RESULTS Pregnancies were successfully established and led to the birth of seven viable piglets. Genomic sequencing proved that all piglets carried biallelic modifications at the B2M locus leading to a frameshift, a premature stop codon, and ultimately a functional knockout. However, survival times of these animals did not exceed 4 weeks due to unexpected disease processes. CONCLUSION Here, we demonstrate the feasibility of generating SLA class I knockout pigs by targeting the porcine beta-2-microglobulin gene using the CRISPR/Cas9 system. Additionally, our findings indicate for the first time that this genetic modification might have a negative impact on the viability of the animals. These issues need to be solved to unveil the real value for xenotransplantation in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Antje Frenzel
- Institute of Farm Animal Genetics, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Neustadt, Germany
| | - Andrea Lucas-Hahn
- Institute of Farm Animal Genetics, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Neustadt, Germany
| | - Monika Nowak-Imialek
- Institute of Farm Animal Genetics, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Neustadt, Germany
| | - Petra Hassel
- Institute of Farm Animal Genetics, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Neustadt, Germany
| | - Klaus-Gerd Hadeler
- Institute of Farm Animal Genetics, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Neustadt, Germany
| | - Doris Hermann
- Institute of Farm Animal Genetics, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Neustadt, Germany
| | - Roswitha Becker
- Institute of Farm Animal Genetics, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Neustadt, Germany
| | - Heinke Eylers
- Institute of Farm Animal Genetics, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Neustadt, Germany
| | - Rabea Hein
- Transplant Laboratory, Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Wiebke Baars
- Transplant Laboratory, Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Antje Brinkmann
- Transplant Laboratory, Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Reinhard Schwinzer
- Transplant Laboratory, Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Heiner Niemann
- REBIRTH/Department of Gastroenterology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Björn Petersen
- Institute of Farm Animal Genetics, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Neustadt, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Pathak V, Pathak NM, O'Neill CL, Guduric-Fuchs J, Medina RJ. Therapies for Type 1 Diabetes: Current Scenario and Future Perspectives. CLINICAL MEDICINE INSIGHTS-ENDOCRINOLOGY AND DIABETES 2019; 12:1179551419844521. [PMID: 31105434 PMCID: PMC6501476 DOI: 10.1177/1179551419844521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is caused by autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing β cells located in the endocrine pancreas in areas known as islets of Langerhans. The current standard-of-care for T1D is exogenous insulin replacement therapy. Recent developments in this field include the hybrid closed-loop system for regulated insulin delivery and long-acting insulins. Clinical studies on prediction and prevention of diabetes-associated complications have demonstrated the importance of early treatment and glucose control for reducing the risk of developing diabetic complications. Transplantation of primary islets offers an effective approach for treating patients with T1D. However, this strategy is hampered by challenges such as the limited availability of islets, extensive death of islet cells, and poor vascular engraftment of islets post-transplantation. Accordingly, there are considerable efforts currently underway for enhancing islet transplantation efficiency by harnessing the beneficial actions of stem cells. This review will provide an overview of currently available therapeutic options for T1D, and discuss the growing evidence that supports the use of stem cell approaches to enhance therapeutic outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Varun Pathak
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Nupur Madhur Pathak
- The SAAD Centre for Pharmacy and Diabetes, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulster, Coleraine, United Kingdom
| | - Christina L O'Neill
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Jasenka Guduric-Fuchs
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Reinhold J Medina
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Li X, Meng Q, Zhang L. Overcoming Immunobiological Barriers Against Porcine Islet Xenografts: What Should Be Done? Pancreas 2019; 48:299-308. [PMID: 30855426 DOI: 10.1097/mpa.0000000000001259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Porcine islets might represent an ideal solution to the severe shortage of living donor islets available for transplantation and thus have great potential for the treatment of diabetes. Although tremendous progress has been achieved through recent experiments, the immune response remains a major obstacle. This review first describes the 3 major pathways of rejection: hyperacute rejection mediated by preformed natural antibodies and complement, instant blood-mediated inflammatory reactions, and acute cell-mediated rejection. Furthermore, this review examines immune-related strategies, including major advances, which have been shown to extend the life and/or function of porcine islets in vitro and in vivo: (1) genetic modification to make porcine islets more compatible with the recipient, (2) optimization of the newly defined biological agents that have been shown to promote long-term survival of xenografts in nonhuman primates, and (3) development of novel immunoisolation technologies that maintain the long-term survival of islet xenografts without the use of systemic immunosuppressive drugs. Finally, the clinical application of porcine islet transplantation is presented. Even though less clinical information is available, experimental data indicate that porcine islet xenografts are likely to become a standard treatment for patients with type 1 diabetes in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Li
- From the Department of General Surgery, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Li X, Meng Q, Zhang L. The Fate of Allogeneic Pancreatic Islets following Intraportal Transplantation: Challenges and Solutions. J Immunol Res 2018; 2018:2424586. [PMID: 30345316 PMCID: PMC6174795 DOI: 10.1155/2018/2424586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic islet transplantation as a therapeutic option for type 1 diabetes mellitus is gaining widespread attention because this approach can restore physiological insulin secretion, minimize the risk of hypoglycemic unawareness, and reduce the risk of death due to severe hypoglycemia. However, there are many obstacles contributing to the early mass loss of the islets and progressive islet loss in the late stages of clinical islet transplantation, including hypoxia injury, instant blood-mediated inflammatory reactions, inflammatory cytokines, immune rejection, metabolic exhaustion, and immunosuppression-related toxicity that is detrimental to the islet allograft. Here, we discuss the fate of intrahepatic islets infused through the portal vein and propose potential interventions to promote islet allograft survival and improve long-term graft function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Li
- Department of General Surgery, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 246 Xuefu Road, Harbin, 150086 Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Qiang Meng
- Department of General Surgery, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 246 Xuefu Road, Harbin, 150086 Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 246 Xuefu Road, Harbin, 150086 Heilongjiang Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Łopata K, Wojdas E, Nowak R, Łopata P, Mazurek U. Porcine Endogenous Retrovirus (PERV) - Molecular Structure and Replication Strategy in the Context of Retroviral Infection Risk of Human Cells. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:730. [PMID: 29755422 PMCID: PMC5932395 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The xenotransplantation of porcine tissues may help overcome the shortage of human organs for transplantation. However, there are some concerns about recipient safety because the risk of porcine endogenous retrovirus (PERV) transmission to human cells remains unknown. Although, to date, no PERV infections have been noted in vivo, the possibility of such infections has been confirmed in vitro. Better understanding of the structure and replication cycle of PERVs is a prerequisite for determining the risk of infection and planning PERV-detection strategies. This review presents the current state of knowledge about the structure and replication cycle of PERVs in the context of retroviral infection risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Łopata
- Department of Molecular Biology, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Emilia Wojdas
- Department of Molecular Biology, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland.,Department of Instrumental Analysis, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Roman Nowak
- Department of Molecular Biology, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Paweł Łopata
- Department of Molecular Biology, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Urszula Mazurek
- Department of Molecular Biology, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Febrero B, Ríos A, López-Navas A, Martínez-Alarcón L, Almela J, Ramis G, Ramírez P, Parrilla P. Teenagers and Their Future Role in Transplantation: An Analysis of Their Attitudes Toward Solid Organ Xenotransplantation. Transplant Proc 2018; 50:526-529. [DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2017.09.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
|
22
|
Meier RPH, Muller YD, Balaphas A, Morel P, Pascual M, Seebach JD, Buhler LH. Xenotransplantation: back to the future? Transpl Int 2018; 31:465-477. [PMID: 29210109 DOI: 10.1111/tri.13104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Revised: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The field of xenotransplantation has fluctuated between great optimism and doubts over the last 50 years. The initial clinical attempts were extremely ambitious but faced technical and ethical issues that prompted the research community to go back to preclinical studies. Important players left the field due to perceived xenozoonotic risks and the lack of progress in pig-to-nonhuman-primate transplant models. Initial apparently unsurmountable issues appear now to be possible to overcome due to progress of genetic engineering, allowing the generation of multiple-xenoantigen knockout pigs that express human transgenes and the genomewide inactivation of porcine endogenous retroviruses. These important steps forward were made possible by new genome editing technologies, such as CRISPR/Cas9, allowing researchers to precisely remove or insert genes anywhere in the genome. An additional emerging perspective is the possibility of growing humanized organs in pigs using blastocyst complementation. This article summarizes the current advances in xenotransplantation research in nonhuman primates, and it describes the newly developed genome editing technology tools and interspecific organ generation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raphael P H Meier
- Visceral and Transplant Surgery, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Yannick D Muller
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medical Specialties, University Hospitals and Medical Faculty, Geneva, Switzerland.,Transplantation Center, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Alexandre Balaphas
- Visceral and Transplant Surgery, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Philippe Morel
- Visceral and Transplant Surgery, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Manuel Pascual
- Transplantation Center, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jörg D Seebach
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medical Specialties, University Hospitals and Medical Faculty, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Leo H Buhler
- Visceral and Transplant Surgery, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Lee HS, Song S, Shin DY, Kim GS, Lee JH, Cho CW, Lee KW, Park H, Ahn C, Yang J, Yang HM, Park JB, Kim SJ. Enhanced effect of human mesenchymal stem cells expressing human TNF-αR-Fc and HO-1 gene on porcine islet xenotransplantation in humanized mice. Xenotransplantation 2017; 25. [DOI: 10.1111/xen.12342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Han-Sin Lee
- Transplantation Research Center; Samsung Biomedical Research Institute; Seoul Korea
- Samsung Medical Center; Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine Institute; Seoul Korea
| | - Sanghyun Song
- Department of Surgery; Dankook University College of Medicine; Dankook University Hospital; Cheonam Korea
| | - Du Yeon Shin
- Transplantation Research Center; Samsung Biomedical Research Institute; Seoul Korea
- Samsung Medical Center; Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine Institute; Seoul Korea
- Department of Health Sciences & Technology; Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences & Technology; Graduate School; Sungkyunkwan University; Seoul Korea
| | - Geun-Soo Kim
- Transplantation Research Center; Samsung Biomedical Research Institute; Seoul Korea
- Samsung Medical Center; Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine Institute; Seoul Korea
| | - Jong-Hyun Lee
- Transplantation Research Center; Samsung Biomedical Research Institute; Seoul Korea
- Samsung Medical Center; Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine Institute; Seoul Korea
| | - Chan Woo Cho
- Department of Surgery; Samsung Medical Center; Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine; Seoul Korea
| | - Kyo Won Lee
- Department of Surgery; Samsung Medical Center; Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine; Seoul Korea
| | - Hyojun Park
- Transplantation Research Center; Samsung Biomedical Research Institute; Seoul Korea
- Samsung Medical Center; Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine Institute; Seoul Korea
- Department of Surgery; Samsung Medical Center; Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine; Seoul Korea
| | - Curie Ahn
- Transplantation Center; Seoul National University Hospital; Seoul Korea
| | - Jaeseok Yang
- Transplantation Center; Seoul National University Hospital; Seoul Korea
| | - Heung-Mo Yang
- Transplantation Research Center; Samsung Biomedical Research Institute; Seoul Korea
- Samsung Medical Center; Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine Institute; Seoul Korea
- Department of Medicine; Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine; Kyunggi Korea
| | - Jae Berm Park
- Transplantation Research Center; Samsung Biomedical Research Institute; Seoul Korea
- Samsung Medical Center; Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine Institute; Seoul Korea
- Department of Surgery; Samsung Medical Center; Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine; Seoul Korea
| | - Sung-Joo Kim
- Transplantation Research Center; Samsung Biomedical Research Institute; Seoul Korea
- Samsung Medical Center; Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine Institute; Seoul Korea
- Department of Health Sciences & Technology; Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences & Technology; Graduate School; Sungkyunkwan University; Seoul Korea
- Department of Surgery; Samsung Medical Center; Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine; Seoul Korea
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
|
25
|
Beshr G, Sikandar A, Jemiller EM, Klymiuk N, Hauck D, Wagner S, Wolf E, Koehnke J, Titz A. Photorhabdus luminescens lectin A (PllA): A new probe for detecting α-galactoside-terminating glycoconjugates. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:19935-19951. [PMID: 28972138 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.812792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Revised: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Lectins play important roles in infections by pathogenic bacteria, for example, in host colonization, persistence, and biofilm formation. The Gram-negative entomopathogenic bacterium Photorhabdus luminescens symbiotically lives in insect-infecting Heterorhabditis nematodes and kills the insect host upon invasion by the nematode. The P. luminescens genome harbors the gene plu2096, coding for a novel lectin that we named PllA. We analyzed the binding properties of purified PllA with a glycan array and a binding assay in solution. Both assays revealed a strict specificity of PllA for α-galactoside-terminating glycoconjugates. The crystal structures of apo PllA and complexes with three different ligands revealed the molecular basis for the strict specificity of this lectin. Furthermore, we found that a 90° twist in subunit orientation leads to a peculiar quaternary structure compared with that of its ortholog LecA from Pseudomonas aeruginosa We also investigated the utility of PllA as a probe for detecting α-galactosides. The α-Gal epitope is present on wild-type pig cells and is the main reason for hyperacute organ rejection in pig to primate xenotransplantation. We noted that PllA specifically recognizes this epitope on the glycan array and demonstrated that PllA can be used as a fluorescent probe to detect this epitope on primary porcine cells in vitro In summary, our biochemical and structural analyses of the P. luminescens lectin PllA have disclosed the structural basis for PllA's high specificity for α-galactoside-containing ligands, and we show that PllA can be used to visualize the α-Gal epitope on porcine tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ghamdan Beshr
- From the Divisions of Chemical Biology of Carbohydrates and.,the Deutsches Zentrum für Infektionsforschung (DZIF), Standort Hannover-Braunschweig.,the Department of Pharmacy, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, and
| | - Asfandyar Sikandar
- the Department of Pharmacy, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, and.,Structural Biology of Biosynthetic Enzymes, Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), D-66123 Saarbrücken
| | - Eva-Maria Jemiller
- the Chair for Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center and Department of Veterinary Sciences, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Nikolai Klymiuk
- the Chair for Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center and Department of Veterinary Sciences, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Dirk Hauck
- From the Divisions of Chemical Biology of Carbohydrates and.,the Deutsches Zentrum für Infektionsforschung (DZIF), Standort Hannover-Braunschweig
| | - Stefanie Wagner
- From the Divisions of Chemical Biology of Carbohydrates and.,the Deutsches Zentrum für Infektionsforschung (DZIF), Standort Hannover-Braunschweig
| | - Eckhard Wolf
- the Chair for Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center and Department of Veterinary Sciences, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Jesko Koehnke
- the Department of Pharmacy, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, and .,Structural Biology of Biosynthetic Enzymes, Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), D-66123 Saarbrücken
| | - Alexander Titz
- From the Divisions of Chemical Biology of Carbohydrates and .,the Deutsches Zentrum für Infektionsforschung (DZIF), Standort Hannover-Braunschweig.,the Department of Pharmacy, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, and
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Marx H, Hahne H, Ulbrich SE, Schnieke A, Rottmann O, Frishman D, Kuster B. Annotation of the Domestic Pig Genome by Quantitative Proteogenomics. J Proteome Res 2017. [PMID: 28625053 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.7b00184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The pig is one of the earliest domesticated animals in the history of human civilization and represents one of the most important livestock animals. The recent sequencing of the Sus scrofa genome was a major step toward the comprehensive understanding of porcine biology, evolution, and its utility as a promising large animal model for biomedical and xenotransplantation research. However, the functional and structural annotation of the Sus scrofa genome is far from complete. Here, we present mass spectrometry-based quantitative proteomics data of nine juvenile organs and six embryonic stages between 18 and 39 days after gestation. We found that the data provide evidence for and improve the annotation of 8176 protein-coding genes including 588 novel and 321 refined gene models. The analysis of tissue-specific proteins and the temporal expression profiles of embryonic proteins provides an initial functional characterization of expressed protein interaction networks and modules including as yet uncharacterized proteins. Comparative transcript and protein expression analysis to human organs reveal a moderate conservation of protein translation across species. We anticipate that this resource will facilitate basic and applied research on Sus scrofa as well as its porcine relatives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Dmitrij Frishman
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology , German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.,St Petersburg State Polytechnical University , St Petersburg, Russia
| | - Bernhard Kuster
- Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich , Munich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Liu Z, Hu W, He T, Dai Y, Hara H, Bottino R, Cooper DKC, Cai Z, Mou L. Pig-to-Primate Islet Xenotransplantation: Past, Present, and Future. Cell Transplant 2017; 26:925-947. [PMID: 28155815 PMCID: PMC5657750 DOI: 10.3727/096368917x694859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Islet allotransplantation results in increasing success in treating type 1 diabetes, but the shortage of deceased human donor pancreata limits progress. Islet xenotransplantation, using pigs as a source of islets, is a promising approach to overcome this limitation. The greatest obstacle is the primate immune/inflammatory response to the porcine (pig) islets, which may take the form of rapid early graft rejection (the instant blood-mediated inflammatory reaction) or T-cell-mediated rejection. These problems are being resolved by the genetic engineering of the source pigs combined with improved immunosuppressive therapy. The results of pig-to-diabetic nonhuman primate islet xenotransplantation are steadily improving, with insulin independence being achieved for periods >1 year. An alternative approach is to isolate islets within a micro- or macroencapsulation device aimed at protecting them from the human recipient's immune response. Clinical trials using this approach are currently underway. This review focuses on the major aspects of pig-to-primate islet xenotransplantation and its potential for treatment of type 1 diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhengzhao Liu
- Shenzhen Xenotransplantation Medical Engineering Research and Development Center, Institute of Translational Medicine, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Wenbao Hu
- Shenzhen Xenotransplantation Medical Engineering Research and Development Center, Institute of Translational Medicine, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Tian He
- Shenzhen Xenotransplantation Medical Engineering Research and Development Center, Institute of Translational Medicine, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Yifan Dai
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Xenotransplantation, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Hidetaka Hara
- Xenotransplantation Program/Department of Surgery, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Rita Bottino
- Institute for Cellular Therapeutics, Allegheny-Singer Research Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - David K. C. Cooper
- Xenotransplantation Program/Department of Surgery, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Zhiming Cai
- Shenzhen Xenotransplantation Medical Engineering Research and Development Center, Institute of Translational Medicine, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Lisha Mou
- Shenzhen Xenotransplantation Medical Engineering Research and Development Center, Institute of Translational Medicine, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Jung SH, Hwang JH, Kim SE, Young Kyu K, Park HC, Lee HT. The potentiating effect of hTFPI in the presence of hCD47 reduces the cytotoxicity of human macrophages. Xenotransplantation 2017; 24. [PMID: 28393401 DOI: 10.1111/xen.12301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Revised: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In pig-to-human xenotransplantation, hyperacute rejection of pig organs could be overcome by the production of α1,3-galactosyltransferase knockout pigs. However, macrophage-mediated acute rejection is another obstacle that needs to be overcome. Among the various candidate genes involved in acute rejection, CD47 inhibits monocyte/macrophage-mediated phagocytosis by identifying the CD47 signal regulatory protein alpha (SIRP-α) as self/non-self. Tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) is involved in the regulation of the coagulation pathway and is able to bind to another ligand of CD47, thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1). When TSP-1 binds to CD47, phagocytosis in macrophages is increased. METHODS The 2A peptide system was used to establish pig kidney cells (PK15) simultaneously expressing human CD47 and human TFPI, and they were cultured with activated THP-1 cells. After staining with 7-aminoactinomycin D, flow cytometry analysis was carried out. TFPI siRNA analysis and recombinant human TFPI (rhTFPI) treatment were performed to determine the potentiating effect of TFPI on pig cells for activated THP-1 cells in the presence of CD47. Related inflammatory cytokines produced by activated THP-1 cells were analyzed using qPCR and Western blot technique. In addition, the tyrosine phosphorylation level of SIRP-α in activated THP-1 cells was analyzed using immunoprecipitation and Western blot. RESULTS hCD47/hTFPI-PK15 cells survived better than hCD47-PK15, hTFPI-PK15, or normal PK15 cells on cytotoxicity tests using activated THP-1 cells. TSP-1, derived from these activated THP-1 cells, served as a mediator for this enhancing effect, and it also played a role in activated adherent peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). The tyrosine phosphorylation level of SIRP-α in activated THP-1 cells was further increased in the case of co-expression of CD47/TFPI than in individual non-expression or expression of CD47 or TFPI alone. CONCLUSIONS When hCD47 was expressed, the expression of hTFPI leaded to tyrosine phosphorylation of SIRP-α in activated THP-1 cells via hTSP-1 inhibition, and consequently, it might improve the effect of hCD47-SIRP-a signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sung Han Jung
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jeong Ho Hwang
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea.,Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jeongeup-si, Jeollabuk-do, Korea
| | - Sang Eun Kim
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kim Young Kyu
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyo Chang Park
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hoon Taek Lee
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Hussein KH, Park KM, Kang KS, Woo HM. Biocompatibility evaluation of tissue-engineered decellularized scaffolds for biomedical application. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2016; 67:766-778. [PMID: 27287176 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2016.05.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Revised: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Biomaterials based on seeding of cells on decellularized scaffolds have gained increasing interest in the last few years and suggested to serve as an alternative approach to bioengineer artificial organs and tissues for transplantation. The reaction of the host toward the decellularized scaffold and transplanted cells depends on the biocompatibility of the construct. Before proceeding to the clinical application step of decellularized scaffolds, it is greatly important to apply a number of biocompatibility tests in vitro and in vivo. This review describes the different methodology involved in cytotoxicity, pathogenicity, immunogenicity and biodegradability testing for evaluating the biocompatibility of various decellularized matrices obtained from human or animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kamal Hany Hussein
- Stem Cell Institute, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 200-701, Korea; Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, South Korea; Adult Stem Cell Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Kyung-Mee Park
- Stem Cell Institute, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 200-701, Korea; Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, South Korea; Adult Stem Cell Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Kyung-Sun Kang
- Adult Stem Cell Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea; Institue of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 200-701, South Korea
| | - Heung-Myong Woo
- Stem Cell Institute, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 200-701, Korea; Institue of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 200-701, South Korea; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA 02115, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Ríos A, López-Navas A, López-López A, Gómez FJ, Iriarte J, Herruzo R, Blanco G, Llorca FJ, Asunsolo A, Sánchez P, Gutiérrez PR, Fernández A, de Jesús MT, Martínez Alarcón L, Lana A, Fuentes L, Hernández JR, Virseda J, Yelamos J, Bondía JA, Hernández A, Ayala MA, Ramis G, Ramírez P, Parrilla P. The level of acceptance of spanish medical students of the transplantation of solid organs from animals: a stratified and multicentre study. Xenotransplantation 2015; 22:476-86. [PMID: 26602493 DOI: 10.1111/xen.12208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Research into the transplantation of solid organs from animals (xenotransplantation) is generating interest and curiosity given that this could be a way of resolving the shortage in transplant organs. However, the fact is that currently xenotransplantation is far from becoming a clinical practice. OBJECTIVE To analyse the attitude of medical students from Spanish universities towards the donation of organs from animals and to determine the factors affecting their attitudes. MATERIAL AND METHODS TYPE OF STUDY A sociological, interdisciplinary, observational and multicentre study in Spain. STUDY POPULATION Students enrolled on the medical degree in Spain (n = 34 000). SAMPLE SIZE A sample of 9598 students (a confidence level of 99% and precision of ± 1%) stratified by geographical area and academic year. Instrument of measurement: A validated questionnaire of attitude towards organ xenotransplantation (PCID-XenoTx RIOS) which was self-administered and completed anonymously. RESULTS A completion rate of 95.7% (n = 9275) was obtained. If the results of xenotransplantation were as good as in human donation, 81% (n = 7491) would be in favour, 3% (n = 308) against and 16% (n = 1476) undecided. The following variables affected this attitude: sex (P < 0.001); academic year (P < 0.001); discussion of transplantation with one's family (P < 0.001) and friends (P < 0.001); the opinion of one's partner (P < 0.001); the respondent's attitude towards organ donation (P < 0.001); religion (P < 0.001); and participation in altruistic activities (P < 0.001). The following variables persisted in the multivariate analysis: (1) being a female (OR = 1.794; P < 0.001); (2) academic year (OR = 2.487; P < 0.001); (3) having spoken about the issue with one's family (OR = 1.200; P = 0.019); (4) the favourable opinion of one's partner (OR = 1.526; P = 0.028); (5) an attitude in favour of donation (OR = 2.087; P < 0.001); (6) being an atheist/agnostic, (OR = 2.5; P < 0.001); and (7) a belief that one's religion is in favour of transplantation (OR = 1.317; P = 0.005). CONCLUSIONS Spanish medical students have a favourable attitude towards xenotransplantation. This willingness and interest could be a decisive platform for the development and strengthening of research, both for centres with a pre-clinical xenotransplantation programme and new healthcare centres.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Ríos
- International Collaborative Donor Project ("Proyecto Colaborativo Internacional Donante"), Murcia, Spain.,Department of Surgery, Paediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.,Transplant Unit, Surgery Service, IMIB - Virgen de la Arrixaca University Hospital, Murcia, Spain.,Regional Transplant Centre, Consejería de Sanidad y Consumo de la Región de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Ana López-Navas
- International Collaborative Donor Project ("Proyecto Colaborativo Internacional Donante"), Murcia, Spain.,Department of Psychology, Universidad Católica San Antonio (UCAM), Murcia, Spain
| | - Ana López-López
- Department of Urology, San Juan University Hospital of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Gerardo Blanco
- Servicio de Cirugía HBP y Trasplante Hepático, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Badajoz, Hospital Infanta Cristina, Badajoz, Spain
| | | | - Angel Asunsolo
- Departamento de Cirugía, Ciencias Médicas y Sociales, Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Alcalá Campus Científico-Tecnológico, Alcala de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar Sánchez
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Pedro Ramón Gutiérrez
- Servicio de Urología (Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Canarias, CHUC) y Departamento de Cirugía (Universidad de La Laguna, ULL) San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Ana Fernández
- Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas Básicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Laura Martínez Alarcón
- International Collaborative Donor Project ("Proyecto Colaborativo Internacional Donante"), Murcia, Spain.,Transplant Unit, Surgery Service, IMIB - Virgen de la Arrixaca University Hospital, Murcia, Spain
| | - Alberto Lana
- Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Área de Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Lorena Fuentes
- Departamento de Farmacología y Fisiología Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud y del Deporte, Universidad de Zaragoza, Huesca, Spain
| | | | | | - José Yelamos
- Department of Immunology, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Antonio Hernández
- Endocrinology and Nutrition Service, Unidad de Docencia y Formación Continuada, Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, El Palmar, Servicio Murciano de Salud, El Palmar, Spain
| | - Marco Antonio Ayala
- Hospital Regional de Alta Especialidad del Bajío, León, Mexico.,HGSZ No. 10 del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social Delegación Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | | | - Pablo Ramírez
- International Collaborative Donor Project ("Proyecto Colaborativo Internacional Donante"), Murcia, Spain.,Department of Surgery, Paediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.,Transplant Unit, Surgery Service, IMIB - Virgen de la Arrixaca University Hospital, Murcia, Spain.,Regional Transplant Centre, Consejería de Sanidad y Consumo de la Región de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Pascual Parrilla
- Department of Surgery, Paediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.,Transplant Unit, Surgery Service, IMIB - Virgen de la Arrixaca University Hospital, Murcia, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Zhu H, Yu L, He Y, Lyu Y, Wang B. Microencapsulated Pig Islet Xenotransplantation as an Alternative Treatment of Diabetes. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2015; 21:474-89. [PMID: 26028249 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2014.0499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Haitao Zhu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
- Heart Center, Northwest Women's and Children's Hospital, Xi'an, China
| | - Liang Yu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yayi He
- Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yi Lyu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
- Institute of Advanced Surgical Technology and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Bo Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
- Institute of Advanced Surgical Technology and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Adams AB, Kitchens WH, Newell KA. Experimental models in discovery and translational studies. Transpl Immunol 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/9781119072997.ch16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
33
|
Higginbotham L, Ford ML, Newell KA, Adams AB. Preventing T cell rejection of pig xenografts. Int J Surg 2015; 23:285-290. [PMID: 26306770 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2015.07.722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Xenotransplantation is a potential solution to the limited supply of donor organs. While early barriers to xenograft acceptance, such as hyperacute rejection, are now largely avoided through genetic engineering, the next frontier in successful xenograft survival will require prevention of T cell-mediated rejection. Most successful immunosuppressive regimens in xenotransplantation utilize T cell depletion with antibody therapy. Additionally, the use of T cell costimulatory blockade - specifically blockade of the CD40-CD154 pathway - shows promise with several reports of long-term xenograft survival. Additional therapies, such as transgenic expression of T cell coinhibitory molecules or transfer of immunomodulatory cells to promote tolerance, may be necessary to achieve reliable long-term xenograft acceptance. Further studies in pre-clinical models are essential in order to optimize these regimens prior to trials in patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Higginbotham
- Emory Transplant Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Mandy L Ford
- Emory Transplant Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Kenneth A Newell
- Emory Transplant Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Andrew B Adams
- Emory Transplant Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Zhu HT, Yu L, Lyu Y, Wang B. Optimal pig donor selection in islet xenotransplantation: current status and future perspectives. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2015; 15:681-91. [PMID: 25091986 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b1400120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Islet transplantation is an attractive treatment of type 1 diabetes mellitus. Xenotransplantation, using the pig as a donor, offers the possibility of an unlimited supply of islet grafts. Published studies demonstrated that pig islets could function in diabetic primates for a long time (>6 months). However, pig-islet xenotransplantation must overcome the selection of an optimal pig donor to obtain an adequate supply of islets with high-quality, to reduce xeno-antigenicity of islet and prolong xenograft survival, and to translate experimental findings into clinical application. This review discusses the suitable pig donor for islet xenotransplantation in terms of pig age, strain, structure/function of islet, and genetically modified pig.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hai-tao Zhu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Dittrich R, Lotz L, Fehm T, Krüssel J, von Wolff M, Toth B, van der Ven H, Schüring AN, Würfel W, Hoffmann I, Beckmann MW. Xenotransplantation of cryopreserved human ovarian tissue--a systematic review of MII oocyte maturation and discussion of it as a realistic option for restoring fertility after cancer treatment. Fertil Steril 2015; 103:1557-65. [PMID: 25881879 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2015.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Revised: 02/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To systematically review the reporting of MII (MII) oocyte development after xenotransplantation of human ovarian tissue. DESIGN Systematic review in accordance with the guidelines of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA). SETTING Not applicable. PATIENT(S) Not applicable. INTERVENTION(S) Formation of MII oocytes after xenotransplantation of human ovarian tissue. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Any outcome reported in Pubmed. RESULT(S) Six publications were identified that report on formation of MII oocytes after xenotransplantation of human ovarian tissue. CONCLUSION(S) Xenografting of human ovarian tissue has proved to be a useful model for examining ovarian function and follicle development in vivo. With human follicles that have matured through xenografting, the possibility of cancer transmission and relapse can also be eliminated, because cancer cells are not able to penetrate the zona pellucida. The reported studies have demonstrated that xenografted ovarian tissue from a range of species, including humans, can produce antral follicles that contain mature (MII) oocytes, and it has been shown that mice oocytes have the potential to give rise to live young. Although some ethical questions remain unresolved, xenotransplantation may be a promising method for restoring fertility. This review furthermore describes the value of xenotransplantation as a tool in reproductive biology and discusses the ethical and potential safety issues regarding ovarian tissue xenotransplantation as a means of recovering fertility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Dittrich
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Erlangen University Hospital, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Laura Lotz
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Erlangen University Hospital, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Tanja Fehm
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Düsseldorf University Hospital, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jan Krüssel
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Düsseldorf University Hospital, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Michael von Wolff
- Division of Gynecologic Endocrinology and Reproductive Medicine, University Women's Hospital, Berne, Switzerland
| | - Bettina Toth
- Department of Gynecologic Endocrinology and Fertility Disorders, Ruprecht-Karls University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hans van der Ven
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Bonn University Hospital, Bonn, Germany
| | - Andreas N Schüring
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, UKM Kinderwunschzentrum, Münster University Hospital, Münster, Germany
| | | | - Inge Hoffmann
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Erlangen University Hospital, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Matthias W Beckmann
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Erlangen University Hospital, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Kourtzelis I, Magnusson PU, Kotlabova K, Lambris JD, Chavakis T. Regulation of Instant Blood Mediated Inflammatory Reaction (IBMIR) in Pancreatic Islet Xeno-Transplantation: Points for Therapeutic Interventions. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2015; 865:171-88. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-18603-0_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
|
37
|
Zeyland J, Lipiński D, Słomski R. The current state of xenotransplantation. J Appl Genet 2014; 56:211-8. [PMID: 25487710 PMCID: PMC4412840 DOI: 10.1007/s13353-014-0261-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Revised: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Pigs as a source of grafts for xenotransplantation can help to overcome the rapidly growing shortage of human donors. However, in the case of pig-to-human transplantation, the antibody-xenoantigen complexes lead to the complement activation and immediate hyperacute rejection. Methods eliminating hyperacute rejection (HAR) include α1,3-galactosyltransferase (GGTA1) inactivation, regulation of the complement system and modification of the oligosaccharide structure of surface proteins. The humoral immune response control and reduction of the risk of coagulation disorders are the priority tasks in attempts to overcome acute humoral xenograft rejection that may occur after the elimination of HAR. The primary targets for research are connected with the identification of obstacles and development of strategies to tackle them. Because of the magnitude of factors involved in the immune, genetic engineers face a serious problem of producing multitransgenic animals in the shortest possible time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Zeyland
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Poznan, Dojazd 11, 60-632, Poland,
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Prediction of individual response to anticancer therapy: historical and future perspectives. Cell Mol Life Sci 2014; 72:729-57. [PMID: 25387856 PMCID: PMC4309902 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-014-1772-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2012] [Revised: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Since the introduction of chemotherapy for cancer treatment in the early 20th century considerable efforts have been made to maximize drug efficiency and at the same time minimize side effects. As there is a great interpatient variability in response to chemotherapy, the development of predictive biomarkers is an ambitious aim for the rapidly growing research area of personalized molecular medicine. The individual prediction of response will improve treatment and thus increase survival and life quality of patients. In the past, cell cultures were used as in vitro models to predict in vivo response to chemotherapy. Several in vitro chemosensitivity assays served as tools to measure miscellaneous endpoints such as DNA damage, apoptosis and cytotoxicity or growth inhibition. Twenty years ago, the development of high-throughput technologies, e.g. cDNA microarrays enabled a more detailed analysis of drug responses. Thousands of genes were screened and expression levels were correlated to drug responses. In addition, mutation analysis became more and more important for the prediction of therapeutic success. Today, as research enters the area of -omics technologies, identification of signaling pathways is a tool to understand molecular mechanism underlying drug resistance. Combining new tissue models, e.g. 3D organoid cultures with modern technologies for biomarker discovery will offer new opportunities to identify new drug targets and in parallel predict individual responses to anticancer therapy. In this review, we present different currently used chemosensitivity assays including 2D and 3D cell culture models and several -omics approaches for the discovery of predictive biomarkers. Furthermore, we discuss the potential of these assays and biomarkers to predict the clinical outcome of individual patients and future perspectives.
Collapse
|
39
|
|
40
|
Mohiuddin MM, Singh AK, Corcoran PC, Hoyt RF, Thomas ML, Ayares D, Horvath KA. Genetically engineered pigs and target-specific immunomodulation provide significant graft survival and hope for clinical cardiac xenotransplantation. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2014; 148:1106-13; discussion 1113-4. [PMID: 24998698 PMCID: PMC4135017 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2014.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Revised: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Cardiac transplantation and available mechanical alternatives are the only possible solutions for end-stage cardiac disease. Unfortunately, because of the limited supply of human organs, xenotransplantation may be the ideal method to overcome this shortage. We have recently seen significant prolongation of heterotopic cardiac xenograft survival from 3 to 12 months and beyond. METHODS Hearts from genetically engineered piglets that were alpha 1-3 galactosidase transferase knockout and expressed the human complement regulatory gene, CD46 (groups A-C), and the human thrombomodulin gene (group D) were heterotropically transplanted in baboons treated with antithymocyte globulin, cobra venom factor, anti-CD20 antibody, and costimulation blockade (anti-CD154 antibody [clone 5C8]) in group A, anti-CD40 antibody (clone 3A8; 20 mg/kg) in group B, clone 2C10R4 (25 mg/kg) in group C, or clone 2C10R4 (50 mg/kg) in group D, along with conventional nonspecific immunosuppressive agents. RESULTS Group A grafts (n = 8) survived for an average of 70 days, with the longest survival of 236 days. Some animals in this group (n = 3) developed microvascular thrombosis due to platelet activation and consumption, which resulted in spontaneous hemorrhage. The median survival time was 21 days in group B (n = 3), 80 days in group C (n = 6), and more than 200 days in group D (n = 5). Three grafts in group D are still contracting well, with the longest ongoing graft survival surpassing the 1-year mark. CONCLUSIONS Genetically engineered pig hearts (GTKOhTg.hCD46.hTBM) with modified targeted immunosuppression (anti-CD40 monoclonal antibody) achieved long-term cardiac xenograft survival. This potentially paves the way for clinical xenotransplantation if similar survival can be reproduced in an orthotopic transplantation model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad M Mohiuddin
- Cardiothoracic Surgery Research Program, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md.
| | - Avneesh K Singh
- Cardiothoracic Surgery Research Program, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md
| | - Philip C Corcoran
- Cardiothoracic Surgery Research Program, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md
| | - Robert F Hoyt
- Laboratory Animal Sciences Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc, Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, Md
| | - Marvin L Thomas
- Division of Veterinary Resources, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md
| | | | - Keith A Horvath
- Cardiothoracic Surgery Research Program, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Hawthorne WJ, Salvaris EJ, Phillips P, Hawkes J, Liuwantara D, Burns H, Barlow H, Stewart AB, Peirce SB, Hu M, Lew AM, Robson SC, Nottle MB, D'Apice AJF, O'Connell PJ, Cowan PJ. Control of IBMIR in neonatal porcine islet xenotransplantation in baboons. Am J Transplant 2014; 14:1300-9. [PMID: 24842781 PMCID: PMC4204157 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.12722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Revised: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The instant blood-mediated inflammatory reaction (IBMIR) is a major obstacle to the engraftment of intraportal pig islet xenografts in primates. Higher expression of the galactose-α1,3-galactose (αGal) xenoantigen on neonatal islet cell clusters (NICC) than on adult pig islets may provoke a stronger reaction, but this has not been tested in the baboon model. Here, we report that WT pig NICC xenografts triggered profound IBMIR in baboons, with intravascular clotting and graft destruction occurring within hours, which was not prevented by anti-thrombin treatment. In contrast, IBMIR was minimal when recipients were immunosuppressed with a clinically relevant protocol and transplanted with NICC from αGal-deficient pigs transgenic for the human complement regulators CD55 and CD59. These genetically modified (GM) NICC were less susceptible to humoral injury in vitro than WT NICC, inducing significantly less complement activation and thrombin generation when incubated with baboon platelet-poor plasma. Recipients of GM NICC developed a variable anti-pig antibody response, and examination of the grafts 1 month after transplant revealed significant cell-mediated rejection, although scattered insulin-positive cells were still present. Our results indicate that IBMIR can be attenuated in this model, but long-term graft survival may require more effective immunosuppression or further donor genetic modification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W J Hawthorne
- The Centre for Transplant and Renal Research, Westmead Millennium InstituteWestmead, NSW, Australia,University of Sydney at Westmead HospitalWestmead, NSW, Australia,*Corresponding author: Wayne J. Hawthorne,
| | - E J Salvaris
- Immunology Research Centre, St. Vincent's HospitalMelbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - P Phillips
- The Centre for Transplant and Renal Research, Westmead Millennium InstituteWestmead, NSW, Australia
| | - J Hawkes
- The Centre for Transplant and Renal Research, Westmead Millennium InstituteWestmead, NSW, Australia
| | - D Liuwantara
- The Centre for Transplant and Renal Research, Westmead Millennium InstituteWestmead, NSW, Australia
| | - H Burns
- The Centre for Transplant and Renal Research, Westmead Millennium InstituteWestmead, NSW, Australia
| | - H Barlow
- Immunology Research Centre, St. Vincent's HospitalMelbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - A B Stewart
- Department of Anaesthesia, St. Vincent's HospitalMelbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - S B Peirce
- Experimental Medical Surgical Unit, St. Vincent's HospitalMelbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - M Hu
- The Centre for Transplant and Renal Research, Westmead Millennium InstituteWestmead, NSW, Australia
| | - A M Lew
- Walter and Eliza Hall InstituteMelbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - S C Robson
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical SchoolBoston, MA
| | - M B Nottle
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of AdelaideAdelaide, SA, Australia
| | - A J F D'Apice
- Immunology Research Centre, St. Vincent's HospitalMelbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - P J O'Connell
- The Centre for Transplant and Renal Research, Westmead Millennium InstituteWestmead, NSW, Australia,University of Sydney at Westmead HospitalWestmead, NSW, Australia
| | - P J Cowan
- Immunology Research Centre, St. Vincent's HospitalMelbourne, VIC, Australia,Department of Medicine, University of MelbourneMelbourne, VIC, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Chen SS, Chiorazzi N. Murine genetically engineered and human xenograft models of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Semin Hematol 2014; 51:188-205. [PMID: 25048783 DOI: 10.1053/j.seminhematol.2014.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is a genetically complex disease, with multiple factors having an impact on onset, progression, and response to therapy. Genetic differences/abnormalities have been found in hematopoietic stem cells from patients, as well as in B lymphocytes of individuals with monoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis who may develop the disease. Furthermore, after the onset of CLL, additional genetic alterations occur over time, often causing disease worsening and altering patient outcomes. Therefore, being able to genetically engineer mouse models that mimic CLL or at least certain aspects of the disease will help us understand disease mechanisms and improve treatments. This notwithstanding, because neither the genetic aberrations responsible for leukemogenesis and progression nor the promoting factors that support these are likely identical in character or influences for all patients, genetically engineered mouse models will only completely mimic CLL when all of these factors are precisely defined. In addition, multiple genetically engineered models may be required because of the heterogeneity in susceptibility genes among patients that can have an effect on genetic and environmental characteristics influencing disease development and outcome. For these reasons, we review the major murine genetically engineered and human xenograft models in use at the present time, aiming to report the advantages and disadvantages of each.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Shih Chen
- The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, North Shore-LIJ Health System, Manhasset, New York.
| | - Nicholas Chiorazzi
- The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, North Shore-LIJ Health System, Manhasset, New York; Departments of Medicine and Molecular Medicine, Hofstra North Shore-LIJ School of Medicine, Manhasset, New York.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Zhu HT, Wang WL, Yu L, Wang B. Pig-islet xenotransplantation: recent progress and current perspectives. Front Surg 2014; 1:7. [PMID: 25593932 PMCID: PMC4287008 DOI: 10.3389/fsurg.2014.00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Islet xenotransplantation is one prospective treatment to bridge the gap between available human cells and needs of patients with diabetes. Pig represents an ideal candidate for obtaining such available cells. However, potential clinical application of pig islet still faces obstacles including inadequate yield of high-quality functional islets and xenorejection of the transplants. Adequate amounts of available islets can be obtained by selection of a suitable pathogen-free source herd and the development of isolation and purification method. Several studies demonstrated the feasibility of successful preclinical pig-islet xenotransplantation and provided insights and possible mechanisms of xenogeneic immune recognition and rejection. Particularly promising is the achievement of long-term insulin independence in diabetic models by means of distinct islet products and novel immunotherapeutic strategies. Nonetheless, further efforts are needed to obtain much more safety and efficacy data to translate these findings into clinic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Tao Zhu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Wan-Li Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Liang Yu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Bo Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Ko N, Lee JW, Hwang SS, Kim B, Ock SA, Lee SS, Im GS, Kang MJ, Park JK, Oh SJ, Oh KB. Nucleofection-mediated α1,3-galactosyltransferase gene inactivation and membrane cofactor protein expression for pig-to-primate xenotransplantation. Anim Biotechnol 2014; 24:253-67. [PMID: 23947662 DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2012.752741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Xenotransplantation of pig organs into primates leads to hyperacute rejection (HAR). Functional ablation of the pig α 1,3-galactosyltransferase (GalT) gene, which abrogates expression of the Gal α 1-3Gal β 1-4GlcNAc-R (Gal) antigen, which inhibits HAR. However, antigens other than Gal may induce immunological rejection by their cognate antibody responses. Ultimately, overexpression of complement regulatory proteins reduces acute humoral rejection by non-Gal antibodies when GalT is ablated. In this study, we developed a vector-based strategy for ablation of GalT function and concurrent expression of membrane cofactor protein (MCP, CD46). We constructed an MCP expression cassette (designated as MCP-IRESneo) and inserted between the left and the right homologous arms to target exon 9 of the GalT gene. Nucleofection of porcine ear skin fibroblasts using the U-023 and V-013 programs resulted in high transfection efficiency and cell survival. We identified 28 clones in which the MCP-IRESneo vector had been successfully targeted to exon 9 of the GalT gene. Two of those clones, with apparent morphologically mitotic fibroblast features were selected through long-term culture. GalT gene expression was downregulated in these 2 clones. Importantly, MCP was shown to be efficiently expressed at the cell surface and to efficiently protect cell lysis against normal human complement serum attack in vitro.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nayoung Ko
- a Animal Biotechnology Division , National Institute of Animal Science , RDA , Suwon , South Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Chhabra P, Brayman KL. Overcoming barriers in clinical islet transplantation: current limitations and future prospects. Curr Probl Surg 2014; 51:49-86. [PMID: 24411187 DOI: 10.1067/j.cpsurg.2013.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
|
46
|
Mohiuddin MM, Singh AK, Corcoran PC, Hoyt RF, Thomas ML, Lewis BGT, Eckhaus M, Dabkowski NL, Belli AJ, Reimann KA, Ayares D, Horvath KA. Role of anti-CD40 antibody-mediated costimulation blockade on non-Gal antibody production and heterotopic cardiac xenograft survival in a GTKO.hCD46Tg pig-to-baboon model. Xenotransplantation 2014; 21:35-45. [PMID: 24164510 PMCID: PMC5603077 DOI: 10.1111/xen.12066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently, we have shown that an immunosuppression regimen including costimulation blockade via anti-CD154 antibody significantly prolongs the cardiac xenograft survival in a GTKO.hCD46Tg pig-to-baboon heterotopic xenotransplantation model. Unfortunately, many coagulation disorders were observed with the use of anti-CD154 antibody, and recipient survival was markedly reduced by these complications. MATERIAL AND METHODS In this experiment, we replaced anti-CD154 antibody with a more clinically acceptable anti-CD40 antibody while keeping the rest of the immunosuppressive regimen and the donor pig genetics the same. This was carried out to evaluate the antibody's role in xenograft survival and prevention of coagulopathies. Two available clones of anti-CD40 antibody were tested. One mouse anti-human CD40 antibody, (clone 3A8), activated B lymphocytes in vitro and only modestly suppressed antibody production in vivo. Whereas a recombinant mouse non-human primate chimeric raised against macaque CD40, (clone 2C10R4), blocked B-cell activation in vitro and completely blocked antibody production in vivo. RESULTS The thrombotic complications seen with anti-CD154 antibody were effectively avoided but the graft survival, although extended, was not as prolonged as observed with anti-CD154 antibody treatment. The longest survival for the 3A8 antibody group was 27 days, and the longest graft survival in the 2C10R4 antibody group was 146 days. All of the grafts except two rejected and were explanted. Only two recipient baboons had to be euthanized due to unrelated complications, and the rest of the baboons remained healthy throughout the graft survival period or after graft explantation. In contrast to our anti-CD 154 antibody-treated baboons, the non-Gal antibody levels started to rise after B cells made their appearance around 8 weeks post-transplantation. CONCLUSIONS Anti-CD40 antibody at the current dose does not induce any coagulopathies but while effective, had reduced efficacy to induce similar long-term graft survival as with anti-CD154 antibody perhaps due to ineffective control of B-cell function and antibody production at the present dose. More experiments are required to determine antibody affinity and effective dose for inducing long-term cardiac xenograft survival.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Avneesh K. Singh
- Cardiothoracic Surgery Research Laboratory, NHLBI, NIH, Bethesda, MD
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Aaron J. Belli
- MassBiologics, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Keith A. Reimann
- MassBiologics, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Boston, MA
| | | | - Keith A. Horvath
- Cardiothoracic Surgery Research Laboratory, NHLBI, NIH, Bethesda, MD
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Ríos A, López-Navas AI, Martínez-Alarcón L, Sánchez J, Ramis G, Ramírez P, Parrilla P. A study of the attitude of Latin-American residents in Spain toward organ xenotransplantation. Xenotransplantation 2013; 21:149-61. [DOI: 10.1111/xen.12078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2013] [Accepted: 11/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Ríos
- International Collaborative Donor Project; Murcia Spain
- Regional Transplant Center; Consejería de Sanidad; Servicio Murciano de Salud; Murcia Spain
- Department of Surgery; Faculty of Medicine; University of Murcia; Murcia Spain
- Surgery Service; Virgen de la Arrixaca University Hospital; Murcia Health Service; Murcia Spain
| | - Ana Isabel López-Navas
- International Collaborative Donor Project; Murcia Spain
- Regional Transplant Center; Consejería de Sanidad; Servicio Murciano de Salud; Murcia Spain
- Department of Psychology; UCAM; San Antonio Catholic University; Murcia Spain
| | - Laura Martínez-Alarcón
- International Collaborative Donor Project; Murcia Spain
- Regional Transplant Center; Consejería de Sanidad; Servicio Murciano de Salud; Murcia Spain
- Surgery Service; Virgen de la Arrixaca University Hospital; Murcia Health Service; Murcia Spain
| | - José Sánchez
- International Collaborative Donor Project; Murcia Spain
| | | | - Pablo Ramírez
- Regional Transplant Center; Consejería de Sanidad; Servicio Murciano de Salud; Murcia Spain
- Department of Surgery; Faculty of Medicine; University of Murcia; Murcia Spain
- Surgery Service; Virgen de la Arrixaca University Hospital; Murcia Health Service; Murcia Spain
| | - Pascual Parrilla
- Department of Surgery; Faculty of Medicine; University of Murcia; Murcia Spain
- Surgery Service; Virgen de la Arrixaca University Hospital; Murcia Health Service; Murcia Spain
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Ríos A, Martínez-Alarcón L, López-Navas A, Ayala-García M, Sebastián MJ, Abdo-Cuza A, Ramírez EJ, Muñoz G, Palacios G, Suárez-López J, Castellanos R, González B, Martínez MÁ, Díaz E, Nieto A, Ramis G, Ramírez P, Parrilla P. Level of acceptance of solid organ xenotransplantation among personnel in Spanish, Mexican, and Cuban hospitals. Xenotransplantation 2013; 21:84-90. [DOI: 10.1111/xen.12074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Ríos
- “International Collaborative Donor Project”; Murcia Spain
- Regional Transplant Center; Consejería de Sanidad y Consumo de la Región de Murcia; Murcia Spain
- Transplant Unit; Surgery Service; University Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca; Murcia Spain
- Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB); Murcia Spain
- Department of Surgery; University of Murcia; Murcia Spain
| | - Laura Martínez-Alarcón
- “International Collaborative Donor Project”; Murcia Spain
- Regional Transplant Center; Consejería de Sanidad y Consumo de la Región de Murcia; Murcia Spain
- Transplant Unit; Surgery Service; University Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca; Murcia Spain
- Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB); Murcia Spain
- Department of Surgery; University of Murcia; Murcia Spain
| | - Ana López-Navas
- “International Collaborative Donor Project”; Murcia Spain
- Regional Transplant Center; Consejería de Sanidad y Consumo de la Región de Murcia; Murcia Spain
- Department of Psychology; Universidad Católica San Antonio; UCAM; Murcia Spain
| | - Marcos Ayala-García
- Hospital Regional de Alta Especialidad del Bajío. León; Guanajuato Mexico
- HGSZ No. 10 del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social Delegación Guanajuato; Guanajuato Mexico
| | - Mª José Sebastián
- Transplant Coordination Center; UMAE Hospital de Especialidades No 25 IMSS; Monterrey Mexico
| | | | | | - Gerardo Muñoz
- The 21st Century National Medical Center of the Mexican Institute of Social Security; Mexico, DF Mexico
| | - Gerardo Palacios
- Transplant Coordination Center; UMAE Hospital de Especialidades No 25 IMSS; Monterrey Mexico
| | | | | | - Beatriz González
- Hospital Regional de Alta Especialidad del Bajío. León; Guanajuato Mexico
- University of Guanajuato; Guanajuato Mexico
| | | | - Ernesto Díaz
- Hospital Regional de Alta Especialidad del Bajío. León; Guanajuato Mexico
- HGSZ No. 10 del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social Delegación Guanajuato; Guanajuato Mexico
| | - Adrián Nieto
- State Public Health Institute of Guanajuato; Guanajuato Mexico
| | - Gillermo Ramis
- Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB); Murcia Spain
- Department of Animal Production; Faculty of Veterinary; University of Murcia; Murcia Spain
| | - Pablo Ramírez
- “International Collaborative Donor Project”; Murcia Spain
- Regional Transplant Center; Consejería de Sanidad y Consumo de la Región de Murcia; Murcia Spain
- Transplant Unit; Surgery Service; University Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca; Murcia Spain
- Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB); Murcia Spain
- Department of Surgery; University of Murcia; Murcia Spain
| | - Pascual Parrilla
- Transplant Unit; Surgery Service; University Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca; Murcia Spain
- Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB); Murcia Spain
- Department of Surgery; University of Murcia; Murcia Spain
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Han W, Zhou J, Li X, Wang J, Li J, Zhang Z, Yang Z, Wang D, Tao K, Dou K. RNA interference of GGTA1 physiological and immune functions in immortalized porcine aortic endothelial cells. J Surg Res 2013; 185:410-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2013.05.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2013] [Revised: 04/27/2013] [Accepted: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
50
|
Henker R, Scholz M, Gaffling S, Asano N, Hampel U, Garreis F, Hornegger J, Paulsen F. Morphological features of the porcine lacrimal gland and its compatibility for human lacrimal gland xenografting. PLoS One 2013; 8:e74046. [PMID: 24069265 PMCID: PMC3771908 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0074046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we present first data concerning the anatomical structure, blood supply and location of the lacrimal gland of the pig. Our data indicate that the porcine lacrimal gland may serve as a potential xenograft candidate in humans or as an animal model for engineering of a bioartificial lacrimal gland tissue construct for clinical application. For this purpose, we used different macroscopic preparation techniques and digital reconstruction of the histological gland morphology to gain new insights and important information concerning the feasibility of a lacrimal gland transplantation from pig to humans in general. Our results show that the lacrimal gland of the pig reveals a lot of morphological similarities to the analogous human lacrimal gland and thus might be regarded as a xenograft in the future. This is true for a similar anatomical location within the orbit as well as for the feeding artery supply to the organ. Functional differences concerning the composition of the tear fluid, due to a different secretory unit distribution within the gland tissue will, however, be a challenge in future investigations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Henker
- Institute of Anatomy 2, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Michael Scholz
- Institute of Anatomy 2, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Simone Gaffling
- Pattern Recognition Lab, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
- Erlangen Graduate School in Advanced Optical Technologies (SAOT), University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Nagayoshi Asano
- Institute of Anatomy 2, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
- Research and Development Center, Santen Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd, Nara, Japan
| | - Ulrike Hampel
- Institute of Anatomy 2, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Fabian Garreis
- Institute of Anatomy 2, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Joachim Hornegger
- Pattern Recognition Lab, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
- Erlangen Graduate School in Advanced Optical Technologies (SAOT), University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Friedrich Paulsen
- Institute of Anatomy 2, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|