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Mead MN, Seneff S, Wolfinger R, Rose J, Denhaerynck K, Kirsch S, McCullough PA. COVID-19 mRNA Vaccines: Lessons Learned from the Registrational Trials and Global Vaccination Campaign. Cureus 2024; 16:e52876. [PMID: 38274635 PMCID: PMC10810638 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.52876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Our understanding of COVID-19 vaccinations and their impact on health and mortality has evolved substantially since the first vaccine rollouts. Published reports from the original randomized phase 3 trials concluded that the COVID-19 mRNA vaccines could greatly reduce COVID-19 symptoms. In the interim, problems with the methods, execution, and reporting of these pivotal trials have emerged. Re-analysis of the Pfizer trial data identified statistically significant increases in serious adverse events (SAEs) in the vaccine group. Numerous SAEs were identified following the Emergency Use Authorization (EUA), including death, cancer, cardiac events, and various autoimmune, hematological, reproductive, and neurological disorders. Furthermore, these products never underwent adequate safety and toxicological testing in accordance with previously established scientific standards. Among the other major topics addressed in this narrative review are the published analyses of serious harms to humans, quality control issues and process-related impurities, mechanisms underlying adverse events (AEs), the immunologic basis for vaccine inefficacy, and concerning mortality trends based on the registrational trial data. The risk-benefit imbalance substantiated by the evidence to date contraindicates further booster injections and suggests that, at a minimum, the mRNA injections should be removed from the childhood immunization program until proper safety and toxicological studies are conducted. Federal agency approval of the COVID-19 mRNA vaccines on a blanket-coverage population-wide basis had no support from an honest assessment of all relevant registrational data and commensurate consideration of risks versus benefits. Given the extensive, well-documented SAEs and unacceptably high harm-to-reward ratio, we urge governments to endorse a global moratorium on the modified mRNA products until all relevant questions pertaining to causality, residual DNA, and aberrant protein production are answered.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Nathaniel Mead
- Biology and Nutritional Epidemiology, Independent Research, Copper Hill, USA
| | - Stephanie Seneff
- Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, USA
| | - Russ Wolfinger
- Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Independent Research, Research Triangle Park, USA
| | - Jessica Rose
- Immunology and Public Health Research, Independent Research, Ottawa, CAN
| | - Kris Denhaerynck
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Independent Research, Basel, CHE
| | - Steve Kirsch
- Data Science, Independent Research, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Peter A McCullough
- Cardiology, Epidemiology, and Public Health, McCullough Foundation, Dallas, USA
- Cardiology, Epidemiology, and Public Health, Truth for Health Foundation, Tucson, USA
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Ahmed K, Jha S. Oncoviruses: How do they hijack their host and current treatment regimes. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2023; 1878:188960. [PMID: 37507056 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2023.188960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Viruses have the ability to modulate the cellular machinery of their host to ensure their survival. While humans encounter numerous viruses daily, only a select few can lead to disease progression. Some of these viruses can amplify cancer-related traits, particularly when coupled with factors like immunosuppression and co-carcinogens. The global burden of cancer development resulting from viral infections is approximately 12%, and it arises as an unfortunate consequence of persistent infections that cause chronic inflammation, genomic instability from viral genome integration, and dysregulation of tumor suppressor genes and host oncogenes involved in normal cell growth. This review provides an in-depth discussion of oncoviruses and their strategies for hijacking the host's cellular machinery to induce cancer. It delves into how viral oncogenes drive tumorigenesis by targeting key cell signaling pathways. Additionally, the review discusses current therapeutic approaches that have been approved or are undergoing clinical trials to combat malignancies induced by oncoviruses. Understanding the intricate interactions between viruses and host cells can lead to the development of more effective treatments for virus-induced cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kainat Ahmed
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Sudhakar Jha
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA.
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Huang J, Chan SC, Pang WS, Chow SH, Lok V, Zhang L, Lin X, Lucero-Prisno DE, Xu W, Zheng ZJ, Elcarte E, Withers M, Wong MCS. Global Incidence, Risk Factors, and Temporal Trends of Mesothelioma: A Population-Based Study. J Thorac Oncol 2023; 18:792-802. [PMID: 36775192 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtho.2023.01.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Mesothelioma is an uncommon type of cancer which has received little attention. This study aims to evaluate the global disease burden; trends of mesothelioma by age, sex, and geographic locations; and its risk factors on the population level. METHODS The Global Cancer Observatory, Cancer Incidence in Five Continents Plus, and Global Burden of Disease were accessed for mesothelioma incidence and its risk factors worldwide. The associations between mesothelioma incidence and asbestos were evaluated for each country by multivariable linear regression analysis by sex and age. Average annual percentage change (AAPC) was calculated using Joinpoint regression to evaluate the epidemiologic trends of mesothelioma. RESULTS The age-standardized rate of mesothelioma was 0.30 per 100,000 persons with Northern Europe reporting the highest incidence rates. The incidence rate of the male population was much higher than that of the females. Countries with higher human development index (β = 0.119, confidence interval [CI]: 0.073-0.166, p < 0.001), gross domestic product per capita (β = 0.133, CI: 0.106-0.161, p < 0.001), and asbestos exposure (β = 0.087, CI: 0.073-0.102, p < 0.001) had higher mesothelioma. The overall trend of mesothelioma incidence was decreasing, although an increase was observed in Bulgaria (AAPC: 5.56, 95% CI: 2.94-8.24, p = 0.001) and Korea (AAPC: 3.24, 95% CI: 0.08-6.49, p = 0.045). CONCLUSIONS There was a substantial declining incidence trend of mesothelioma in the past decade possibly related to the restriction of the use of asbestos in some countries. Meanwhile, the increasing trend in mesothelioma incidence observed in females might be indicative of an increase in environmental exposure to mineral fibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Huang
- The Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China; Centre for Health Education and Health Promotion, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - Sze Chai Chan
- The Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - Wing Sze Pang
- The Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - Shui Hang Chow
- The Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - Veeleah Lok
- Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lin Zhang
- School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; School of Public Health, The Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xu Lin
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Don Eliseo Lucero-Prisno
- Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Wanghong Xu
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Jie Zheng
- Department of Global Health, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | | | - Mellissa Withers
- Department of Population and Health Sciences, Institute for Global Health, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Martin C S Wong
- The Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China; Centre for Health Education and Health Promotion, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China; School of Public Health, The Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China; Department of Global Health, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
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4
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Dunowska M, Perrott M, Biggs P. Identification of a novel polyomavirus from a marsupial host. Virus Evol 2022; 8:veac096. [PMID: 36381233 PMCID: PMC9662318 DOI: 10.1093/ve/veac096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
We report the identification and analysis of a full sequence of a novel polyomavirus from a brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula ) termed possum polyomavirus (PPyV). The sequence was obtained from the next-generation sequencing assembly during an investigation into the aetiological agent for a neurological disease of possums termed wobbly possum disease (WPD), but the virus was not aetiologically involved in WPD. The PPyV genome was 5,224 nt long with the organisation typical for polyomaviruses, including early (large and small T antigens) and late (Viral Protein 1 (VP1), VP2, and VP3) coding regions separated by the non-coding control region of 465 nt. PPyV clustered with betapolyomaviruses in the WUKI clade but showed less than 60 per cent identity to any of the members of this clade. We propose that PPyV is classified within a new species in the genus Betapolyomavirus . These data add to our limited knowledge of marsupial viruses and their evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Dunowska
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand
| | - Matthew Perrott
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand
| | - Patrick Biggs
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand
- School of Natural Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand
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Wang M, Zhao L, Wen Y, Wu Y, Li Y. Label-Free Fluorescent Determination of Simian Virus 40 Using Triplex DNA and G-Quadruplex/N-Methyl Mesoporphyrin IX. ANAL LETT 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2021.1907394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Minting Wang
- Faculty of Chemistry & Environmental Science, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Liting Zhao
- Faculty of Chemistry & Environmental Science, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Yanmei Wen
- Faculty of Chemistry & Environmental Science, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Yulian Wu
- Faculty of Chemistry & Environmental Science, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Yubin Li
- Faculty of Chemistry & Environmental Science, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
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6
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Ferreira DA, Tayyar Y, Idris A, McMillan NAJ. A "hit-and-run" affair - A possible link for cancer progression in virally driven cancers. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2020; 1875:188476. [PMID: 33186643 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2020.188476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is well-known that certain cancers are caused by viruses. However, viral oncogenesis is complex and only a small fraction of the infected people develop cancer. Indeed, a number of environmental factors can contribute to virally infected cells developing cancer hallmarks, promoting tumorigenesis. SCOPE OF REVIEW The hit-and-run theory proposes that viruses facilitate the accumulation of mutations and promote genomic instability until the virus becomes dispensable for tumour maintenance. Indeed, several studies have reported viral genome, episome and/or oncogene loss in tumour cells without losing malignant phenotype. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS The current evidence supports the clear contribution of certain viruses to develop cancers. Importantly, the evidence supporting the sustained maintenance of malignancy after the loss of viral "presence" is sufficient to support the hit-and-run hypothesis of viral cancer development. Long-term tracking of vaccination outcome over the decades will test this theory. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE If the hit-and-run theory is true, viruses might cause more cancers than previously thought and will have implications in the prevention of many cancers through implementing vaccination programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danyelle A Ferreira
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - Yaman Tayyar
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - Adi Idris
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Nigel A J McMillan
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
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Tokorodani M, Ichikawa H, Yuasa K, Takahashi T, Hijikata T. SV40 microRNA miR-S1-3p Downregulates the Expression of T Antigens to Control Viral DNA Replication, and TNFα and IL-17F Expression. Biol Pharm Bull 2020; 43:1715-1728. [PMID: 33132317 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b20-00415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
SV40-encoded microRNA (miRNA), miR-S1, downregulates the large and small T antigens (LTag and STag), which promote viral replication and cellular transformation, thereby presumably impairing LTag and STag functions essential for the viral life cycle. To explore the functional significance of miR-S1-mediated downregulation of LTag and STag as well as the functional roles of miR-S1, we evaluated viral DNA replication and proinflammatory cytokine induction in cells transfected with simian virus 40 (SV40) genome plasmid and its mutated form lacking miR-S1 expression. The SV40 genome encodes two mature miR-S1s, miR-S1-3p and miR-S1-5p, of which miR-S1-3p is the predominantly expressed form. MiR-S1-3p exerted strong repressive effects on a reporter containing full-length sequence complementarity, but only marginal effect on one harboring a sequence complementary to its seed sequence. Consistently, miR-S1-3p downregulated LTag and STag transcripts with complete sequence complementarity through miR-S1-3p-Ago2-mediated mRNA decay. Transfection of SV40 plasmid induced higher DNA replication and lower LTag and STag transcripts in most of the examined cells compared to that miR-S1-deficient SV40 plasmid. However, miR-S1 itself did not affect DNA replication without the downregulation of LTag transcripts. Both LTag and STag induced the expression of tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) and interleukin (IL)-17F, which was slightly reduced by miR-S1 due to miR-S1-mediated downregulation of LTag and STag. Forced miR-S1 expression did not affect TNFα expression, but increased IL-17F expression. Overall, our findings suggest that miR-S1-3p is a latent modifier of LTag and STag functions, ensuring efficient viral replication and attenuating cytokine expression detrimental to the viral life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misa Tokorodani
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, Musashino University
| | - Hirona Ichikawa
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, Musashino University
| | - Katsutoshi Yuasa
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, Musashino University
| | - Tetsuyuki Takahashi
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, Musashino University
| | - Takao Hijikata
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, Musashino University
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Ohnishi Y, Fujii T, Sakamoto T, Watanabe M, Motohashi T, Kubo H, Nakajima M. Malignant mesothelioma metastatic to the oral region and latest topics (Review). Mol Clin Oncol 2020; 13:61. [PMID: 32963780 DOI: 10.3892/mco.2020.2131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant mesothelioma (MM) is a rare neoplasm with poor prognosis that usually develops after exposure to asbestos, and is characterised by aggressive local invasion and metastatic spread. While metastasis to the oral cavity is very rare, a total of 23 cases of MM metastasising to the oral cavity were identifed. Among those, the tongue was the most common site of metastasis (39.1%), and frequently involved the epithelioid MM cell type. Recent studies have elucidated the mechanisms underlying the development of MM. Chronic inflammation has been implicated in promoting MM growth and was shown to play a key role by driving the release of high mobility group box protein 1 following asbestos deposition. Inherited heterozygous germline mutations in the deubiquitylase BRCA-associated protein 1 were shown to increase the incidence of MM in some families. Infection by the simian virus 40 was also found to be associated with the occurrence of MM. Moreover, the increasing incidence rates of MM, together with its propensity to metastasise to the oral cavity, indicate that clinicians and pathologists should be highly aware of this disease. Furthermore, identification of novel serum biomarkers would enable better screening and treatment of MM, and improve the survival outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi Ohnishi
- Second Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Osaka Dental University, Chuo-ku, Osaka 540-0008, Japan
| | - Tomoko Fujii
- Second Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Osaka Dental University, Chuo-ku, Osaka 540-0008, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Sakamoto
- Second Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Osaka Dental University, Chuo-ku, Osaka 540-0008, Japan
| | - Masahiro Watanabe
- Second Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Osaka Dental University, Chuo-ku, Osaka 540-0008, Japan
| | - Tomokazu Motohashi
- Second Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Osaka Dental University, Chuo-ku, Osaka 540-0008, Japan
| | - Hirohito Kubo
- Second Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Osaka Dental University, Chuo-ku, Osaka 540-0008, Japan
| | - Masahiro Nakajima
- Second Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Osaka Dental University, Chuo-ku, Osaka 540-0008, Japan
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Ferrari L, Carugno M, Mensi C, Pesatori AC. Circulating Epigenetic Biomarkers in Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma: State of the Art and critical Evaluation. Front Oncol 2020; 10:445. [PMID: 32318342 PMCID: PMC7146237 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.00445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is a rare and aggressive cancer, which originates from the mesothelial cells of the pleura and is associated with asbestos exposure. In light of its aggressive nature, late diagnosis and dismal prognosis, there is an urgent need for identification of biomarkers in easily accessible samples (such as blood) for early diagnosis of MPM. In the last 10 years, epigenetic markers, such as DNA methylation and microRNAs (miRNAs), have gained popularity as possible early diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers in cancer research. The aim of this review is to provide a critical analysis of the current evidences on circulating epigenetic biomarkers for MPM and on their translational potential to the clinical practice for early diagnosis and for prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Ferrari
- EPIGET LAB, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Michele Carugno
- EPIGET LAB, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.,Epidemiology Unit, Department of Preventive Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Carolina Mensi
- Epidemiology Unit, Department of Preventive Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Angela Cecilia Pesatori
- EPIGET LAB, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.,Epidemiology Unit, Department of Preventive Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
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10
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Abstract
Simian virus 40 (SV40) is a DNA tumor virus capable of infecting and transforming human mesothelial (HM) cells in vitro. Hamsters injected intracardially to expose most tissue types to SV40 preferentially develop mesotheliomas. In humans, asbestos is the main cause of mesothelioma, and asbestos and SV40 are co-carcinogens in transforming HM cells in tissue culture and in causing mesothelioma in hamsters. Laser microdissection experiments conducted in the laboratory of Adi Gazdar demonstrated that SV40 was present specifically in the malignant mesothelioma cells and not in nearby stromal cells. Further experiments demonstrated that SV40 remains episomal in HM cells and astrocytes because of the production of a long antisense RNA that represses viral capsid protein production. Thus, the potent SV40 oncoprotein, T-antigen (Tag), is expressed, but because the capsid proteins are not produced, the cells are not lysed and, instead, become transformed. Together this evidence suggests that SV40 may contribute to the development of mesotheliomas in humans. However, epidemiological evidence to support this hypothesis is lacking. This chapter also summarizes the introduction of SV40, a monkey virus, into the human population as an unrecognized contaminant of early poliovaccines. In addition to mesotheliomas, SV40 now is linked with brain cancers, osteosarcomas, and lymphomas in humans. Explanations are provided for the apparent geographic variations in SV40 prevalence and for controversies about the role of SV40 in human cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adi Gazdar
- Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Janet S Butel
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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11
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A fail-safe system to prevent oncogenesis by senescence is targeted by SV40 small T antigen. Oncogene 2019; 39:2170-2186. [PMID: 31819167 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-019-1139-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 11/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Whereas large T antigen (LT) of simian virus 40 (SV40) promotes oncogenesis by inactivating the tumor suppressor proteins p53 and pRb, SV40 small T antigen (ST) has been thought to be dispensable for this process. However, here we show that LT promotes both oncogenic growth and senescence in human cells expressing oncogenic Ras and that this latter effect is antagonized by ST. Inactivation of p53 by LT alone promoted the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP), whereas the additional expression of ST attenuated this phenotype, allowing cells to avoid oncogene-induced senescence (OIS) and thereby promoting efficient oncogenesis. ST interacts with and inhibits the function of heterochromatin protein 1-binding protein 3 (HP1BP3), a positive regulator of global microRNA biogenesis, and it thereby triggers aberrant upregulation of B-cell translocation gene 2 (BTG2), which is essential for prevention of SASP and OIS by ST. Collectively, our results indicate that the HP1BP3-BTG2 axis constitutes a fail-safe system to prevent oncogenesis by means of OIS induction, and that this system is hijacked by ST.
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12
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Rotondo JC, Mazzoni E, Bononi I, Tognon M, Martini F. Association Between Simian Virus 40 and Human Tumors. Front Oncol 2019; 9:670. [PMID: 31403031 PMCID: PMC6669359 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simian virus 40 (SV40) is a small DNA tumor virus of monkey origin. This polyomavirus was administered to human populations mainly through contaminated polio vaccines, which were produced in naturally infected SV40 monkey cells. Previous molecular biology and recent immunological assays have indicated that SV40 is spreading in human populations, independently from earlier SV40-contaminated vaccines. SV40 DNA sequences have been detected at a higher prevalence in specific human cancer specimens, such as the brain and bone tumors, malignant pleural mesotheliomas, and lymphoproliferative disorders, compared to the corresponding normal tissues/specimens. However, other investigations, which reported negative data, did not confirm an association between SV40 and human tumors. To circumvent the controversies, which have arisen because of these molecular biology studies, immunological researches with newly developed indirect ELISA tests were carried out in serum samples from patients affected by the same kind of tumors as mentioned above. These innovative indirect ELISAs employ synthetic peptides as mimotopes/specific SV40 antigens. SV40 mimotopes do not cross-react with the homologous human polyomaviruses, BKPyV, and JCPyV. Immunological data obtained from indirect ELISAs, using SV40 mimotopes, employed to analyze serum samples from oncological patients, have indicated that these sera had a higher prevalence of antibodies against SV40 compared to healthy subjects. The main data on (i) the biology and genetics of SV40; (ii) the epidemiology of SV40 in the general population, (iii) the mechanisms of SV40 transformation; (iv) the putative role of SV40 in the onset/progression of specific human tumors, and (v) its association with other human diseases are reported in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Charles Rotondo
- Section of Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology, Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Elisa Mazzoni
- Section of Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology, Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Ilaria Bononi
- Section of Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology, Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Mauro Tognon
- Section of Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology, Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Fernanda Martini
- Section of Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology, Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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13
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Mazzoni E, Di Stefano M, Fiore JR, Destro F, Manfrini M, Rotondo JC, Casali MV, Vesce F, Greco P, Scutiero G, Martini F, Tognon MG. Serum IgG Antibodies from Pregnant Women Reacting to Mimotopes of Simian Virus 40 Large T Antigen, the Viral Oncoprotein. Front Immunol 2017; 8:411. [PMID: 28443094 PMCID: PMC5385463 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Simian virus 40 (SV40) large T antigen (LT) coding sequences were revealed in different human samples, whereas SV40 antibodies (Ab) were detected in human sera of cancer patients and healthy individuals, although with a lower prevalence. Previous studies carried out by the neutralization assay gave a SV40 seroprevalence, in the general population, up to 8%, although higher rates, 12%, were detected in kidney transplant children, in a group of HIV-positive patients, and in healthy females. In this study, serum samples from pregnant women, together with those from non-pregnant women, were analyzed to check the prevalence of IgG Ab reacting to SV40 LT antigens. Serum samples were collected from pregnant and non-pregnant women, with the same mean age. Women were in the range of 15-48 years old. Samples were assayed by an indirect ELISA employing specific SV40 LT mimotopes as antigens, whereas functional analysis was performed by neutralization of the viral infectivity in cell cultures. As a control, sera were analyzed for Ab against BK polyomavirus (BKPyV), which is a human polyomavirus homologous to SV40. Statistical analyses employed chi-square with Yates' correction, and Student's t tests. Indirect ELISAs indicated that pregnant women tested SV40 LT-positive with a prevalence of 17% (23/134), whereas non-pregnant women had a prevalence of 20% (36/180) (P > 0.05). Ab against BKPyV were detected with a prevalence of 80% in pregnant women and with a prevalence of 78% in non-pregnant women. These data indicate that SV40 infects at a low prevalence pregnant women. We may speculate that SV40, or a close human polyomavirus still undetected, could be transmitted from mother to fetus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Mazzoni
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology, Laboratories of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Mariantonietta Di Stefano
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Clinic of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Josè R. Fiore
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Clinic of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Federica Destro
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology, Laboratories of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Marco Manfrini
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology, Laboratories of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - John Charles Rotondo
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology, Laboratories of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Maria V. Casali
- Hospital Headquarter Department, State Hospital, Institute for Social Security, Borgo Maggiore, San Marino
| | - Fortunato Vesce
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Section of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Pantaleo Greco
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Section of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Gennaro Scutiero
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Section of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Fernanda Martini
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology, Laboratories of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Mauro G. Tognon
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology, Laboratories of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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14
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Klug B, Robertson JS, Condit RC, Seligman SJ, Laderoute MP, Sheets R, Williamson AL, Chapman L, Carbery B, Mac LM, Chen RT. Adventitious agents and live viral vectored vaccines: Considerations for archiving samples of biological materials for retrospective analysis. Vaccine 2016; 34:6617-6625. [PMID: 27317264 PMCID: PMC5130882 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Vaccines are one of the most effective public health medicinal products with an excellent safety record. As vaccines are produced using biological materials, there is a need to safeguard against potential contamination with adventitious agents. Adventitious agents could be inadvertently introduced into a vaccine through starting materials used for production. Therefore, extensive testing has been recommended at specific stages of vaccine manufacture to demonstrate the absence of adventitious agents. Additionally, the incorporation of viral clearance steps in the manufacturing process can aid in reducing the risk of adventitious agent contamination. However, for live viral vaccines, aside from possible purification of the virus or vector, extensive adventitious agent clearance may not be feasible. In the event that an adventitious agent is detected in a vaccine, it is important to determine its origin, evaluate its potential for human infection and pathology, and discern which batches of vaccine may have been affected in order to take risk mitigation action. To achieve this, it is necessary to have archived samples of the vaccine and ancillary components, ideally from developmental through to current batches, as well as samples of the biological materials used in the manufacture of the vaccine, since these are the most likely sources of an adventitious agent. The need for formal guidance on such vaccine sample archiving has been recognized but not fulfilled. We summarize in this paper several prior major cases of vaccine contamination with adventitious agents and provide points for consideration on sample archiving of live recombinant viral vector vaccines for use in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Klug
- Divison Immunology Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, D-63225 Langen, Germany
| | - James S. Robertson
- Independent Adviser (formerly of National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, EN6 3QG, UK)
| | - Richard C. Condit
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610
| | - Stephen J. Seligman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, New York Medical College Valhalla, NY 10595, USA
| | - Marian P. Laderoute
- Immune System Management Inc., Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, K1S 5R5 (formerly of Blood Safety Contribution Program, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, K1A 0K9
| | - Rebecca Sheets
- Independent Adviser (formerly of NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20893, USA)
| | - Anna-Lise Williamson
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town and National Health Laboratory Service, Cape Town, South Africa
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15
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Nabavi N, Bennewith KL, Churg A, Wang Y, Collins CC, Mutti L. Switching off malignant mesothelioma: exploiting the hypoxic microenvironment. Genes Cancer 2016; 7:340-354. [PMID: 28191281 PMCID: PMC5302036 DOI: 10.18632/genesandcancer.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant mesotheliomas are aggressive, asbestos-related cancers with poor patient prognosis, typically arising in the mesothelial surfaces of tissues in pleural and peritoneal cavity. The relative unspecific symptoms of mesotheliomas, misdiagnoses, and lack of precise targeted therapies call for a more critical assessment of this disease. In the present review, we categorize commonly identified genomic aberrations of mesotheliomas into their canonical pathways and discuss targeting these pathways in the context of tumor hypoxia, a hallmark of cancer known to render solid tumors more resistant to radiation and most chemo-therapy. We then explore the concept that the intrinsic hypoxic microenvironment of mesotheliomas can be Achilles' heel for targeted, multimodal therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noushin Nabavi
- Laboratory for Advanced Genome Analysis, Vancouver Prostate Centre, BC, Canada
- Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, BC, Canada
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, BC Cancer Agency, BC, Canada
| | - Kevin L. Bennewith
- Department of Integrative Oncology, BC Cancer Agency, BC, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, BC, Canada
| | - Andrew Churg
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, BC, Canada
| | - Yuzhuo Wang
- Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, BC, Canada
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, BC Cancer Agency, BC, Canada
| | - Colin C. Collins
- Laboratory for Advanced Genome Analysis, Vancouver Prostate Centre, BC, Canada
- Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, BC, Canada
| | - Luciano Mutti
- Italian Group for Research and Therapy for Mesothelioma (GIMe) & School of Environment and Life Sciences, University of Salford, Manchester, United Kingdom
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16
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Rizzo R, Pietrobon S, Mazzoni E, Bortolotti D, Martini F, Castellazzi M, Casetta I, Fainardi E, Di Luca D, Granieri E, Tognon M. Serum IgG against Simian Virus 40 antigens are hampered by high levels of sHLA-G in patients affected by inflammatory neurological diseases, as multiple sclerosis. J Transl Med 2016; 14:216. [PMID: 27443345 PMCID: PMC4957417 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-016-0981-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many investigators detected the simian polyomavirus SV40 footprints in human brain tumors and neurologic diseases and recently it has been indicated that SV40 seems to be associated with multiple sclerosis (MS) disease. Interestingly, SV40 interacts with human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I molecules for cell entry. HLA class I antigens, in particular non-classical HLA-G molecules, characterized by an immune-regulatory function, are involved in MS disease, and the levels of these molecules are modified according with the disease status. OBJECTIVE We investigated in serum samples, from Italian patients affected by MS, other inflammatory diseases (OIND), non-inflammatory neurological diseases (NIND) and healthy subjects (HS), SV40-antibody and soluble sHLA-G and the association between SV40-prevalence and sHLA-G levels. METHODS ELISA tests were used for SV40-antibodies detection and sHLA-G quantitation in serum samples. RESULTS The presence of SV40 antibodies was observed in 6 % of patients affected by MS (N = 4/63), 10 % of OIND (N = 8/77) and 15 % of NIND (N = 9/59), which is suggestive of a lower prevalence in respect to HS (22 %, N = 18/83). MS patients are characterized by higher sHLA-G serum levels (13.9 ± 0.9 ng/ml; mean ± St. Error) in comparison with OIND (6.7 ± 0.8 ng/ml), NIND (2.9 ± 0.4 ng/ml) and HS (2.6 ± 0.7 ng/ml) subjects. Interestingly, we observed an inverse correlation between SV40 antibody prevalence and sHLA-G serum levels in MS patients. CONCLUSION The data obtained showed a low prevalence of SV40 antibodies in MS patients. These results seems to be due to a generalized status of inability to counteract SV40 infection via antibody production. In particular, we hypothesize that SV40 immune-inhibitory direct effect and the presence of high levels of the immune-inhibitory HLA-G molecules could co-operate in impairing B lymphocyte activation towards SV40 specific peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Rizzo
- Section of Microbiology and Medical Genetics, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari, 46, 44121, Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Silvia Pietrobon
- Section of Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology, Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Elisa Mazzoni
- Section of Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology, Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Daria Bortolotti
- Section of Microbiology and Medical Genetics, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari, 46, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Fernanda Martini
- Section of Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology, Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Castellazzi
- Section of Neurology, School of Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Specialized Surgeries, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Ilaria Casetta
- Section of Neurology, School of Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Specialized Surgeries, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Enrico Fainardi
- Neuroradiology Unit, Department of Neurosciences, University Hospital of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Dario Di Luca
- Section of Microbiology and Medical Genetics, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari, 46, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Enrico Granieri
- Section of Neurology, School of Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Specialized Surgeries, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Mauro Tognon
- Section of Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology, Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara, 44121, Ferrara, Italy.
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17
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Toptan T, Yousem SA, Ho J, Matsushima Y, Stabile LP, Fernández-Figueras MT, Bhargava R, Ryo A, Moore PS, Chang Y. Survey for human polyomaviruses in cancer. JCI Insight 2016; 1. [PMID: 27034991 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.85562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past 8 years, the discovery of 11 new human polyomaviruses (HPyVs) has revived interest in this DNA tumor virus family. Although HPyV infection is widespread and largely asymptomatic, one of these HPyVs, Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCV), is a bona fide human tumor virus. JC virus (JCV), BK virus, HPyV7, and trichodysplasia-spinulosa virus (TSV) can cause nonneoplastic diseases in the setting of immunosuppression. Few specific reagents are available to study the biology of the newly discovered HPyVs. We developed a pan-HPyV-screening method using a cocktail of 3 antibodies that, when combined, recognize T antigen proteins of all HPyVs. We validated detection characteristics of the antibody cocktail by immunoblotting and immunohistochemistry and screened 1,184 cases, including well-defined diseases and tumor tissue microarrays. This assay robustly detected MCV, TSV, JCV, and HPyV7 in etiologically related diseases. We further identified WU polyomavirus in a case of chronic lymphocytic lymphoma-associated bronchitis. Except for scattered, incidentally infected cells in 5% of lung squamous cell carcinomas and colon adenocarcinomas, a broad panel of tumor tissues was largely negative for infection by any HPyV. This method eliminates known HPyVs as suspected causes of cancers investigated in this study. Pan-HPyV survey can be applied to identify diseases associated with recently discovered polyomaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuna Toptan
- Cancer Virology Program, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Samuel A Yousem
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jonhan Ho
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Yuki Matsushima
- Division of Virology, Kawasaki City Institute for Public Health, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Laura P Stabile
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Rohit Bhargava
- Magee-Womens Hospital of University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Akihide Ryo
- Department of Microbiology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Patrick S Moore
- Cancer Virology Program, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Yuan Chang
- Cancer Virology Program, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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18
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Burger-Calderon R, Webster-Cyriaque J. Human BK Polyomavirus-The Potential for Head and Neck Malignancy and Disease. Cancers (Basel) 2015; 7:1244-70. [PMID: 26184314 PMCID: PMC4586768 DOI: 10.3390/cancers7030835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Revised: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the human Polyomaviridae family are ubiquitous and pathogenic among immune-compromised individuals. While only Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV) has conclusively been linked to human cancer, all members of the polyomavirus (PyV) family encode the oncoprotein T antigen and may be potentially carcinogenic. Studies focusing on PyV pathogenesis in humans have become more abundant as the number of PyV family members and the list of associated diseases has expanded. BK polyomavirus (BKPyV) in particular has emerged as a new opportunistic pathogen among HIV positive individuals, carrying harmful implications. Increasing evidence links BKPyV to HIV-associated salivary gland disease (HIVSGD). HIVSGD is associated with elevated risk of lymphoma formation and its prevalence has increased among HIV/AIDS patients. Determining the relationship between BKPyV, disease and tumorigenesis among immunosuppressed individuals is necessary and will allow for expanding effective anti-viral treatment and prevention options in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Burger-Calderon
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| | - Jennifer Webster-Cyriaque
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
- Department of Dental Ecology, School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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19
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Gaudino G, Yang H, Carbone M. HGF/Met Signaling Is a Key Player in Malignant Mesothelioma Carcinogenesis. Biomedicines 2014; 2:327-344. [PMID: 28548074 PMCID: PMC5344271 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines2040327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Revised: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant mesothelioma (MM) is a highly aggressive cancer related to asbestos or erionite exposure and resistant to current therapies. Hepatocyte Growth Factor (HGF) and its tyrosine kinase receptor Met regulate cell growth, survival, motility/migration, and invasion. HGF and Met are expressed in MM cells, suggesting that the HGF/Met signaling plays a role in development and progression of this tumor, by autocrine and/or paracrine mechanisms. Upregulation and ligand-independent activation of Met, which is under suppressive control of miR-34 family members, correlate with enhanced invasion, migration and metastatic potential in several cancers, including MM. Moreover, Simian Virus 40 (SV40) Tag expression also induces a HGF autocrine circuit in an Rb-dependent manner in human mesothelial cells (HM) and possibly other cell types, enhancing cell adhesion, invasion and angiogenesis. The resulting activation of Met causes HM transformation and cell cycle progression, and contributes to virus particle assembling and infection of adjacent cells. The constitutive activation of Met, frequently occurring in MM, has been successfully targeted in preclinical models of MM. In conclusion, Met expression, activation state, subcellular localization and also HGF co-receptors expression, such as CD44, have clinical relevance for novel targeted therapies in a cancer for which no effective treatment is currently available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Gaudino
- University of Hawai'i Cancer Center, 701 Ilalo Street, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA.
| | - Haining Yang
- University of Hawai'i Cancer Center, 701 Ilalo Street, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA.
| | - Michele Carbone
- University of Hawai'i Cancer Center, 701 Ilalo Street, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA.
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20
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Matrix and backstage: cellular substrates for viral vaccines. Viruses 2014; 6:1672-700. [PMID: 24732259 PMCID: PMC4014716 DOI: 10.3390/v6041672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Revised: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccines are complex products that are manufactured in highly dynamic processes. Cellular substrates are one critical component that can have an enormous impact on reactogenicity of the final preparation, level of attenuation of a live virus, yield of infectious units or antigens, and cost per vaccine dose. Such parameters contribute to feasibility and affordability of vaccine programs both in industrialized countries and developing regions. This review summarizes the diversity of cellular substrates for propagation of viral vaccines from primary tissue explants and embryonated chicken eggs to designed continuous cell lines of human and avian origin.
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21
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Colvin EK, Weir C, Ikin RJ, Hudson AL. SV40 TAg mouse models of cancer. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2014; 27:61-73. [PMID: 24583142 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2014.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2013] [Revised: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of a number of viruses with the ability to induce tumours in animals and transform human cells has vastly impacted cancer research. Much of what is known about tumorigenesis today regarding tumour drivers and tumour suppressors has been discovered through experiments using viruses. The SV40 virus has proven extremely successful in generating transgenic models of many human cancer types and this review provides an overview of these models and seeks to give evidence as to their relevance in this modern era of personalised medicine and technological advancements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily K Colvin
- Bill Walsh Translational Cancer Research Laboratory, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, New South Wales 2065, Australia.
| | - Chris Weir
- Bill Walsh Translational Cancer Research Laboratory, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, New South Wales 2065, Australia.
| | - Rowan J Ikin
- Bill Walsh Translational Cancer Research Laboratory, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, New South Wales 2065, Australia.
| | - Amanda L Hudson
- Bill Walsh Translational Cancer Research Laboratory, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, New South Wales 2065, Australia.
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22
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The role of key genes and pathways involved in the tumorigenesis of Malignant Mesothelioma. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2014; 1845:232-47. [PMID: 24491449 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2014.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Revised: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Malignant Mesothelioma (MM) is a very aggressive cancer with low survival rates and often diagnosed at an advanced stage. Several players have been implicated in the development of this cancer, such as asbestos, erionite and the simian virus 40 (SV40). Here, we have reviewed the involvement of erionite, SV40, as well as, the role of several genes (p16(INK4a), p14(ARF), NF2, LATS2, SAV, CTNNB1 and among others), the pathways (RAS, PI3K, Wnt, BCL and Hippo), and their respective roles in the development of MM.
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23
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Kawano M, Matsui M, Handa H. SV40 virus-like particles as an effective delivery system and its application to a vaccine carrier. Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 12:199-210. [DOI: 10.1586/erv.12.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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24
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Comar M, Zanotta N, Del Savio R, Vascotto F, Calabrese N, Zorat F, Pozzato G. No evidence of Polyomavirus and EBV infections in Italian patients with mixed cryoglobulinemia infected chronically with HCV. J Med Virol 2013; 86:666-71. [DOI: 10.1002/jmv.23867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manola Comar
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health-IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo,”; Trieste Italy
- Department of Medical Sciences Clinical Unit of Hygiene; University of Trieste; Trieste Italy
| | - Nunzia Zanotta
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health-IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo,”; Trieste Italy
| | - Rossella Del Savio
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health-IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo,”; Trieste Italy
| | - Fulvia Vascotto
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health-IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo,”; Trieste Italy
| | - Nadia Calabrese
- Department of Medical Sciences Clinical Unit of Haematology; University of Trieste; Trieste Italy
| | - Francesca Zorat
- Department of Medical Sciences Clinical Unit of Haematology; University of Trieste; Trieste Italy
| | - Gabriele Pozzato
- Department of Medical Sciences Clinical Unit of Haematology; University of Trieste; Trieste Italy
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25
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Kawano M, Morikawa K, Suda T, Ohno N, Matsushita S, Akatsuka T, Handa H, Matsui M. Chimeric SV40 virus-like particles induce specific cytotoxicity and protective immunity against influenza A virus without the need of adjuvants. Virology 2013; 448:159-67. [PMID: 24314646 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2013.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Revised: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Virus-like particles (VLPs) are a promising vaccine platform due to the safety and efficiency. However, it is still unclear whether polyomavirus-based VLPs are useful for this purpose. Here, we attempted to evaluate the potential of polyomavirus VLPs for the antiviral vaccine using simian virus 40 (SV40). We constructed chimeric SV40-VLPs carrying an HLA-A*02:01-restricted, cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) epitope derived from influenza A virus. HLA-A*02:01-transgenic mice were then immunized with the chimeric SV40-VLPs. The chimeric SV40-VLPs effectively induced influenza-specific CTLs and heterosubtypic protection against influenza A viruses without the need of adjuvants. Because DNase I treatment of the chimeric SV40-VLPs did not disrupt CTL induction, the intrinsic adjuvant property may not result from DNA contaminants in the VLP preparation. In addition, immunization with the chimeric SV40-VLPs generated long-lasting memory CTLs. We here propose that the chimeric SV40-VLPs harboring an epitope may be a promising CTL-based vaccine platform with self-adjuvant properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaaki Kawano
- Department of Allergy and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Moroyama-cho, Iruma-gun, Saitama 350-0495, Japan
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de Assis LVM, Isoldi MC. The function, mechanisms, and role of the genes PTEN and TP53 and the effects of asbestos in the development of malignant mesothelioma: a review focused on the genes' molecular mechanisms. Tumour Biol 2013; 35:889-901. [PMID: 24081673 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-013-1210-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The malignant mesothelioma is an aggressive form of cancer with a mean survival rate of less than a year. Moreover, environmental exposure to minerals is an important factor in the development of malignant mesothelioma (MM), especially the mineral asbestos, which has a well-documented role in MM, and more recently, the mineral erionite has been proven to be a strong carcinogenic inducer of MM. In addition, the virus simian virus 40 has been implicated as a co-carcinogenic player in MM. However, the molecular mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of this cancer are still not fully understood. Indeed, it is known that several genes are altered or mutated in MM, among those are p16(INK4A), p14(ARF), and neurofibromatosis type II. Furthermore, TP53 has been reported to be mutated in the majority of the cancers; however, in MM, it is very uncommon mutations in this gene. Also, the PTEN gene has been shown to play an important role in endometrial cancer and glioblastoma, although the role of PTEN in MM has yet to be established. Taken altogether, this review focuses on the historical aspects, molecular mechanisms, interaction with other genes and proteins, and the role of these genes in MM. Lastly, this review questions the cancer theory of the two hits because the functions of both PTEN and TP53 are not fully explained by this theory.
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Blum W, Schwaller B. Calretinin is essential for mesothelioma cell growth/survival in vitro: A potential new target for malignant mesothelioma therapy? Int J Cancer 2013; 133:2077-88. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2012] [Revised: 04/02/2013] [Accepted: 04/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Walter Blum
- Anatomy, Department of Medicine; University of Fribourg; Fribourg; Switzerland
| | - Beat Schwaller
- Anatomy, Department of Medicine; University of Fribourg; Fribourg; Switzerland
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Beltrami S, Kim R, Gordon J. Neurofibromatosis type 2 protein, NF2: an uncoventional cell cycle regulator. Anticancer Res 2013; 33:1-11. [PMID: 23267122 PMCID: PMC3725758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Neurofibromatosis type 2 protein (NF2) is an underappreciated tumor suppressor involved in a broad range of nervous system tumors. Inactivation of the NF2 gene leads to neurofibromatosis type-2, which is characterized by multiple benign nervous system tumors and mutations in the gene have been demonstrated in many other tumor types as well. All tumors, regardless of location or grade, lack a fundamental control over cell cycle progression. Historically, NF2 is an unconventional tumor suppressor protein in that it does not directly influence the cell cycle. NF2 links receptors at the plasma membrane to their cytoplasmic kinases to facilitate contact inhibition. However, NF2 can also interact with an array of cytoplasmic and nuclear proteins that affect cell cycle progression. Furthermore, through some of these pathways, NF2 may reverse the functional inhibition of conventional tumor suppressor pathways. Here we review mechanisms utilized by NF2 to regain control of the cell cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Beltrami
- Department of Neuroscience and Center for Neurovirology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
- Biomedical Neuroscience Graduate Program, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Richard Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Jennifer Gordon
- Department of Neuroscience and Center for Neurovirology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
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Girardelli M, Maestri I, Rinaldi RR, Tognon M, Boldorini R, Bovenzi M, Crovella S, Comar M. NLRP1 polymorphisms in patients with asbestos-associated mesothelioma. Infect Agent Cancer 2012; 7:25. [PMID: 23031505 PMCID: PMC3527160 DOI: 10.1186/1750-9378-7-25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2012] [Accepted: 10/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background An increasing incidence of malignant mesothelioma (MM) cases in patients with low levels of asbestos exposure suggests the interference of alternative cofactors. SV40 infection was detected, as co-morbidity factor, only in 22% of asbestos-MM patients from a North-Eastern Italy area. An additional mechanism of injury related to asbestos exposure in MM development has been recently associated to inflammatory responses, principally driven by interleukin (IL)-1 beta (ß) activated within the inflammasome complex. NLRP3 inflammosome has been described as the intracellular sensor for asbestos able to induce inflammasome activation and IL-1ß secretion while NLRP1 is expressed in lung epithelial cells and alveolar macrophages and contributes to the immune response and to survival/apoptosis balance. This study proposes to evaluate the impact of known NLRP3 and NLRP1 polymorphisms in the individual susceptibility to asbestos-induced mesothelioma in subjects from a hyperendemic area for MM. Methods 134 Italian patients with diagnosis of mesothelioma due (MMAE, n=69) or not (MMAF, n=65) to asbestos, 256 healthy Italian blood donors and 101 Italian healthy subjects exposed to asbestos (HCAE) were genotyped for NLRP1 (rs2670660 and rs12150220) and NLRP3 (rs35829419 and rs10754558) polymorphisms. Results While NLRP3 SNPs were not associated to mesothelioma, the NLRP1 rs12150220 allele T was significantly more frequent in MMAE (0.55) than in HCAE (0.41) (p=0.011; OR=1.79) suggesting a predisponent effect of this allele on the development of mesothelioma. This effect was amplified when the NLRP1 rs2670660 allele was combined with the NLRP1 rs12150220 allele (p=0.004; OR=0.52). Conclusion Although NLRP3 SNPs was not involved in mesothelioma predisposition, these data proposed NLRP1 as a novel factor possibly involved in the development of mesothelioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Girardelli
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health-IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy.
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Rivera Z, Ferrone S, Wang X, Jube S, Yang H, Pass HI, Kanodia S, Gaudino G, Carbone M. CSPG4 as a target of antibody-based immunotherapy for malignant mesothelioma. Clin Cancer Res 2012; 18:5352-63. [PMID: 22893632 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-12-0628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Malignant mesothelioma (MM) is an aggressive cancer, resistant to current therapies. Membrane chondroitin sulphate proteoglycan 4 (CSPG4), which has been successfully targeted in melanoma and breast cancer, was found highly expressed in MM, but not in normal mesothelium. Therefore, we explored CSPG4 as a suitable target for monoclonal antibody (mAb)-based immunotherapy for MM. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We assayed adhesion, motility, invasiveness, wound-healing, apoptosis, and anchorage-independent growth of MM cells on cell cultures. CSPG4 expression and signaling was studied by immunoblotting. The growth of MM severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice xenografts induced by PPM-Mill cells, engineered to express the luciferase reporter gene, was monitored by imaging, upon treatment with CSPG4 mAb TP41.2. Animal toxicity and survival were assayed in both tumor inhibition and therapeutic experiments. RESULTS CSPG4 was expressed on 6 out of 8 MM cell lines and in 25 out of 41 MM biopsies, with minimal expression in surrounding healthy cells. MM cell adhesion was mediated by CSPG4-dependent engagement of ECM. Cell adhesion was inhibited by mAb TP41.2 resulting in decreased phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and AKT, reduced expression of cyclin D1 and apoptosis. Moreover, mAb TP41.2 significantly reduced MM cell motility, migration, and invasiveness, and inhibited MM growth in soft agar. In vivo, treatment with mAb TP41.2 prevented or inhibited the growth of MM xenografts in SCID mice, with a significant increase in animal survival. CONCLUSION These results establish the safety of CSPG4 mAb-based immunotherapy and suggest that CSPG4 mAb-based immunotherapy may represent a novel approach for the treatment of MM.
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Gao L, Reeves W, Demay RM. Parakeratotic-like cells in effusions - A clue to diagnosis of malignant mesothelioma. Cytojournal 2012; 9:18. [PMID: 22919425 PMCID: PMC3424983 DOI: 10.4103/1742-6413.99170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2012] [Accepted: 04/27/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Malignant mesothelioma (MM) is an aggressive neoplasm with a poor prognosis. Its incidence has been increasing worldwide. Cytological examination of an effusion is often the first opportunity to diagnose MM. However, the cytological diagnosis of MM can be difficult. We have noticed that parakeratotic-like cells, with orange cytoplasm and pyknotic nuclei, are present in many cases of mesothelioma on Papanicolaou-stained cytology slides. Although this cytological finding has been described previously, to our knowledge, there has been no systematic study of this finding. Our study is to determine whether the presence of small parakeratotic / orangeophilic cells (PK-like cells) is specific for the cytodiagnosis of mesothelioma. Materials and Methods: A total of 90 body fluid cases were selected from our archived specimens in the Cytology Section at the University of Chicago Hospital accessioned between January 2000 to November 2011. They included 30 cases of mesothelioma, 30 cases of adenocarcinoma, and 30 cases of reactive mesothelial cells. Results: PK-like cells were present in 83% of the mesothelioma cases, 13% of the adenocarcinoma cases, and 7% of the reactive cases. Our data showed that the presence of PK-like cells has a specificity of 90%, sensitivity of 83%, positive predictive value of 81%, and negative predictive value of 84% for the diagnosis of malignant mesothelioma in body cavity fluids. Conclusion: The presence of PK-like cells in the effusion specimen, especially in pleural effusions, is a highly specific and moderately sensitive cytological feature for diagnosis of mesothelioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Gao
- Department of Pathology, Division of Cytopathology, The University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Avenue, Chicago, 60637, IL, USA
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CK2 regulates ATF4 and CHOP transcription within the cellular stress response signalling pathway. Cell Signal 2012; 24:1797-802. [PMID: 22609407 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2012.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2012] [Accepted: 05/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Protein kinase CK2 is an ubiquitously expressed serine/threonine kinase. The protein levels along with CK2 activity are highly elevated in tumour cells where it protects cells from apoptosis. Accordingly, inhibition of CK2 is known to induce programmed cell death, making it a promising target for cancer therapy. Analysis of the different behaviour of hormone sensitive LNCaP cells and hormone refractory PC-3 cells after CK2 inhibition revealed CHOP ((C/EBP)-homologous protein) induction and therefore probably ER stress as crucial for apoptosis in the LNCaP cells. In the present study we investigated which promoter element of the CHOP promoter is responsible for its induction. ER stress can be generated by the accumulation of unfolded proteins, by depletion of amino acids or by oxidative stress. ER stress induces specific signalling pathways. In order to analyse which pathway might be activated by CK2 inhibition we started to analyse the activation of the different CHOP promoter elements. By using mutated reporter constructs of the CHOP promoter, it turned out that the amino acid response element (AARE) is the most prominent element for CHOP induction after CK2 inhibition. The ER stress element, however, proves to be less crucial, and along with the AP-1 binding site, they do not seem to play any role. Further we found an up-regulation of the transcription factor ATF4 after CK2 inhibition. ATF4 is involved in ER stress signalling through the AARE, which further supports our finding that CK2 inhibition provokes an amino acid induced response pathway.
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