1
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Yin Q, Luo W, Mallajosyula V, Bo Y, Guo J, Xie J, Sun M, Verma R, Li C, Constantz CM, Wagar LE, Li J, Sola E, Gupta N, Wang C, Kask O, Chen X, Yuan X, Wu NC, Rao J, Chien YH, Cheng J, Pulendran B, Davis MM. A TLR7-nanoparticle adjuvant promotes a broad immune response against heterologous strains of influenza and SARS-CoV-2. NATURE MATERIALS 2023; 22:380-390. [PMID: 36717665 PMCID: PMC9981462 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-022-01464-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The ideal vaccine against viruses such as influenza and SARS-CoV-2 must provide a robust, durable and broad immune protection against multiple viral variants. However, antibody responses to current vaccines often lack robust cross-reactivity. Here we describe a polymeric Toll-like receptor 7 agonist nanoparticle (TLR7-NP) adjuvant, which enhances lymph node targeting, and leads to persistent activation of immune cells and broad immune responses. When mixed with alum-adsorbed antigens, this TLR7-NP adjuvant elicits cross-reactive antibodies for both dominant and subdominant epitopes and antigen-specific CD8+ T-cell responses in mice. This TLR7-NP-adjuvanted influenza subunit vaccine successfully protects mice against viral challenge of a different strain. This strategy also enhances the antibody response to a SARS-CoV-2 subunit vaccine against multiple viral variants that have emerged. Moreover, this TLR7-NP augments antigen-specific responses in human tonsil organoids. Overall, we describe a nanoparticle adjuvant to improve immune responses to viral antigens, with promising implications for developing broadly protective vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Yin
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Wei Luo
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Vamsee Mallajosyula
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Yang Bo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Jing Guo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jinghang Xie
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Meng Sun
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Rohit Verma
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Chunfeng Li
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Christian M Constantz
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Lisa E Wagar
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Jing Li
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Elsa Sola
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Neha Gupta
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Chunlin Wang
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Oliver Kask
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Xin Chen
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Xue Yuan
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Nicholas C Wu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Jianghong Rao
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Yueh-Hsiu Chien
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jianjun Cheng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Bali Pulendran
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - Mark M Davis
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- The Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
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2
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Bruder MR, Aucoin MG. Evaluation of Virus-Free Manufacture of Recombinant Proteins Using CRISPR-Mediated Gene Disruption in Baculovirus-Infected Insect Cells. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11020225. [PMID: 36851104 PMCID: PMC9966935 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11020225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The manufacture and downstream processing of virus-like particles (VLPs) using the baculovirus expression vector system (BEVS) is complicated by the presence of large concentrations of baculovirus particles, which are similar in size and density to VLPs, and consequently are difficult to separate. To reduce the burden of downstream processing, CRISPR-Cas9 technology was used to introduce insertion-deletion (indel) mutations within the Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV) gp64 open reading frame, which encodes the major envelope protein of AcMNPV. After comfirming the site-specific targeting of gp64 leading to reduced budded virus (BV) release, the gag gene of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 was expressed to produce Gag VLPs. This approach was effective for producing VLPs using the BEVS whilst simultaneously obstructing BV release.
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3
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Debnath S, Seth D, Pramanik S, Adhikari S, Mondal P, Sherpa D, Sen D, Mukherjee D, Mukerjee N. A comprehensive review and meta-analysis of recent advances in biotechnology for plant virus research and significant accomplishments in human health and the pharmaceutical industry. Biotechnol Genet Eng Rev 2022:1-33. [PMID: 36063068 DOI: 10.1080/02648725.2022.2116309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Secondary metabolites made by plants and used through their metabolic routes are today's most reliable and cost-effective way to make pharmaceuticals and improve health. The concept of genetic engineering is used for molecular pharming. As more people use plants as sources of nanotechnology systems, they are adding to this. These systems are made up of viruses-like particles (VLPs) and virus nanoparticles (VNPs). Due to their superior ability to be used as plant virus expression vectors, plant viruses are becoming more popular in pharmaceuticals. This has opened the door for them to be used in research, such as the production of medicinal peptides, antibodies, and other heterologous protein complexes. This is because biotechnological approaches have been linked with new bioinformatics tools. Because of the rise of high-throughput sequencing (HTS) and next-generation sequencing (NGS) techniques, it has become easier to use metagenomic studies to look for plant virus genomes that could be used in pharmaceutical research. A look at how bioinformatics can be used in pharmaceutical research is also covered in this article. It also talks about plant viruses and how new biotechnological tools and procedures have made progress in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandip Debnath
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Palli Siksha Bhavana (Institute of Agriculture), Visva-Bharati University, Sriniketan, West Bengal, India
| | - Dibyendu Seth
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Palli Siksha Bhavana (Institute of Agriculture), Visva-Bharati University, Sriniketan, West Bengal, India
| | - Sourish Pramanik
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Palli Siksha Bhavana (Institute of Agriculture), Visva-Bharati University, Sriniketan, West Bengal, India
| | - Sanchari Adhikari
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Palli Siksha Bhavana (Institute of Agriculture), Visva-Bharati University, Sriniketan, West Bengal, India
| | - Parimita Mondal
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Palli Siksha Bhavana (Institute of Agriculture), Visva-Bharati University, Sriniketan, West Bengal, India
| | - Dechen Sherpa
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Palli Siksha Bhavana (Institute of Agriculture), Visva-Bharati University, Sriniketan, West Bengal, India
| | - Deepjyoti Sen
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Palli Siksha Bhavana (Institute of Agriculture), Visva-Bharati University, Sriniketan, West Bengal, India
| | | | - Nobendu Mukerjee
- Department of Microbiology, Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda Centenary College, Kolkata, India
- Department of Health Sciences, Novel Global Community Educational Foundation, Hebarsham, Australia
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4
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Fang Z, Lyu J, Li J, Li C, Zhang Y, Guo Y, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Chen K. Application of bioreactor technology for cell culture-based viral vaccine production: Present status and future prospects. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:921755. [PMID: 36017347 PMCID: PMC9395942 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.921755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Bioreactors are widely used in cell culture-based viral vaccine production, especially during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. In this context, the development and application of bioreactors can provide more efficient and cost-effective vaccine production to meet the global vaccine demand. The production of viral vaccines is inseparable from the development of upstream biological processes. In particular, exploration at the laboratory-scale is urgently required for further development. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate the existing upstream biological processes, to enable the selection of pilot-scale conditions for academic and industrial scientists to maximize the yield and quality of vaccine development and production. Reviewing methods for optimizing the upstream process of virus vaccine production, this review discusses the bioreactor concepts, significant parameters and operational strategies related to large-scale amplification of virus. On this basis, a comprehensive analysis and evaluation of the various process optimization methods for the production of various viruses (SARS-CoV-2, Influenza virus, Tropical virus, Enterovirus, Rabies virus) in bioreactors is presented. Meanwhile, the types of viral vaccines are briefly introduced, and the established animal cell lines for vaccine production are described. In addition, it is emphasized that the co-development of bioreactor and computational biology is urgently needed to meet the challenges posed by the differences in upstream production scales between the laboratory and industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongbiao Fang
- Shulan International Medical College, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jingting Lyu
- Shulan International Medical College, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianhua Li
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chaonan Li
- Shulan International Medical College, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuxuan Zhang
- Shulan International Medical College, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yikai Guo
- Shulan International Medical College, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Shulan International Medical College, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Ying Wang, ; Yanjun Zhang, ; Keda Chen,
| | - Yanjun Zhang
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Ying Wang, ; Yanjun Zhang, ; Keda Chen,
| | - Keda Chen
- Shulan International Medical College, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Ying Wang, ; Yanjun Zhang, ; Keda Chen,
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5
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Sun YX, Li ZR, Zhang PJ, Han JH, Di HY, Qin JY, Cong YL. A Single Vaccination of Chimeric Bivalent Virus-Like Particle Vaccine Confers Protection Against H9N2 and H3N2 Avian Influenza in Commercial Broilers and Allows a Strategy of Differentiating Infected from Vaccinated Animals. Front Immunol 2022; 13:902515. [PMID: 35874682 PMCID: PMC9304867 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.902515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
H9N2 and H3N2 are the two most important subtypes of low pathogenic avian influenza viruses (LPAIV) because of their ongoing threat to the global poultry industry and public health. Although commercially available inactivated H9N2 vaccines are widely used in the affected countries, endemic H9N2 avian influenza remains uncontrolled. In addition, there is no available avian H3N2 vaccine. Influenza virus-like particles (VLPs) are one of the most promising vaccine alternatives to traditional egg-based vaccines. In this study, to increase the immunogenic content of VLPs to reduce production costs, we developed chimeric bivalent VLPs (cbVLPs) co-displaying hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) of H9N2 and H3N2 viruses with the Gag protein of bovine immunodeficiency virus (BIV) as the inner core using the Bac-to-Bac baculovirus expression system. The results showed that a single immunization of chickens with 40μg/0.3mL cbVLPs elicited an effective immune response and provided complete protection against H9N2 and H3N2 viruses. More importantly, cbVLPs with accompanying serological assays can successfully accomplish the strategy of differentiating infected animals from vaccinated animals (DIVA), making virus surveillance easier. Therefore, this cbVLP vaccine candidate would be a promising alternative to conventional vaccines, showing great potential for commercial development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-xue Sun
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Jilin Research and Development Center of Biomedical Engineering, Changchun University, Changchun, China
| | - Zheng-rong Li
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Peng-ju Zhang
- Institute of Animal Biotechnology, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
- *Correspondence: Yan-long Cong, ; orcid.org/0000-0001-9497-4882
| | - Jin-hong Han
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hai-yang Di
- Department of Disease Prevention and Control, Zoological and Botanical Garden of Changchun, Changchun, China
| | - Jia-yi Qin
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yan-long Cong
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- *Correspondence: Yan-long Cong, ; orcid.org/0000-0001-9497-4882
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6
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Pliasas VC, Menne Z, Aida V, Yin JH, Naskou MC, Neasham PJ, North JF, Wilson D, Horzmann KA, Jacob J, Skountzou I, Kyriakis CS. A Novel Neuraminidase Virus-Like Particle Vaccine Offers Protection Against Heterologous H3N2 Influenza Virus Infection in the Porcine Model. Front Immunol 2022; 13:915364. [PMID: 35874791 PMCID: PMC9300842 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.915364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A viruses (IAVs) pose a global health threat, contributing to hundreds of thousands of deaths and millions of hospitalizations annually. The two major surface glycoproteins of IAVs, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA), are important antigens in eliciting neutralizing antibodies and protection against disease. However, NA is generally ignored in the formulation and development of influenza vaccines. In this study, we evaluate the immunogenicity and efficacy against challenge of a novel NA virus-like particles (VLPs) vaccine in the porcine model. We developed an NA2 VLP vaccine containing the NA protein from A/Perth/16/2009 (H3N2) and the matrix 1 (M1) protein from A/MI/73/2015, formulated with a water-in-oil-in-water adjuvant. Responses to NA2 VLPs were compared to a commercial adjuvanted quadrivalent whole inactivated virus (QWIV) swine IAV vaccine. Animals were prime boost vaccinated 21 days apart and challenged four weeks later with an H3N2 swine IAV field isolate, A/swine/NC/KH1552516/2016. Pigs vaccinated with the commercial QWIV vaccine demonstrated high hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) titers but very weak anti-NA antibody titers and subsequently undetectable NA inhibition (NAI) titers. Conversely, NA2 VLP vaccinated pigs demonstrated undetectable HAI titers but high anti-NA antibody titers and NAI titers. Post-challenge, NA2 VLPs and the commercial QWIV vaccine showed similar reductions in virus replication, pulmonary neutrophilic infiltration, and lung inflammation compared to unvaccinated controls. These data suggest that anti-NA immunity following NA2 VLP vaccination offers comparable protection to QWIV swine IAV vaccines inducing primarily anti-HA responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasilis C. Pliasas
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
- Emory-UGA Center of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance (CEIRS), Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Zach Menne
- Emory-UGA Center of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance (CEIRS), Atlanta, GA, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Virginia Aida
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
- Emory-UGA Center of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance (CEIRS), Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Ji-Hang Yin
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Maria C. Naskou
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Peter J. Neasham
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
- Emory-UGA Center of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance (CEIRS), Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - J. Fletcher North
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
- Emory-UGA Center of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance (CEIRS), Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Dylan Wilson
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Katharine A. Horzmann
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Joshy Jacob
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Ioanna Skountzou
- Emory-UGA Center of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance (CEIRS), Atlanta, GA, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
- *Correspondence: Constantinos S. Kyriakis, ; Ioanna Skountzou,
| | - Constantinos S. Kyriakis
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
- Emory-UGA Center of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance (CEIRS), Atlanta, GA, United States
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
- *Correspondence: Constantinos S. Kyriakis, ; Ioanna Skountzou,
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7
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Arista-Romero M, Delcanale P, Pujals S, Albertazzi L. Nanoscale Mapping of Recombinant Viral Proteins: From Cells to Virus-Like Particles. ACS PHOTONICS 2022; 9:101-109. [PMID: 35083366 PMCID: PMC8778639 DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.1c01154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Influenza recombinant proteins and virus-like particles (VLPs) play an important role in vaccine development (e.g., CadiFlu-S). However, their production from mammalian cells suffers from low yields and lack of control of the final VLPs. To improve these issues, characterization techniques able to visualize and quantify the different steps of the process are needed. Fluorescence microscopy represents a powerful tool able to image multiple protein targets; however, its limited resolution hinders the study of viral constructs. Here, we propose the use of super-resolution microscopy and in particular of DNA-point accumulation for imaging in nanoscale topography (DNA-PAINT) microscopy as a characterization method for recombinant viral proteins on both cells and VLPs. We were able to quantify the amount of the three main influenza proteins (hemagglutinin (HA), neuraminidase (NA), and ion channel matrix protein 2 (M2)) per cell and per VLP with nanometer resolution and single-molecule sensitivity, proving that DNA-PAINT is a powerful technique to characterize recombinant viral constructs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Arista-Romero
- Nanoscopy
for Nanomedicine Group, Institute for Bioengineering
of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, C\Baldiri Reixac 15-21, Helix Building, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pietro Delcanale
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Matematiche, Fisiche e Informatiche, Università di Parma, Parco area delle Scienze 7/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Silvia Pujals
- Nanoscopy
for Nanomedicine Group, Institute for Bioengineering
of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, C\Baldiri Reixac 15-21, Helix Building, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lorenzo Albertazzi
- Nanoscopy
for Nanomedicine Group, Institute for Bioengineering
of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, C\Baldiri Reixac 15-21, Helix Building, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems
(ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, 5612AZ Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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8
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Baculovirus-derived influenza virus-like particle confers complete protection against lethal H7N9 avian influenza virus challenge in chickens and mice. Vet Microbiol 2022; 264:109306. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2021.109306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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9
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Makowski EK, Schardt JS, Tessier PM. Improving antibody drug development using bionanotechnology. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2021; 74:137-145. [PMID: 34890875 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2021.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies are being used to treat a remarkable breadth of human disorders. Nevertheless, there are several key challenges at the earliest stages of antibody drug development that need to be addressed using simple and widely accessible methods, especially related to generating antibodies against membrane proteins and identifying antibody candidates with drug-like biophysical properties (high solubility and low viscosity). Here we highlight key bionanotechnologies for preparing functional and stable membrane proteins in diverse types of lipoparticles that are being used to improve antibody discovery and engineering efforts. We also highlight key bionanotechnologies for high-throughput and ultra-dilute screening of antibody biophysical properties during antibody discovery and optimization that are being used for identifying antibodies with superior combinations of in vitro (formulation) and in vivo (half-life) properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily K Makowski
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - John S Schardt
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Peter M Tessier
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Departmant of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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10
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Production of Multi-Subtype Influenza Virus-Like Particles by Molecular Fusion with BAFF or APRIL for Vaccine Development. Methods Mol Biol 2021. [PMID: 33185873 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1130-2_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Virus-like particle (VLP) technology is an alternative platform for developing vaccines to combat seasonal and pandemic influenza. Influenza VLPs are non-infectious nanoparticles that can elicit effective vaccine immunogenicity in hosts. B-cell-activating factor (BAFF, or BLyS) and a proliferation-inducing ligand (APRIL) are members of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) superfamily of cytokines. Both BAFF and APRIL are homotrimers that interact with homotrimeric receptors. Here, we report a method of the production of influenza VLPs by molecular incorporation with BAFF or APRIL homotrimers to interact with their receptors. We engineered the VLPs by direct fusion of BAFF or APRIL to the transmembrane anchored domain of the hemagglutinin (HA) gene. We also describe procedures for the production of BAFF-VLPs containing H5H7 and H1H5H7 for multi-subtype vaccine development.
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11
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Hepatitis B core-based virus-like particles: A platform for vaccine development in plants. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 29:e00605. [PMID: 33732633 PMCID: PMC7937989 DOI: 10.1016/j.btre.2021.e00605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Virus-like particles (VLPs) are a class of structures formed by the self-assembly of viral capsid protein subunits and contain no infective viral genetic material. The Hepatitis B core (HBc) antigen is capable of assembling into VLPs that can elicit strong immune responses and has been licensed as a commercial vaccine against Hepatitis B. The HBc VLPs have also been employed as a platform for the presentation of foreign epitopes to the immune system and have been used to develop vaccines against, for example, influenza A and Foot-and-mouth disease. Plant expression systems are rapid, scalable and safe, and are capable of providing correct post-translational modifications and reducing upstream production costs. The production of HBc-based virus-like particles in plants would thus greatly increase the efficiency of vaccine production. This review investigates the application of plant-based HBc VLP as a platform for vaccine production.
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12
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Li N, Xu RD, Shi MF, Li J. Severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus 2 virus-like particle and its application in Chinese medical research. WORLD JOURNAL OF TRADITIONAL CHINESE MEDICINE 2021. [DOI: 10.4103/wjtcm.wjtcm_55_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Qian C, Liu X, Xu Q, Wang Z, Chen J, Li T, Zheng Q, Yu H, Gu Y, Li S, Xia N. Recent Progress on the Versatility of Virus-Like Particles. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8010139. [PMID: 32244935 PMCID: PMC7157238 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8010139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Virus-like particles (VLPs) are multimeric nanostructures composed of one or more structural proteins of a virus in the absence of genetic material. Having similar morphology to natural viruses but lacking any pathogenicity or infectivity, VLPs have gradually become a safe substitute for inactivated or attenuated vaccines. VLPs can achieve tissue-specific targeting and complete and effective cell penetration. With highly ordered epitope repeats, VLPs have excellent immunogenicity and can induce strong cellular and humoral immune responses. In addition, as a type of nanocarrier, VLPs can be used to display antigenic epitopes or deliver small molecules. VLPs have thus become powerful tools for vaccinology and biomedical research. This review highlights the versatility of VLPs in antigen presentation, drug delivery, and vaccine technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciying Qian
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Disease, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; (C.Q.); (X.L.); (Q.X.); (Z.W.); (J.C.); (T.L.); (N.X.)
| | - Xinlin Liu
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Disease, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; (C.Q.); (X.L.); (Q.X.); (Z.W.); (J.C.); (T.L.); (N.X.)
| | - Qin Xu
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Disease, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; (C.Q.); (X.L.); (Q.X.); (Z.W.); (J.C.); (T.L.); (N.X.)
| | - Zhiping Wang
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Disease, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; (C.Q.); (X.L.); (Q.X.); (Z.W.); (J.C.); (T.L.); (N.X.)
| | - Jie Chen
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Disease, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; (C.Q.); (X.L.); (Q.X.); (Z.W.); (J.C.); (T.L.); (N.X.)
| | - Tingting Li
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Disease, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; (C.Q.); (X.L.); (Q.X.); (Z.W.); (J.C.); (T.L.); (N.X.)
| | - Qingbing Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; (Q.Z.); (H.Y.)
| | - Hai Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; (Q.Z.); (H.Y.)
| | - Ying Gu
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Disease, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; (C.Q.); (X.L.); (Q.X.); (Z.W.); (J.C.); (T.L.); (N.X.)
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; (Q.Z.); (H.Y.)
- Correspondence: (Y.G.); (S.L.)
| | - Shaowei Li
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Disease, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; (C.Q.); (X.L.); (Q.X.); (Z.W.); (J.C.); (T.L.); (N.X.)
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; (Q.Z.); (H.Y.)
- Correspondence: (Y.G.); (S.L.)
| | - Ningshao Xia
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Disease, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; (C.Q.); (X.L.); (Q.X.); (Z.W.); (J.C.); (T.L.); (N.X.)
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; (Q.Z.); (H.Y.)
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Durous L, Rosa-Calatrava M, Petiot E. Advances in influenza virus-like particles bioprocesses. Expert Rev Vaccines 2019; 18:1285-1300. [DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2019.1704262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Durous
- Virologie et Pathologie Humaine - VirPath team - Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), INSERM U1111, CNRS UMR5308, ENS Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Manuel Rosa-Calatrava
- Virologie et Pathologie Humaine - VirPath team - Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), INSERM U1111, CNRS UMR5308, ENS Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
- VirNext, Faculté de Médecine RTH Laennec, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Emma Petiot
- Virologie et Pathologie Humaine - VirPath team - Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), INSERM U1111, CNRS UMR5308, ENS Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
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15
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Characterization of influenza H1N1 Gag virus-like particles and extracellular vesicles co-produced in HEK-293SF. Vaccine 2019; 37:7100-7107. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.07.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 04/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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16
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Li L, Zhang Y, Dong J, Zhang J, Zhang C, Qin J, Sun M, Xu Z. Development of chimeric virus-like particles containing the E glycoprotein of duck Tembusu virus. Vet Microbiol 2019; 238:108425. [PMID: 31648723 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.108425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 09/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Duck Tembusu virus (DTMUV) has caused enormous economic losses to the poultry industry in China. In the current study, we generated chimeric virus-like particles (VLPs) containing E protein of the DTMUV and HA2 protein of the H3N2 avian influenza virus (AIV). The chimeric VLPs could induce specific antibody responses in both mice (n = 5/group) and ducks (n = 10/group). After immunizing ducklings with the chimeric VLPs, all immunized ducks (n = 10/group) were 100% (10/10) protected against homologous DTMUV strain and virus shedding was not detected on day 5 post-challenge, whereas 60% (6/10) of the ducklings immunized with PBS presented typical symptoms with a virus shedding rate of 90% (9/10). Furthermore, viral loads were significantly decreased in the birds of the chimeric VLPs immunized group, comparing to that of the PBS immunized group. Our data demonstrated that the chimeric VLPs used in the current study could be applied as a potential vaccine candidate to control DTMUV infections in young ducks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention, Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Baishigang Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Jiawen Dong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention, Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Baishigang Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Junqing Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention, Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Baishigang Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Chunhong Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention, Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Baishigang Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jianru Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Minhua Sun
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention, Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Baishigang Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Zhihong Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention, Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Baishigang Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
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17
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Keshavarz M, Namdari H, Arjeini Y, Mirzaei H, Salimi V, Sadeghi A, Mokhtari-Azad T, Rezaei F. Induction of protective immune response to intranasal administration of influenza virus-like particles in a mouse model. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:16643-16652. [PMID: 30784082 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Human influenza A viruses (IAVs) cause global pandemics and epidemics, which remains a nonignorable serious concern for public health worldwide. To combat the surge of viral outbreaks, new treatments are urgently needed. Here, we design a new vaccine based on virus-like particles (VLPs) and show how intranasal administration of this vaccine triggers protective immunity, which can be exploited for the development of new therapies. H1N1 VLPs were produced in baculovirus vectors and were injected into BALB/c mice by the intramuscular (IM) or intranasal (IN) route. We found that there were significantly higher inflammatory cell and lymphocyte concentrations in bronchoalveolar lavage samples and the lungs of IN immunized mice; however, the IM group had little signs of inflammatory responses. On the basis of our results, immunization with H1N1 influenza VLP elicited a strong T cell immunity in BALB/c mice. Despite T cell immunity amplification after both IN and IM vaccination methods in mice, IN-induced T cell responses were significantly more intense than IM-induced responses, and this was likely related to an increased number of both CD11bhigh and CD103+ dendritic cells in mice lungs after IN administration of VLP. Furthermore, evaluation of interleukin-4 and interferon gamma cytokines along with several chemokine receptors showed that VLP vaccination via IN and IM routes leads to a greater CD4+ Th1 and Th2 response, respectively. Our findings indicated that VLPs represent a potential strategy for the development of an effective influenza vaccine; however, employing relevant routes for vaccination can be another important part of the universal influenza vaccine puzzle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Keshavarz
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,The Persian Gulf Tropical Medicine Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Haideh Namdari
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yaser Arjeini
- Virology Department, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamed Mirzaei
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Vahid Salimi
- Virology Department, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmadreza Sadeghi
- Iranian Tissue Bank and Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Talat Mokhtari-Azad
- Virology Department, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,National Influenza Center, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farhad Rezaei
- Virology Department, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,National Influenza Center, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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18
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Hong JY, Chen TH, Chen YJ, Liu CC, Jan JT, Wu SC. Highly immunogenic influenza virus-like particles containing B-cell-activating factor (BAFF) for multi-subtype vaccine development. Antiviral Res 2019; 164:12-22. [PMID: 30738089 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2019.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Virus-like particle (VLP) technology is an attractive platform for the development of seasonal and pandemic influenza vaccines. Influenza VLPs can be obtained by the overexpression of HA, M1, NA, and/or M2 viral proteins in insect, mammalian, or plant cells. In this study, we reported to obtain highly immunogenic influenza VLPs by molecular incorporation with B-cell-activating factor (BAFF) or proliferation-inducing ligand (APRIL). Since BAFF and APRIL act as homotrimers to interact with their receptors, we engineered the VLPs by direct fusion of BAFF or APRIL to the transmembrane anchored domain of H5HA gene. Results showed that immunizations with the HA-transmembrane anchored BAFF- or APRIL-VLPs only formulated in alum but not MPL adjuvant elicited significantly higher IgG titers in sera. However, only the BAFF-VLPs formulated in alum adjuvant elicited more broadly neutralizing antibodies against the homologous and two heterologous H5N1 clade/subclade viruses and conferred protective immunity against live virus challenges. As the multi-subtype influenza vaccines containing a variety of HA subtypes can confer broader protective immunity, we also obtained multi-subtype H5H7 BAFF-VLPs and H1H5H7 BAFF-VLPs and demonstrated that these multi-subtype BAFF-VLPs were able to induce the production of neutralizing antibodies against multiple HA subtypes. Our findings provided useful information for the development of highly immunogenic, multi-subtype influenza VLP vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jo-Yu Hong
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Hsuan Chen
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Jou Chen
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Chyi Liu
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Tsrong Jan
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Suh-Chin Wu
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan; Department of Medical Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan.
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19
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Liu J, Ren Z, Wang H, Zhao Y, Wilker PR, Yu Z, Sun W, Wang T, Feng N, Li Y, Wang H, Ji X, Li N, Yang S, He H, Qin C, Gao Y, Xia X. Influenza virus-like particles composed of conserved influenza proteins and GPI-anchored CCL28/GM-CSF fusion proteins enhance protective immunity against homologous and heterologous viruses. Int Immunopharmacol 2018; 63:119-128. [PMID: 30081250 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2018.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 07/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Influenza viruses cause significant morbidity and mortality and pose a substantial threat to public health. Vaccination represents the principle means of preventing influenza virus infection. Current vaccine approaches are hindered by the need to routinely reformulate vaccine compositions in an effort to account for the progressive antigenic changes that occur as influenza viruses circulate in the human population. In this study, we evaluated chimeric virus-like particle (cVLP) vaccines containing conserved elements of influenza proteins (HL5M2e (HA stem gene with 5M2e gene inserted) and NP), with or without glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored CCL28 (GPI-CCL28) and/or GM-CSF (GPI-GM-CSF) fusion proteins as molecular adjuvants. cVLPs elicited strong humoral and cellular immune responses against homologous and heterologous viruses, and improved survival following lethal challenge with both homologous and heterologous viruses. Inclusion of GPI-anchored adjuvants in cVLP vaccines augmented the generation of influenza-specific humoral and cellular immune responses in mice in comparison to the non-adjuvanted cVLP vaccines. VLPs containing GPI-anchored adjuvants reduced morbidity and improved survival to lethal challenge with homologous and heterologous influenza viruses. This work suggests that VLP vaccines incorporating conserved influenza virus proteins and GPI-anchored molecular adjuvants may serve as a platform for a broadly protective "universal" influenza vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Liu
- Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC) and Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS), Beijing 100021, China; Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis, Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, Jilin Province 130122, China
| | - Zhiguang Ren
- Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, School of Basic Medicine, Kaifeng 475004, China; Henan University, Kaifeng, Hennan Province, China
| | - Hongmei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resistant Biology of Shandong, Ruminant Disease Research Center, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Shandong Province 250014, China
| | - Yongkun Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis, Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, Jilin Province 130122, China
| | - Peter R Wilker
- Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, School of Dentistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298, USA
| | - Zhijun Yu
- Institute of Poultry Science, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250023, China
| | - Weiyang Sun
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis, Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, Jilin Province 130122, China
| | - Tiecheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis, Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, Jilin Province 130122, China
| | - Na Feng
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis, Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, Jilin Province 130122, China
| | - Yuanguo Li
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis, Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, Jilin Province 130122, China
| | - Hualei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis, Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, Jilin Province 130122, China
| | - Xianliang Ji
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis, Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, Jilin Province 130122, China
| | - Nan Li
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis, Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, Jilin Province 130122, China
| | - Songtao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis, Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, Jilin Province 130122, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Hongbin He
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resistant Biology of Shandong, Ruminant Disease Research Center, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Shandong Province 250014, China
| | - Chuan Qin
- Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC) and Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS), Beijing 100021, China
| | - Yuwei Gao
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis, Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, Jilin Province 130122, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
| | - Xianzhu Xia
- Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC) and Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS), Beijing 100021, China; Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis, Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, Jilin Province 130122, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
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Ong HK, Tan WS, Ho KL. Virus like particles as a platform for cancer vaccine development. PeerJ 2017; 5:e4053. [PMID: 29158984 PMCID: PMC5694210 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.4053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancers have killed millions of people in human history and are still posing a serious health problem worldwide. Therefore, there is an urgent need for developing preventive and therapeutic cancer vaccines. Among various cancer vaccine development platforms, virus-like particles (VLPs) offer several advantages. VLPs are multimeric nanostructures with morphology resembling that of native viruses and are mainly composed of surface structural proteins of viruses but are devoid of viral genetic materials rendering them neither infective nor replicative. In addition, they can be engineered to display multiple, highly ordered heterologous epitopes or peptides in order to optimize the antigenicity and immunogenicity of the displayed entities. Like native viruses, specific epitopes displayed on VLPs can be taken up, processed, and presented by antigen-presenting cells to elicit potent specific humoral and cell-mediated immune responses. Several studies also indicated that VLPs could overcome the immunosuppressive state of the tumor microenvironment and break self-tolerance to elicit strong cytotoxic lymphocyte activity, which is crucial for both virus clearance and destruction of cancerous cells. Collectively, these unique characteristics of VLPs make them optimal cancer vaccine candidates. This review discusses current progress in the development of VLP-based cancer vaccines and some potential drawbacks of VLPs in cancer vaccine development. Extracellular vesicles with close resembling to viral particles are also discussed and compared with VLPs as a platform in cancer vaccine developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Kian Ong
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Wen Siang Tan
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.,Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Kok Lian Ho
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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21
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Tamura SI, Ainai A, Suzuki T, Kurata T, Hasegawa H. Intranasal Inactivated Influenza Vaccines: a Reasonable Approach to Improve the Efficacy of Influenza Vaccine? Jpn J Infect Dis 2017; 69:165-79. [PMID: 27212584 DOI: 10.7883/yoken.jjid.2015.560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Influenza is a contagious, acute respiratory disease caused by the influenza virus. The mucosal lining in the host respiratory tract is not only the site of virus infection, but also the site of defense; it is at this site that the host immune response targets the virus and protects against reinfection. One of the most effective methods to prevent influenza is to induce specific antibody (Ab) responses in the respiratory tract by vaccination. Two types of influenza vaccines, intranasal live attenuated influenza virus (LAIV) vaccines and parenteral (injectable) inactivated vaccines, are currently used worldwide. These vaccines are approved by the European Medicines Agency (EMA) and the US Food and Drug Administration. Live attenuated vaccines induce both secretory IgA (S-IgA) and serum IgG antibodies (Abs), whereas parenteral vaccines induce only serum IgG Abs. However, intranasal administration of inactivated vaccines together with an appropriate adjuvant induces both S-IgA and IgG Abs. Several preclinical studies on adjuvant-combined, nasal-inactivated vaccines revealed that nasal S-IgA Abs, a major immune component in the upper respiratory tract, reacted with homologous virus hemagglutinin (HA) and were highly cross-reactive with viral HA variants, resulting in protection and cross-protection against infection by both homologous and variant viruses, respectively. Serum-derived IgG Abs, which are present mainly in the lower respiratory tract, are less cross-reactive and cross-protective. In addition, our own clinical trials have shown that nasal-inactivated whole virus vaccines, including a built-in adjuvant (single-stranded RNA), induced serum hemagglutination inhibition (HI) Ab titers that fulfilled the EMA criteria for vaccine efficacy. The nasal-inactivated whole virus vaccines also induced high levels of nasal HI and neutralizing Ab titers, although we have not yet evaluated the nasal HI titers due to the lack of official criteria to establish efficacy based on this parameter. Data suggest that adjuvant-combined nasal-inactivated vaccines have advantages over the current injectable vaccine because the former induce both S-IgA and serum IgG Abs. In addition, nasal-inactivated vaccines seem to be superior to the LAIV vaccines, because non-infectious preparations could be used in high-risk groups. Thus, the development of intranasal inactivated vaccines is recommended, because such vaccines are expected to improve the efficacy of influenza vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-Ichi Tamura
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases
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22
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Liu WC, Liu YY, Chen TH, Liu CC, Jan JT, Wu SC. Multi-subtype influenza virus-like particles incorporated with flagellin and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor for vaccine design. Antiviral Res 2016; 133:110-8. [PMID: 27491439 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2016.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Revised: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Virus-like particle (VLP) technology is an attractive platform for seasonal and pandemic influenza vaccine development. We previously showed that influenza VLPs can be modified using M2 fusion with molecular adjuvants such as Salmonella typhimurium flagellin (FliC) to enhance VLP immunogenicity. For this study, three types of chimeric VLPs were incorporated with FliC, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), or both GM-CSF and FliC (GM-CSF/FliC) to enhance anti-influenza immunogenicity. Our results indicate that immunizations with the chimeric FliC VLPs and GM-CSF/FliC H5N1 VLPs elicited more potent and broadly neutralizing antibodies and neuraminidase-inhibiting antibodies in sera, and induced higher numbers of hemagglutinin-specific antibody-secreting cells and germinal center B cell subsets in splenoctyes. Immunization with the chimeric GM-CSF H5N1 VLPs induced stronger Th1 and Th2 cellular responses. The chimeric GM-CSF/FliC H5N1 VLP constructs were further obtained to include H7 or H1H7 bi- or tri-subtype. It is our hope that these findings provide useful information for developing multi-subtype influenza vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Chun Liu
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Yu Liu
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Hsuan Chen
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Chyi Liu
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Tsrong Jan
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Suh-Chin Wu
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan; Department of Medical Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan.
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Venereo-Sanchez A, Gilbert R, Simoneau M, Caron A, Chahal P, Chen W, Ansorge S, Li X, Henry O, Kamen A. Hemagglutinin and neuraminidase containing virus-like particles produced in HEK-293 suspension culture: An effective influenza vaccine candidate. Vaccine 2016; 34:3371-80. [PMID: 27155499 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.04.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Revised: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Virus-like particles (VLPs) constitute a promising alternative as influenza vaccine. They are non-replicative particles that mimic the morphology of native viruses which make them more immunogenic than classical subunit vaccines. In this study, we propose HEK-293 cells in suspension culture in serum-free medium as an efficient platform to produce large quantities of VLPs. For this purpose, a stable cell line expressing the main influenza viral antigens hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) (subtype H1N1) under the regulation of a cumate inducible promoter was developed (293HA-NA cells). The production of VLPs was evaluated by transient transfection of plasmids encoding human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) Gag or M1 influenza matrix protein. To facilitate the monitoring of VLPs production, Gag was fused to the green fluorescence protein (GFP). The transient transfection of the gag containing plasmid in 293HA-NA cells increased the release of HA and NA seven times more than its counterpart transfected with the M1 encoding plasmid. Consequently, the production of HA-NA containing VLPs using Gag as scaffold was evaluated in a 3-L controlled stirred tank bioreactor. The VLPs secreted in the culture medium were recovered by ultracentrifugation on a sucrose cushion and ultrafiltered by tangential flow filtration. Transmission electron micrographs of final sample revealed the presence of particles with the average typical size (150-200nm) and morphology of HIV-1 immature particles. The concentration of the influenza glycoproteins on the Gag-VLPs was estimated by single radial immunodiffusion and hemagglutination assay for HA and by Dot-Blot for HA and NA. More significantly, intranasal immunization of mice with influenza Gag-VLPs induced strong antigen-specific mucosal and systemic antibody responses and provided full protection against a lethal intranasal challenge with the homologous virus strain. These data suggest that, with further optimization and characterization the process could support mass production of safer and better-controlled VLPs-based influenza vaccine candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Venereo-Sanchez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Vaccine Program, Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council Canada, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Renald Gilbert
- Vaccine Program, Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council Canada, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Melanie Simoneau
- Vaccine Program, Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council Canada, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Antoine Caron
- Vaccine Program, Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council Canada, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Parminder Chahal
- Vaccine Program, Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council Canada, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Wangxue Chen
- Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sven Ansorge
- Vaccine Program, Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council Canada, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Xuguang Li
- Centre for Vaccine Evaluation, Biologics and Genetic Therapies Directorate, HPFB, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Olivier Henry
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Amine Kamen
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
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24
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Ji X, Ren Z, Xu N, Meng L, Yu Z, Feng N, Sang X, Li S, Li Y, Wang T, Zhao Y, Wang H, Zheng X, Jin H, Li N, Yang S, Cao J, Liu W, Gao Y, Xia X. Intranasal Immunization with Influenza Virus-Like Particles Containing Membrane-Anchored Cholera Toxin B or Ricin Toxin B Enhances Adaptive Immune Responses and Protection against an Antigenically Distinct Virus. Viruses 2016; 8:115. [PMID: 27110810 PMCID: PMC4848608 DOI: 10.3390/v8040115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Revised: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccination is the most effective means to prevent influenza virus infection, although current approaches are associated with suboptimal efficacy. Here, we generated virus-like particles (VLPs) composed of the hemagglutinin (HA), neuraminidase (NA) and matrix protein (M1) of A/Changchun/01/2009 (H1N1) with or without either membrane-anchored cholera toxin B (CTB) or ricin toxin B (RTB) as molecular adjuvants. The intranasal immunization of mice with VLPs containing membrane-anchored CTB or RTB elicited stronger humoral and cellular immune responses when compared to mice immunized with VLPs alone. Administration of VLPs containing CTB or RTB significantly enhanced virus-specific systemic and mucosal antibody responses, hemagglutination inhibiting antibody titers, virus neutralizing antibody titers, and the frequency of virus-specific IFN-γ and IL-4 secreting splenocytes. VLPs with and without CTB or RTB conferred complete protection against lethal challenge with a mouse-adapted homologous virus. When challenged with an antigenically distinct H1N1 virus, all mice immunized with VLPs containing CTB or RTB survived whereas mice immunized with VLPs alone showed only partial protection (80% survival). Our results suggest that membrane-anchored CTB and RTB possess strong adjuvant properties when incorporated into an intranasally-delivered influenza VLP vaccine. Chimeric influenza VLPs containing CTB or RTB may represent promising vaccine candidates for improved immunological protection against homologous and antigenically distinct influenza viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianliang Ji
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Huhhot 010018, China.
- Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun 130122, China.
| | - Zhiguang Ren
- Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun 130122, China.
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China.
- Key Lab of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Henan University School of Medicine, Kaifeng 475001, China.
| | - Na Xu
- Jilin Medical University, Changchun 132013, China.
| | - Lingnan Meng
- Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun 130122, China.
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China.
| | - Zhijun Yu
- Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun 130122, China.
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China.
| | - Na Feng
- Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun 130122, China.
| | - Xiaoyu Sang
- Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun 130122, China.
| | - Shengnan Li
- Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun 130122, China.
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China.
| | - Yuanguo Li
- Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun 130122, China.
| | - Tiecheng Wang
- Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun 130122, China.
| | - Yongkun Zhao
- Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun 130122, China.
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Hualei Wang
- Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun 130122, China.
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Xuexing Zheng
- Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun 130122, China.
- School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan 250110, China.
| | - Hongli Jin
- Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun 130122, China.
| | - Nan Li
- Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun 130122, China.
| | - Songtao Yang
- Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun 130122, China.
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Jinshan Cao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Huhhot 010018, China.
| | - Wensen Liu
- Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun 130122, China.
| | - Yuwei Gao
- Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun 130122, China.
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Xianzhu Xia
- Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun 130122, China.
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Nanjing 210009, China.
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25
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Antanasijevic A, Kingsley C, Basu A, Bowlin TL, Rong L, Caffrey M. Application of virus-like particles (VLP) to NMR characterization of viral membrane protein interactions. JOURNAL OF BIOMOLECULAR NMR 2016; 64:255-65. [PMID: 26921030 PMCID: PMC4826305 DOI: 10.1007/s10858-016-0025-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The membrane proteins of viruses play critical roles in the virus life cycle and are attractive targets for therapeutic intervention. Virus-like particles (VLP) present the possibility to study the biochemical and biophysical properties of viral membrane proteins in their native environment. Specifically, the VLP constructs contain the entire protein sequence and are comprised of native membrane components including lipids, cholesterol, carbohydrates and cellular proteins. In this study we prepare VLP containing full-length hemagglutinin (HA) or neuraminidase (NA) from influenza and characterize their interactions with small molecule inhibitors. Using HA-VLP, we first show that VLP samples prepared using the standard sucrose gradient purification scheme contain significant amounts of serum proteins, which exhibit high potential for non-specific interactions, thereby complicating NMR studies of ligand-target interactions. We then show that the serum contaminants may be largely removed with the addition of a gel filtration chromatography step. Next, using HA-VLP we demonstrate that WaterLOGSY NMR is significantly more sensitive than Saturation Transfer Difference (STD) NMR for the study of ligand interactions with membrane bound targets. In addition, we compare the ligand orientation to HA embedded in VLP with that of recombinant HA by STD NMR. In a subsequent step, using NA-VLP we characterize the kinetic and binding properties of substrate analogs and inhibitors of NA, including study of the H274Y-NA mutant, which leads to wide spread resistance to current influenza antivirals. In summary, our work suggests that VLP have high potential to become standard tools in biochemical and biophysical studies of viral membrane proteins, particularly when VLP are highly purified and combined with control VLP containing native membrane proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandar Antanasijevic
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois at Chicago, 900 S Ashland, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA
| | - Carolyn Kingsley
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois at Chicago, 900 S Ashland, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA
| | - Arnab Basu
- Microbiotix Inc., Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | | | - Lijun Rong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Michael Caffrey
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois at Chicago, 900 S Ashland, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA.
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26
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Abstract
The ability to make a large variety of virus-like particles (VLPs) has been successfully achieved in the baculovirus expression vector system (BEVS)/insect cell system. The production and scale-up of these particles, which are mostly sought as vaccine candidates, are currently being addressed. Furthermore, these VLPs are being investigated as delivery agents for use as therapeutics. The use of host insect cells allows mass production of VLPs in a proven scalable system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine M Thompson
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique de Montreal, 2500, Chemin de Polytechnique, Montreal, QC, Canada
- National Research Council Canada, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Marc G Aucoin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W, Waterloo, ON, Canada, N2L 3G1.
| | - Amine A Kamen
- National Research Council Canada, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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27
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Tretyakova I, Hidajat R, Hamilton G, Horn N, Nickols B, Prather RO, Tumpey TM, Pushko P. Preparation of quadri-subtype influenza virus-like particles using bovine immunodeficiency virus gag protein. Virology 2016; 487:163-71. [PMID: 26529299 PMCID: PMC4679414 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2015.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Revised: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Influenza VLPs comprised of hemagglutinin (HA), neuraminidase (NA), and matrix (M1) proteins have been previously used for immunological and virological studies. Here we demonstrated that influenza VLPs can be made in Sf9 cells by using the bovine immunodeficiency virus gag (Bgag) protein in place of M1. We showed that Bgag can be used to prepare VLPs for several influenza subtypes including H1N1 and H10N8. Furthermore, by using Bgag, we prepared quadri-subtype VLPs, which co-expressed within the VLP the four HA subtypes derived from avian-origin H5N1, H7N9, H9N2 and H10N8 viruses. VLPs showed hemagglutination and neuraminidase activities and reacted with specific antisera. The content and co-localization of each HA subtype within the quadri-subtype VLP were evaluated. Electron microscopy showed that Bgag-based VLPs resembled influenza virions with the diameter of 150-200nm. This is the first report of quadri-subtype design for influenza VLP and the use of Bgag for influenza VLP preparation.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Cell Line
- Gene Products, gag/genetics
- Gene Products, gag/immunology
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/immunology
- Immunodeficiency Virus, Bovine/genetics
- Immunodeficiency Virus, Bovine/immunology
- Influenza A Virus, H10N8 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H10N8 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza A Virus, H7N9 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H7N9 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza A Virus, H9N2 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H9N2 Subtype/immunology
- Insecta
- Neuraminidase/immunology
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/immunology
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/prevention & control
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/virology
- Sf9 Cells
- Spodoptera
- Vaccines, Virus-Like Particle/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rachmat Hidajat
- Medigen, Inc., 8420 Gas House Pike, Suite S, Frederick, MD, USA
| | | | - Noah Horn
- Medigen, Inc., 8420 Gas House Pike, Suite S, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Brian Nickols
- Medigen, Inc., 8420 Gas House Pike, Suite S, Frederick, MD, USA
| | | | - Terrence M Tumpey
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road N.E., Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Peter Pushko
- Medigen, Inc., 8420 Gas House Pike, Suite S, Frederick, MD, USA.
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28
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López-Sagaseta J, Malito E, Rappuoli R, Bottomley MJ. Self-assembling protein nanoparticles in the design of vaccines. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2015; 14:58-68. [PMID: 26862374 PMCID: PMC4706605 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2015.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
For over 100 years, vaccines have been one of the most effective medical interventions for reducing infectious disease, and are estimated to save millions of lives globally each year. Nevertheless, many diseases are not yet preventable by vaccination. This large unmet medical need demands further research and the development of novel vaccines with high efficacy and safety. Compared to the 19th and early 20th century vaccines that were made of killed, inactivated, or live-attenuated pathogens, modern vaccines containing isolated, highly purified antigenic protein subunits are safer but tend to induce lower levels of protective immunity. One strategy to overcome the latter is to design antigen nanoparticles: assemblies of polypeptides that present multiple copies of subunit antigens in well-ordered arrays with defined orientations that can potentially mimic the repetitiveness, geometry, size, and shape of the natural host-pathogen surface interactions. Such nanoparticles offer a collective strength of multiple binding sites (avidity) and can provide improved antigen stability and immunogenicity. Several exciting advances have emerged lately, including preclinical evidence that this strategy may be applicable for the development of innovative new vaccines, for example, protecting against influenza, human immunodeficiency virus, and respiratory syncytial virus. Here, we provide a concise review of a critical selection of data that demonstrate the potential of this field. In addition, we highlight how the use of self-assembling protein nanoparticles can be effectively combined with the emerging discipline of structural vaccinology for maximum impact in the rational design of vaccine antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Enrico Malito
- GlaxoSmithKline Vaccines S.r.l., Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Rino Rappuoli
- GlaxoSmithKline Vaccines S.r.l., Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
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29
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Incorporation of conserved nucleoprotein into influenza virus-like particles could provoke a broad protective immune response in BALB/c mice and chickens. Virus Res 2015; 195:35-42. [PMID: 25312452 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2014.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Revised: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
We engineered influenza A/goose/GD/1996 (H5N1) (clade 0) virus-like particles (VLPs) by coinfecting Sf9 cells with triple/quadruple recombinant baculovirus that expressed hemagglutinin (HA), neuraminidase (NA), and matrix 1 (M1) with or without nucleoprotein (NP). VLP3 (HA, NA, and M1) and VLP4 (HA, NA, M1, and NP) vaccines (containing 1 μg HA) with oil emulsion were administered to mice and chickens by intramuscular injection, and the immune responses were analyzed. The VLP-vaccinated mice demonstrated high antigen specific antibody titers and effective cellular immune responses. The mice and chickens vaccinated with VLP4 demonstrated more robust humoral and cellular immune responses than those vaccinated with VLP3. The VLP4 vaccine afforded 100% protection against a heterologous lethal influenza virus challenge (clade 2.3.4) whereas the VLP3 vaccine conferred 50% protection in chickens. These results implied that the incorporation of conserved NP protein into the VLPs could elicit a broad protective immune response in BALB/c mice and chickens. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first report describing the immunological profile of the NP-containing VLPs vaccines in mice and chicken models, and the results demonstrate that the non-infectious, genome less VLPs, particularly those containing NP, represent a promising strategy for the development of a safe and effective vaccine to control pandemic influenza.
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30
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Thompson CM, Petiot E, Mullick A, Aucoin MG, Henry O, Kamen AA. Critical assessment of influenza VLP production in Sf9 and HEK293 expression systems. BMC Biotechnol 2015; 15:31. [PMID: 25981500 PMCID: PMC4432999 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-015-0152-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Each year, influenza is responsible for hundreds of thousand cases of illness and deaths worldwide. Due to the virus’ fast mutation rate, the World Health Organization (WHO) is constantly on alert to rapidly respond to emerging pandemic strains. Although anti-viral therapies exist, the most proficient way to stop the spread of disease is through vaccination. The majority of influenza vaccines on the market are produced in embryonic hen’s eggs and are composed of purified viral antigens from inactivated whole virus. This manufacturing system, however, is limited in its production capacity. Cell culture produced vaccines have been proposed for their potential to overcome the problems associated with egg-based production. Virus-like particles (VLPs) of influenza virus are promising candidate vaccines under consideration by both academic and industry researchers. Methods In this study, VLPs were produced in HEK293 suspension cells using the Bacmam transduction system and Sf9 cells using the baculovirus infection system. The proposed systems were assessed for their ability to produce influenza VLPs composed of Hemagglutinin (HA), Neuraminidase (NA) and Matrix Protein (M1) and compared through the lens of bioprocessing by highlighting baseline production yields and bioactivity. VLPs from both systems were characterized using available influenza quantification techniques, such as single radial immunodiffusion assay (SRID), HA assay, western blot and negative staining transmission electron microscopy (NSTEM) to quantify total particles. Results For the HEK293 production system, VLPs were found to be associated with the cell pellet in addition to those released in the supernatant. Sf9 cells produced 35 times more VLPs than HEK293 cells. Sf9-VLPs had higher total HA activity and were generally more homogeneous in morphology and size. However, Sf9 VLP samples contained 20 times more baculovirus than VLPs, whereas 293 VLPs were produced along with vesicles. Conclusions This study highlights key production hurdles that must be overcome in both expression platforms, namely the presence of contaminants and the ensuing quantification challenges, and brings up the question of what truly constitutes an influenza VLP candidate vaccine. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12896-015-0152-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine M Thompson
- National Research Council Canada, Human Health Therapeutics, Montréal, Canada. .,Ecole Polytechnique de Montréal, Montréal, Canada.
| | - Emma Petiot
- National Research Council Canada, Human Health Therapeutics, Montréal, Canada. .,Laboratoire Virologie et pathologies Humaine (VirPath), EA4610, Lyon, France.
| | - Alaka Mullick
- National Research Council Canada, Human Health Therapeutics, Montréal, Canada.
| | | | | | - Amine A Kamen
- National Research Council Canada, Human Health Therapeutics, Montréal, Canada. .,Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, 817 Sherbrooke St. W. Macdonald Engineering Building, Room 387, Montréal, Canada.
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31
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Genotype considerations for virus-like particle-based bivalent norovirus vaccine composition. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2015; 22:656-63. [PMID: 25903355 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00015-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Norovirus (NoV) genogroup I (GI) and GII are responsible for most human infections with NoV. Because of the high genetic variability of NoV, natural infection does not induce sufficient protective immunity to different genotypes or to variants of the same genotype and there is little or no cross-protection against different genogroups. NoV-derived virus-like particles (VLPs) are promising vaccine candidates that induce high levels of NoV-specific humoral and cellular immune responses. It is believed that a bivalent NoV vaccine consisting of a representative VLP from GI and GII is a minimum requirement for an effective vaccine. Here, we compared the abilities of monovalent immunizations with NoV GI.1-2001, GI.3-2002, GII.4-1999, and GII.4-2010 New Orleans VLPs to induce NoV type-specific and cross-reactive immune responses and protective blocking antibody responses in BALB/c mice. All of the VLPs induced comparable levels of type-specific serum IgG antibodies, as well as blocking antibodies to the VLPs used for immunization. However, the abilities of different VLP genotypes to induce cross-reactive IgG and cross-blocking antibodies varied remarkably. Our results confirm previous findings of a lack of cross-protective immune responses between GI and GII NoVs. These data support the rationale for including NoV GI.3 and GII.4-1999 VLPs in the bivalent vaccine formulation, which could be sufficient to induce protective immune responses across NoV genotypes in the two common genogroups in humans.
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32
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Rahn J, Hoffmann D, Harder TC, Beer M. Vaccines against influenza A viruses in poultry and swine: Status and future developments. Vaccine 2015; 33:2414-24. [PMID: 25835575 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.03.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Revised: 03/01/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Influenza A viruses are important pathogens with a very broad host spectrum including domestic poultry and swine. For preventing clinical disease and controlling the spread, vaccination is one of the most efficient tools. Classical influenza vaccines for domestic poultry and swine are conventional inactivated preparations. However, a very broad range of novel vaccine types ranging from (i) nucleic acid-based vaccines, (ii) replicon particles, (iii) subunits and virus-like particles, (iv) vectored vaccines, or (v) live-attenuated vaccines has been described, and some of them are now also used in the field. The different novel approaches for vaccines against avian and swine influenza virus infections are reviewed, and additional features like universal vaccines, novel application approaches and the "differentiating infected from vaccinated animals" (DIVA)-strategy are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Rahn
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Suedufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - D Hoffmann
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Suedufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - T C Harder
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Suedufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - M Beer
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Suedufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.
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33
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Developing Universal Influenza Vaccines: Hitting the Nail, Not Just on the Head. Vaccines (Basel) 2015; 3:239-62. [PMID: 26343187 PMCID: PMC4494343 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines3020239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Revised: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza viruses have a huge impact on public health. Current influenza vaccines need to be updated annually and protect poorly against antigenic drift variants or novel emerging subtypes. Vaccination against influenza can be improved in two important ways, either by inducing more broadly protective immune responses or by decreasing the time of vaccine production, which is relevant especially during a pandemic outbreak. In this review, we outline the current efforts to develop so-called “universal influenza vaccines”, describing antigens that may induce broadly protective immunity and novel vaccine production platforms that facilitate timely availability of vaccines.
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34
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Patel JM, Kim MC, Vartabedian VF, Lee YN, He S, Song JM, Choi HJ, Yamanaka S, Amaram N, Lukacher A, Montemagno CD, Compans RW, Kang SM, Selvaraj P. Protein transfer-mediated surface engineering to adjuvantate virus-like nanoparticles for enhanced anti-viral immune responses. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2015; 11:1097-107. [PMID: 25752855 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2015.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Revised: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Recombinant virus-like nanoparticles (VLPs) are a promising nanoparticle platform to develop safe vaccines for many viruses. Herein, we describe a novel and rapid protein transfer process to enhance the potency of enveloped VLPs by decorating influenza VLPs with exogenously added glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored immunostimulatory molecules (GPI-ISMs). With protein transfer, the level of GPI-ISM incorporation onto VLPs is controllable by varying incubation time and concentration of GPI-ISMs added. ISM incorporation was dependent upon the presence of a GPI-anchor and incorporated proteins were stable and functional for at least 4weeks when stored at 4°C. Vaccinating mice with GPI-granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF)-incorporated-VLPs induced stronger antibody responses and better protection against a heterologous influenza virus challenge than unmodified VLPs. Thus, VLPs can be enriched with ISMs by protein transfer to increase the potency and breadth of the immune response, which has implications in developing effective nanoparticle-based vaccines against a broad spectrum of enveloped viruses. FROM THE CLINICAL EDITOR The inherent problem with current influenza vaccines is that they do not generate effective cross-protection against heterologous viral strains. In this article, the authors described the development of virus-like nanoparticles (VLPs) as influenza vaccines with enhanced efficacy for cross-protection, due to an easy protein transfer modification process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaina M Patel
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Min-Chul Kim
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity and Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA; Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Anyang City, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Vincent F Vartabedian
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Yu-Na Lee
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity and Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Sara He
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jae-Min Song
- Department of Global Medical Science, Sungshin Women's University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyo-Jick Choi
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Satoshi Yamanaka
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Nikhil Amaram
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Anna Lukacher
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Carlo D Montemagno
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Richard W Compans
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Sang-Moo Kang
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity and Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Periasamy Selvaraj
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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Lee DH, Park JK, Song CS. Progress and hurdles in the development of influenza virus-like particle vaccines for veterinary use. Clin Exp Vaccine Res 2014; 3:133-9. [PMID: 25003086 PMCID: PMC4083065 DOI: 10.7774/cevr.2014.3.2.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Revised: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Virus-like particles (VLPs), which resemble infectious virus particles in structure and morphology, have been proposed to provide a new generation of vaccine candidates against various viral infections. As effective immunogens, characterized by high immunogenicity and safety, VLPs have been employed in the development of human influenza vaccines. Recently, several influenza VLP vaccines have been developed for veterinary use and successfully evaluated in swine, canine, duck, and chicken models. These VLP vaccine candidates induced protective immune responses and enabled serological differentiation between vaccinated and infected animals in conjunction with a diagnostic test. Here, we review the current progress of influenza VLP development as a next-generation vaccine technology in the veterinary field and discuss the challenges and future direction of this technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Hun Lee
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae-Keun Park
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chang-Seon Song
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
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Human metapneumovirus virus-like particles induce protective B and T cell responses in a mouse model. J Virol 2014; 88:6368-79. [PMID: 24672031 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00332-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) is a leading cause of respiratory disease in infants, children, and the elderly worldwide, yet no licensed vaccines exist. Live-attenuated vaccines present safety challenges, and protein subunit vaccines induce primarily antibody responses. Virus-like particles (VLPs) are an attractive alternative vaccine approach because of reduced safety concerns compared with live vaccines. We generated HMPV VLPs by expressing viral proteins in suspension-adapted human embryonic kidney epithelial (293-F) cells and found that the viral matrix (M) and fusion (F) proteins were sufficient to form VLPs. We previously reported that the VLPs resemble virus morphology and incorporate fusion-competent F protein (R. G. Cox, S. B. Livesay, M. Johnson, M. D. Ohi, and J. V. Williams, J. Virol. 86:12148-12160, 2012), which we hypothesized would elicit F-specific antibody and T cell responses. In this study, we tested whether VLP immunization could induce protective immunity to HMPV by using a mouse model. C57BL/6 mice were injected twice intraperitoneally with VLPs alone or with adjuvant and subsequently challenged with HMPV. Mice were euthanized 5 days postinfection, and virus titers, levels of neutralizing antibodies, and numbers of CD3(+) T cells were quantified. Mice immunized with VLPs mounted an F-specific antibody response and generated CD8(+) T cells recognizing an F protein-derived epitope. VLP immunization induced a neutralizing-antibody response that was enhanced by the addition of either TiterMax Gold or α-galactosylceramide adjuvant, though adjuvant reduced cellular immune responses. Two doses of VLPs conferred complete protection from HMPV replication in the lungs of mice and were not associated with a Th2-skewed cytokine response. These results suggest that nonreplicating VLPs are a promising vaccine candidate for HMPV. IMPORTANCE Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) is a leading cause of acute respiratory infection in infants, children, and the elderly worldwide, yet no licensed vaccines exist. Live-attenuated vaccines present safety challenges, and protein subunit vaccines induce primarily antibody responses. Virus-like particles (VLPs) are an attractive alternative vaccine approach. We generated HMPV VLPs by expressing the viral matrix (M) and fusion (F) proteins in mammalian cells. We found that mice immunized with VLPs mounted an F-specific antibody response and generated CD8(+) T cells recognizing an F protein-derived epitope. VLP immunization induced a neutralizing-antibody response that was enhanced by the addition of either TiterMax Gold or α-galactosylceramide adjuvant. Two doses of VLPs conferred complete protection against HMPV replication in the lungs of mice and were not associated with a Th2-skewed cytokine response. These results suggest that nonreplicating VLPs are a promising vaccine candidate for HMPV.
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Perdue ML, Arnold F, Li S, Donabedian A, Cioce V, Warf T, Huebner R. The future of cell culture-based influenza vaccine production. Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 10:1183-94. [DOI: 10.1586/erv.11.82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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38
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Mena JA, Kamen AA. Insect cell technology is a versatile and robust vaccine manufacturing platform. Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 10:1063-81. [DOI: 10.1586/erv.11.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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39
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Moser C, Amacker M, Zurbriggen R. Influenza virosomes as a vaccine adjuvant and carrier system. Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 10:437-46. [DOI: 10.1586/erv.11.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Lv L, Li X, Liu G, Li R, Liu Q, Shen H, Wang W, Xue C, Cao Y. Production and immunogenicity of chimeric virus-like particles containing the spike glycoprotein of infectious bronchitis virus. J Vet Sci 2013; 15:209-16. [PMID: 24378590 PMCID: PMC4087222 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2014.15.2.209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 11/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) poses a severe threat to the poultry industry and causes heavy economic losses worldwide. Vaccination is the most effective method of preventing infection and controlling the spread of IBV, but currently available inactivated and attenuated virus vaccines have some disadvantages. We developed a chimeric virus-like particle (VLP)-based candidate vaccine for IBV protection. The chimeric VLP was composed of matrix 1 protein from avian influenza H5N1 virus and a fusion protein neuraminidase (NA)/spike 1 (S1) that was generated by fusing IBV S1 protein to the cytoplasmic and transmembrane domains of NA protein of avian influenza H5N1 virus. The chimeric VLPs elicited significantly higher S1-specific antibody responses in intramuscularly immunized mice and chickens than inactivated IBV viruses. Furthermore, the chimeric VLPs induced significantly higher neutralization antibody levels than inactivated H120 virus in SPF chickens. Finally, the chimeric VLPs induced significantly higher IL-4 production in mice. These results demonstrate that chimeric VLPs have the potential for use in vaccines against IBV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lishan Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
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41
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Lin SC, Liu WC, Lin YF, Huang YH, Liu JH, Wu SC. Heterologous prime-boost immunization regimens using adenovirus vector and virus-like particles induce broadly neutralizing antibodies against H5N1 avian influenza viruses. Biotechnol J 2013; 8:1315-22. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201300116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2013] [Revised: 06/06/2013] [Accepted: 06/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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42
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Lee DH, Bae SW, Park JK, Kwon JH, Yuk SS, Song JM, Kang SM, Kwon YK, Kim HY, Song CS. Virus-like particle vaccine protects against H3N2 canine influenza virus in dog. Vaccine 2013; 31:3268-73. [PMID: 23707159 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Revised: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, virus-like particles (VLPs) were evaluated as a candidate veterinary vaccine against canine influenza virus (CIV) subtype H3N2. Specific pathogen-free (SPF) beagle dogs received a single injection of a VLP vaccine containing hemagglutinin (HA) and M1 protein of CIV H3N2 (H3 HA VLP). The vaccine was tested at 3 different doses with an adjuvant and 1 dose without an adjuvant. To evaluate the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of the H3 HA VLP vaccine, we performed hemagglutination inhibition tests to determine serological immune responses and conducted challenge studies using SPF beagle dogs. The addition of Montanide ISA 25 adjuvant significantly increased the immunogenicity of the H3 HA VLP vaccine. The experimental infection study showed that a single dose of H3 HA VLP vaccine induced protection against wild-type virus challenge in dogs. These results provide support for continued development of the VLP as an animal vaccine against influenza virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Hun Lee
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
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43
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Thompson CM, Petiot E, Lennaertz A, Henry O, Kamen AA. Analytical technologies for influenza virus-like particle candidate vaccines: challenges and emerging approaches. Virol J 2013; 10:141. [PMID: 23642219 PMCID: PMC3655918 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-10-141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza virus-like particle vaccines are one of the most promising ways to respond to the threat of future influenza pandemics. VLPs are composed of viral antigens but lack nucleic acids making them non-infectious which limit the risk of recombination with wild-type strains. By taking advantage of the advancements in cell culture technologies, the process from strain identification to manufacturing has the potential to be completed rapidly and easily at large scales. After closely reviewing the current research done on influenza VLPs, it is evident that the development of quantification methods has been consistently overlooked. VLP quantification at all stages of the production process has been left to rely on current influenza quantification methods (i.e. Hemagglutination assay (HA), Single Radial Immunodiffusion assay (SRID), NA enzymatic activity assays, Western blot, Electron Microscopy). These are analytical methods developed decades ago for influenza virions and final bulk influenza vaccines. Although these methods are time-consuming and cumbersome they have been sufficient for the characterization of final purified material. Nevertheless, these analytical methods are impractical for in-line process monitoring because VLP concentration in crude samples generally falls out of the range of detection for these methods. This consequently impedes the development of robust influenza-VLP production and purification processes. Thus, development of functional process analytical techniques, applicable at every stage during production, that are compatible with different production platforms is in great need to assess, optimize and exploit the full potential of novel manufacturing platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine M Thompson
- National Research Council Canada, Vaccine Program – Human Health therapeutics Portfolio, 6100 Royalmount Avenue, Montreal, Québec H4P 2R2, Canada
- École Polytechnique de Montréal, C.P. 6079, succ. Centre-ville, Montréal, Québec H3C 3A7, Canada
| | - Emma Petiot
- National Research Council Canada, Vaccine Program – Human Health therapeutics Portfolio, 6100 Royalmount Avenue, Montreal, Québec H4P 2R2, Canada
| | - Alexandre Lennaertz
- National Research Council Canada, Vaccine Program – Human Health therapeutics Portfolio, 6100 Royalmount Avenue, Montreal, Québec H4P 2R2, Canada
- École Polytechnique de Montréal, C.P. 6079, succ. Centre-ville, Montréal, Québec H3C 3A7, Canada
| | - Olivier Henry
- École Polytechnique de Montréal, C.P. 6079, succ. Centre-ville, Montréal, Québec H3C 3A7, Canada
| | - Amine A Kamen
- National Research Council Canada, Vaccine Program – Human Health therapeutics Portfolio, 6100 Royalmount Avenue, Montreal, Québec H4P 2R2, Canada
- École Polytechnique de Montréal, C.P. 6079, succ. Centre-ville, Montréal, Québec H3C 3A7, Canada
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44
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Bayne ACV, Boltz D, Owen C, Betz Y, Maia G, Azadi P, Archer-Hartmann S, Zirkle R, Lippmeier JC. Vaccination against influenza with recombinant hemagglutinin expressed by Schizochytrium sp. confers protective immunity. PLoS One 2013; 8:e61790. [PMID: 23626728 PMCID: PMC3634000 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0061790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Accepted: 03/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
For the rapid production of influenza vaccine antigens in unlimited quantities, a transition from conventional egg-based production to cell-based and recombinant systems is required. The need for higher-yield, lower-cost, and faster production processes is critical to provide adequate supplies of influenza vaccine to counter global pandemic threats. In this study, recombinant hemagglutinin proteins of influenza virus were expressed in the microalga Schizochytrium sp., an established, fermentable organism grown in large scale for the manufacture of polyunsaturated fatty acids for animal and human health applications. Schizochytrium was capable of exporting the full-length membrane-bound proteins in a secreted form suitable for vaccine formulation. One recombinant hemagglutinin (rHA) protein derived from A/Puerto Rico/8/34 (H1N1) influenza virus was evaluated as a vaccine in a murine challenge model. Protective immunity from lethal challenge with homologous virus was elicited by a single dose of 1.7, 5 or 15 µg rHA with or without adjuvant at survival rates between 80–100%. Full protection (100%) was established at all dose levels with or without adjuvant when mice were given a second vaccination. These data demonstrate the potential of Schizochytrium sp. as a platform for the production of recombinant antigens useful for vaccination against influenza.
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MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/administration & dosage
- Animals
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Dose-Response Relationship, Immunologic
- Female
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/administration & dosage
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/genetics
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/immunology
- Humans
- Immunization, Secondary
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/chemistry
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Influenza Vaccines/genetics
- Influenza Vaccines/immunology
- Influenza, Human/immunology
- Influenza, Human/prevention & control
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Microalgae/genetics
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/immunology
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/mortality
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/prevention & control
- Recombinant Proteins/administration & dosage
- Recombinant Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Proteins/immunology
- Stramenopiles/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Cécile V. Bayne
- Nutritional Lipids, DSM Nutritional Products, Columbia, Maryland, United States of America
| | - David Boltz
- Division of Microbiology & Molecular Biology, IIT Research Institute, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Carole Owen
- Nutritional Lipids, DSM Nutritional Products, Columbia, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Yelena Betz
- Nutritional Lipids, DSM Nutritional Products, Columbia, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Goncalo Maia
- Nutritional Lipids, DSM Nutritional Products, Columbia, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Parastoo Azadi
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Stephanie Archer-Hartmann
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Ross Zirkle
- Nutritional Lipids, DSM Nutritional Products, Columbia, Maryland, United States of America
| | - J. Casey Lippmeier
- Nutritional Lipids, DSM Nutritional Products, Columbia, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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45
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Liu F, Wu X, Li L, Ge S, Liu Z, Wang Z. Virus-like particles: promising platforms with characteristics of DIVA for veterinary vaccine design. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2013; 36:343-52. [PMID: 23561290 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2013.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2012] [Revised: 02/13/2013] [Accepted: 02/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In general, it is difficult to differentiate infected from vaccinated animals through vaccination with conventional vaccines, thereby impeding the serological surveillance of animal diseases. DIVA (differentiating infected from vaccinated animals) vaccine, originally known as marker vaccine, usually based on the absence of at least one immunogenic protein in the vaccine strain, allows DIVA in conjunction with a diagnostic test that detects antibodies against the antigens lacking in the vaccine strain. Virus-like particles (VLPs), composed of one or more structural proteins but no genomes of native viruses, mimic the organization and conformation of authentic virions but have no ability to self-replicate in cells, potentially yielding safer vaccine candidates. Since VLPs containing either monovalent or multivalent antigen can be produced in compliance with the requirements for serological surveillance, the use of VLP-based vaccines plays a promising role in DIVA vaccination strategies against animal diseases. Here, we critically reviewed VLPs and companion diagnostics with properties of DIVA for veterinary vaccine design, and three different VLPs as promising platforms for DIVA vaccination strategies in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuxiao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, No. 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun, Jilin 130062, China
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46
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Kushnir N, Streatfield SJ, Yusibov V. Virus-like particles as a highly efficient vaccine platform: diversity of targets and production systems and advances in clinical development. Vaccine 2012; 31:58-83. [PMID: 23142589 PMCID: PMC7115575 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.10.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 401] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2012] [Revised: 10/13/2012] [Accepted: 10/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Virus-like particles (VLPs) are a class of subunit vaccines that differentiate themselves from soluble recombinant antigens by stronger protective immunogenicity associated with the VLP structure. Like parental viruses, VLPs can be either non-enveloped or enveloped, and they can form following expression of one or several viral structural proteins in a recombinant heterologous system. Depending on the complexity of the VLP, it can be produced in either a prokaryotic or eukaryotic expression system using target-encoding recombinant vectors, or in some cases can be assembled in cell-free conditions. To date, a wide variety of VLP-based candidate vaccines targeting various viral, bacterial, parasitic and fungal pathogens, as well as non-infectious diseases, have been produced in different expression systems. Some VLPs have entered clinical development and a few have been licensed and commercialized. This article reviews VLP-based vaccines produced in different systems, their immunogenicity in animal models and their status in clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha Kushnir
- Fraunhofer USA Center for Molecular Biotechnology, Newark, DE 19711, USA
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47
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Crisci E, Bárcena J, Montoya M. Virus-like particle-based vaccines for animal viral infections. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 32:102-116. [PMID: 32287712 PMCID: PMC7115488 DOI: 10.1016/j.inmuno.2012.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2012] [Accepted: 08/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Vaccination is considered one of the most effective ways to control pathogens and prevent diseases in humans as well as in the veterinary field. Traditional vaccines against animal viral diseases are based on inactivated or attenuated viruses, but new subunit vaccines are gaining attention from researchers in animal vaccinology. Among these, virus-like particles (VLPs) represent one of the most appealing approaches opening up interesting frontiers in animal vaccines. VLPs are robust protein scaffolds exhibiting well-defined geometry and uniformity that mimic the overall structure of the native virions but lack the viral genome. They are often antigenically indistinguishable from the virus from which they were derived and present important advantages in terms of safety. VLPs can stimulate strong humoral and cellular immune responses and have been shown to exhibit self-adjuvanting abilities. In addition to their suitability as a vaccine for the homologous virus from which they are derived, VLPs can also be used as vectors for the multimeric presentation of foreign antigens. VLPs have therefore shown dramatic effectiveness as candidate vaccines; nevertheless, only one veterinary VLP-base vaccine is licensed. Here, we review and examine in detail the current status of VLPs as a vaccine strategy in the veterinary field, and discuss the potential advantages and challenges of this technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Crisci
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), UAB-IRTA, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Juan Bárcena
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), Madrid, Spain
| | - María Montoya
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), UAB-IRTA, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain.,Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Barcelona, Spain
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48
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Wang W, Chen X, Xue C, Du Y, Lv L, Liu Q, Li X, Ma Y, Shen H, Cao Y. Production and immunogenicity of chimeric virus-like particles containing porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus GP5 protein. Vaccine 2012; 30:7072-7. [PMID: 23036496 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.09.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2012] [Revised: 09/13/2012] [Accepted: 09/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) poses a severe threat in swine industry and causes heavy economic losses worldwide. Currently, the available vaccines are the inactivated and attenuated virus vaccines, but the use of PRRSV in their production raises the issue of safety. We developed a chimeric virus-like particles (VLPs) vaccine candidate for PRRSV protection. The chimeric VLPs was composed of M1 protein from H1N1 influenza virus and a fusion protein, denoted as NA/GP5, containing the cytoplasmic and transmembrane domains of H1N1 virus NA protein and PRRSV GP5 protein. Vaccination of BALB/c mice with 10 μg of chimeirc VLPs by intramuscular immunization stimulated antibody responses to GP5 protein, and induced cellular immune response. The data suggested that the chimeric VLP vaccine candidate may provide a new strategy for further development of vaccines against PRRSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
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49
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Crisci E, Bárcena J, Montoya M. Virus-like particles: the new frontier of vaccines for animal viral infections. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2012; 148:211-25. [PMID: 22705417 PMCID: PMC7112581 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2012.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2011] [Revised: 04/25/2012] [Accepted: 04/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Vaccination continues to be the main approach to protect animals from infectious diseases. Until recently, all licensed vaccines were developed using conventional technologies. Subunit vaccines are, however, gaining attention from researchers in the field of veterinary vaccinology, and among these, virus-like particles (VLPs) represent one of the most appealing approaches. VLPs are robust protein cages in the nanometer range that mimic the overall structure of the native virions but lack the viral genome. They are often antigenically indistinguishable from the virus from which they were derived and present important advantages in terms of safety. VLPs can stimulate strong humoral and cellular immune responses and have been shown to exhibit self-adjuvanting abilities. In addition to their suitability as a vaccine for the homologous virus from which they are derived, VLPs can also be used as vectors for the multimeric presentation of foreign antigens. VLPs have therefore shown dramatic effectiveness as candidate vaccines. Here, we review the current status of VLPs as a vaccine technology in the veterinary field, and discuss the potential advantages and challenges of this technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Crisci
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), UAB-IRTA, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
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Production and characterization of mammalian virus-like particles from modified vaccinia virus Ankara vectors expressing influenza H5N1 hemagglutinin and neuraminidase. Vaccine 2012; 30:3413-22. [PMID: 22465746 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2011] [Revised: 01/13/2012] [Accepted: 03/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Several studies have described the production of influenza virus-like particles (VLP) using a variety of platform systems. These VLPs are non-replicating particles that spontaneously self-assemble from expressed influenza virus proteins and have been proposed as vaccine candidates for both seasonal and pandemic influenza. Although still in the early stages of development and evaluation as influenza vaccines, influenza VLPs have a variety of other valuable uses such as examining and understanding correlates of protection against influenza and investigating virus-cell interactions. The most common production system for influenza VLPs is the baculovirus-insect cell expression which has several attractive features including the ease in which new gene combinations can be constructed, the immunogenicity elicited and protection afforded by the produced VLPs, and the scalability offered by the system. However, there are differences between the influenza VLPs produced by baculovirus expression systems in insect cells and the influenza viruses produced for use as current vaccines or the virus produced during a productive clinical infection. We describe here the development of a modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) system to generate mammalian influenza VLPs containing influenza H5N1 proteins. The MVA vector system is flexible for manipulating and generating various VLP constructs, expresses high level of influenza hemagglutinin (HA), neuraminidase (NA), and matrix (M) proteins, and can be scaled up to produce VLPs in quantities sufficient for in vivo studies. We show that mammalian VLPs are generated from recombinant MVA vectors expressing H5N1 HA alone, but that increased VLP production can be achieved if NA is co-expressed. These mammalian H5N1 influenza VLPs have properties in common with live virus, as shown by electron microscopy analysis, their ability to hemagglutinate red blood cells, express neuraminidase activity, and to bind influenza specific antibodies. Importantly, these VLPs are able to elicit a protective immune response in a mouse challenge model, suggesting their utility in dissecting the correlates of immunity in such models. Mammalian derived VLPs may also provide a useful tool for studying virus-cell interactions and may have potential for development as pandemic vaccines.
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