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Harrison JJ, Nguyen W, Morgan MS, Tang B, Habarugira G, de Malmanche H, Freney ME, Modhiran N, Watterson D, Cox AL, Yan K, Yuen NKY, Bowman DH, Kirkland PD, Bielefeldt-Ohmann H, Suhrbier A, Hall RA, Rawle DJ, Hobson-Peters J. A chimeric vaccine derived from Australian genotype IV Japanese encephalitis virus protects mice from lethal challenge. NPJ Vaccines 2024; 9:134. [PMID: 39085247 PMCID: PMC11291493 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-024-00903-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024] Open
Abstract
In 2022, a genotype IV (GIV) strain of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) caused an unprecedented and widespread outbreak of disease in pigs and humans in Australia. As no veterinary vaccines against JEV are approved in Australia and all current approved human and veterinary vaccines are derived from genotype (G) III JEV strains, we used the recently described insect-specific Binjari virus (BinJV) chimeric flavivirus vaccine technology to produce a JEV GIV vaccine candidate. Herein we describe the production of a chimeric virus displaying the structural prM and E proteins of a JEV GIV isolate obtained from a stillborn piglet (JEVNSW/22) in the genomic backbone of BinJV (BinJ/JEVNSW/22-prME). BinJ/JEVNSW/22-prME was shown to be antigenically indistinguishable from the JEVNSW/22 parental virus by KD analysis and a panel of JEV-reactive monoclonal antibodies in ELISA. BinJ/JEVNSW/22-prME replicated efficiently in C6/36 cells, reaching titres of >107 infectious units/mL - an important attribute for vaccine manufacture. As expected, BinJ/JEVNSW/22-prME failed to replicate in a variety of vertebrate cells lines. When used to immunise mice, the vaccine induced a potent virus neutralising response against JEVNSW/22 and to GII and GIII JEV strains. The BinJ/JEVNSW/22-prME vaccine provided complete protection against lethal challenge with JEVNSW/22, whilst also providing partial protection against viraemia and disease for the related Murray Valley encephalitis virus. Our results demonstrate that BinJ/JEVNSW/22-prME is a promising vaccine candidate against JEV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica J Harrison
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, 4072, Australia
| | - Wilson Nguyen
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, 4029, Australia
| | - Mahali S Morgan
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, 4072, Australia
| | - Bing Tang
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, 4029, Australia
| | - Gervais Habarugira
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, 4072, Australia
| | - Henry de Malmanche
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, 4072, Australia
| | - Morgan E Freney
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, 4072, Australia
| | - Naphak Modhiran
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, 4072, Australia
| | - Daniel Watterson
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, 4072, Australia
- Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre, Brisbane, 4072, 4029, Australia
| | - Abigail L Cox
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, 4029, Australia
| | - Kexin Yan
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, 4029, Australia
| | - Nicholas K Y Yuen
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD, 4343, Australia
| | - Dylan H Bowman
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, 4072, Australia
| | - Peter D Kirkland
- Department of Primary Industries, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, Menangle, NSW, 2568, Australia
| | - Helle Bielefeldt-Ohmann
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, 4072, Australia
- Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre, Brisbane, 4072, 4029, Australia
| | - Andreas Suhrbier
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, 4029, Australia
- Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre, Brisbane, 4072, 4029, Australia
| | - Roy A Hall
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, 4072, Australia
- Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre, Brisbane, 4072, 4029, Australia
| | - Daniel J Rawle
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, 4029, Australia.
| | - Jody Hobson-Peters
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, 4072, Australia.
- Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre, Brisbane, 4072, 4029, Australia.
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Sanchez-Felipe L, Alpizar YA, Ma J, Coelmont L, Dallmeier K. YF17D-based vaccines - standing on the shoulders of a giant. Eur J Immunol 2024; 54:e2250133. [PMID: 38571392 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202250133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 02/11/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Live-attenuated yellow fever vaccine (YF17D) was developed in the 1930s as the first ever empirically derived human vaccine. Ninety years later, it is still a benchmark for vaccines made today. YF17D triggers a particularly broad and polyfunctional response engaging multiple arms of innate, humoral and cellular immunity. This unique immunogenicity translates into an extraordinary vaccine efficacy and outstanding longevity of protection, possibly by single-dose immunization. More recently, progress in molecular virology and synthetic biology allowed engineering of YF17D as a powerful vector and promising platform for the development of novel recombinant live vaccines, including two licensed vaccines against Japanese encephalitis and dengue, even in paediatric use. Likewise, numerous chimeric and transgenic preclinical candidates have been described. These include prophylactic vaccines against emerging viral infections (e.g. Lassa, Zika and SARS-CoV-2) and parasitic diseases (e.g. malaria), as well as therapeutic applications targeting persistent infections (e.g. HIV and chronic hepatitis), and cancer. Efforts to overcome historical safety concerns and manufacturing challenges are ongoing and pave the way for wider use of YF17D-based vaccines. In this review, we summarize recent insights regarding YF17D as vaccine platform, and how YF17D-based vaccines may complement as well as differentiate from other emerging modalities in response to unmet medical needs and for pandemic preparedness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Sanchez-Felipe
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Molecular Vaccinology and Vaccine Discovery, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Yeranddy A Alpizar
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Molecular Vaccinology and Vaccine Discovery, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ji Ma
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Molecular Vaccinology and Vaccine Discovery, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lotte Coelmont
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Molecular Vaccinology and Vaccine Discovery, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kai Dallmeier
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Molecular Vaccinology and Vaccine Discovery, Leuven, Belgium
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Hsu JY, Hung CC, Tsou TP, Chen WC. Epidemiology and risk factors of Japanese encephalitis in Taiwan, 2010-2022. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2023; 17:e0011421. [PMID: 37782654 PMCID: PMC10569588 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Taiwan introduced a two-dose inactivated Japanese encephalitis (JE) mouse brain-derived (JE-MB) vaccine into routine childhood immunization in 1968, with booster vaccination implemented in 1974 and 1983. In 2017, JE-MB vaccine was replaced by a two-dose live-attenuated chimeric vaccine (JE-CV). After implementation of JE vaccination programs, JE cases have shifted from children to adults. In this study, we described the JE epidemiology and identify high-risk groups to further inform vaccine policy. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We extracted data from Taiwan's notifiable disease surveillance database, vital statistics, and employment statistics from 2010 to 2022. Diagnosis of JE was confirmed by JE seroconversion, a four-fold increase in virus-specific antibodies, a positive JE viral nucleic-acid test, or JE virus isolation. From 2010 to 2022, a total of 313 cases of JE were diagnosed, resulting in an overall incidence rate of 0.10 cases per 100,000 person-years and a mortality rate of 0.006 per 100,000 population per year. Among these patients, 64% were male, and the median age was 51 years (range 0-82). Compared with people born in or after 1976 (vaccinated with four doses of JE-MB vaccine or two doses of JE-CV), those born in or before 1962 (unvaccinated) and those born during 1963-1975 (vaccinated with two or three doses of JE-MB vaccine) had a 4.2-fold (95% confidence interval [CI] 3.0-5.7) and 5.9-fold (95% CI 4.3-8.1) higher risk of JE, respectively. The relative risk of working in agriculture, forestry, fishing, or animal husbandry, compared to other occupations, was 5.0 (95% CI 3.5-7.0). CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE In Taiwan, individuals born before 1976 and those employed in agriculture, forestry, fishing, or animal husbandry had a higher risk of JE. We recommend JE vaccination for people in these high-risk groups who have not been fully vaccinated or have an unknown vaccination history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jen-Yu Hsu
- Department of Occupational Medicine and Clinical Toxicology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Centers for Disease Control, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taipei, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Ching Hung
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital Yunlin Branch, Yunlin, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Pei Tsou
- Centers for Disease Control, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Chin Chen
- Centers for Disease Control, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taipei, Taiwan
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Dutta SK, Langenburg T. A Perspective on Current Flavivirus Vaccine Development: A Brief Review. Viruses 2023; 15:v15040860. [PMID: 37112840 PMCID: PMC10142581 DOI: 10.3390/v15040860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The flavivirus genus contains several clinically important pathogens that account for tremendous global suffering. Primarily transmitted by mosquitos or ticks, these viruses can cause severe and potentially fatal diseases ranging from hemorrhagic fevers to encephalitis. The extensive global burden is predominantly caused by six flaviviruses: dengue, Zika, West Nile, yellow fever, Japanese encephalitis and tick-borne encephalitis. Several vaccines have been developed, and many more are currently being tested in clinical trials. However, flavivirus vaccine development is still confronted with many shortcomings and challenges. With the use of the existing literature, we have studied these hurdles as well as the signs of progress made in flavivirus vaccinology in the context of future development strategies. Moreover, all current licensed and phase-trial flavivirus vaccines have been gathered and discussed based on their vaccine type. Furthermore, potentially relevant vaccine types without any candidates in clinical testing are explored in this review as well. Over the past decades, several modern vaccine types have expanded the field of vaccinology, potentially providing alternative solutions for flavivirus vaccines. These vaccine types offer different development strategies as opposed to traditional vaccines. The included vaccine types were live-attenuated, inactivated, subunit, VLPs, viral vector-based, epitope-based, DNA and mRNA vaccines. Each vaccine type offers different advantages, some more suitable for flaviviruses than others. Additional studies are needed to overcome the barriers currently faced by flavivirus vaccine development, but many potential solutions are currently being explored.
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Srivastava KS, Jeswani V, Pal N, Bohra B, Vishwakarma V, Bapat AA, Patnaik YP, Khanna N, Shukla R. Japanese Encephalitis Virus: An Update on the Potential Antivirals and Vaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11040742. [PMID: 37112654 PMCID: PMC10146181 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11040742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is the causal agent behind Japanese encephalitis (JE), a potentially severe brain infection that spreads through mosquito bites. JE is predominant over the Asia-Pacific Region and has the potential to spread globally with a higher rate of morbidity and mortality. Efforts have been made to identify and select various target molecules essential in JEV’s progression, but until now, no licensed anti-JEV drug has been available. From a prophylactic point of view, a few licensed JE vaccines are available, but various factors, viz., the high cost and different side effects imposed by them, has narrowed their global use. With an average occurrence of >67,000 cases of JE annually, there is an urgent need to find a suitable antiviral drug to treat patients at the acute phase, as presently only supportive care is available to mitigate infection. This systematic review highlights the current status of efforts put in to develop antivirals against JE and the available vaccines, along with their effectiveness. It also summarizes epidemiology, structure, pathogenesis, and potential drug targets that can be explored to develop a new range of anti-JEV drugs to combat JEV infection globally.
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Characterization of Live-Attenuated Powassan Virus Vaccine Candidates Identifies an Efficacious Prime-Boost Strategy for Mitigating Powassan Virus Disease in a Murine Model. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11030612. [PMID: 36992196 PMCID: PMC10058527 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11030612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Powassan virus (POWV) is an emerging tick-borne virus and cause of lethal encephalitis in humans. The lack of treatment or prevention strategies for POWV disease underscores the need for an effective POWV vaccine. Here, we took two independent approaches to develop vaccine candidates. First, we recoded the POWV genome to increase the dinucleotide frequencies of CpG and UpA to potentially attenuate the virus by raising its susceptibility to host innate immune factors, such as the zinc-finger antiviral protein (ZAP). Secondly, we took advantage of the live-attenuated yellow fever virus vaccine 17D strain (YFV-17D) as a vector to express the structural genes pre-membrane (prM) and envelope (E) of POWV. The chimeric YFV-17D-POWV vaccine candidate was further attenuated for in vivo application by removing an N-linked glycosylation site within the nonstructural protein (NS)1 of YFV-17D. This live-attenuated chimeric vaccine candidate significantly protected mice from POWV disease, conferring a 70% survival rate after lethal challenge when administered in a homologous two-dose regimen. Importantly, when given in a heterologous prime-boost vaccination scheme, in which vaccination with the initial chimeric virus was followed by a protein boost with the envelope protein domain III (EDIII), 100% of the mice were protected without showing any signs of morbidity. Combinations of this live-attenuated chimeric YFV-17D-POWV vaccine candidate with an EDIII protein boost warrant further studies for the development of an effective vaccine strategy for the prevention of POWV disease.
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Arthropod-Borne Flaviviruses in Pregnancy. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11020433. [PMID: 36838398 PMCID: PMC9959669 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11020433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Flaviviruses are a diverse group of enveloped RNA viruses that cause significant clinical manifestations in the pregnancy and postpartum periods. This review highlights the epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical features, diagnosis, and prevention of the key arthropod-borne flaviviruses of concern in pregnancy and the neonatal period-Zika, Dengue, Japanese encephalitis, West Nile, and Yellow fever viruses. Increased disease severity during pregnancy, risk of congenital malformations, and manifestations of postnatal infection vary widely amongst this virus family and may be quite marked. Laboratory confirmation of infection is complex, especially due to the reliance on serology for which flavivirus cross-reactivity challenges diagnostic specificity. As such, a thorough clinical history including relevant geographic exposures and prior vaccinations is paramount for accurate diagnosis. Novel vaccines are eagerly anticipated to ameliorate the impact of these flaviviruses, particularly neuroinvasive disease manifestations and congenital infection, with consideration of vaccine safety in pregnant women and children pivotal. Moving forward, the geographical spread of flaviviruses, as for other zoonoses, will be heavily influenced by climate change due to the potential expansion of vector and reservoir host habitats. Ongoing 'One Health' engagement across the human-animal-environment interface is critical to detect and responding to emergent flavivirus epidemics.
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Fang E, Liu X, Liu X, Li M, Wang L, Li M, Zhang Z, Li Y, Yu Y. Investigation of immune response induction by Japanese encephalitis live-attenuated and chimeric vaccines in mice. MedComm (Beijing) 2022; 3:e117. [PMID: 35415706 PMCID: PMC8986025 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The Japanese encephalitis (JE) live-attenuated vaccine SA14-14-2 and the chimeric vaccine IMOJEV (JE-CV) are two kinds of vaccines available for use worldwide. JE-CV was previously known as ChimeriVax-JE, that consists of yellow fever vaccine 17D (YFV-17D) from which the structural genes (prM/E) have been replaced with those of SA14-14-2. This study aimed to investigate the neutralizing antibody, protection efficacy, and specific T-cell response elicited by both vaccines in mice. The neutralizing antibodies produced by JE-CV were slightly lower than those produced by SA14-14-2, but the protection conferred by JE-CV was considerably lower in the low vaccine dose immunization group. Furthermore, the JE-CV did not induce a specific T-cell response against JEV NS3, while it did induce a potent antigen-specific T-cell response against the viral backbone vaccine YFV. In conclusion, this study is the first detailed investigation of the cellular immune response to the two vaccines. Enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) and flow staining suggest a more potent specific T-cell response against the JEV antigen was elicited in mice immunized with SA14-14-2 but not JE-CV. Using heterologous flaviviruses as a live-attenuated vaccine backbone may unlikely generate an optimal T-cell response against the vaccine strain virus and might affect the protective efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enyue Fang
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control Beijing 102629 China
- Wuhan Institute of Biological Products, Co., LtD. Wuhan 430207 China
| | - Xinyu Liu
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control Beijing 102629 China
| | - Xiaohui Liu
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control Beijing 102629 China
| | - Ming Li
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control Beijing 102629 China
| | - Ling Wang
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control Beijing 102629 China
| | - Miao Li
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control Beijing 102629 China
| | - Zelun Zhang
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control Beijing 102629 China
| | - Yuhua Li
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control Beijing 102629 China
| | - Yongxin Yu
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control Beijing 102629 China
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Sharma A, Sharma RP, Kaur R, Sharma R, Singh S. A comprehensive insight on the COVID-19 vaccine candidates. J Family Med Prim Care 2021; 10:2457-2466. [PMID: 34568120 PMCID: PMC8415645 DOI: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_1570_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The world is currently facing a pandemic triggered by the novel corona virus (SARS - CoV2), which causes a highly infectious infection that predominantly affects the lungs, resulting in a variety of clinical symptoms some cases may be asymptomatic while others may result in to severe respiratory disorder, if the infection is left unattended it may result in multi-organ failure and eventually death of the patient. The transmission of infection is by droplet and fomites of the infected person. The incubation period of virus is from 2 to 14 days. Most common symptoms resemble flu-like but later progress to pneumonia along with dyspnoea and worsening of oxygen saturation, thus requiring ventilator support. The diagnostic modalities include Reverse transcriptase real time PCR (Quantitative Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction) which is recommended method used for diagnosis of the COVID-19 infection using oro-pharyngeal or nasopharyngeal swabs of the patients. Recently serological tests for antigen and antibody detection has been approved by ICMR. Till now, nine COVID-19 vaccines are granted emergency approval for prevention and for the management of infection symptomatic and supportive measures are being adopted. Globally major pharmaceutical firms are engrossed for development of a potent vaccine candidate. This review highlights on various vaccine candidates under clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anu Sharma
- Department of Microbiology, Dr. V. M. Govt. Medical College, Solapur, Maharashtra, India
| | - Ravi Prakash Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Rimplejeet Kaur
- Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Ria Sharma
- MBBS Student, S. N. Medical College, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Surjit Singh
- Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
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Hansen CA, Barrett ADT. The Present and Future of Yellow Fever Vaccines. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14090891. [PMID: 34577591 PMCID: PMC8468696 DOI: 10.3390/ph14090891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The disease yellow fever (YF) is prevented by a live-attenuated vaccine, termed 17D, which has been in use since the 1930s. One dose of the vaccine is thought to give lifelong (35+ years) protective immunity, and neutralizing antibodies are the correlate of protection. Despite being a vaccine-preventable disease, YF remains a major public health burden, causing an estimated 109,000 severe infections and 51,000 deaths annually. There are issues of supply and demand for the vaccine, and outbreaks in 2016 and 2018 resulted in fractional dosing of the vaccine to meet demand. The World Health Organization (WHO) has established the “Eliminate Yellow Fever Epidemics” (EYE) initiative to reduce the burden of YF over the next 10 years. As with most vaccines, the WHO has recommendations to assure the quality, safety, and efficacy of the YF vaccine. These require the use of live 17D vaccine only produced in embryonated chicken eggs, and safety evaluated in non-human primates only. Thus, any second-generation vaccines would require modification of WHO recommendations if they were to be used in endemic countries. There are multiple second-generation YF vaccine candidates in various stages of development that must be shown to be non-inferior to the current 17D vaccine in terms of safety and immunogenicity to progress through clinical trials to potential licensing. The historic 17D vaccine continues to shape the global vaccine landscape in its use in the generation of multiple licensed recombinant chimeric live vaccines and vaccine candidates, in which its structural protein genes are replaced with those of other viruses, such as dengue and Japanese encephalitis. There is no doubt that the YF 17D live-attenuated vaccine will continue to play a role in the development of new vaccines for YF, as well as potentially for many other pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clairissa A. Hansen
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-4036, USA;
| | - Alan D. T. Barrett
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-4036, USA;
- Sealy Institute for Vaccine Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-4036, USA
- Correspondence:
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Dey D, Poudyal S, Rehman A, Hasan SS. Structural and biochemical insights into flavivirus proteins. Virus Res 2021; 296:198343. [PMID: 33607183 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2021.198343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Flaviviruses are the fastest spreading arthropod-borne viruses that cause severe symptoms such as hepatitis, hemorrhagic fever, encephalitis, and congenital deformities. Nearly 40 % of the entire human population is at risk of flavivirus epidemics. Yet, effective vaccination is restricted only to a few flaviviruses such as yellow fever and Japanese encephalitis viruses, and most recently for select cases of dengue virus infections. Despite the global spread of dengue virus, and emergence of new threats such as Zika virus and a new genotype of Japanese encephalitis virus, insights into flavivirus targets for potentially broad-spectrum vaccination are limited. In this review article, we highlight biochemical and structural differences in flavivirus proteins critical for virus assembly and host interactions. A comparative sequence analysis of pH-responsive properties of viral structural proteins identifies trends in conservation of complementary acidic-basic character between interacting viral structural proteins. This is highly relevant to the understanding of pH-sensitive differences in virus assembly in organelles such as neutral ER and acidic Golgi. Surface residues in viral interfaces identified by structural approaches are shown to demonstrate partial conservation, further reinforcing virus-specificity in assembly and interactions with host proteins. A comparative analysis of epitope conservation in emerging flaviviruses identifies therapeutic antibody candidates that have potential as broad spectrum anti-virals, thus providing a path towards development of vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debajit Dey
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 108 N. Greene Street, Baltimore MD 21201, USA
| | - Shishir Poudyal
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, 915 W. State Street, West Lafayette IN 47907, USA
| | - Asma Rehman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 108 N. Greene Street, Baltimore MD 21201, USA
| | - S Saif Hasan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 108 N. Greene Street, Baltimore MD 21201, USA; University of Maryland Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland Medical Center, 22. S. Greene St. Baltimore MD 21201, USA; Center for Biomolecular Therapeutics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 9600 Gudelsky Drive, Rockville MD 20850, USA.
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A single-dose live-attenuated YF17D-vectored SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidate. Nature 2021; 590:320-325. [PMID: 33260195 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-3035-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The expanding pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) requires the development of safe, efficacious and fast-acting vaccines. Several vaccine platforms are being leveraged for a rapid emergency response1. Here we describe the development of a candidate vaccine (YF-S0) for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that uses live-attenuated yellow fever 17D (YF17D) vaccine as a vector to express a noncleavable prefusion form of the SARS-CoV-2 spike antigen. We assess vaccine safety, immunogenicity and efficacy in several animal models. YF-S0 has an excellent safety profile and induces high levels of SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies in hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus), mice (Mus musculus) and cynomolgus macaques (Macaca fascicularis), and-concomitantly-protective immunity against yellow fever virus. Humoral immunity is complemented by a cellular immune response with favourable T helper 1 polarization, as profiled in mice. In a hamster model2 and in macaques, YF-S0 prevents infection with SARS-CoV-2. Moreover, a single dose conferred protection from lung disease in most of the vaccinated hamsters within as little as 10 days. Taken together, the quality of the immune responses triggered and the rapid kinetics by which protective immunity can be attained after a single dose warrant further development of this potent SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidate.
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Immune responses and protective effects against Japanese encephalitis induced by a DNA vaccine encoding the prM/E proteins of the attenuated SA14-14-2 strain. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2020; 85:104443. [PMID: 32619637 PMCID: PMC7324926 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Revised: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is the causal pathogen of Japanese encephalitis (JE), which has become a severe public health problem and is one of the most rapidly spreading mosquito-borne diseases worldwide. Currently, there is no specific treatment for JEV. A vaccine would be an effective measure for reducing morbidity and mortality. Although the live attenuated vaccine SA14-14-2 has been approved in some countries, it is still necessary to develop safer, more effective, and less costly vaccines. In this study, a DNA vaccine candidate, pV-SA14ME, expressing the prM/E proteins of SA14-14-2 was inoculated into BALB/c mice via intramuscular electroporation, and the immunogenicity and degree of protection were evaluated. We found that administration of 50 μg pV-SA14ME via electroporation via three immunizations could induce persistent humoral and cellular immune responses and effectively protect mice against lethal JEV challenge. This study provides a basis for the subsequent promotion and use of the vaccine and lays the foundation for its further use in swine and humans.
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Zheng X, Yu X, Wang Y, Turtle L, Cui M, Wang R, Yin C. Complete protection for mice conferred by a DNA vaccine based on the Japanese encephalitis virus P3 strain used to prepare the inactivated vaccine in China. Virol J 2020; 17:126. [PMID: 32831096 PMCID: PMC7444069 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-020-01400-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The incidence of Japanese encephalitis (JE) has been dramatically reduced in China after sufficient vaccine coverage. The live-attenuated Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) vaccine SA14-14-2 is believed to have strongly contribute to this decrease. Another vaccine that seems to have decreased in importance is an inactivated vaccine based on the JEV P3 strain, which is considered to be modifiable, such as being transformed into a DNA vaccine to improve its immunogenicity. METHODS In this study, the protective efficacy induced by the Japanese encephalitis DNA vaccine candidate pV-JP3ME encoding the premembrane (prM) and envelope (E) proteins of the P3 strain was assessed in BALB/c mice. The prM/E genes of the JEV P3 strain were subcloned into the vector pVAX1 (pV) to construct pV-JP3ME. RESULTS The plasmid DNA was immunized into BALB/c mice, and high titers of IgG antibody and neutralizing antibody (nAb) against JEV were detected. The key cytokines in splenocytes were secreted upon stimulation with JEV antigens. Finally, complete protective efficacy was generated after challenge with the JEV P3 strain in the mice. CONCLUSIONS The DNA vaccine pV-JP3ME based on the JEV P3 strain in this study can induce specific humoral immune and cytokine responses and provide complete protection against JEV in mice.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- China
- Chlorocebus aethiops
- Cytokines/immunology
- Encephalitis Virus, Japanese/classification
- Encephalitis Virus, Japanese/genetics
- Encephalitis Virus, Japanese/immunology
- Encephalitis, Japanese/immunology
- Encephalitis, Japanese/prevention & control
- Female
- Immunization
- Japanese Encephalitis Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Japanese Encephalitis Vaccines/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Plasmids/genetics
- Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms
- Vaccines, DNA/immunology
- Vaccines, Inactivated/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Inactivated/immunology
- Vero Cells
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Zheng
- Beijing Institute of Tropical Medicine, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Research on Prevention and Treatment of Tropical Diseases, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Xiaozheng Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100045, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Outpatient Department, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Lance Turtle
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit for Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7BE, UK
- Tropical and Infectious Disease Unit, Royal Liverpool University Hospital (member of Liverpool Health Partners), Liverpool, L7 8XP, UK
| | - Min Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Ran Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Infection diseases, Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Research Unit of Critical Infection in Children, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU016, Laboratory of Infection and Virology, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, 100045, China.
| | - Chenghong Yin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100026, China.
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Kubinski M, Beicht J, Gerlach T, Volz A, Sutter G, Rimmelzwaan GF. Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus: A Quest for Better Vaccines against a Virus on the Rise. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:E451. [PMID: 32806696 PMCID: PMC7564546 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8030451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV), a member of the family Flaviviridae, is one of the most important tick-transmitted viruses in Europe and Asia. Being a neurotropic virus, TBEV causes infection of the central nervous system, leading to various (permanent) neurological disorders summarized as tick-borne encephalitis (TBE). The incidence of TBE cases has increased due to the expansion of TBEV and its vectors. Since antiviral treatment is lacking, vaccination against TBEV is the most important protective measure. However, vaccination coverage is relatively low and immunogenicity of the currently available vaccines is limited, which may account for the vaccine failures that are observed. Understanding the TBEV-specific correlates of protection is of pivotal importance for developing novel and improved TBEV vaccines. For affording robust protection against infection and development of TBE, vaccines should induce both humoral and cellular immunity. In this review, the adaptive immunity induced upon TBEV infection and vaccination as well as novel approaches to produce improved TBEV vaccines are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mareike Kubinski
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation (TiHo), Buenteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany; (M.K.); (J.B.); (T.G.)
| | - Jana Beicht
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation (TiHo), Buenteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany; (M.K.); (J.B.); (T.G.)
| | - Thomas Gerlach
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation (TiHo), Buenteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany; (M.K.); (J.B.); (T.G.)
| | - Asisa Volz
- Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation (TiHo), Buenteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany;
| | - Gerd Sutter
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU) Munich, Veterinaerstr. 13, 80539 Munich, Germany;
| | - Guus F. Rimmelzwaan
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation (TiHo), Buenteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany; (M.K.); (J.B.); (T.G.)
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16
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Pierson TC, Diamond MS. The continued threat of emerging flaviviruses. Nat Microbiol 2020; 5:796-812. [PMID: 32367055 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-020-0714-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 496] [Impact Index Per Article: 124.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Flaviviruses are vector-borne RNA viruses that can emerge unexpectedly in human populations and cause a spectrum of potentially severe diseases including hepatitis, vascular shock syndrome, encephalitis, acute flaccid paralysis, congenital abnormalities and fetal death. This epidemiological pattern has occurred numerous times during the last 70 years, including epidemics of dengue virus and West Nile virus, and the most recent explosive epidemic of Zika virus in the Americas. Flaviviruses are now globally distributed and infect up to 400 million people annually. Of significant concern, outbreaks of other less well-characterized flaviviruses have been reported in humans and animals in different regions of the world. The potential for these viruses to sustain epidemic transmission among humans is poorly understood. In this Review, we discuss the basic biology of flaviviruses, their infectious cycles, the diseases they cause and underlying host immune responses to infection. We describe flaviviruses that represent an established ongoing threat to global health and those that have recently emerged in new populations to cause significant disease. We also provide examples of lesser-known flaviviruses that circulate in restricted areas of the world but have the potential to emerge more broadly in human populations. Finally, we discuss how an understanding of the epidemiology, biology, structure and immunity of flaviviruses can inform the rapid development of countermeasures to treat or prevent human infections as they emerge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodore C Pierson
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Michael S Diamond
- Departments of Medicine, Molecular Microbiology, Pathology & Immunology, Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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17
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Chang YH, Chiao DJ, Hsu YL, Lin CC, Wu HL, Shu PY, Chang SF, Chang JH, Kuo SC. Mosquito Cell-Derived Japanese Encephalitis Virus-Like Particles Induce Specific Humoral and Cellular Immune Responses in Mice. Viruses 2020; 12:v12030336. [PMID: 32204533 PMCID: PMC7150764 DOI: 10.3390/v12030336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is the major cause of an acute encephalitis syndrome in many Asian countries, despite the fact that an effective vaccine has been developed. Virus-like particles (VLPs) are self-assembled multi-subunit protein structures which possess specific epitope antigenicities related to corresponding native viruses. These properties mean that VLPs are considered safe antigens that can be used in clinical applications. In this study, we developed a novel baculovirus/mosquito (BacMos) expression system which potentially enables the scalable production of JEV genotype III (GIII) VLPs (which are secreted from mosquito cells). The mosquito-cell-derived JEV VLPs comprised 30-nm spherical particles as well as precursor membrane protein (prM) and envelope (E) proteins with densities that ranged from 30% to 55% across a sucrose gradient. We used IgM antibody-capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays to assess the resemblance between VLPs and authentic virions and thereby characterized the epitope specific antigenicity of VLPs. VLP immunization was found to elicit a specific immune response toward a balanced IgG2a/IgG1 ratio. This response effectively neutralized both JEV GI and GIII and elicited a mixed Th1/Th2 response in mice. This study supports the development of mosquito cell-derived JEV VLPs to serve as candidate vaccines against JEV.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Cell Line
- Culicidae/virology
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Encephalitis Virus, Japanese/immunology
- Encephalitis Virus, Japanese/ultrastructure
- Encephalitis, Japanese/immunology
- Encephalitis, Japanese/virology
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- Epitopes/immunology
- Fluorescent Antibody Technique
- Immunity, Cellular
- Immunity, Humoral
- Mice
- Neutralization Tests
- Vaccines, Virus-Like Particle/immunology
- Virion
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Hsiu Chang
- Institute of Preventive Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan; (Y.-H.C.); (D.-J.C.); (Y.-L.H.); (C.-C.L.); (H.-L.W.); (J.-H.C.)
| | - Der-Jiang Chiao
- Institute of Preventive Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan; (Y.-H.C.); (D.-J.C.); (Y.-L.H.); (C.-C.L.); (H.-L.W.); (J.-H.C.)
| | - Yu-Lin Hsu
- Institute of Preventive Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan; (Y.-H.C.); (D.-J.C.); (Y.-L.H.); (C.-C.L.); (H.-L.W.); (J.-H.C.)
| | - Chang-Chi Lin
- Institute of Preventive Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan; (Y.-H.C.); (D.-J.C.); (Y.-L.H.); (C.-C.L.); (H.-L.W.); (J.-H.C.)
- Department and Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan
| | - Hsueh-Ling Wu
- Institute of Preventive Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan; (Y.-H.C.); (D.-J.C.); (Y.-L.H.); (C.-C.L.); (H.-L.W.); (J.-H.C.)
| | - Pei-Yun Shu
- Center for Diagnostics and Vaccine Development, Centers for Disease Control, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taipei 11561, Taiwan; (P.-Y.S.); (S.-F.C.)
| | - Shu-Fen Chang
- Center for Diagnostics and Vaccine Development, Centers for Disease Control, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taipei 11561, Taiwan; (P.-Y.S.); (S.-F.C.)
| | - Jui-Huan Chang
- Institute of Preventive Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan; (Y.-H.C.); (D.-J.C.); (Y.-L.H.); (C.-C.L.); (H.-L.W.); (J.-H.C.)
| | - Szu-Cheng Kuo
- Institute of Preventive Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan; (Y.-H.C.); (D.-J.C.); (Y.-L.H.); (C.-C.L.); (H.-L.W.); (J.-H.C.)
- Department and Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-2-8177-7038 (ext. 19946)
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18
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Sakurai A, Ogawa T, Matsumoto J, Kihira T, Fukushima S, Miyata I, Shimizu H, Itamura S, Ouchi K, Hamada A, Tani K, Okabe N, Yamaguchi T. Regulatory aspects of quality and safety for live recombinant viral vaccines against infectious diseases in Japan. Vaccine 2019; 37:6573-6579. [PMID: 31506194 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Recombinant viral vaccines expressing antigens of pathogenic microbes (e.g., HIV, Ebola virus, and malaria) have been designed to overcome the insufficient immune responses induced by the conventional vaccines. Our knowledge of and clinical experience with the new recombinant viral vaccines are insufficient, and a clear regulatory pathway is needed for the further development and evaluation of recombinant viral vaccines. In 2018, the research group supported by the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, Japan (MHLW) published a concept paper to address the development of recombinant viral vaccines against infectious diseases. Herein we summarize the concept paper-which explains the Japanese regulatory concerns about recombinant viral vaccines-and provide a focus of discussion about the development of recombinant viral vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Sakurai
- Office of Vaccines and Blood Products, Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency, Shin-Kasumigaseki Bldg., 3-3-2 Kasumigaseki, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-0013, Japan.
| | - Takashi Ogawa
- Office of Vaccines and Blood Products, Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency, Shin-Kasumigaseki Bldg., 3-3-2 Kasumigaseki, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-0013, Japan.
| | - Jun Matsumoto
- Office of Vaccines and Blood Products, Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency, Shin-Kasumigaseki Bldg., 3-3-2 Kasumigaseki, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-0013, Japan.
| | - Tetsunari Kihira
- Office of Vaccines and Blood Products, Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency, Shin-Kasumigaseki Bldg., 3-3-2 Kasumigaseki, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-0013, Japan.
| | - Shinji Fukushima
- Travellers' Medical Center, Tokyo Medical University Hospital, 6-7-1 Nishishinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-0023, Japan.
| | - Ippei Miyata
- Department of Pediatrics, Kawasaki Medical School, 577 Matsushima, Kurashiki-Shi, Okayama 701-0192, Japan.
| | - Hideaki Shimizu
- Kawasaki City Institute for Public Health, Life Science and Environment (LiSE) Research Center 2F, 3-25-13 Tono-Machi, Kawasaki-Ku, Kawasaki-City, Kanagawa 210-0821, Japan.
| | - Shigeyuki Itamura
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama-Shi, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan.
| | - Kazunobu Ouchi
- Department of Pediatrics, Kawasaki Medical School, 577 Matsushima, Kurashiki-Shi, Okayama 701-0192, Japan.
| | - Atsuro Hamada
- Travellers' Medical Center, Tokyo Medical University Hospital, 6-7-1 Nishishinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-0023, Japan.
| | - Kenzaburo Tani
- Project Division of ALA Advanced Medical Research, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-Ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan.
| | - Nobuhiko Okabe
- Kawasaki City Institute for Public Health, Life Science and Environment (LiSE) Research Center 2F, 3-25-13 Tono-Machi, Kawasaki-Ku, Kawasaki-City, Kanagawa 210-0821, Japan.
| | - Teruhide Yamaguchi
- Divison of Pharmacology, Nihon Pharmaceutical University, 10281 Komuro, Ina-machi, Kitaadachi-gun, Saitama 362-0806, Japan.
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19
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He D, Zhang H, Xiao J, Zhang X, Xie M, Pan D, Wang M, Luo X, Bu B, Zhang M, Wang W. Molecular and clinical relationship between live-attenuated Japanese encephalitis vaccination and childhood onset myasthenia gravis. Ann Neurol 2019; 84:386-400. [PMID: 30246904 PMCID: PMC6175482 DOI: 10.1002/ana.25267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Revised: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Objective The incidence of childhood onset myasthenia gravis (CMG) in China is higher than that in other countries; however, the reasons for this are unclear. Methods We investigated the clinical and immunological profiles of CMG, and assessed the potential precipitating factors. For the mouse studies, the possible implication of vaccination in the pathogenesis was explored. Results In our retrospective study, 51.22% of the 4,219 cases of myasthenia gravis (MG) were of the childhood onset type. The cohort study uncovered that the pathophysiology of CMG was mediated by immune deviation, rather than through gene mutations or virus infections. The administration of the live‐attenuated Japanese encephalitis vaccine (LA‐JEV), but not the inactivated vaccine or other vaccines, in mice induced serum acetylcholine receptor (AChR) antibody production, reduced the AChR density at the endplates, and decreased both muscle strength and response to repetitive nerve stimulation. We found a peptide (containing 7 amino acids) of LA‐JEV similar to the AChR‐α subunit, and immunization with a synthesized protein containing this peptide reproduced the MG‐like phenotype in mice. Interpretation Our results describe the immunological profile of CMG. Immunization with LA‐JEV induced an autoimmune reaction against the AChR through molecular mimicry. These findings might explain the higher occurrence rate of CMG in China, where children are routinely vaccinated with LA‐JEV, compared with that in countries, where this vaccination is not as common. Efforts should be made to optimize immunization strategies and reduce the risk for developing autoimmune disorders among children. Ann Neurol 2018;84:386–400
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan He
- Department of NeurologyTongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology
| | - Han Zhang
- Department of NeurologyTongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology
| | - Jun Xiao
- Department of NeurologyTongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology
| | - Xiaofan Zhang
- Department of NeurologyTongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology
| | - Minjie Xie
- Department of NeurologyTongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology
- Key Laboratory of Neurological Disease of Education Committee of ChinaWuhanHubeiChina
| | - Dengji Pan
- Department of NeurologyTongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology
| | - Minghuan Wang
- Department of NeurologyTongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology
| | - Xiang Luo
- Department of NeurologyTongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology
| | - Bitao Bu
- Department of NeurologyTongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology
| | - Min Zhang
- Department of NeurologyTongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of NeurologyTongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology
- Key Laboratory of Neurological Disease of Education Committee of ChinaWuhanHubeiChina
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20
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Ratto-Kim S, Yoon IK, Paris RM, Excler JL, Kim JH, O’Connell RJ. The US Military Commitment to Vaccine Development: A Century of Successes and Challenges. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1397. [PMID: 29977239 PMCID: PMC6021486 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The US military has been a leading proponent of vaccine development since its founding. General George Washington ordered the entire American army to be variolated against smallpox after recognizing the serious threat that it posed to military operations. He did this on the recommendation from Dr. John Morgan, the physician-in-chief of the American army, who wrote a treatise on variolation in 1776. Although cases of smallpox still occurred, they were far fewer than expected, and it is believed that the vaccination program contributed to victory in the War of Independence. Effective military force requires personnel who are healthy and combat ready for worldwide deployment. Given the geography of US military operations, military personnel should also be protected against diseases that are endemic in potential areas of conflict. For this reason, and unknown to many, the US military has strongly supported vaccine research and development. Four categories of communicable infectious diseases threaten military personnel: (1) diseases that spread easily in densely populated areas (respiratory and dysenteric diseases); (2) vector-borne diseases (disease carried by mosquitoes and other insects); (3) sexually transmitted diseases (hepatitis, HIV, and gonorrhea); and (4) diseases associated with biological warfare. For each category, the US military has supported research that has provided the basis for many of the vaccines available today. Although preventive measures and the development of drugs have provided some relief from the burden of malaria, dengue, and HIV, the US military continues to fund research and development of prophylactic vaccines that will contribute to force health protection and global health. In the past few years, newly recognized infections with Zika, severe acute respiratory syndrome, Middle East respiratory syndrome viruses have pushed the US military to fund research and fast track clinical trials to quickly and effectively develop vaccines for emerging diseases. With US military personnel present in every region of the globe, one of the most cost-effective ways to maintain military effectiveness is to develop vaccines against prioritized threats to military members' health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - In-Kyu Yoon
- International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, South Korea
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21
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Sebastian S, Lambe T. Clinical Advances in Viral-Vectored Influenza Vaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 2018; 6:E29. [PMID: 29794983 PMCID: PMC6027524 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines6020029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza-virus-mediated disease can be associated with high levels of morbidity and mortality, particularly in younger children and older adults. Vaccination is the primary intervention used to curb influenza virus infection, and the WHO recommends immunization for at-risk individuals to mitigate disease. Unfortunately, influenza vaccine composition needs to be updated annually due to antigenic shift and drift in the viral immunogen hemagglutinin (HA). There are a number of alternate vaccination strategies in current development which may circumvent the need for annual re-vaccination, including new platform technologies such as viral-vectored vaccines. We discuss the different vectored vaccines that have been or are currently in clinical trials, with a forward-looking focus on immunogens that may be protective against seasonal and pandemic influenza infection, in the context of viral-vectored vaccines. We also discuss future perspectives and limitations in the field that will need to be addressed before new vaccines can significantly impact disease levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Sebastian
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Headington, Oxford OX3 DQ, UK.
| | - Teresa Lambe
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Headington, Oxford OX3 DQ, UK.
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22
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Affiliation(s)
- Horst A von Recum
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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23
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Abstract
Vaccines have helped considerably in eliminating some life-threatening infectious diseases in past two hundred years. Recently, human medicine has focused on vaccination against some of the world's most common infectious diseases (AIDS, malaria, tuberculosis, etc.), and vaccination is also gaining popularity in the treatment of cancer or autoimmune diseases. The major limitation of current vaccines lies in their poor ability to generate a sufficient level of protective antibodies and T cell responses against diseases such as HIV, malaria, tuberculosis and cancers. Among the promising vaccination systems that could improve the potency of weakly immunogenic vaccines belong macromolecular carriers (water soluble polymers, polymer particels, micelles, gels etc.) conjugated with antigens and immunistumulatory molecules. The size, architecture, and the composition of the high molecular-weight carrier can significantly improve the vaccine efficiency. This review includes the most recently developed (bio)polymer-based vaccines reported in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- G MuŽíková
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic.
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24
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Abstract
Japanese encephalitis is a flaviviral disease that is endemic to the South, Southeast Asia, and Asia Oceania regions. Given that about 60% of the world’s population (about 7.4 billion) resides in this region (about 4.4 billion), this disease poses a significant threat to global health. Active vaccination campaigns conducted in endemic countries have led to a decrease in the number of reported cases over the years. In this article, we strive to briefly highlight recent advances in understanding the role of microRNAs in disease pathology, focus on providing brief summaries of recent clinical trials in the field of Japanese encephalitis therapeutics, and review the current prophylactic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anirban Basu
- National Brain Research Centre, Manesar, Haryana, India
| | - Kallol Dutta
- Le Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire en santé mentale de Québec, Québec City, Canada
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Chotpitayasunondh T, Pruekprasert P, Puthanakit T, Pancharoen C, Tangsathapornpong A, Oberdorfer P, Kosalaraksa P, Prommalikit O, Tangkittithaworn S, Kerdpanich P, Techasaensiri C, Korejwo J, Chuenkitmongkol S, Houillon G. Post-licensure, phase IV, safety study of a live attenuated Japanese encephalitis recombinant vaccine in children in Thailand. Vaccine 2016; 35:299-304. [PMID: 27903416 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.11.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Revised: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Japanese encephalitis is a mosquito-borne viral disease endemic in most countries in Asia. A recombinant live, attenuated Japanese encephalitis virus vaccine, JE-CV, is licensed in 14 countries, including Thailand, for the prevention of Japanese encephalitis in adults and children. METHODS This was a prospective, phase IV, open-label, multicentre, safety study of JE-CV conducted from November 2013 to April 2015, to evaluate rare serious adverse events (AEs). JE-CV was administered to 10,000 healthy children aged 9months to <5years in Thailand as a primary (Group 1) or booster (Group 2) vaccination. Serious AEs (SAEs), including AEs of special interest, up to 60days after administration were evaluated. Immediate Grade 3 systemic AEs up to 30min after JE-CV administration were also described. RESULTS The median age of participants was 1.1years in Group 1 and 3.8years in Group 2. SAEs were reported in 204 (3.0%) participants in Group 1 and 59 (1.9%) participants in Group 2. Among a total of 294 SAEs in 263 participants, only three events occurring in two participants were considered related to vaccination. All three cases were moderate urticaria, none of which met the definition of AEs of special interest for hypersensitivity. AEs of special interest were reported in 28 (0.4%) participants in Group 1 and 4 (0.1%) participants in Group 2; none were considered related to vaccination. Febrile convulsion was the most frequently reported AE of special interest: 25 (0.4%) participants in Group 1; and 2 (<0.1%) in Group 2. There were no cases of Japanese encephalitis reported. No Grade 3 immediate systemic AEs were reported after any JE-CV vaccination. CONCLUSIONS Our study did not identify any new safety concerns with JE-CV and confirms its good safety profile. This study was registered on www.clinicaltrials.gov (NCT01981967; Universal Trial Number: U1111-1127-7052).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pornpimol Pruekprasert
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Songklanagarind Hospital, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Thanyawee Puthanakit
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; Research Unit in Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chitsanu Pancharoen
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Peninnah Oberdorfer
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Pope Kosalaraksa
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Srinagarind Hospital, Khon Kaen, Thailand.
| | - Olarn Prommalikit
- HRH Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn Medical Center, Srinakharinwirot University, Nakornnayok, Thailand
| | - Suwimon Tangkittithaworn
- Department of Pediatrics, Chonprathan Hospital, Srinakharinwirot University, Nonthaburi, Thailand
| | - Phirangkul Kerdpanich
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Phramongkutklao Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chonnamet Techasaensiri
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Vector-based genetically modified vaccines: Exploiting Jenner's legacy. Vaccine 2016; 34:6436-6448. [PMID: 28029542 PMCID: PMC7115478 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.06.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Revised: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The global vaccine market is diverse while facing a plethora of novel developments. Genetic modification (GM) techniques facilitate the design of ’smarter’ vaccines. For many of the major infectious diseases of humans, like AIDS and malaria, but also for most human neoplastic disorders, still no vaccines are available. It may be speculated that novel GM technologies will significantly contribute to their development. While a promising number of studies is conducted on GM vaccines and GM vaccine technologies, the contribution of GM technology to newly introduced vaccines on the market is disappointingly limited. In this study, the field of vector-based GM vaccines is explored. Data on currently available, actually applied, and newly developed vectors is retrieved from various sources, synthesised and analysed, in order to provide an overview on the use of vector-based technology in the field of GM vaccine development. While still there are only two vector-based vaccines on the human vaccine market, there is ample activity in the fields of patenting, preclinical research, and different stages of clinical research. Results of this study revealed that vector-based vaccines comprise a significant part of all GM vaccines in the pipeline. This study further highlights that poxviruses and adenoviruses are among the most prominent vectors in GM vaccine development. After the approval of the first vectored human vaccine, based on a flavivirus vector, vaccine vector technology, especially based on poxviruses and adenoviruses, holds great promise for future vaccine development. It may lead to cheaper methods for the production of safe vaccines against diseases for which no or less perfect vaccines exist today, thus catering for an unmet medical need. After the introduction of Jenner’s vaccinia virus as the first vaccine more than two centuries ago, which eventually led to the recent eradication of smallpox, this and other viruses may now be the basis for constructing vectors that may help us control other major scourges of mankind.
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27
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Higuchi A, Toriniwa H, Komiya T, Nakayama T. Recombinant Measles AIK-C Vaccine Strain Expressing the prM-E Antigen of Japanese Encephalitis Virus. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0150213. [PMID: 26930411 PMCID: PMC4773129 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0150213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
An inactivated Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) vaccine, which induces neutralizing antibodies, has been used for many years in Japan. In the present study, the JEV prM-E protein gene was cloned, inserted at the P/M junction of measles AIK-C cDNA, and an infectious virus was recovered. The JEV E protein was expressed in B95a cells infected with the recombinant virus. Cotton rats were inoculated with recombinant virus. Measles PA antibodies were detected three weeks after immunization. Neutralizing antibodies against JEV developed one week after inoculation, and EIA antibodies were detected three weeks after immunization. The measles AIK-C-based recombinant virus simultaneously induced measles and JEV immune responses, and may be a candidate for infant vaccines. Therefore, the present strategy of recombinant viruses based on a measles vaccine vector would be applicable to the platform for vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Higuchi
- Kitasato-Daiichi Sankyo Vaccine, Division of Vaccine Production, Kitamoto City, Saitama Prefecture, 364–0026, Japan
| | - Hiroko Toriniwa
- Kitasato-Daiichi Sankyo Vaccine, Division of Vaccine Development, Kitamoto City, Saitama Prefecture, 364–0026, Japan
| | - Tomoyoshi Komiya
- Kitasato-Daiichi Sankyo Vaccine, Division of Vaccine Development, Kitamoto City, Saitama Prefecture, 364–0026, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Nakayama
- Kitasato Institute of Life Sciences, Laboratory of Viral Infection, Tokyo, 108–8641, Japan
- * E-mail:
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28
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Chokephaibulkit K, Houillon G, Feroldi E, Bouckenooghe A. Safety and immunogenicity of a live attenuated Japanese encephalitis chimeric virus vaccine (IMOJEV®) in children. Expert Rev Vaccines 2015; 15:153-66. [PMID: 26588242 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.2016.1123097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
JE-CV (IMOJEV®, Sanofi Pasteur, France) is a live attenuated virus vaccine constructed by inserting coding sequences of the prM and E structural proteins of the Japanese encephalitis SA14-14-2 virus into the genome of yellow fever 17D virus. Primary immunization with JE-CV requires a single dose of the vaccine. This article reviews clinical trials of JE-CV in children aged up to 6 years conducted in countries across South-East Asia. Strong and persistent antibody responses were observed after single primary and booster doses, with 97% of children seroprotected up to five years after booster vaccination. Models of long-term antibody persistence predict a median duration of protection of approximately 30 years after a booster dose. The safety and reactogenicity profiles of JE-CV primary and booster doses are comparable to other widely used childhood vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Chokephaibulkit
- a Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital , Mahidol University , Bangkok , Thailand
| | - G Houillon
- b Global Medical Affairs , Sanofi Pasteur , Lyon , France
| | - E Feroldi
- c Clinical Development , Sanofi Pasteur , Lyon , France
| | - A Bouckenooghe
- d Asia Regional Medical Affairs and Clinical Development , Sanofi Pasteur , Singapore
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Abstract
Yellow fever 17D vaccine is one of the oldest live-attenuated vaccines in current use that is recognized historically for its immunogenic and safe properties. These unique properties of 17D are presently exploited in rationally designed recombinant vaccines targeting not only flaviviral antigens but also other pathogens of public health concern. Several candidate vaccines based on 17D have advanced to human trials, and a chimeric recombinant Japanese encephalitis vaccine utilizing the 17D backbone has been licensed. The mechanism(s) of attenuation for 17D are poorly understood; however, recent insights from large in silico studies have indicated particular host genetic determinants contributing to the immune response to the vaccine, which presumably influences the considerable durability of protection, now in many cases considered to be lifelong. The very rare occurrence of severe adverse events for 17D is discussed, including a recent fatal case of vaccine-associated viscerotropic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew S Beck
- a 1 Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston TX 77555-0609, USA
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Erra EO, Kantele A. The Vero cell-derived, inactivated, SA14-14-2 strain-based vaccine (Ixiaro) for prevention of Japanese encephalitis. Expert Rev Vaccines 2015; 14:1167-79. [PMID: 26162529 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.2015.1061939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
With an estimated 68,000 cases each year, Japanese encephalitis (JE) is the leading cause of viral encephalitis in Asia. Vaccination against the disease is recommended for endemic populations and also for travelers at risk. Recently, a Vero cell-derived, inactivated, SA14-14-2 strain-based JE vaccine (JE-VC) became available for travelers from non-endemic regions, replacing the traditional mouse brain-derived vaccines. First licensed in 2009, JE-VC is currently available in Europe, the USA, Canada, Australia and several other countries. In 2013, the vaccine was approved by the European Medicines Agency and the US Food and Drug Administration for use in children. This review summarizes current data on the immunogenicity, safety and clinical use of JE-VC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elina O Erra
- Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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31
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Jiang X, Dalebout TJ, Lukashevich IS, Bredenbeek PJ, Franco D. Molecular and immunological characterization of a DNA-launched yellow fever virus 17D infectious clone. J Gen Virol 2014; 96:804-814. [PMID: 25516543 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Yellow fever virus (YFV)-17D is an empirically developed, highly effective live-attenuated vaccine that has been administered to human beings for almost a century. YFV-17D has stood as a paradigm for a successful viral vaccine, and has been exploited as a potential virus vector for the development of recombinant vaccines against other diseases. In this study, a DNA-launched YFV-17D construct (pBeloBAC-FLYF) was explored as a new modality to the standard vaccine to combine the commendable features of both DNA vaccine and live-attenuated viral vaccine. The DNA-launched YFV-17D construct was characterized extensively both in cell culture and in mice. High titres of YFV-17D were generated upon transfection of the DNA into cells, whereas a mutant with deletion in the capsid-coding region (pBeloBAC-YF/ΔC) was restricted to a single round of infection, with no release of progeny virus. Homologous prime-boost immunization of AAD mice with both pBeloBAC-FLYF and pBeloBAC-YF/ΔC elicited specific dose-dependent cellular immune response against YFV-17D. Vaccination of A129 mice with pBeloBAC-FLYF resulted in the induction of YFV-specific neutralizing antibodies in all vaccinated subjects. These promising results underlined the potential of the DNA-launched YFV both as an alternative to standard YFV-17D vaccination and as a vaccine platform for the development of DNA-based recombinant YFV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Jiang
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Center of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, P. O. Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Tim J Dalebout
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Center of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, P. O. Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Igor S Lukashevich
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Center for Predictive Medicine for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, NIH Regional Bio-containment Laboratory, University of Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Peter J Bredenbeek
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Center of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, P. O. Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - David Franco
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Rockefeller University, 455 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
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Pierson TC, Diamond MS. A game of numbers: the stoichiometry of antibody-mediated neutralization of flavivirus infection. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2014; 129:141-66. [PMID: 25595803 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2014.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The humoral response contributes to the protection against viral pathogens. Although antibodies have the potential to inhibit viral infections via several mechanisms, an ability to neutralize viruses directly may be particularly important. Neutralizing antibody titers are commonly used as predictors of protection from infection, especially in the context of vaccine responses and immunity. Despite the simplicity of the concept, how antibody binding results in virus inactivation is incompletely understood despite decades of research. Flaviviruses have been an attractive system in which to seek a structural and quantitative understanding of how antibody interactions with virions modulate infection because of the contribution of antibodies to both protection and pathogenesis. This review will present a stoichiometric model of antibody-mediated neutralization of flaviviruses and discuss how these concepts can inform the development of vaccines and antibody-based therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodore C Pierson
- Viral Pathogenesis Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
| | - Michael S Diamond
- Departments of Medicine, Molecular Microbiology, Pathology & Immunology, Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.
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Abstract
The advent of reverse genetic approaches to manipulate the genomes of both positive (+) and negative (-) sense RNA viruses allowed researchers to harness these genomes for basic research. Manipulation of positive sense RNA virus genomes occurred first largely because infectious RNA could be transcribed directly from cDNA versions of the RNA genomes. Manipulation of negative strand RNA virus genomes rapidly followed as more sophisticated approaches to provide RNA-dependent RNA polymerase complexes coupled with negative-strand RNA templates were developed. These advances have driven an explosion of RNA virus vaccine vector development. That is, development of approaches to exploit the basic replication and expression strategies of RNA viruses to produce vaccine antigens that have been engineered into their genomes. This study has led to significant preclinical testing of many RNA virus vectors against a wide range of pathogens as well as cancer targets. Multiple RNA virus vectors have advanced through preclinical testing to human clinical evaluation. This review will focus on RNA virus vectors designed to express heterologous genes that are packaged into viral particles and have progressed to clinical testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Mogler
- Harrisvaccines, Inc., 1102 Southern Hills Drive, Suite 101, Ames, IA 50010, USA
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Abstract
ABSTRACT: To establish infection and access bodily compartments including the gut, lung, liver and brain, viruses must traverse polarized epithelial and endothelial cell sheets. Many viruses use components of the immune system to successfully infect epithelial cells and gain access to underlying tissue. Recently, several reports have highlighted new and surprising ways by which viruses can hijack the immune system to invade polarized cells. This review will summarize recent advances in our understanding of how viruses interact with the immune system, and with polarized cells, for successful infection. These studies raise important questions about the design and screening of therapeutics and vaccines that activate the immune system, which may need to consider the role of immune cells and the inflammatory microenvironment.
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Yang DK, Nah JJ, Kim HH, Song JY. Inactivated genotype 1 Japanese encephalitis vaccine for swine. Clin Exp Vaccine Res 2014; 3:212-9. [PMID: 25003095 PMCID: PMC4083074 DOI: 10.7774/cevr.2014.3.2.212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Revised: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Japanese encephalitis is a reproductive disorder caused by Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) in swine. Recent genotype (G) shift phenomenon (G3 to G1) in the Asia-wide has posed a challenge for proper prevention by the current vaccine strain. Thus, new kinds of JEV G1 vaccines with enhanced immunogenicity have been required for pigs. MATERIALS AND METHODS Recombinant porcine granulocyte monocyte-colony stimulating factor (reporGM-CSF) protein was expressed in Spodoptera frugiperda (Sf-9) cells using baculovirus expression system. Two kinds of trials with inactivated JEV vaccines containing IMS1313 adjuvant (Seppic, France) were prepared with or without reporGM-CSF protein. Safety and immunogenicity of the pigs inoculated with the JEV vaccines via intramuscular route was evaluated for 28 days after inoculation. RESULTS Mice, guinea pigs, and fattening pigs inoculated with the inactivated vaccine showed no signs for 14 and 21 days. Both hemagglutination inhibition and plaque reduction neutralizing antibody titers were significantly higher in pigs immunized with the vaccine containing reporGM-CSF protein after boosting. However, on the side of vaccine efficacy, most mice (87%) immunized with the inactivated JEV vaccine survived after virulent JEV challenge. Whereas the group with the vaccine containing reporGM-CSF protein showed lower protective effects than the vaccine alone for the biological activity of the GM-CSF depending on species specific. CONCLUSION Our data indicate that animals inoculated with the JEV vaccines was safe and pigs inoculated with inactivated JEV vaccine containing reporGM-CSF protein showed higher humoral immune responses than that of inactivated JEV vaccine without reporGM-CSF protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Kun Yang
- Viral Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs (MAFRA), Anyang, Korea
| | - Jin-Ju Nah
- Viral Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs (MAFRA), Anyang, Korea
| | - Ha-Hyun Kim
- Viral Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs (MAFRA), Anyang, Korea
| | - Jae-Young Song
- Viral Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs (MAFRA), Anyang, Korea
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36
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Dubischar-Kastner K, Kanesa-thasan N. Vaccinating against Japanese encephalitis virus: what have we learned from recent clinical trials? Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 11:1159-61. [DOI: 10.1586/erv.12.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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37
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Li X, Ma SJ, Liu X, Jiang LN, Zhou JH, Xiong YQ, Ding H, Chen Q. Immunogenicity and safety of currently available Japanese encephalitis vaccines: a systematic review. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2014; 10:3579-93. [PMID: 25668666 PMCID: PMC4514081 DOI: 10.4161/21645515.2014.980197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Revised: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A number of Japanese encephalitis (JE) vaccines have been used for preventing Japanese encephalitis around the world. We here reviewed the immunogenicity and safety of the currently available Japanese encephalitis vaccines. We searched Pubmed, Embase, Web of Science, the Cochrane Library and other online databases up to March 25, 2014 for studies focusing on currently used JE vaccines in any language. The primary outcomes were the seroconversion rate against JEV and adverse events. Meta-analysis was performed for the primary outcome when available. A total of 51 articles were included. Studies were grouped on the basic types of vaccines. This systematic review led to 2 aspects of the conclusions. On one hand, all the currently available JE vaccines are safe and effective. On the other hand, the overall of JE vaccine evaluation is disorganized, the large variation in study designs, vaccine types, schedules, doses, population and few hand-to-hand trails, make direct comparisons difficult. In order to make a more evidence-based decision on optimizing the JE vaccine, it is warranted to standardize the JE vaccine evaluation research.
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Key Words
- ACIP, The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices
- AEs, Adverse events
- CENTRAL, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials
- CIs, Confidence intervals
- DARE, Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects
- GMTs, Geometric mean titers
- HAART, Highly active antiretroviral therapy
- JE, Japanese encephalitis
- JE-CV, Chimeric live-attenuated JE vaccine
- JEV, Japanese encephalitis virus
- Japanese encephalitis vaccine
- LILACS, Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature
- MBJEV, Mouse brain–derived inactivated vaccines
- MMR, Measles mumps rubella vaccine
- NIP, National Immunization Program
- NOS, Newcastle–Ottawa scale
- ORs, Odd ratios
- PHK, Primary hamster kidney cells
- PRNT50, Plaque-reduction neutralization tests
- RCTs, Randomized controlled trials
- TBE, Tick-borne encephalitis vaccine
- TGPO, Thai Governmental Pharmaceutical Organization
- WHO, World Health Organization
- YF-VAX, Yellow fever vaccine
- YFV, Yellow fever virus
- YFV17D, Yellow fever virus 17D vaccine strain
- immunogenicity
- meta-analysis
- safety
- systematic review
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Li
- Department of Epidemiology; School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine; Southern Medical University; Guangzhou, China
| | - Shu-Juan Ma
- Department of Epidemiology; School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine; Southern Medical University; Guangzhou, China
| | - Xie Liu
- Department of Epidemiology; School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine; Southern Medical University; Guangzhou, China
| | - Li-Na Jiang
- Department of Epidemiology; School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine; Southern Medical University; Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun-Hua Zhou
- Department of Epidemiology; School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine; Southern Medical University; Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi-Quan Xiong
- Department of Epidemiology; School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine; Southern Medical University; Guangzhou, China
| | - Hong Ding
- Department of Epidemiology; School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine; Southern Medical University; Guangzhou, China
| | - Qing Chen
- Department of Epidemiology; School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine; Southern Medical University; Guangzhou, China
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Rodrigues A, Formas-Oliveira A, Bandeira V, Alves P, Hu W, Coroadinha A. Metabolic pathways recruited in the production of a recombinant enveloped virus: Mining targets for process and cell engineering. Metab Eng 2013; 20:131-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2013.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Revised: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Fan J, Liu Y, Xie X, Zhang B, Yuan Z. Inhibition of Japanese encephalitis virus infection by flavivirus recombinant E protein domain III. Virol Sin 2013; 28:152-60. [PMID: 23709058 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-013-3331-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus closely related to the human pathogens including yellow fever virus, dengue virus and West Nile virus. There are currently no effective antiviral therapies for all of the flavivirus and only a few highly effective vaccines are licensed for human use. In this paper, the E protein domain III (DIII) of six heterologous flaviviruses (DENV1-4, WNV and JEV) was expressed in Escherichia coli successfully. The proteins were purified after a solubilization and refolding procedure, characterized by SDS-PAGE and Western blotting. Competitive inhibition showed that all recombinant flavivirus DIII proteins blocked the entry of JEV into BHK-21 cells. Further studies indicated that antibodies induced by the soluble recombinant flavivirus DIII partially protected mice against lethal JEV challenge. These results demonstrated that recombinant flavivirus DIII proteins could inhibit JEV infection competitively, and immunization with proper folding flavivirus DIII induced cross-protection against JEV infection in mice, implying a possible role of DIII for the cross-protection among flavivirus as well as its use in antigens for immunization in animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Fan
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
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40
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Martins MA, Bonaldo MC, Rudersdorf RA, Piaskowski SM, Rakasz EG, Weisgrau KL, Furlott JR, Eernisse CM, Veloso de Santana MG, Hidalgo B, Friedrich TC, Chiuchiolo MJ, Parks CL, Wilson NA, Allison DB, Galler R, Watkins DI. Immunogenicity of seven new recombinant yellow fever viruses 17D expressing fragments of SIVmac239 Gag, Nef, and Vif in Indian rhesus macaques. PLoS One 2013; 8:e54434. [PMID: 23336000 PMCID: PMC3545953 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0054434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2012] [Accepted: 12/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
An effective vaccine remains the best solution to stop the spread of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Cellular immune responses have been repeatedly associated with control of viral replication and thus may be an important element of the immune response that must be evoked by an efficacious vaccine. Recombinant viral vectors can induce potent T-cell responses. Although several viral vectors have been developed to deliver HIV genes, only a few have been advanced for clinical trials. The live-attenuated yellow fever vaccine virus 17D (YF17D) has many properties that make it an attractive vector for AIDS vaccine regimens. YF17D is well tolerated in humans and vaccination induces robust T-cell responses that persist for years. Additionally, methods to manipulate the YF17D genome have been established, enabling the generation of recombinant (r)YF17D vectors carrying genes from unrelated pathogens. Here, we report the generation of seven new rYF17D viruses expressing fragments of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)mac239 Gag, Nef, and Vif. Studies in Indian rhesus macaques demonstrated that these live-attenuated vectors replicated in vivo, but only elicited low levels of SIV-specific cellular responses. Boosting with recombinant Adenovirus type-5 (rAd5) vectors resulted in robust expansion of SIV-specific CD8+ T-cell responses, particularly those targeting Vif. Priming with rYF17D also increased the frequency of CD4+ cellular responses in rYF17D/rAd5-immunized macaques compared to animals that received rAd5 only. The effect of the rYF17D prime on the breadth of SIV-specific T-cell responses was limited and we also found evidence that some rYF17D vectors were more effective than others at priming SIV-specific T-cell responses. Together, our data suggest that YF17D – a clinically relevant vaccine vector – can be used to prime AIDS virus-specific T-cell responses in heterologous prime boost regimens. However, it will be important to optimize rYF17D-based vaccine regimens to ensure maximum delivery of all immunogens in a multivalent vaccine.
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MESH Headings
- AIDS Vaccines/genetics
- AIDS Vaccines/immunology
- Animals
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Female
- Gene Order
- Gene Products, gag/genetics
- Gene Products, gag/immunology
- Gene Products, nef/genetics
- Gene Products, nef/immunology
- Gene Products, vif/genetics
- Gene Products, vif/immunology
- Genetic Vectors/genetics
- Humans
- Immunization
- Immunization, Secondary
- Kinetics
- Macaca mulatta
- Male
- Simian Immunodeficiency Virus/genetics
- Simian Immunodeficiency Virus/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Vaccines, Synthetic/genetics
- Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology
- Virus Replication
- Yellow fever virus/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio A. Martins
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Myrna C. Bonaldo
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Flavivírus, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz – FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Richard A. Rudersdorf
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Shari M. Piaskowski
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Eva G. Rakasz
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Kim L. Weisgrau
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Jessica R. Furlott
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Christopher M. Eernisse
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | | | - Bertha Hidalgo
- Section on Statistical Genetics, Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Thomas C. Friedrich
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Maria J. Chiuchiolo
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, AIDS Vaccine Design and Development Laboratory, Brooklyn Army Terminal, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
| | - Christopher L. Parks
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, AIDS Vaccine Design and Development Laboratory, Brooklyn Army Terminal, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
| | - Nancy A. Wilson
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - David B. Allison
- Section on Statistical Genetics, Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Ricardo Galler
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Flavivírus, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz – FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - David I. Watkins
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Saxena M, Van TTH, Baird FJ, Coloe PJ, Smooker PM. Pre-existing immunity against vaccine vectors--friend or foe? MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2012; 159:1-11. [PMID: 23175507 PMCID: PMC3542731 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.049601-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Over the last century, the successful attenuation of multiple bacterial and viral pathogens has led to an effective, robust and safe form of vaccination. Recently, these vaccines have been evaluated as delivery vectors for heterologous antigens, as a means of simultaneous vaccination against two pathogens. The general consensus from published studies is that these vaccine vectors have the potential to be both safe and efficacious. However, some of the commonly employed vectors, for example Salmonella and adenovirus, often have pre-existing immune responses in the host and this has the potential to modify the subsequent immune response to a vectored antigen. This review examines the literature on this topic, and concludes that for bacterial vectors there can in fact, in some cases, be an enhancement in immunogenicity, typically humoral, while for viral vectors pre-existing immunity is a hindrance for subsequent induction of cell-mediated responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manvendra Saxena
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Thi Thu Hao Van
- School of Applied Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Fiona J Baird
- Comparative Genomics Centre, School of Pharmacy and Molecular Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Peter J Coloe
- School of Applied Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Peter M Smooker
- School of Applied Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
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Appaiahgari MB, Vrati S. Clinical development of IMOJEV ®--a recombinant Japanese encephalitis chimeric vaccine (JE-CV). Expert Opin Biol Ther 2012; 12:1251-63. [PMID: 22775524 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2012.704908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Japanese encephalitis (JE) is a disease of the central nervous system (CNS) caused by Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV). JE is endemic in most of the South-East Asian countries and in some parts of the Western Pacific. As mosquito control is ineffective, currently vaccination is the only available control measure. A mouse brain-derived inactivated JE vaccine (MBDV) has been in use for a long time; however, it is not feasible for mass vaccination due to the ethical and safety issues. With the World Health Organization (WHO) appealing for the development of novel, safe and affordable JE vaccines, several vaccine candidates have been developed in the recent times and IMOJEV ® is one among them. AREAS COVERED This review presents a brief account of various developmental, immunological and ethical issues related to IMOJEV® and provides an in-depth account of its clinical development and efficacy in comparison to other JE vaccines. EXPERT OPINION IMOJEV® is a safe and efficacious vaccine. If made affordable through financial assistance from health agencies or by its production in set ups where operational costs are lower, it may become an ideal vaccine for mass vaccination in JE endemic regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohan Babu Appaiahgari
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Research Centre, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, 496, UdyogVihar Phase III, Gurgaon 122016, India
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Lee HC, Butler M, Wu SC. Using recombinant DNA technology for the development of live-attenuated dengue vaccines. Enzyme Microb Technol 2012; 51:67-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2012.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2012] [Revised: 05/13/2012] [Accepted: 05/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Lobigs M, Diamond MS. Feasibility of cross-protective vaccination against flaviviruses of the Japanese encephalitis serocomplex. Expert Rev Vaccines 2012; 11:177-87. [PMID: 22309667 DOI: 10.1586/erv.11.180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Serological cross-reactivity providing cross-protective immunity between antigenically related viruses is a cornerstone of vaccination. It was the immunological basis for the first human vaccine against smallpox introduced more than 200 years ago, and continues to underpin modern vaccine development as has recently been shown for human papillomavirus vaccines, which confer cross-protection against other oncogenic papillomavirus types not present in the vaccine. Here, we review the feasibility of cross-protective vaccination against an antigenic group of clinically important viruses belonging to the Japanese encephalitis serocomplex in the Flaviviridae family. We will discuss evidence suggesting that 'new generation' flavivirus vaccines may provide effective cross-protective immunity against heterologous Japanese encephalitis serocomplex viruses, and appraise potential risks associated with cross-reactive vaccine immunity. The review will also focus on the structural and mechanistic basis for cross-protective immunity among this group of flaviviruses, which is predominantly mediated by antibodies against a single viral surface protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Lobigs
- Department of Emerging Pathogens & Vaccines, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, PO Box 334, Canberra, 2600, ACT, Australia.
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Martínez CA, Giulietti AM, Talou JR. Research advances in plant-made flavivirus antigens. Biotechnol Adv 2012; 30:1493-505. [PMID: 22480936 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2012.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2011] [Revised: 03/14/2012] [Accepted: 03/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Outbreaks of flaviviruses such as dengue (DV), yellow fever (YFV), Japanese encephalitis (JEV), tick-borne encephalitis (TBEV) and West Nile (WNV) affect numerous countries around the world. The fast spread of these viruses is the result of increases in the human population, rapid urbanisation and globalisation. While vector control is an important preventive measure against vector-borne diseases, it has failed to prevent the spread of these diseases, particularly in developing countries where the implementation of control measures is intermittent. As antiviral drugs against flaviviruses are not yet available, vaccination remains the most important tool for prevention. Although human vaccines for YFV, TBEV and JEV are available, on-going vaccination efforts are insufficient to prevent infection. No vaccines against DENV and WNV are available. Research advances have provided important tools for flavivirus vaccine development, such as the use of plants as a recombinant antigen production platform. This review summarises the research efforts in this area and highlights why a plant system is considered a necessary alternative production platform for high-tech subunit vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Martínez
- Cátedra de Microbiología Industrial y Biotecnología, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires. Junín 956, CP 1113, C.A.B.A, Argentina
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Kikukawa A, Gomi Y, Akechi M, Onishi T, Manabe S, Namazue J, Fuke I, Ishikawa T, Okuno Y, Ueda S. Superior immunogenicity of a freeze-dried, cell culture-derived Japanese encephalitis vaccine (inactivated). Vaccine 2012; 30:2329-35. [PMID: 22306856 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.01.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2011] [Revised: 12/29/2011] [Accepted: 01/18/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis is an infectious disease caused by the Japanese encephalitis virus, which is widespread throughout Asia. The worldwide incidence is 50,000 cases per year. There is no specific treatment available, but inactivated mouse brain-derived vaccine was used from the 1950s to prevent infection. However, quality control of mouse brain-derived vaccines is difficult, and therefore a new freeze-dried, cell culture-derived Japanese encephalitis vaccine (inactivated) (JEBIK V; development code: BK-VJE) was developed. In this paper, we report an analysis of neutralizing antibody titers in vaccinated subjects enrolled in clinical study of BK-VJE at various doses, and study of BK-VJE with the mouse brain-derived vaccine as a control. The results show that BK-VJE has superior immunogenicity compared to mouse brain-derived vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Kikukawa
- Kanonji Institute, Research Foundation for Microbial Diseases of Osaka University, 2-9-41, Yahata-cho, Kanonji, Kagawa, Japan.
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Bharati K, Vrati S. Viral Vaccines in India: An Overview. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES, INDIA. SECTION B 2012; 82:181-198. [PMID: 32226202 PMCID: PMC7100346 DOI: 10.1007/s40011-011-0014-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2011] [Accepted: 11/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Viruses cause a large number of diseases in humans, some of which are fatal, while others are highly debilitating. A majority of viral diseases attack infants and young children, while others strike people in their prime. Development of preventive measures against viral diseases is, therefore, of paramount importance. Vaccination is the most cost-effective medical intervention for preventing mortality and morbidity against infectious diseases. A number of effective and safe vaccines are currently available against several viral diseases of significant medical importance. Many of these manufactured in India, are at par with international standards and are affordable. For many other viral diseases, for which vaccines are currently not available, research is underway at various national laboratories, as well as in the private sector companies in India. The present overview highlights the various vaccine preventable viral diseases that are of special importance to India and aims to provide a glimpse of the various vaccines that are currently available, or are under development in India.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sudhanshu Vrati
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Research Centre, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, 496, Udyog Vihar Phase III, Gurgaon, 122016 India
- National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, 110067 India
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Engineered Viruses as Vaccine Platforms. INNOVATION IN VACCINOLOGY 2012. [PMCID: PMC7120934 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-4543-8_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Many viruses have been investigated for the development of genetic vaccines and the ideal ones must be endowed with many properties, such as the quality and the quantity of the immunological response induced against the encoded antigens, safety and production on a large scale basis. Viral based vaccines must also deal with the potential problem of the pre-existing antivector immunity. Several viral vaccine vectors have emerged to date, all of them having relative advantages and limits depending on the proposed application. Recent successes reflect diverse improvements such as development of new adenovirus serotypes and prime-boost regimes. This chapter describes the features of four viral vector systems based on poxviruses, adenoviruses, alphaviruses and lentiviruses and recent results following their use with a particular emphasis on clinical research, highlighting the challenges and successes.
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Employing Live Microbes for Vaccine Delivery. DEVELOPMENT OF NOVEL VACCINES 2012. [PMCID: PMC7123214 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7091-0709-6_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/29/2022]
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