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Sohn E, Kim BY, Kim YJ, Jeong SJ. Non-clinical safety assessment of Annona atemoya leaf extract: evaluation of genotoxicity. Toxicol Res 2024; 40:473-485. [PMID: 38911544 PMCID: PMC11187046 DOI: 10.1007/s43188-024-00241-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The leaves, stems, and fruits of Annona atemoya (A. atemoya; AA), a fruit-bearing plant of the family Annonaceae, exhibit anti-angiogenic, anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective activities. However, the safety of AA has not been comprehensively elucidated. In this study, we evaluated the potential genotoxicity of an AA leaf (AAL) ethanol extract using a standard three-test battery constituting in vitro mammalian chromosomal aberration, in vivo micronucleus, and bacterial reverse mutation (also known as the Ames test) tests, as recommended by the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety of Korea. In vitro chromosomal aberration assay revealed that AAL extract did not induce structural or numerical aberrations, with or without metabolic activation (S9). In vivo micronucleus assay revealed that the number of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (PCEs) and the PCE/normochromatic erythrocyte ratio after AAL extract treatment were not substantially different from those in the negative control. Changes in body weight and mortality were not observed. However, AAL extract partially induced mutagenic activity in all three bacterial strains in the bacterial reverse mutation assay, indicating that it could potentially aid in determining the genotoxic safety of AAL. QuantSeq 3' mRNA sequencing analysis to elucidate the genotoxicity mechanisms of AAL extract using TK6 cells revealed that the genotoxic effects of AAL may be associated with cellular morphology-associated (cell development and keratinization), nucleotide metabolism, and electron transport chain functions. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s43188-024-00241-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunjin Sohn
- KM Convergence Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, 1672 Yuseong-daero, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34054 Republic of Korea
| | - Bu-Yeo Kim
- KM Convergence Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, 1672 Yuseong-daero, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34054 Republic of Korea
| | - Yu Jin Kim
- KM Convergence Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, 1672 Yuseong-daero, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34054 Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Jin Jeong
- KM Convergence Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, 1672 Yuseong-daero, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34054 Republic of Korea
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2
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Omotola EO, Genthe B, Ndlela L, Olatunji OS. Evaluation of the probable synergistic toxicity of selected potentiated antiretroviral and antibiotics on some aquatic biomarker organisms. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2023; 195:1489. [PMID: 37975952 PMCID: PMC10656311 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-023-12068-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Environmental effects of active pharmaceutical compounds (APCs) in the environment are not well characterized, hence the need for comprehensive evaluation. This study employed three bioassays using three organisms, namely, Allium cepa, Daphnia magna, and Salmonella typhimurium, in the ecotoxicity study of lone and a mixture of selected APCs, namely, lamivudine (L), an antiretroviral, and ciprofloxacin (C) and sulfamethoxazole (S), antibiotics, at a concentration range between 10 and 100 ppb, in order to evaluate the potential of the lone and ternary mixture to exert synergistic toxicity. Study results from exposure to lone APCs showed that the L, C, and S trio individually had fatal impacts on daphnids, with mortality rates of 100, 75, and 95%, respectively, after 48 h. Sulfamethoxazole showed a mutagenic tendency, with a mutation ratio (background/sample ratio) of 2.0. Lamivudine showed a lethal impact on the root length of A. cepa (p > 0.05, p = 3.60E-3). Further microscopic examination of the A. cepa root tip revealed chromosomal aberrations on exposure to each compound. The LCS-mix ecotoxicology bioassays indicated a synergistic effect on the daphnids, probably due to potentiation. Although the LCS mix had a cytotoxic effect (evidenced by the absence of bacteria colonies) on exposed TA 98 P450 Salmonella typhimurium strain, this effect was not observed in other bacterial strains. Microscopic examination of A. cepa exposed to the LCS-mix revealed an aberration in the mitotic stage of the cell. The impact of combination of the pharmaceuticals in aqueous ecosystems was greater than when exposed to the tested individual pharmaceutical compounds. Study result showed that these compounds have tendencies to pose a higher risk to exposed living entities when in combined/potentiated forms, and this could lead to distortion of the regular functioning of the ecosystem, particularly bacterial and other microbial populations that are listed among primary producers of the aquatic food web.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Oyinkansola Omotola
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4000, South Africa
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Tai Solarin University of Education, Ogun State, PMB 2118, Ijebu Ode, Nigeria
| | - Bettina Genthe
- Department of Microbiology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, 7600, South Africa
| | - Luyanda Ndlela
- Natural Resources and the Environment Division, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Stellenbosch, 7599, South Africa
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3
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Alaylar B, Güllüce M, Turhan K, Koç TY, Karadayı M, Tuğcu FT, Isaoglu M. In Vitro Genotoxic and Antigenotoxic Effects of Ten Novel Synthesized 4-Thiazolidinone Derivatives. Chem Biodivers 2023; 20:e202300896. [PMID: 37605961 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202300896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Revised: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
Heterocyclic compounds are found in a variety of drug molecules, and bioactive natural products. 4-Thiazolidinones (4-TZDs), which represent an important class of heterocyclic compounds, are of great interest today with their diverse bioactivities. In this study, ten novel 4-TZD derivatives (C1-C10) were synthesized, characterized by spectroscopic techniques, and their genotoxic, and antigenotoxic properties were investigated in vitro using the Ames Salmonella/microsome mutagenicity assay in the concentration range of 0.2-1.0 mM/plate. The results revealed that none of the compounds were mutagenic on the three different Salmonella typhimurium strains up to the highest concentration tested. Furthermore, in our study, C1, C4, C6, and C9 showed significant, ranging from moderate to strong, antigenotoxic effects against mutagen-induced DNA damage at relatively higher doses. Among these, C4 had the best potential to inhibit the number of revertant colonies induced by 9-aminoacridine (9-AA), with a maximum inhibition rate of 47.9 % for 1.0 mM/plate. As a result, preliminary knowledge about the safety of the use of ten novel synthesized 4-TZD compounds likely to exhibit many bioactivities was obtained in this study. In addition, the significant in vitro antimutagenic activity of some derivatives increases the importance of studies for the development of new pharmacological agents for cancer prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burak Alaylar
- Department of Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Ağrı İbrahim Çeçen University, Ağrı, 04100, Turkey
| | - Medine Güllüce
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Atatürk University, Erzurum, 25240, Turkey
| | - Kadir Turhan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Yıldız Technical University, İstanbul, 34220, Turkey
| | - Taha Y Koç
- Institute of Natural and Applied Sciences, Atatürk University, Erzurum, 25240, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Karadayı
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Atatürk University, Erzurum, 25240, Turkey
| | - F Tülay Tuğcu
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Yıldız Technical University, İstanbul, 34220, Turkey
| | - Mine Isaoglu
- Institute of Natural and Applied Sciences, Atatürk University, Erzurum, 25240, Turkey
- Computational Biology and Molecular Simulations Laboratory, Department of Biophysics, School of Medicine, Bahçeşehir University, 34734, İstanbul, Turkey
- Computational Drug Design Center (HİTMER), Bahçeşehir University, 34734, İstanbul, Turkey
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4
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Jin F, Liao S, Li W, Jiang C, Wei Q, Xia X, Wang Q. Amphiphilic sodium alginate-polylysine hydrogel with high antibacterial efficiency in a wide pH range. Carbohydr Polym 2023; 299:120195. [PMID: 36876766 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.120195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial infection is a major pathological factor leading to persistent wounds. With the aging of population, wound infection has gradually become a global health-issue. The wound site environment is complicated, and the pH changes dynamically during healing. Therefore, there is an urgent need for new antibacterial materials that can adapt to a wide pH range. To achieve this goal, we developed a thymol-oligomeric tannic acid/amphiphilic sodium alginate-polylysine hydrogel film, which exhibited excellent antibacterial efficacy in the pH range from 4 to 9, achieving the highest achievable 99.993 % (4.2 log units) and 99.62 % (2.4 log units) against Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus and Gram-negative Escherichia coli, respectively. The hydrogel films exhibited excellent cytocompatibility, suggesting that the materials are promising as a novel wound healing material without the concern of biosafety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangyu Jin
- Key Laboratory of Eco-textiles, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China
| | - Shiqin Liao
- Jiangxi Centre for Modern Apparel Engineering and Technology, Jiangxi Institute of Fashion Technology, Nanchang 330201, PR China
| | - Wei Li
- Key Laboratory of Eco-textiles, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China
| | - Chenyu Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States
| | - Qufu Wei
- Key Laboratory of Eco-textiles, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China
| | - Xin Xia
- College of Textile and Clothing, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, PR China
| | - Qingqing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Eco-textiles, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China; Jiangxi Centre for Modern Apparel Engineering and Technology, Jiangxi Institute of Fashion Technology, Nanchang 330201, PR China.
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5
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Current Trends in Toxicity Assessment of Herbal Medicines: A Narrative Review. Processes (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/pr11010083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Even in modern times, the popularity level of medicinal plants and herbal medicines in therapy is still high. The World Health Organization estimates that 80% of the population in developing countries uses these types of remedies. Even though herbal medicine products are usually perceived as low risk, their potential health risks should be carefully assessed. Several factors can cause the toxicity of herbal medicine products: plant components or metabolites with a toxic potential, adulteration, environmental pollutants (heavy metals, pesticides), or contamination of microorganisms (toxigenic fungi). Their correct evaluation is essential for the patient’s safety. The toxicity assessment of herbal medicine combines in vitro and in vivo methods, but in the past decades, several new techniques emerged besides conventional methods. The use of omics has become a valuable research tool for prediction and toxicity evaluation, while DNA sequencing can be used successfully to detect contaminants and adulteration. The use of invertebrate models (Danio renio or Galleria mellonella) became popular due to the ethical issues associated with vertebrate models. The aim of the present article is to provide an overview of the current trends and methods used to investigate the toxic potential of herbal medicinal products and the challenges in this research field.
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6
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Lopes KS, Sousa HG, Artur E Silva Filho F, da Silva Neta ER, de Lima SG, Dos Santos Rocha M, Marques RB, da Costa CLS, de Oliveira AN, Bezerra DGP, Alline Martins F, de Almeida PM, Uchôa VT, Martins Maia Filho AL. Identification of bioactive compounds and cytogenotoxicity of the essential oil from the leaves of Croton heliotropiifolius Kunth. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2022; 85:1002-1018. [PMID: 36415179 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2022.2146618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Croton heliotropiifolius Kunth, popularly known as "quince" and "velame," contains a high concentration of volatile oils in the leaves, and widely used in folk medicine as an antiseptic, analgesic, sedative, anti-inflammatory, spasmolytic and local anesthetic. The objectives of this investigation were to (1) identify the phytochemical compounds and (2) assess the cytogenotoxicity of the essential oil extracted from the leaves of C. heliotropiifolius Kunth. The oil was extracted utilizing hydrodistillation and phytochemical profile determined using gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GCMS). In the toxicogenetics analysis, Allium cepa roots were exposed to 1% dimethylsulfoxide or methylmethanesulfonate (MMS, 10 µg/ml) negative and positive controls, respectively, and to C. heliotropiifolius oil at 6 concentrations (0.32; 1.6; 8; 40; 200 or 1000 µg/ml). The phytochemical profile exhibited 40 chromatographic bands, and 33 compounds identified. α-pinene (16.7%) and 1,8-cineole (13.81%) were identified as the major compounds. Some of these identified secondary metabolites displayed biological and pharmacological activities previously reported including antiseptic, analgesic, sedative, anti-inflammatory as well insecticidal, antiviral, anti-fungal actions. In the A. cepa test, C. heliotropiifolius leaves oil induced cytotoxicity at concentrations of 0.32, 1.6 or 200 µg/ml and genotoxicity at 200 or 1000 µg/ml as evidenced by increased presence of micronuclei and significant chromosomal losses. Based upon our observations data demonstrated that the essential oil of C. heliotropiifolius leaves contain monoterpene hydrocarbons, and oxygenated monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, and oxygenated sesquiterpenes which are associated with cytotoxic and genotoxic responses noted in on A. cepa cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katianne Soares Lopes
- Graduate Program in Chemistry/PPGQ-GERATEC-DQ - State University of Piauí, Teresina, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Rosemarie Brandim Marques
- Graduate Program in Chemistry/PPGQ-GERATEC-DQ - State University of Piauí, Teresina, Brazil
- Research Center in Biotechnology and Biodiversity - State University of Piauí, Teresina, Brazil
| | | | - André Nunes de Oliveira
- Research Center in Biotechnology and Biodiversity - State University of Piauí, Teresina, Brazil
| | | | | | - Pedro Marcos de Almeida
- Graduate Program in Chemistry/PPGQ-GERATEC-DQ - State University of Piauí, Teresina, Brazil
- Research Center in Biotechnology and Biodiversity - State University of Piauí, Teresina, Brazil
| | | | - Antônio Luiz Martins Maia Filho
- Graduate Program in Chemistry/PPGQ-GERATEC-DQ - State University of Piauí, Teresina, Brazil
- Research Center in Biotechnology and Biodiversity - State University of Piauí, Teresina, Brazil
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7
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Domínguez-Rodríguez G, Ramón Vidal D, Martorell P, Plaza M, Marina ML. Composition of Nonextractable Polyphenols from Sweet Cherry Pomace Determined by DART-Orbitrap-HRMS and Their In Vitro and In Vivo Potential Antioxidant, Antiaging, and Neuroprotective Activities. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:7993-8009. [PMID: 35729789 PMCID: PMC9264388 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c03346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Sweet cherry pomace is an important source of phenolic compounds with beneficial health properties. As after the extraction of phenolic compounds, a phenolic fraction called nonextractable polyphenols (NEPs) remains usually retained in the extraction residue, alkaline and acid hydrolyses and enzymatic-assisted extraction (EAE) were carried out in this work to recover NEPs from the residue of conventional extraction from sweet cherry pomace. In vitro and in vivo evaluation of the antioxidant, antihypertensive, antiaging, and neuroprotective capacities employing Caenorhabditis elegans was achieved for the first time. Extractable phenolic compounds and NEPs were separated and identified by families by high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) with UV/Vis detection. A total of 39 phenolic compounds were tentatively identified in all extracts by direct analysis in real-time high-resolution mass spectrometry (DART-Orbitrap-HRMS). EAE extracts presented the highest in vitro and in vivo antioxidant capacity as well as the highest in vivo antiaging and neuroprotective capacities. These results showed that NEPs with interesting biological properties are retained in the extraction residue, being usually underestimated and discarded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Domínguez-Rodríguez
- Universidad
de Alcalá, Departamento de
Química Analítica, Química Física e Ingeniería
Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33.600, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
- Mendel
University in Brno, Department of Chemistry
and Biochemistry, Zemedelska
1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Daniel Ramón Vidal
- Archer
Daniels Midland, Nutrition, Health&Wellness, Biopolis S.L. Parc Scientific Universitat de València, C/Catedrático Agustín
Escardino Benlloch, 9, Paterna, 46980 Valencia, Spain
| | - Patricia Martorell
- Archer
Daniels Midland, Nutrition, Health&Wellness, Biopolis S.L. Parc Scientific Universitat de València, C/Catedrático Agustín
Escardino Benlloch, 9, Paterna, 46980 Valencia, Spain
| | - Merichel Plaza
- Universidad
de Alcalá, Departamento de
Química Analítica, Química Física e Ingeniería
Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33.600, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
- Universidad
de Alcalá, Instituto de Investigación
Química Andrés M. del Río (IQAR), Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona. Km. 33.600, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Luisa Marina
- Universidad
de Alcalá, Departamento de
Química Analítica, Química Física e Ingeniería
Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33.600, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
- Universidad
de Alcalá, Instituto de Investigación
Química Andrés M. del Río (IQAR), Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona. Km. 33.600, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
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8
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Vale Junior EPDO, Ferreira MVR, Fernandes BCS, Silva TTDA, Martins FA, Almeida PMDE. Protective effect of kavain in meristematic cells of Allium cepa L. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2022; 94:e20200520. [PMID: 35703688 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202220200520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Kavain is one of the main kavalactones of Piper methysticum (Piperaceae) with anxiolytic, analgesic, and antioxidant activities. Therefore, the aim of the study was to evaluate the cytotoxic, mutagenic, and antimutagenic potential of kavain in Allium cepa cells. Roots of A. cepa were transferred to the negative (2% acetone) and positive (10 µg/mL of Methylmethanesulfonate, MMS) controls and to the concentrations of kavain (32, 64 and 128 µg/mL) for 48 h. A total of 5,000 meristematic cells were analyzed under an optical microscope to determine the mitotic index, mean number of chromosomal alterations and percentage of damage reduction. Data were analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis test (p <0.05). All concentrations of kavain were not cytotoxic and did not show significant chromosomal changes when compared to 2% acetone. Kavain showed a cytoprotective effect in the pre (128 μg/mL) and in the post-treatment (32 and 64 μg/mL) and reduced damage against the mutagenic action of MMS in all concentrations of the pre and simultaneous and at the highest of post (128 μg/mL). Kavain promoted a significant reduction in micronuclei, nuclear buds and chromosomal losses in relation to MMS. The observed data indicate the importance of kavain for the inhibition of damage and chemoprevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erasmo P DO Vale Junior
- Universidade Estadual do Piauí, Centro de Ciências da Natureza (CCN), Laboratório de Genética, Rua João Cabral, 2231, 64002-150 Teresina PI, Brazil
| | - Marcos Vitor R Ferreira
- Universidade Estadual do Piauí, Centro de Ciências da Natureza (CCN), Laboratório de Genética, Rua João Cabral, 2231, 64002-150 Teresina PI, Brazil
| | - Bianca Cristina S Fernandes
- Universidade Estadual do Piauí, Centro de Ciências da Natureza (CCN), Laboratório de Genética, Rua João Cabral, 2231, 64002-150 Teresina PI, Brazil
| | - Thais T DA Silva
- Universidade Estadual do Piauí, Centro de Ciências da Natureza (CCN), Laboratório de Genética, Rua João Cabral, 2231, 64002-150 Teresina PI, Brazil
| | - Francielle Alline Martins
- Universidade Estadual do Piauí, Centro de Ciências da Natureza (CCN), Laboratório de Genética, Rua João Cabral, 2231, 64002-150 Teresina PI, Brazil
| | - Pedro Marcos DE Almeida
- Universidade Estadual do Piauí (UESPI/FACIME), Centro de Ciências da Saúde (CCS), Departamento de Genética, Laboratório de Genética. Rua Olavo Bilac, 2335, 64049-570 Teresina PI, Brazil
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9
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Kumar V, Shahi SK, Romanholo Ferreira LF, Bilal M, Biswas JK, Bulgariu L. Detection and characterization of refractory organic and inorganic pollutants discharged in biomethanated distillery effluent and their phytotoxicity, cytotoxicity, and genotoxicity assessment using Phaseolus aureus L. and Allium cepa L. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 201:111551. [PMID: 34192556 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The color effluent discharged by alcohol distilleries comprises very high pollution loads due to the plethora of refractory chemicals even after anaerobic treatment and causing adverse effects to the environment. The present study aimed to examine the phytotoxic, cytotoxic, and genotoxic potential of the identified refractory organic and inorganic pollutants discharged in bio-methanated distillery effluent (BMDE). Physico-chemical analyses revealed that BMDE retains high BOD, COD, TDS along with heavy metals like Fe (572.64 mg L-1), Mn (4.269 mg L-1), Cd (1.631 mg L-1), Zn (2.547 mg L-1), Pb (1.262 mg L-1), (Cr 1.257 mg L-1), and Ni (0.781 mg L-1) beyond the permissible limits for effluent discharge. GC-MS analysis revelaed the presence of hexadecanoic acid, TMS ester; octadecanoic acid, TMS ester; 2,3 bis[(TMS)oxy]propyl ester; stigmasterol TMS ether; β-sitosterol TMS ester; hexacosanoic acid; and tetradecanoic acid, TMS ester as major refractory organic pollutants, which are listed as potential endocrine disruptor chemicals (EDCs) as per USEPA. Furthermore, phytotoxicity assessment with Phaseolus aureus L. showed the toxic nature of BMDE as it inhibited various seedling growth parameters, seed germination, and suppression of α-amylase activity in seed germination experiment. Moreover, genotoxicity and cytotoxicity evaluation of the discharged BMDE evidenced in root-tip meristematic cells of Allium cepa L. where chromosomal aberration such as disturbed metaphase, c-mitosis, laggard chromosomes, sticky chromosomes, prolonged prophase, polyploid cells, and apoptotic bodies etc. were observed. Thus, this study's results suggested that BMDE discharged without adequate treatment poses potential risk to environment and may cause a variety of serious health threats in living beings upon exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vineet Kumar
- Department of Botany, School of Life Science, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya, Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh, 495009, India.
| | - Sushil Kumar Shahi
- Department of Botany, School of Life Science, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya, Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh, 495009, India
| | - Luiz Fernando Romanholo Ferreira
- Waste and Effluent Treatment Laboratory, Institute of Technology and Research (ITR), Tiradentes University, Farolândia, Aracaju, SE, 49032-490, Brazil; Graduate Program in Process Engineering, Tiradentes University, Murilo Dantas Avenue, 300, Farolândia, 49032-490, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Muhammad Bilal
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian, 223003, China
| | - Jayanta Kumar Biswas
- Department of Ecological Studies & International Centre for Ecological Engineering, University of Kalyani Kalyani, Nadia, 741235, West Bengal, India
| | - Laura Bulgariu
- Technical University Gheorghe Asachi of Iaşi, "Cristofor Simionescu" Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Protection, Department of Environmental Engineering and Management, Iaşi, Romania
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10
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Dias MS, Junior EPV, Santos BCD, Martins FA, Almeida PMDE, Peron AP. Cytogenotoxicity and protective effect of piperine and capsaicin on meristematic cells of Allium cepa L. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2021; 93:e20201772. [PMID: 34550203 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202120201772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Piperine and capsaicin are important molecules with biological and pharmacological activities. This study aimed to evaluate the cytogenotoxic and protective effect of piperine and capsaicin on Allium cepa cells. A. cepa roots were exposed to negative (2% Dimethylsulfoxide) and positive (Methylmethanesulfonate, MMS, 10 µg/mL) controls, and four concentrations (25-200 µM) of piperine or capsaicin (alone) or associated before, simultaneously or after with the MMS. Only the lowest concentration of piperine (25 µM) showed a protective effect because it was not genotoxic. Piperine and capsaicin were cytotoxic (50, 100 and 200 µM). Piperine (50 to 200 µM) caused a significant increase in the total average of chromosomal alterations of in A. cepa cells. For capsaicin, the genotoxic effect was dose-dependent with a significant increase for all concentrations, highlighting the significant presence of micronuclei and nuclear buds for the two isolates. In general, bioactive compounds reduced the total average of chromosomal alterations against damage caused by MMS, mainly micronuclei and/or nuclear buds. Therefore, the two molecules were cytotoxic and genotoxic at the highest concentrations, and did not have cytoprotective action, and the lowest concentration of piperine demonstrated important chemopreventive activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcondes S Dias
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Melhoramento, Universidade Federal do Piauí /UFPI, Laboratório de Genética, Ininga, 64049-550 Teresina, PI, Brazil
| | - Erasmo P V Junior
- Universidade Estadual do Piauí, Centro de Ciências Naturais (CCN), Laboratório de Genética, Rua João Cabral, 2231, 64002-150 Teresina, PI, Brazil
| | - Bianca C Dos Santos
- Universidade Estadual do Piauí, Centro de Ciências Naturais (CCN), Laboratório de Genética, Rua João Cabral, 2231, 64002-150 Teresina, PI, Brazil
| | - Francielle A Martins
- Universidade Estadual do Piauí, Centro de Ciências Naturais (CCN), Laboratório de Genética, Rua João Cabral, 2231, 64002-150 Teresina, PI, Brazil
| | - Pedro M DE Almeida
- Universidade Estadual do Piauí, Centro de Ciências Naturais (CCN), Laboratório de Genética, Rua João Cabral, 2231, 64002-150 Teresina, PI, Brazil
| | - Ana P Peron
- Universidade Federal de Tecnologia, Paraná /UTFPR, Departamento de Biodiversidade e Conservação da Natureza, Campus Campo Mourão, Via Rosalina Maria dos Santos, 1233, Caixa Postal 271, 87301-899 Campo Mourão, PR, Brazil
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da Silva Araújo JR, Silva Morais JG, Santos CM, Araújo Rocha KC, Rios Fagundes ADCA, E Silva Filho FA, Martins FA, de Almeida PM. Phytochemical prospecting, isolation, and protective effect of the ethanolic extract of the leaves of Jatropha mollissima (Pohl) Baill. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2021; 84:743-760. [PMID: 34120581 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2021.1938767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Jatropha mollissima is used in folk medicine as antimicrobial, antiparasitic, and larvicidal. However, few toxicogenetic studies have been carried out. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the phytochemical profile of ethanolic leaf extract of J. mollissima (EEJM) as well as potential cytotoxic, mutagenic, and antimutagenic properties. The EEJM was subjected to successive fractionation for the isolation of secondary metabolites, and five concentrations (0.01; 0.1; 1; 10 and 100 mg/ml) of extract were investigated using Allium cepa assay and the Somatic Mutation and Recombination (SMART) test. The mitotic index and % damage reduction were analyzed for A. cepa and the frequency of mutant hair for SMART. The presence of coumarins, alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, and tannins was detected, while spinasterol and n-triacontane were the isolates identified for the first time for this species. EEJM did not exhibit cytotoxicity and was not mutagenic at 1 or 10 mg/ml using A. cepa and all concentrations of EEJM were not mutagenic in the SMART test. A cytoprotective effect was found at all concentrations. At 1 or 10 mg/ml EEJM exhibited antimutagenicity in A. cepa. In SMART, the protective effect was observed at 0.1 to 100 mg/ml EEJM. Our results demonstrate the important chemopreventive activity of EEJM, a desired quality in the search for natural anticarcinogenic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Rafael da Silva Araújo
- Department Genetics, Laboratory of Genetics and Vegetal Biotechnology, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - João Gabriel Silva Morais
- Department of Biology, Center of Agrarian Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Brazil
| | - Cleidiane Macêdo Santos
- Department of Biology, Center of Agrarian Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Brazil
| | - Kelvim Crist Araújo Rocha
- Department of Biology, Center of Agrarian Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Brazil
| | | | - Francisco Artur E Silva Filho
- Department of Biology, Bioprospecting Laboratory for Bioactive Molecules, State University of Piauí, Teresina, Brazil
| | - Francielle Alline Martins
- Department of Biology, Center of Agrarian Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Brazil
| | - Pedro Marcos de Almeida
- Department of Biology, Center of Natural Sciences (CCN), Laboratory of Genetics, State University of Piauí, Teresina, Brazil
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Khan N, Khan I, Azam S, Ahmad F, Khan HA, Shah A, Ullah M. Potential cytotoxic and mutagenic effect of Pinus wallichiana, Daphne oleiodes and Bidens chinensis. Saudi J Biol Sci 2021; 28:4793-4799. [PMID: 34354468 PMCID: PMC8325000 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Pinus wallichiana, Daphne oleiodes and Bidens chinensis have a long history of being used traditionally for treatment of various types of disorders. Most of the uses have been without any scientific evidence and toxicological assessment. We evaluated the mutagenic and cytotoxic capabilities of various parts of P. wallichiana, D. oleoides and B. chinensis. Ames Salmonella mutagenicity assay determined the mutagenicity activity against TA 98 and TA 100 bacterial strains of Salmonella typhimurium without metabolic activator S9 system. The number of mutant colonies in negative control was considered as limit to determine the mutagenicity effects of every extract. Brine shrimps lethality bioassay was used to determine the cytotoxic capabilities of the selected plants. The P. wallichiana, D. oleiodes and B. chinensis did not showed any mutagenic activity both for frameshift mutation (TA98) and base-pair substitution (TA100) without S9 mixture. The crude methanolic extract of P. wallichiana stem showed moderate cytotoxicity (53.33%) at 1000 μg/ml with LD50 value 599.634. The D. oleoides fruit showed a toxicity of 60% at 1000 μg/ml with LD50 value 367.730. The B. chinensis (whole plant) showed lethality of 63.3% at 1000 μg/ml, with LD50 204.833. The absence of any mutagenic activity of crude extract of the tested plants in both bacteria strains, TA 98 and TA 100 without the S9 mix confirms the safety of these plants to the consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazish Khan
- Centre of Biotechnology and Microbiology, University of Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Ibrar Khan
- Centre of Biotechnology and Microbiology, University of Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Sadiq Azam
- Centre of Biotechnology and Microbiology, University of Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Farhan Ahmad
- Department of Biotechnology, Bacha Khan University, Charsadda, Pakistan
| | - Hamid Ali Khan
- Institute of Biological Sciences Sarhad University of Science and Information Technology, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Asma Shah
- Department of Biotechnology, Women University Mardan, KPK, Pakistan
| | - Midrar Ullah
- Department of Biotechnology Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University Sheringil, Dir Upper Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
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Shen H, Jiang C, Li W, Wei Q, Ghiladi RA, Wang Q. Synergistic Photodynamic and Photothermal Antibacterial Activity of In Situ Grown Bacterial Cellulose/MoS 2-Chitosan Nanocomposite Materials with Visible Light Illumination. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:31193-31205. [PMID: 34164984 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c08178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Owing to the rise in prevalence of multidrug-resistant pathogens attributed to the overuse of antibiotics, infectious diseases caused by the transmission of microbes from contaminated surfaces to new hosts are an ever-increasing threat to public health. Thus, novel materials that can stem this crisis, while also functioning via multiple antimicrobial mechanisms so that pathogens are unable to develop resistance to them, are in urgent need. Toward this goal, in this work, we developed in situ grown bacterial cellulose/MoS2-chitosan nanocomposite materials (termed BC/MoS2-CS) that utilize synergistic membrane disruption and photodynamic and photothermal antibacterial activities to achieve more efficient bactericidal activity. The BC/MoS2-CS nanocomposite exhibited excellent antibacterial efficacy, achieving 99.998% (4.7 log units) and 99.988% (3.9 log units) photoinactivation of Gram-negative Escherichia coli and Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus, respectively, under visible-light illumination (xenon lamp, 500 W, λ ≥ 420 nm, and 30 min). Mechanistic studies revealed that the use of cationic chitosan likely facilitated bacterial membrane disruption and/or permeability, with hyperthermia (photothermal) and reactive oxygen species (photodynamic) leading to synergistic pathogen inactivation upon visible-light illumination. No mammalian cell cytotoxicity was observed for the BC/MoS2-CS membrane, suggesting that such composite nanomaterials are attractive as functional materials for infection control applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiying Shen
- Key Laboratory of Eco-textiles, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Chenyu Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Wei Li
- Key Laboratory of Eco-textiles, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Qufu Wei
- Key Laboratory of Eco-textiles, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Reza A Ghiladi
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Qingqing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Eco-textiles, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
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Ahmadi A, Gandomi H, Derakhshandeh A, Misaghi A, Noori N. Phytochemical composition and in vitro safety evaluation of Ziziphora clinopodioides Lam. ethanolic extract: Cytotoxicity, genotoxicity and mutagenicity assessment. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 266:113428. [PMID: 33011368 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The application of the herb Ziziphora clinopodioides Lam. in folk medicine and as a food additive has been recommended due to its many claimed bioactivities. Regardless of the plant benefits, its safety considerations are largely unknown. AIM OF THE STUDY The aim of the present research was to determine the chemical compositions and cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, and mutagenicity potentials of the ethanolic extract of Ziziphora clinopdioides Lam. (EEZC). MATERIALS AND METHODS GC-MS and LC-MS analysis were used for chemical composition determination. The MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) and trypan blue exclusion dye assays were used for cytotoxicity and the Comet assay was employed for genotoxicity assessment on human blood lymphocytes. Also, the Ames Salmonella/microsome test was carried out for the evaluation of mutagenicity. RESULTS Pulegone was the main component of the n-hexane fraction. Different phenolic acids and flavonoids were detected by LC-MS. The cytotoxicity study indicated a conspicuous decline in human lymphocyte viability ranging from 52% to 100% as showed by the MTT assay and 67% up to 100% by the trypan blue assay, at 1 and 10 mg/mL, respectively. The Comet assay results revealed a dose dependent genotoxicity, in so much as 90% and 98% of the cells were screened as damaged at concentrations of 5 and 10 mg/mL, respectively. An incidence rate of 8% and 13% of grade 4 damage was observed at 5 and 10 mg/mL, respectively. Additionally, the DNA damage index (DI) was elevated dose-dependently by a rising concentration of the extract, wherein the DI at 10 mg/mL concentration was 2.22, which was 22 times greater than that of negative control, and even more than positive control. The Ames test exhibited no signs of mutagenicity for neither Salmonella typhimurium TA98 nor TA100 strains, accompanied or unaccompanied by S9 metabolic activation. CONCLUSION Results indicated a dose-dependent cytotoxicity and genotoxicity potential of the EEZC on human lymphocytes, suggesting that this plant should be used with caution by consumers, even in the food and pharmaceutical industries. Since the plant usage in daily life continues to increase due to its ever growing phytotherapical and phytonutritional properties, it may pose a health risk by its high concentration's uptake. Although no mutagenicity of this extract was observed in this study, further research is recommended to clarify the mutagenic risks of this herb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asal Ahmadi
- Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Hassan Gandomi
- Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Abdollah Derakhshandeh
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Ali Misaghi
- Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Negin Noori
- Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
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Dantas FGDS, Castilho PFD, Almeida-Apolonio AAD, Araújo RPD, Oliveira KMPD. Mutagenic potential of medicinal plants evaluated by the Ames Salmonella/microsome assay: A systematic review. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2020; 786:108338. [PMID: 33339578 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2020.108338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The Ames test has become one of the most commonly used tests to assess the mutagenic potential of medicinal plants since they have several biological activities and thus have been used in traditional medicine and in the pharmaceutical industry as a source of raw materials. Accordingly, this review aims to report previous use of the Ames test to evaluate the mutagenic potential of medicinal plants. A database was constructed by curating literature identified by a search on the electronic databases Medline (via Pubmed), Science Direct, Scopus, and Web of Science from 1975 to April 2020, using the following terms: "genotoxicity tests" OR "mutagenicity tests" OR "Ames test" AND "medicinal plants." From the research, 239 articles were selected, including studies of 478 species distributed across 111 botanical families, with Fabaceae, Asteraceae and Lamiaceae being the most frequent. It was identified that 388 species were non-mutagenic. Of these, 21% (83/388) showed antimutagenic potential, most notable in the Lamiaceae family. The results also indicate that 18% (90/478) of the species were mutagenic, of which 54% were mutagenic in the presence and absence of S9. Strains TA98 and TA100 showed a sensitivity of 93% in detecting plant extracts with mutagenic potential. However, the reliability of many reviewed studies regarding the botanical extracts may be questioned due to technical issues, such as testing being performed only in the presence or absence of S9, use of maximum doses below 5 mg/plate and lack of information on the cytotoxicity of tested doses. These methodological aspects additionally demonstrated that a discussion about the doses used in research on mixtures, such as the ones assessed with botanical extracts and the most sensitive strains employed to detect the mutagenic potential, should be included in a possible update of the guidelines designed by the regulatory agencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiana Gomes da Silva Dantas
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Federal University of Grande Dourados, Dourados, MS, Brazil; Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Federal University of Grande Dourados, Dourados, MS, Brazil
| | | | | | - Renata Pires de Araújo
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Federal University of Grande Dourados, Dourados, MS, Brazil; Faculty of Exact Sciences and Technology, Federal University of Grande Dourados, Dourados, MS, Brazil
| | - Kelly Mari Pires de Oliveira
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Federal University of Grande Dourados, Dourados, MS, Brazil; Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Federal University of Grande Dourados, Dourados, MS, Brazil.
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Sood H, Kumar Y, Gupta VK, Arora DS. Bioprospecting the antimicrobial, antibiofilm and antiproliferative activity of Symplocos racemosa Roxb. Bark phytoconstituents along with their biosafety evaluation and detection of antimicrobial components by GC-MS. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol 2020; 21:78. [PMID: 33203457 PMCID: PMC7672880 DOI: 10.1186/s40360-020-00453-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plants provide a ray of hope to combat the ever increasing antibiotic resistance and Symplocos racemosa is a valuable medicinal plant. The study focused on highlighting the importance of this plant's phytoconstituents as potential source of novel antimicrobials against planktonic as well as biofilm forming microorganisms, along with their antiproliferative activity. The biosafety of the phytoconstituents was also established, followed by detection of probable antimicrobial components. METHODS The best organic extractant and major groups of phytoconstituents were tested for their antimicrobial activity against reference microbial strains and drug-resistant clinical isolates. The anti-proliferative potential of the most active group of phytoconstituents was evaluated against cancerous cell lines. The in vitro biosafety of phytoconstituents was evaluated by Ames and MTT assay, while in vivo biosafety of the most active phytoconstituents, i.e., flavonoids was determined by acute oral toxicity. Further, the probable antimicrobial components in the flavonoids were detected by TLC and GC-MS. RESULTS Ethyl acetate extract was the most effective among various organic extracts, whereas phytoconstituents such as flavonoids, cardiac glycosides, saponins, tannins, triterpenes and phytosterols were the major groups present, with flavonoids being the most potent antimicrobials. The phytoconstituents displayed a significant antibiofilm potential, as exhibited by inhibition of initial cell attachment, disruption of the pre-formed biofilms and reduced metabolic activity of biofilms. The phytoconstituents were significantly active against the drug-resistant strains of E.coli, MRSA and Salmonella spp. Further, flavonoids showed significant cytotoxic effect against the cancerous cell lines but were non-cytotoxic against Vero (normal) cell line. All the test preparations were biosafe, as depicted by the Ames test and MTT assay. Also, flavonoids did not induce any abnormality in body weight, clinical signs, biochemical parameters and organs' histopathology of the Swiss albino mice during in vivo acute oral toxicity studies. The flavonoids were resolved into 4 bands (S1-S4), where S3 was the most active and its GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of a number of compounds, where Bicyclo [2.2.1]heptan-2-one,1,7,7-trimethyl-, (1S)- was the most abundant. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that the phytoconstituents from Symplocos racemosa bark could act as potential source of antimicrobial as well as antiproliferative metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henna Sood
- Microbial Technology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, 143005, India
| | - Yashwant Kumar
- National Salmonella & Escherichia Centre and Diagnostic Reagents Laboratory, Central Research Institute, Kasauli, HP, 173204, India
| | - Vipan Kumar Gupta
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Dr. G.C.Negi College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, CSK Himachal Pradesh KrishiVishvavidyalaya, Palampur, HP, 176062, India
| | - Daljit Singh Arora
- Microbial Technology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, 143005, India.
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Zhang Z, Ma X, Li B, Zhao J, Qi J, Hao G, Jianhui R, Yang X. Fluorescence detection of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid by ratiometric fluorescence imaging on paper-based microfluidic chips. Analyst 2020; 145:963-974. [DOI: 10.1039/c9an01798d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Novel microfluidic ratiometric fluorescent paper chips for rapid and visual detection of 2,4-D through a fluorescence resonance energy transfer sensing mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong Zhang
- Shaanxi Engineering Laboratory for Food Green Processing Safety Control
- and College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science
- Shaanxi Normal University
- Xi'an
- China
| | - Xin Ma
- Shaanxi Engineering Laboratory for Food Green Processing Safety Control
- and College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science
- Shaanxi Normal University
- Xi'an
- China
| | - Bowei Li
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Yantai
- China
| | - Jia Zhao
- School of Chinese Medicine
- Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine
- The University of Hong Kong
- Pokfulam
- Hong Kong
| | - Ji Qi
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Yantai
- China
| | - Guoying Hao
- Shaanxi Engineering Laboratory for Food Green Processing Safety Control
- and College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science
- Shaanxi Normal University
- Xi'an
- China
| | - Rong Jianhui
- School of Chinese Medicine
- Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine
- The University of Hong Kong
- Pokfulam
- Hong Kong
| | - Xingbin Yang
- Shaanxi Engineering Laboratory for Food Green Processing Safety Control
- and College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science
- Shaanxi Normal University
- Xi'an
- China
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18
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Yasin Eren. Effects of Limonium effusum Ethanol Extracts on Cell Proliferation and Mutagenicity. BIOL BULL+ 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062359019060141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Hamadou MH, Kerkatou M, Gatto P, Pancher M, Bisio A, Inga A, Menad A, Benayache S, Benayache F, Ameddah S. Apigenin rich-Limonium duriusculum (de Girard) Kuntze promotes apoptosis in HCT116 cancer cells. Nat Prod Res 2019; 35:2910-2914. [DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2019.1672070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Meriem Hadjer Hamadou
- Laboratoire de Biologie et Environnement, Faculté des Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie, Université Frères Mentouri Constantine 1, Constantine, Algérie
| | - Messaoud Kerkatou
- Unité de Recherche: Valorisation des Ressources Naturelles, Molecules ́ Bioactives et Analyses Physicochimiques et Biologiques (VARENBIOMOL), Université́ Frères ̀ Mentouri, Constantine, Algérie
| | - Pamela Gatto
- High Throughput Screening (HTS) and Validation Facility, CIBIO, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Michael Pancher
- High Throughput Screening (HTS) and Validation Facility, CIBIO, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Alessandra Bisio
- Centre for Integrative Biology, CIBIO, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Alberto Inga
- Centre for Integrative Biology, CIBIO, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Ahmed Menad
- Laboratoire de Biologie et Environnement, Faculté des Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie, Université Frères Mentouri Constantine 1, Constantine, Algérie
| | - Samir Benayache
- Unité de Recherche: Valorisation des Ressources Naturelles, Molecules ́ Bioactives et Analyses Physicochimiques et Biologiques (VARENBIOMOL), Université́ Frères ̀ Mentouri, Constantine, Algérie
| | - Fadila Benayache
- Unité de Recherche: Valorisation des Ressources Naturelles, Molecules ́ Bioactives et Analyses Physicochimiques et Biologiques (VARENBIOMOL), Université́ Frères ̀ Mentouri, Constantine, Algérie
| | - Souad Ameddah
- Laboratoire de Biologie et Environnement, Faculté des Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie, Université Frères Mentouri Constantine 1, Constantine, Algérie
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20
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Gebrelibanos Hiben M, Kamelia L, de Haan L, Spenkelink B, Wesseling S, Vervoort J, Rietjens IMCM. Hazard assessment of Maerua subcordata (Gilg) DeWolf. for selected endpoints using a battery of in vitro tests. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 241:111978. [PMID: 31150796 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.111978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 05/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Maerua subcordata (Gilg) DeWolf is a medicinal and wild food plant growing mainly in east Africa. Especially its root tuber is widely used in traditional medicine to treat several infectious and chronic diseases but also in some toxicity implications like use as abortifacient. AIM OF THE STUDY the present study applied in silico and in vitro tests to identify possible hazards of M. subcordata (fruit, leaf, root, seed) methanol extracts focussing on developmental toxicity. MATERIALS AND METHODS Ames test, estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) assay, aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) assay, embryonic stem cell test (EST), and zebrafish embryotoxicity test (ZET) were employed. Besides, a Derek Nexus toxicity prediction was performed on candidate structures obtained from metabolomics profiling of the extracts using liquid chromatography coupled to multistage mass spectroscopy (LC/MSn) and a MAGMa software based structural annotation. RESULTS Glucosinolates, which degrade to isothiocyanates, and biogenic amines were among the candidate molecules identified in the extracts by LC/MSn - MAGMa software structural annotation. Isothiocyanates and some other candidate molecules suggested a positive mutagenicity alert in Derek toxicity predictions. All the extracts showed negative mutagenicity in the Ames test. However, the Derek predictions also identified endocrine and developmental toxicity as possible endpoints of concern. This was further assessed using in vitro tests. Results obtained reveal that leaf extract shows AhR and ERα agonist activities, inhibited differentiation of ES-D3 stem cells into contracting cardiomyocytes in the EST (p < 0.001) as well as inhibited hatching (p < 0.01) and showed acute toxicity (p < 0.01) in the ZET. Also, the fruit extract showed toxicity (p < 0.05) towards zebrafish embryos and both fruit and seed extracts showed AhR agonist activities while root extract was devoid of activity in all in vitro assays. CONCLUSION The leaf extract tests positive in in vitro tests that may point towards a developmental toxicity hazard. The current evaluations did not raise concerns of genotoxicity or developmental toxicity for the fruit, seed and root extracts. This is important given the use of especially these parts of M. subcordata, in traditional medicine and/or as (famine) food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mebrahtom Gebrelibanos Hiben
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, the Netherlands; Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia.
| | - Lenny Kamelia
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Laura de Haan
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Bert Spenkelink
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Sebastiaan Wesseling
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Jacques Vervoort
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Ivonne M C M Rietjens
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
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Ramulondi M, de Wet H, van Vuuren S. Toxicology of medicinal plants and combinations used in rural northern KwaZulu-Natal (South Africa) for the treatment of hypertension. J Herb Med 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hermed.2018.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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22
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Amani Z, Gandomi H, Akhondzadeh Basti A, Derakhshandeh A, Noori N. Cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, and mutagenicity potential of ethanolic extract of Heracleum persicumDesf. ex Fischer. J Food Saf 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/jfs.12640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Amani
- Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of Tehran Tehran Iran
| | - Hassan Gandomi
- Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of Tehran Tehran Iran
| | - Afshin Akhondzadeh Basti
- Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of Tehran Tehran Iran
| | | | - Negin Noori
- Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of Tehran Tehran Iran
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23
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Sutan NA, Vilcoci DS, Fierascu I, Neblea AM, Sutan C, Ducu C, Soare LC, Negrea D, Avramescu SM, Fierascu RC. Influence of the Phytosynthesis of Noble Metal Nanoparticles on the Cytotoxic and Genotoxic Effects of Aconitum toxicum Reichenb. Leaves Alcoholic Extract. J CLUST SCI 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10876-019-01524-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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24
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Ramak P, Talei GR. Chemical composition, cytotoxic effect and antimicrobial activity of Stachys koelzii Rech.f. essential oil against periodontal pathogen Prevotella intermedia. Microb Pathog 2018; 124:272-278. [PMID: 30118806 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2018.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 08/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Prevotella intermedia is associated with periodontal diseases and endodontic infections. Periodontitis can be suppressed by utilizing the antiseptics, which target the infectious bacteria. The member of Stachys sp. has been used traditionally in the form of decoction or infusion for management of infectious diseases. The subject of this article was to evaluate the chemical composition, antimicrobial and cytotoxic effect of Stachys koelzii essential oil and its main components against Prevotella intermedia. GC-FID and GC-MS analysis were used to determine the chemical composition. The antimicrobial effects of S. koelzii essential oil was evaluated by micro-broth dilution assay. Time kill curve assays, leakage of cytoplasmic materials and anti-biofilm effects were determined. Its cytotoxic effect was evaluated by MTT assay. Essential oil with main components of α-pinene, trans-caryophyllene and 1,8-cineole inhibited P. intermedia with MIC and MBC values of 0.1 and 0.2 mg/mL. Its biofilm formation was higher than α-pinene, followed by trans-caryophyllene and 1,8-cineole. Essential oil and its main components increased the leakage of cytoplasmic components. Essential oil showed cytotoxic effect on HeLa cell lines with IC50 0.06 mg/mL. The cytotoxic effect of α-pinene on healthy cell lines was higher than essential oil. S. koelzii essential oil can be used in mouthwash formulations and its efficacy should be evaluated in large clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parvin Ramak
- Research Division of Natural Resources, Lorestan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Gholam Reza Talei
- Head of Virology Department, Razi Herbal Medicines Research Center, Medical School, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences Khorramabad, Iran.
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25
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Oliveira FADE, Rorato VC, Almeida-Apolonio AA, Rodrigues AB, Barros ALDE, Sangalli A, Arena AC, Mota JS, Grisolia AB, Oliveira KMPDE. In vitro antifungal activity of Myracrodruon urundeuva Allemão against human vaginal Candida species. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2017; 89:2423-2432. [PMID: 28746624 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765201720170254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Myracrodruon urundeuva is a plant native to Brazil, which is used by the indigenous population for the treatment of candidiasis. The aims of this study were to evaluate the antifungal activity of extract against human vaginal Candida species and evaluate the possible toxicological activities of M. urundeuva. Initially, ethanol extracts, ethyl acetate fractions, and hydroalcoholic fractions of the bark and leaf of M. urundeuva were used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration. The extracts that showed antifungal activity were characterized by liquid chromatography and subjected to toxicity assessment. Toxic, cytotoxic, genotoxic, and mutagenic testing were performed using Allium cepa and Ames assays with the ethanol extracts of the bark and leaves. Hemolytic activity was evaluated in erythrocytes and acute toxicity in rats. The ethanol bark extracts showed best activity against Candida albicans, C. krusei, and C. tropicalis ATCC (4-512 µg/mL). Chemical characterization indicated the presence of flavonoids and tannins in the extracts. Hemolytic activity, genotoxicity, and mutagenicity were not observed. The results of the Ames and A. cepa tests were also in agreement, ethanol bark extracts and ethanol leaf extracts of M. urundeuva showed absence of mutagenic activity. Similar results were observed in the A. cepa assay and acute toxicity test in rats. M. urundeuva bark extracts showed potential for the treatment of vaginal infections caused Candida species, as a topical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando A DE Oliveira
- Faculdade de Ciências Exatas e Tecnologia, Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados, Rodovia Dourados - Itahum, Km 12, Cidade Universitária, 79804-970 Dourados, MS, Brazil
| | - Vanessa C Rorato
- Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados, Rodovia Dourados - Itahum, Km 12, Cidade Universitária, 79804-970 Dourados, MS, Brazil
| | - Adriana A Almeida-Apolonio
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Av. Costa e Silva, s/n, Cidade Universitária, 79070-900 Campo Grande, MS, Brazi
| | - Allan B Rodrigues
- Faculdade de Ciências Exatas e Tecnologia, Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados, Rodovia Dourados - Itahum, Km 12, Cidade Universitária, 79804-970 Dourados, MS, Brazil
| | - Aline L DE Barros
- Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados, Rodovia Dourados - Itahum, Km 12, Cidade Universitária, 79804-970 Dourados, MS, Brazil
| | - Andréia Sangalli
- Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados, Rodovia Dourados - Itahum, Km 12, Cidade Universitária, 79804-970 Dourados, MS, Brazil
| | - Arielle C Arena
- Departamento de Morfologia, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho", R. Luís Cassineli, Jardim São Jose, 18618-024 Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Jonas S Mota
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Estadual de Mato Grosso do Sul, Rodovia Dourados - Itahum, Km 12, Cidade Universitária, 79804-970 Dourados, MS, Brazil
| | - Alexéia B Grisolia
- Faculdade de Ciências Biológicas e Ambientais, Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados, Rodovia Dourados - Itahum, Km 12, Cidade Universitária, 79804-970 Dourados, MS, Brazil
| | - Kelly M P DE Oliveira
- Faculdade de Ciências Biológicas e Ambientais, Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados, Rodovia Dourados - Itahum, Km 12, Cidade Universitária, 79804-970 Dourados, MS, Brazil
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26
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Eren Y, Erdoğmuş SF, Akyıl D, Özkara A. Mutagenic and cytotoxic activities of benfuracarb insecticide. Cytotechnology 2016; 68:637-43. [PMID: 25381170 PMCID: PMC4960112 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-014-9811-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Benfuracarb is a carbamate insecticide used to control insect pests in vegetables and it has anti-acetylcholinesterase activity lower than other carbamates. Cytotoxic effects of benfuracarb were evaluated by using root growth inhibition (EC50), mitotic index (MI), and mitotic phase determinations on the root meristem cells of Allium cepa and mutagenic effects were determined in Salmonella typhymurium Ames test by TA98 and TA100 strains with and without metabolic activation. In Allium test, 1 % DMSO was used as negative control group and 10 ppm MMS was used as positive control group. 75 ppm concentration of benfuracarb was found as EC50. In MI and mitotic phases determination study, 37.5, 75 and 150 ppm doses of benfuracarb were used. Dose-dependent cytotoxic activity was found by root growth inhibition and MI studies. It was identified that mitotic inhibition activity of benfuracarb was higher than 10 ppm MMS. In Ames test, mutagenic activity was not observed and over 200 µg/plate of benfuracarb was determined as cytotoxic to S. typhymurium strains. Benfuracarb can be called as "mitotic inhibitor" but not called as mutagen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasin Eren
- Department of Science Education, Faculty of Education, Süleyman Demirel University, 32260, Isparta, Turkey.
| | - Sevim Feyza Erdoğmuş
- Department of Laboratory and Veterinary Health, Bayat Vocational School, Afyon Kocatepe University, Afyon, Turkey
| | - Dilek Akyıl
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Arts, Afyon Kocatepe University, Afyon, Turkey
| | - Arzu Özkara
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Arts, Afyon Kocatepe University, Afyon, Turkey
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27
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Çavuşoğlu D, Tabur S, Çavuşoğlu K. The Effects of Aloe vera L. Leaf Extract on Some Physiological and Cytogenetical Parameters in Allium cepa L. Seeds Germinated under Salt Stress. CYTOLOGIA 2016. [DOI: 10.1508/cytologia.81.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dilek Çavuşoğlu
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Science,
Süleyman Demirel University
| | - Selma Tabur
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Science,
Süleyman Demirel University
| | - Kürşat Çavuşoğlu
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Science,
Süleyman Demirel University
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28
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Nayab PS, Pulaganti M, Chitta SK, Abid M, Uddin R. Evaluation of DNA Binding, Radicals Scavenging and Antimicrobial Studies of Newly Synthesized N-Substituted Naphthalimides: Spectroscopic and Molecular Docking Investigations. J Fluoresc 2015; 25:1905-20. [DOI: 10.1007/s10895-015-1683-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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29
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Qiu Y, Qiu L, Cui J, Wei Q. Bacterial cellulose and bacterial cellulose-vaccarin membranes for wound healing. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2015; 59:303-309. [PMID: 26652377 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2015.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Revised: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial cellulose (BC) and bacterial cellulose-vaccarin (BC-Vac) membranes were successfully produced in large scale. BC was synthesized by Gluconacetobacter xylinum. BC-Vac membranes were prepared by immersing BC in vaccarin solution. The surface morphologies of BC and BC-Vac membranes were examined by a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and an atomic force microscopy (AFM). The images showed that BC-Vac exhibited the characteristic 3D nanofibrillar network of BC matrix but there was adhesion between fibers. The mechanical properties of BC and BC-Vac membranes were evaluated and the results indicated that the adding of drug vaccarin into the BC membranes increased the malleability indicated by the increment in elongation at break compared with BC. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis was conducted to confirm the incorporation of vaccarin in BC-Vac and investigate the hydroxyl interactions between BC and drug vaccarin. Cell viability and cell attachment studies demonstrated that BC and BC-Vac membranes had no cytotoxicity and could be a good carrier for cell growth. The wound healing performance was examined in vivo by rat skin models. Histological observations revealed that wounds treated with BC-Vac epithelialized and regenerated faster than treated with BC. Therefore, BC-Vac was considered as a potential candidate for wound dressing materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyu Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Eco-textiles, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People's Republic of China; Laboratory of Natural Medicine, Wuxi Medical School, Jiangnan University, People's Republic of China
| | - Liying Qiu
- Laboratory of Natural Medicine, Wuxi Medical School, Jiangnan University, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Cui
- Key Laboratory of Eco-textiles, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Qufu Wei
- Key Laboratory of Eco-textiles, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People's Republic of China.
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