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Duman Y, Tufan G. Chromatographic purification of C-phycocyanin from Spirulina platensis: assessing antioxidant activity and stability. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2024; 104:7326-7334. [PMID: 38656654 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.13553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 03/31/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The efficient separation and purification of proteins like C-phycocyanin (C-PC) from Spirulina platensis are essential for their commercialization, yet they remain challenging. This study investigated three chromatographic methods for C-PC purification: weak anion exchange chromatography (DEAE), strong anion exchange chromatography (Q Sepharose), and hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC). RESULTS Weak anion exchange chromatography achieved a recovery of 36.80 mg unit (57.08%) with a purity of 3.23, outperforming Q Sepharose (yield: 23.21 mg unit means that 46.33%, purity: 2.76) and HIC (yield: 22.95 mg unit means that 17.57%, purity: 3.02). The purified C-PC consisted of α and β subunits with molecular masses of 16 kDa and 17 kDa, respectively. Further assessment revealed its antioxidant capacity through a 2,2'-Azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) assay. The stability of C-phycocyanin was tested at different pH levels and temperatures. Maximum stability was observed at pH 7, and pH 4 showed the lowest stability. Glutaraldehyde-treated C-PC (GC-PC) demonstrated gradual degradation up to 50 °C, retaining 73.25% after 30 min. Notably, GC-PC exhibited stability even at higher temperatures, with degradation rates of 57.32% at 70 °C and 50.96% at 80 °C. CONCLUSION Weak anion exchange chromatography proved superior for C-PC purification, offering higher yields and purity than Q Sepharose and HIC. The purified C-PC showed promising antioxidant capacity and stability, particularly GC-PC, which exhibited resistance to degradation, even at elevated temperatures. These findings underscore the potential of C-PC as a valuable compound for various applications, with DEAE chromatography being an efficient method for its production and commercialization. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonca Duman
- Section of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Kocaeli University, Umuttepe Campus, İzmit, Turkey
| | - Gamze Tufan
- Section of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Kocaeli University, Umuttepe Campus, İzmit, Turkey
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Russo NP, Ballotta M, Usai L, Torre S, Giordano M, Fais G, Casula M, Dessì D, Nieri P, Damergi E, Lutzu GA, Concas A. Mixotrophic Cultivation of Arthrospira platensis (Spirulina) under Salt Stress: Effect on Biomass Composition, FAME Profile and Phycocyanin Content. Mar Drugs 2024; 22:381. [PMID: 39330262 PMCID: PMC11433411 DOI: 10.3390/md22090381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2024] [Revised: 08/20/2024] [Accepted: 08/22/2024] [Indexed: 09/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Arthrospira platensis holds promise for biotechnological applications due to its rapid growth and ability to produce valuable bioactive compounds like phycocyanin (PC). This study explores the impact of salinity and brewery wastewater (BWW) on the mixotrophic cultivation of A. platensis. Utilizing BWW as an organic carbon source and seawater (SW) for salt stress, we aim to optimize PC production and biomass composition. Under mixotrophic conditions with 2% BWW and SW, A. platensis showed enhanced biomass productivity, reaching a maximum of 3.70 g L-1 and significant increases in PC concentration. This study also observed changes in biochemical composition, with elevated protein and carbohydrate levels under salt stress that mimics the use of seawater. Mixotrophic cultivation with BWW and SW also influenced the FAME profile, enhancing the content of C16:0 and C18:1 FAMES. The purity (EP of 1.15) and yield (100 mg g-1) of PC were notably higher in mixotrophic cultures, indicating the potential for commercial applications in food, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals. This research underscores the benefits of integrating the use of saline water with waste valorization in microalgae cultivation, promoting sustainability and economic efficiency in biotechnological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Pio Russo
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Giuseppe Campi 287, 41123 Modena, MO, Italy; (N.P.R.); (M.B.)
| | - Marika Ballotta
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Giuseppe Campi 287, 41123 Modena, MO, Italy; (N.P.R.); (M.B.)
| | - Luca Usai
- Teregroup Srl, Via David Livingstone 37, 41123 Modena, MO, Italy;
| | - Serenella Torre
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno Pisano 12, 56126 Pisa, PI, Italy; (S.T.); (P.N.)
| | | | - Giacomo Fais
- Department of Mechanical, Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Cagliari, Piazza d’Armi, 09123 Cagliari, CA, Italy; (G.F.); (M.C.)
- Interdepartmental Center of Environmental Science and Engineering (CINSA), University of Cagliari, Via San Giorgio 12, 09124 Cagliari, CA, Italy
| | - Mattia Casula
- Department of Mechanical, Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Cagliari, Piazza d’Armi, 09123 Cagliari, CA, Italy; (G.F.); (M.C.)
- Interdepartmental Center of Environmental Science and Engineering (CINSA), University of Cagliari, Via San Giorgio 12, 09124 Cagliari, CA, Italy
| | - Debora Dessì
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, Blocco A, SP8 Km 0.700, 09042 Monserrato, CA, Italy;
| | - Paola Nieri
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno Pisano 12, 56126 Pisa, PI, Italy; (S.T.); (P.N.)
| | - Eya Damergi
- Algaltek SARL, R&D Departments, Route de la Petite-Glane 26, 1566 Saint Aubin, FR, Switzerland;
| | | | - Alessandro Concas
- Department of Mechanical, Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Cagliari, Piazza d’Armi, 09123 Cagliari, CA, Italy; (G.F.); (M.C.)
- Interdepartmental Center of Environmental Science and Engineering (CINSA), University of Cagliari, Via San Giorgio 12, 09124 Cagliari, CA, Italy
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Gallina ES, Caires TA, Cortés OEJ. Effects of light quality and intensity on phycobiliprotein productivity in two Leptolyngbya strains isolated from southern Bahia's Atlantic Forest. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2024; 96:e20230348. [PMID: 39166650 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202420230348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Cyanobacterial phycocyanin and phycoerythrin are gaining commercial interest due to their nutrition and healthcare values. This research analyzed the biomass accumulation and pigment production of two strains of Leptolyngbya under different combinations of light colors and intensities. The results showed that while Leptolyngbya sp.4 B1 (B1) produced all phycobiliproteins, Leptolyngbya sp.5 F2 (F2) only had phycocyanin and allophycocyanin. Both the color of the light and its light intensity affect the biomass accumulation and phycoerythrin concentration in strain B1. Although white light at medium intensity (50 μmol m-2 s-1) causes greater biomass accumulation (1.66 ± 0.13 gDW L-1), low-intensity (25 μmol m-2 s-1) green light induces lower biomass accumulation with twice the pigment content (87.70 ± 2.46 mg gDW -1), culminating in 71% greater productivity. In contrast, for the F2 strain, light intensity positively influenced biomass and pigment accumulation, being observed 2.25 ± 0.10 gDW L-1 under white light at 100 μmol m-2 s-1 and higher phycocyanin concentration (138.38 ± 3.46 mg gDW -1) under red light at 100 μmol m-2 s-1. These findings provide insights into optimizing the growth conditions by altering the intensity and wavelength of light for future production of phycocyanin and phycoerythrin from local cyanobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias S Gallina
- Instituto Federal de Educação Ciência e Tecnologia da Bahia, Rodovia BR 367, s/n, Fontana 1, 45810-000 Porto Seguro, BA, Brazil
- Universidade Federal do Sul da Bahia, Centro de Formação em Ciências Ambientais, Rodovia BR 367, Km 10, s/n, 45810-000 Porto Seguro, BA, Brazil
- Instituto Federal de Educação Ciência e Tecnologia de Alagoas, Av. Afrânio Lages, 391-453, Centro, 57420-000 Batalha, AL, Brazil
| | - Taiara A Caires
- Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Av. José Moreira Sobrinho, s/n, Jequiezinho, 45205-490 Jequié, BA, Brazil
| | - Orlando Ernesto J Cortés
- Universidade Federal do Sul da Bahia, Centro de Formação em Ciências Ambientais, Rodovia BR 367, Km 10, s/n, 45810-000 Porto Seguro, BA, Brazil
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Yu Z, Zhao W, Sun H, Mou H, Liu J, Yu H, Dai L, Kong Q, Yang S. Phycocyanin from microalgae: A comprehensive review covering microalgal culture, phycocyanin sources and stability. Food Res Int 2024; 186:114362. [PMID: 38729724 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2024.114362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
As food safety continues to gain prominence, phycocyanin (PC) is increasingly favored by consumers as a natural blue pigment, which is extracted from microalgae and serves the dual function of promoting health and providing coloration. Spirulina-derived PC demonstrates exceptional stability within temperature ranges below 45 °C and under pH conditions between 5.5 and 6.0. However, its application is limited in scenarios involving high-temperature processing due to its sensitivity to heat and light. This comprehensive review provides insights into the efficient production of PC from microalgae, covers the metabolic engineering of microalgae to increase PC yields and discusses various strategies for enhancing its stability in food applications. In addition to the most widely used Spirulina, some red algae and Thermosynechococcus can serve as good source of PC. The genetic and metabolic manipulation of microalgae strains has shown promise in increasing PC yield and improving its quality. Delivery systems including nanoparticles, hydrogels, emulsions, and microcapsules offer a promising solution to protect and extend the shelf life of PC in food products, ensuring its vibrant color and health-promoting properties are preserved. This review highlights the importance of metabolic engineering, multi-omics applications, and innovative delivery systems in unlocking the full potential of this natural blue pigment in the realm of food applications, provides a complete overview of the entire process from production to commercialization of PC, including the extraction and purification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zengyu Yu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, NO.1299 sansha road, Qingdao 266404, China
| | - Weiyang Zhao
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, United States
| | - Han Sun
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Haijin Mou
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, NO.1299 sansha road, Qingdao 266404, China
| | - Jin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Environment and Resource Utilization, Ministry of Education, and Center for Algae Innovation & Engineering Research, School of Resources and Environment, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Hui Yu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, NO.1299 sansha road, Qingdao 266404, China
| | - Lei Dai
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Qing Kong
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, NO.1299 sansha road, Qingdao 266404, China.
| | - Shufang Yang
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
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Pispas K, Manthos G, Sventzouri E, Geroulia M, Mastropetros SG, Ali SS, Kornaros M. Optimizing Phycocyanin Extraction from Cyanobacterial Biomass: A Comparative Study of Freeze-Thaw Cycling with Various Solvents. Mar Drugs 2024; 22:246. [PMID: 38921557 PMCID: PMC11204620 DOI: 10.3390/md22060246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 05/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Cyanobacterial phycocyanin pigment is widely utilized for its properties in various industries, including food, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals. Despite its potential, challenges exist, such as extraction methods impacting yield, stability, and purity. This study investigates the impact of the number of freeze-thaw (FT) cycles on the extraction of phycocyanin from the wet biomass of four cyanobacteria species (Arthrospira platensis, Chlorogloeopsis fritschii, Phormidium sp., and Synechocystis sp.), along with the impact of five extraction solutions (Tris-HCl buffer, phosphate buffer, CaCl2, deionized water, and tap water) at various pH values. Synechocystis sp. exhibited the highest phycocyanin content among the studied species. For A. platensis, Tris-HCl buffer yielded maximum phycocyanin concentration from the first FT cycle, while phosphate buffer provided satisfactory results from the second cycle. Similarly, Tris-HCl buffer showed promising results for C. fritschii (68.5% of the maximum from the first cycle), with the highest concentration (~12% w/w) achieved during the seventh cycle, using phosphate buffer. Phormidium sp. yielded the maximum pigment concentration from the first cycle using tap water. Among species-specific optimal extraction solutions, Tris-HCl buffer demonstrated sufficient extraction efficacy for all species, from the first cycle. This study represents an initial step toward establishing a universal extraction method for phycocyanin from diverse cyanobacteria species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Pispas
- Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering & Environmental Technology (LBEET), Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece; (K.P.); (G.M.); (E.S.); (M.G.); (S.G.M.)
| | - Georgios Manthos
- Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering & Environmental Technology (LBEET), Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece; (K.P.); (G.M.); (E.S.); (M.G.); (S.G.M.)
| | - Eirini Sventzouri
- Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering & Environmental Technology (LBEET), Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece; (K.P.); (G.M.); (E.S.); (M.G.); (S.G.M.)
| | - Maria Geroulia
- Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering & Environmental Technology (LBEET), Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece; (K.P.); (G.M.); (E.S.); (M.G.); (S.G.M.)
| | - Savvas Giannis Mastropetros
- Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering & Environmental Technology (LBEET), Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece; (K.P.); (G.M.); (E.S.); (M.G.); (S.G.M.)
| | - Sameh Samir Ali
- Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt;
| | - Michael Kornaros
- Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering & Environmental Technology (LBEET), Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece; (K.P.); (G.M.); (E.S.); (M.G.); (S.G.M.)
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6
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Sergeeva YE, Zakharevich AA, Sukhinov DV, Koshkalda AI, Kryukova MV, Malakhov SN, Antipova CG, Klein OI, Gotovtsev PM, Grigoriev TE. Chitosan Sponges for Efficient Accumulation and Controlled Release of C-Phycocyanin. BIOTECH 2023; 12:55. [PMID: 37606442 PMCID: PMC10443324 DOI: 10.3390/biotech12030055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The paper proposed a new porous material for wound healing based on chitosan and C-phycocyanin (C-PC). In this work, C-PC was extracted from the cyanobacteria Arthrospira platensis biomass and purified through ammonium sulfate precipitation. The obtained C-PC with a purity index (PI) of 3.36 ± 0.24 was loaded into a chitosan sponge from aqueous solutions of various concentrations (250, 500, and 1000 mg/L). According to the FTIR study, chitosan did not form new bonds with C-PC, but acted as a carrier. The encapsulation efficiency value exceeded 90%, and the maximum loading capacity was 172.67 ± 0.47 mg/g. The release of C-PC from the polymer matrix into the saline medium was estimated, and it was found 50% of C-PC was released in the first hour and the maximum concentration was reached in 5-7 h after the sponge immersion. The PI of the released C-PC was 3.79 and 4.43 depending on the concentration of the initial solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yana E. Sergeeva
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioenergy, National Research Centre “Kurchatov Institute”, 123182 Moscow, Russia; (Y.E.S.); (D.V.S.); (M.V.K.); (P.M.G.)
- Department of NBIC-Technologies, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, National Research University, 141701 Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Anastasia A. Zakharevich
- Department of Nanobiomaterials and Structures, National Research Centre “Kurchatov Institute”, 123182 Moscow, Russia; (A.A.Z.); (C.G.A.); (O.I.K.)
| | - Daniil V. Sukhinov
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioenergy, National Research Centre “Kurchatov Institute”, 123182 Moscow, Russia; (Y.E.S.); (D.V.S.); (M.V.K.); (P.M.G.)
| | - Alexandra I. Koshkalda
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, 125047 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Mariya V. Kryukova
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioenergy, National Research Centre “Kurchatov Institute”, 123182 Moscow, Russia; (Y.E.S.); (D.V.S.); (M.V.K.); (P.M.G.)
| | - Sergey N. Malakhov
- Department for Resource Centre, National Research Centre “Kurchatov Institute”, 123182 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Christina G. Antipova
- Department of Nanobiomaterials and Structures, National Research Centre “Kurchatov Institute”, 123182 Moscow, Russia; (A.A.Z.); (C.G.A.); (O.I.K.)
| | - Olga I. Klein
- Department of Nanobiomaterials and Structures, National Research Centre “Kurchatov Institute”, 123182 Moscow, Russia; (A.A.Z.); (C.G.A.); (O.I.K.)
- Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, A.N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, 119071 Moscow, Russia
| | - Pavel M. Gotovtsev
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioenergy, National Research Centre “Kurchatov Institute”, 123182 Moscow, Russia; (Y.E.S.); (D.V.S.); (M.V.K.); (P.M.G.)
- Department of NBIC-Technologies, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, National Research University, 141701 Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Timofei E. Grigoriev
- Department of NBIC-Technologies, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, National Research University, 141701 Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, Russia
- Department of Nanobiomaterials and Structures, National Research Centre “Kurchatov Institute”, 123182 Moscow, Russia; (A.A.Z.); (C.G.A.); (O.I.K.)
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Fernandes R, Campos J, Serra M, Fidalgo J, Almeida H, Casas A, Toubarro D, Barros AIRNA. Exploring the Benefits of Phycocyanin: From Spirulina Cultivation to Its Widespread Applications. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:592. [PMID: 37111349 PMCID: PMC10144176 DOI: 10.3390/ph16040592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Large-scale production of microalgae and their bioactive compounds has steadily increased in response to global demand for natural compounds. Spirulina, in particular, has been used due to its high nutritional value, especially its high protein content. Promising biological functions have been associated with Spirulina extracts, mainly related to its high value added blue pigment, phycocyanin. Phycocyanin is used in several industries such as food, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals, which increases its market value. Due to the worldwide interest and the need to replace synthetic compounds with natural ones, efforts have been made to optimize large-scale production processes and maintain phycocyanin stability, which is a highly unstable protein. The aim of this review is to update the scientific knowledge on phycocyanin applications and to describe the reported production, extraction, and purification methods, including the main physical and chemical parameters that may affect the purity, recovery, and stability of phycocyanin. By implementing different techniques such as complete cell disruption, extraction at temperatures below 45 °C and a pH of 5.5-6.0, purification through ammonium sulfate, and filtration and chromatography, both the purity and stability of phycocyanin have been significantly improved. Moreover, the use of saccharides, crosslinkers, or natural polymers as preservatives has contributed to the increased market value of phycocyanin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Fernandes
- Mesosystem, Rua da Igreja Velha 295, 4410-160 Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal
| | - Joana Campos
- Mesosystem, Rua da Igreja Velha 295, 4410-160 Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal
| | - Mónica Serra
- Mesosystem, Rua da Igreja Velha 295, 4410-160 Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal
| | - Javier Fidalgo
- Mesosystem, Rua da Igreja Velha 295, 4410-160 Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal
| | - Hugo Almeida
- Mesosystem, Rua da Igreja Velha 295, 4410-160 Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal
- UCIBIO (Research Unit on Applied Molecular Biosciences), REQUIMTE (Rede de Química e Tecnologia), MEDTECH (Medicines and Healthcare Products), Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Casas
- Mesosystem, Rua da Igreja Velha 295, 4410-160 Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal
| | - Duarte Toubarro
- CBA and Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Azores, Rua Mãe de Deus No 13, 9500-321 Ponta Delgada, Portugal
| | - Ana I. R. N. A. Barros
- Mesosystem, Rua da Igreja Velha 295, 4410-160 Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building and Sustainability of Agri-Food Production (Inov4Agro), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
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Sánchez-Laso J, Espada JJ, Rodríguez R, Vicente G, Bautista LF. Novel Biorefinery Approach for Phycocyanin Extraction and Purification and Biocrude Production from Arthrospira platensis. Ind Eng Chem Res 2023; 62:5190-5198. [PMID: 37014358 PMCID: PMC10064637 DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.2c03683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023]
Abstract
A new biorefinery from Arthrospira platensis was proposed to obtain phycocyanin (PC) and a biocrude by hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL). PC is a high-added-value phycobiliprotein widely used as a food colorant and in the nutraceutical and pharmaceutical industries. However, the use of conventional solvents in the extraction process and the purity grade of the extract are shortcomings in bioproduct production. PC was extracted using a reusable ionic liquid [EMIM][EtSO4], achieving a PC purity of the lowest commercial grade. Therefore, two downstream processes were applied: (1) dialysis + precipitation and (2) aqueous two-phase system (ATPS) + dialysis + precipitation. After the second purification process, the PC purity increased remarkably to reach the analytical grade for pharmaceutical and nutraceutical applications. The waste biomass (WB) obtained in the PC extraction was valorized by hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) to produce a biocrude. The biocrude yield and composition remarkably enhanced using isopropanol at 350 °C as a cosolvent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Sánchez-Laso
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Technology, ESCET, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Móstoles, 28933 Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan J. Espada
- Department of Chemical, Energy and Mechanical Technology, ESCET, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos,
Móstoles, 28933 Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosalía Rodríguez
- Department of Chemical, Energy and Mechanical Technology, ESCET, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos,
Móstoles, 28933 Madrid, Spain
| | - Gemma Vicente
- Department of Chemical, Energy and Mechanical Technology, ESCET, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos,
Móstoles, 28933 Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Fernando Bautista
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Technology, ESCET, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Móstoles, 28933 Madrid, Spain
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9
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Green Extraction Process of Food Grade C-phycocyanin: Biological Effects and Metabolic Study in Mice. Processes (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/pr10091793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate different parameters in the green process of organic Spirulina biomass (SB) C-phycocyanin (C-PC) extraction to understand the impact on weight and oral glucose tolerance of C-PC extract in Swiss mice fed with a high-fat diet (HFD). The proximate composition and antioxidant activity were analyzed in Spirulina by-products: SB, C-PC, and Remaining biomass (RB). The protein content on a dry basis was 52.05% in SB and 61.16% in RB and 118.97 μg/g in C-PC. The antioxidant activity was equal for SB and C-PC but higher than RB. However, RB can be considered a promising ingredient, promoting the sustainable use of the whole SB. Swiss mice were distributed in five groups: control diet (CD), HFD, HFD plus Spirulina biomass (HFDS), HFD plus C-PC (HFDC), and HFD plus remaining biomass (HFDR). HFDS increased the delta weight of the animals and showed glucose intolerance compared to the CD and HFDC groups. The results demonstrated that the supplementation of 500 mg/kg of body weight of SB in the HFDS group did not show antiobesogenic potential with an HFD, but it is essential to conduct further studies to bring other interesting responses regarding C-PC biological in vivo effects.
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Park J, Lee H, Dinh TB, Choi S, De Saeger J, Depuydt S, Brown MT, Han T. Commercial Potential of the Cyanobacterium Arthrospira maxima: Physiological and Biochemical Traits and the Purification of Phycocyanin. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11050628. [PMID: 35625356 PMCID: PMC9138259 DOI: 10.3390/biology11050628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Arthrospira maxima is an unbranched, filamentous cyanobacterium rich in important cellular products such as vitamins, minerals, iron, essential amino acids, essential fatty acids, and protein, which has made it one of the most important commercial photoautotrophs. To optimize the growth conditions for the production of target compounds and to ensure profitability in commercial applications, the effects of pH and temperature were investigated. A. maxima has been shown to be tolerant to a range of pH conditions and to exhibit hyper-accumulation of phycoerythrin and allophycocyanin at low temperatures. These traits may offer significant advantages for future exploitation, especially in outdoor cultivation with fluctuating pH and temperature. Our study also demonstrated a new method for the purification of phycocyanin from A. maxima by using by ultrafiltration, ion-exchange chromatography, and gel filtration, producing PC at 1.0 mg·mL−1 with 97.6% purity. Abstract Arthrospira maxima is a natural source of fine chemicals for multiple biotechnological applications. We determined the optimal environmental conditions for A. maxima by measuring its relative growth rate (RGR), pigment yield, and photosynthetic performance under different pH and temperature conditions. RGR was highest at pH 7–9 and 30 °C. Chlorophyll a, phycocyanin, maximal quantum yield (Fv/Fm), relative maximal electron transport rate (rETRmax), and effective quantum yield (ΦPSII) were highest at pH 7–8 and 25 °C. Interestingly, phycoerythrin and allophycocyanin content was highest at 15 °C, which may be the lowest optimum temperature reported for phycobiliprotein production in the Arthrospira species. A threestep purification of phycocyanin (PC) by ultrafiltration, ion-exchange chromatography, and gel filtration resulted in a 97.6% purity of PC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihae Park
- Development & Planning Office, Ghent University Global Campus, 119-5, Songdomunhwa-ro, Incheon 21985, Korea; (J.P.); (H.L.)
- Laboratory of Plant Growth Analysis, Ghent University Global Campus, 119-5, Songdomunhwa-ro, Incheon 21985, Korea;
| | - Hojun Lee
- Development & Planning Office, Ghent University Global Campus, 119-5, Songdomunhwa-ro, Incheon 21985, Korea; (J.P.); (H.L.)
| | - Thai Binh Dinh
- Department of Cosmetic Science and Management, Incheon National University, 119, Academy-ro, Incheon 22012, Korea;
| | - Soyeon Choi
- Department of Marine Science, Incheon National University, 119, Academy-ro, Incheon 22012, Korea;
| | - Jonas De Saeger
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium;
| | - Stephen Depuydt
- Laboratory of Plant Growth Analysis, Ghent University Global Campus, 119-5, Songdomunhwa-ro, Incheon 21985, Korea;
| | - Murray T. Brown
- School of Marine Science & Engineering, Plymouth University, Plymouth PL4 8AA, Devon, UK;
| | - Taejun Han
- Development & Planning Office, Ghent University Global Campus, 119-5, Songdomunhwa-ro, Incheon 21985, Korea; (J.P.); (H.L.)
- Department of Marine Science, Incheon National University, 119, Academy-ro, Incheon 22012, Korea;
- Department of Animal Sciences and Aquatic Ecology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653-Block F, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Correspondence:
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11
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Lin JY, Tan SI, Yi YC, Hsiang CC, Chang CH, Chen CY, Chang JS, Ng IS. High-level production and extraction of C-phycocyanin from cyanobacteria Synechococcus sp. PCC7002 for antioxidation, antibacterial and lead adsorption. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 206:112283. [PMID: 34699757 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.112283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Global warming and climate change because carbon dioxide (CO2) release to atmosphere is the forecasting challenges to human being. We are facing how to overcome the dilemma on the balance between economic and environment, thus taking more efforts on green processes to meet agreement of sustainable society are urgent and crucial. The absorption of CO2 by microalgae reduces the impact of CO2 on the environment. In this study, the CO2 removal efficiency was the highest in the culture of Cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. PCC7002 (also called blue-green algae), at 2% CO2 to reach a value of 0.86 g-CO2/g-DCW. The main product of PCC7002 is C-phycocyanin (C-PC) which regarding to phycobilisome complex in all cyanobacterial species. A 160% increasing C-PC was achieved in the cultivation under 100 μmol/m2/s light intensity, 12:12 light-period with 2% CO2 at 30 °C. The mix-culture of nitric and ammonia ions had positive effect on the cell growth and C-PC accumulation, thus realized the highest yield of 0.439 g-CPC/g-DCW. Additionally, the partial purified C-PC displayed 89% antioxidant activity of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryhydrazyl (DPPH) and 11% of superoxide free radical scavenging activity, respectively. The production of C-PC from PCC7002 reduced the CO2 emission and exhibited antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and lead ion adsorption at room temperature, which has the great potential for eco-friendly application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Yi Lin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan
| | - Shih-I Tan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Chen Yi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan
| | - Chuan-Chieh Hsiang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Hsiang Chang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Yen Chen
- University Center for Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Jo-Shu Chang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan; Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, College of Engineering, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan; Research Center for Energy Technology and Strategy, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - I-Son Ng
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan.
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12
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A Combination of Aqueous Extraction and Ultrafiltration for the Purification of Phycocyanin from Arthrospira maxima. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10020308. [PMID: 35208763 PMCID: PMC8880360 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10020308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The purification of phycocyanin (PC) from Spirulina generally involves a combination of different techniques. Here, we report the results on PC yields from a combined aqueous extraction-ultrafiltration (UF) process of a strain of Arthrospira maxima cultivated in a farm devoted to producing PC with food-grade purity. Samples optimized from different biomass/solvent ratios were purified by using a polyethersulphone (PES) membrane with a molecular weight cut-off (MWCO) of 20 kDa. The UF system was operated at 2.0 ± 0.1 bar and at 24 ± 2 °C up to a volume concentration factor (VCF) of 5. A diafiltration (DF) process was conducted after UF in order to increase the PC recovery in the retentate. Samples were collected during both UF and DF processes in order to evaluate membrane productivity and PC purity. The average permeate fluxes of about 14.4 L/m2h were measured in the selected operating conditions and more than 96% of PC was rejected by the UF membrane independently ofthe extraction yields and times. The concentration of PC in the final retentate was 1.17 mg/mL; this confirmed the observed rejection and the final VCF of the process (about 5-fold when compared to the concentration of PC in the crude extract). In addition, the combination of UF and diafiltration allowed the removal of about 91.7% of the DNA from the crude extract, thereby improving the purity of the phycocyanin in the retentate fraction.
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Ashaolu TJ, Samborska K, Lee CC, Tomas M, Capanoglu E, Tarhan Ö, Taze B, Jafari SM. Phycocyanin, a super functional ingredient from algae; properties, purification characterization, and applications. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 193:2320-2331. [PMID: 34793814 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.11.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Phycocyanins (PCYs) are a group of luxuriant bioactive compounds found in blue-green algae with an estimated global market of about US$250 million within this decade. The multifarious markets of PCYs noted by form (e.g. powder or aqueous forms), by grade (e.g. analytical, cosmetic, or food grades), and by application (such as biomedical, diagnostics, beverages, foods, nutraceuticals and pharmaceuticals), show that the importance of PCYs cannot be undermined. In this comprehensive study, an overview on PCY, its structure, and health-promoting features are diligently discussed. Methods of purification including chromatography, ammonium sulfate precipitation and membrane filtration, as well as characterization and measurement of PCYs are described. PCYs could have many applications in food colorants, fluorescent markers, nanotechnology, nutraceutical and pharmaceutical industries. It is concluded that PCYs offer significant potentials, although more investigations regarding its purity and safety are encouraged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tolulope Joshua Ashaolu
- Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang 550000, Viet Nam; Faculty of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Duy Tan University, Da Nang 550000, Viet Nam
| | - Katarzyna Samborska
- Institute of Food Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences WULS-SGGW, Poland
| | - Chi Ching Lee
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Istanbul Sabahattin Zaim University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Merve Tomas
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Food Engineering Department, Istanbul Sabahattin Zaim University, Halkali, 34303, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Esra Capanoglu
- Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Food Engineering Department, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, 34469 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Özgür Tarhan
- Food Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Uşak Üniversitesi, 1 Eylül Kampüsü, 64200 Uşak, Turkey
| | - Bengi Taze
- Food Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Uşak Üniversitesi, 1 Eylül Kampüsü, 64200 Uşak, Turkey
| | - Seid Mahdi Jafari
- Department of Food Materials and Process Design Engineering, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran.
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Amarante MCAD, Braga ARC, Sala L, Moraes CC, Kalil SJ. Design strategies for C-phycocyanin purification: Process influence on purity grade. Sep Purif Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2020.117453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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15
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Campos Assumpção de Amarante M, Cavalcante Braga AR, Sala L, Juliano Kalil S. Colour stability and antioxidant activity of C-phycocyanin-added ice creams after in vitro digestion. Food Res Int 2020; 137:109602. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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16
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Simon U, Scorza LCT, Teworte S, McCormick AJ, Dimartino S. Demonstration of protein capture and separation using three-dimensional printed anion exchange monoliths fabricated in one-step. J Sep Sci 2020; 44:1078-1088. [PMID: 32898296 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202000722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional printing applications in separation science are currently limited by the lack of materials compatible with chromatographic operations and three-dimensional printing technologies. In this work, we propose a new material for Digital Light Processing printing to fabricate functional ion exchange monoliths in a single step. Through copolymerization of the bifunctional monomer [2-(acryloyloxy)ethyl] trimethylammonium chloride, monolithic structures with quaternary amine ligands were fabricated. The novel formulation was optimized in terms of protein binding and recovery, microporous structure, and its swelling susceptibility by increasing its cross-link density and employing cyclohexanol and dodecanol as pore forming agents. In static conditions, the material demonstrated a maximum binding capacity of 104.2 ± 10.6 mg/mL for bovine serum albumin, in line with commercially available materials. Its anion exchange behavior was validated by separating bovine serum albumin and myoglobin on a monolithic bed with Schoen gyroid morphology. The same column geometry was tested for the purification of C-phycocyanin from clarified as well as cell-laden Arthrospira platensis feedstocks. This represents the first demonstration of one-step printed stationary phases to capture proteins directly from solid-laden feedstocks. We believe that the material presented here represents a significant improvement towards implementation of three-dimensional printed chromatography media in the field of separation science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ursula Simon
- School of Engineering, Institute for Bioengineering, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Livia C T Scorza
- School of Biological Sciences, SynthSys & Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Sarah Teworte
- School of Engineering, Institute for Bioengineering, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Alistair J McCormick
- School of Biological Sciences, SynthSys & Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Simone Dimartino
- School of Engineering, Institute for Bioengineering, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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Park JH, Song HG, Kim YK, Shin HS. Differential spectroscopic analysis of size-dependent phycobilisome from Spirulina maxima. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2020; 68:669-675. [PMID: 32597499 DOI: 10.1002/bab.1978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
C-phycocyanin (C-Pc), a photosynthetic pigment for use as a fluorescent indicator or in pharmaceutical, food, and cosmetic products, exists in a phycobilisome complex with allophycocyanin (APC), phycoerythrin (PE), and linker polypeptides. This heterogeneity makes it difficult to quantify phycobilisome composition in an ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) spectrum. In this study, derivative analysis of UV-vis spectra was successfully applied to display the distinct wavelengths at which C-Pc, APC, and PE have maximal peaks. In all samples, C-Pc of the largest portion had a "zero-crossing" first order, APC did not have a zero-crossing first order, and PE did not have first derivative for zero crossing or local minimum from the 500 and 700 nm, respectively. The results show that derivative analyses coupled with signal smoothing can be applied to elucidate the composition of phycobilisome under various conditions including purification and environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Ho Park
- Department of Biological Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon Gi Song
- Department of Biological Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon Kyu Kim
- Department of Biological Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwa Sung Shin
- Department of Biological Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
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18
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Sustainable extraction of valuable components from Spirulina assisted by pulsed electric fields technology. ALGAL RES 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2020.101914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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19
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Amarante MCAD, Corrêa Júnior LCS, Sala L, Kalil SJ. Analytical grade C-phycocyanin obtained by a single-step purification process. Process Biochem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2019.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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20
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Modulation of reactive oxygen levels and gene expression in sensitive and resistant tumoral cells by C-phyocyanin. Mol Biol Rep 2018; 46:1349-1356. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-018-4569-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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C-phycocyanin to overcome the multidrug resistance phenotype in human erythroleukemias with or without interaction with ABC transporters. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 106:532-542. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.06.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
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