1
|
Galli GM, Andretta I, Martinez N, Wernick B, Shastak Y, Gordillo A, Gobi J. Stability of vitamin A at critical points in pet-feed manufacturing and during premix storage. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1309754. [PMID: 38500607 PMCID: PMC10944966 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1309754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
The objective of this research was to assess and quantify the potential vitamin A losses that occur during the manufacturing of pet feed and premix, as well as during their extended storage periods. This trial was conducted at a commercial feeder mill that utilized a standard commercial dog feed along with a corresponding vitamin-mineral premix. The calculated amount of vitamin A supplemented in the feed, in addition to the endogenous vitamins present in the ingredients, was adjusted to 18,000 IU/kg of feed. Five 500 g feed samples were collected at each of the predefined critical points throughout the manufacturing process (after mixing, milling, preconditioner, and extrusion/drying processes) to verify the stability of vitamin A during feed production. Additionally, various samples were collected at regular intervals of 30, 60, 90, 120, and 180 days during the storage of the premix to assess the stability of vitamin A. Vitamin A analyses in the samples were performed using high-performance liquid chromatography. The variables were assessed for normality using the Shapiro-Wilk test, followed by analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey's test to compare the differences between the manufacturing process and premix shelf life. The statistical significance was set at 95%. The vitamin losses during the pre-conditioning process were 26%, and during the extrusion-drying processes, the losses were 34% when compared to the initial analyzed value. However, no differences were observed in other processes. There were no significant differences observed in recovered vitamin levels in the premix during its shelf-life (p = 0.484). The study indicated that the primary vitamin A losses in pet feed manufacturing processes occur during the pre-conditioning and drying/extrusion steps. However, it is worth noting that no significant losses of vitamin A were found during the premix storage phase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Miotto Galli
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul-UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Ines Andretta
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul-UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Nicolas Martinez
- BASF Corp., Nutrition and Health Division, Raleigh, NJ, United States
| | - Bruno Wernick
- BASF S.A., Nutrition and Health Division, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Yauheni Shastak
- BASF SE, Nutrition and Health Division, Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany
| | - Alvaro Gordillo
- BASF Espanola S.L., Nutrition and Health Division, Barcelona, Spain
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Jamalvandi M, Khayyatzadeh SS, Hayati MJ, Gheibihayat SM. The role of fat-soluble vitamins in efferocytosis. Cell Biochem Funct 2024; 42:e3972. [PMID: 38500392 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Cell death and the efficient removal of dead cells are two basic mechanisms that maintain homeostasis in multicellular organisms. efferocytosis, which includes four steps recruitment, recognition, binding and signaling, and engulfment. Effectively and quickly removes apoptotic cells from the body. Any alteration in efferocytosis can lead to several diseases, including autoimmune and inflammatory conditions, atherosclerosis, and cancer. A wide range of dietary components affects apoptosis and, subsequently, efferocytosis. Some vitamins, including fat-soluble vitamins, affect different stages of efferocytosis. Among other things, by affecting macrophages, they are effective in the apoptotic cleansing of cells. Also, polyphenols indirectly intervene in efferocytosis through their effect on apoptosis. Considering that there are limited articles on the effect of nutrition on efferocytosis, in this article we will examine the effect of some dietary components on efferocytosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mona Jamalvandi
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Sayyed Saeid Khayyatzadeh
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Mohammad Javad Hayati
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Yazd, Iran
| | - Seyed Mohammad Gheibihayat
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Yazd, Iran
- Yazd Cardiovascular Research Center, Non-communicable Diseases Research Institute, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Aiges M, Ramana KV. Significance of Vitamin Supplementation in Reducing the Severity of COVID-19. Mini Rev Med Chem 2024; 24:254-264. [PMID: 36967461 DOI: 10.2174/1389557523666230324081713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), a serious pandemic due to the SARS-CoV-2 virus infection, caused significant lockdowns, healthcare shortages, and deaths worldwide. The infection leads to an uncontrolled systemic inflammatory response causing severe respiratory distress and multiple-organ failure. Quick development of several vaccines efficiently controlled the spread of COVID-19. However, the rise of various new subvariants of COVID-19 demonstrated some concerns over the efficacy of existing vaccines. Currently, better vaccines to control these variants are still under development as several new subvariants of COVID-19, such as omicron BA-4, BA-5, and BF-7 are still impacting the world. Few antiviral treatments have been shown to control COVID-19 symptoms. Further, control of COVID-19 symptoms has been explored with many natural and synthetic adjuvant compounds in hopes of treating the deadly and contagious disease. Vitamins have been shown to modulate the immune system, function as antioxidants, and reduce the inflammatory response. Recent studies have investigated the potential role of vitamins, specifically vitamins A, B, C, D, and E, in reducing the immune and inflammatory responses and severity of the complication. In this brief article, we discussed our current understanding of the role of vitamins in controlling COVID-19 symptoms and their potential use as adjuvant therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Myia Aiges
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Noorda College of Osteopathic Medicine, Provo, UT-84606, USA
| | - Kota V Ramana
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Noorda College of Osteopathic Medicine, Provo, UT-84606, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kim H, Park SG. Effect of a Single Multi-Vitamin and Mineral Supplement on Nutritional Intake in Korean Elderly: Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2018-2020. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15071561. [PMID: 37049402 PMCID: PMC10097026 DOI: 10.3390/nu15071561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Inadequate nutritional intake is common, especially among elderly individuals. Although micronutrient intake may help fill nutritional gaps, the effects of multi-vitamin and mineral supplements (MVMS) among the Korean elderly are not well known. Therefore, we investigated the nutrition-improving effects of a single MVMS. A total of 2478 people aged ≥65 years who participated in the Korea National Health and Nutrition Survey 2018-2020 were analyzed. Nutrient intake from food and supplements was measured using the 24 h recall method. We compared the nutritional intake and insufficiency between the food-only group (n = 2170) and the food and MVMS group (n = 308). We also evaluated the differences in inadequate nutritional intake after taking MVMS with food. The analysis included vitamins A and C, thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, calcium, iron, and phosphorus. The proportion of insufficient intake ranged from 6.2% to 80.5% for men and from 21.2% to 82.4% for women, depending on the nutrients. Intake of MVMS with food was associated with lower rates of inadequacy (3.8-68.5% for men and 3.3-75.5% for women) compared to the food-only group. The results suggest that micronutrient deficiency frequently occurs in the Korean elderly population and can be improved by MVMS intake.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyoeun Kim
- Department of Family Medicine, Inje University Haeundae Paik Hospital, Busan 48108, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Guk Park
- Department of Family Medicine, Inje University Haeundae Paik Hospital, Busan 48108, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Petrova SY, Albanova VI, Nozdrin KV, Guzev KS. Main effects of retinol palmitate on skin structures and the technology of its use in dermatological practice. VESTNIK DERMATOLOGII I VENEROLOGII 2023. [DOI: 10.25208/vdv1375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamin A and its synthetic analogues are used in the treatment of numerous skin diseases. The main genomic effects of the natural form of vitamin A (retinol palmitate) are associated with its active metabolite all-trans-retinoic acid and are compensated by several restrictive mechanisms. Numerous studies have proved that retinol stimulates the proliferation of keratinocytes of the basal layer of the epidermis and endothelial cells, and also activates dermal fibroblasts to synthesize proteins of the extracellular matrix of the dermis. As a result, the thickening the epidermis, increases the mechanical strength of the skin and the hydrating ability of the dermis, angiogenesis increase. The ability of retinol to enhance the adhesion of endothelial cells and leukocytes, regulate the processes of keratinization and sebum secretion was found. Vitamin A is also a powerful antioxidant. Retinol palmitate is used as the main or auxiliary drug for the treatment of a wide range of dermatoses. The principle of application is based on clinical studies and confirmed by existing experimental data. In the treatment, the following algorithm is followed. If retinol palmitate is necessary to improve epithelialization and strengthen the epidermal barrier, medium therapeutic doses should be used. For the treatment of disorders of keratinization processes, depending on the severity of the pathological condition, medium and high therapeutic doses of the drug are used. Violation of the processes of sebum secretion and severe hyperkeratosis respond better to treatment at high therapeutic doses. It should be noted that many skins clinical manifestations mostly regress under the action of vitamin A in doses that do not lead to the appearance of signs of toxicity of the drug.
Collapse
|
6
|
Abstract
Acute rhinopharyngitis, usually called common cold, is a widespread disease, mainly in childhood and adolescence. The use of common cold relievers is, therefore, prevalent as documented by the market data. A well-established tradition considers natural remedies an effective and safe way to relieve the common cold. Hundreds of products for treating the common cold contain non-pharmacological components. Nevertheless, a few studies investigated the role of non-pharmacologic remedies for the common cold. The current study reported the most common non-pharmacological remedies for the common cold, including herbal medicines and other substances. As ancient people used traditional herbs to treat and prevent the common cold, various herbs are widely used to clear viral infections. The herbal agents include polyphenols, flavonoids, saponins, glucosides, and alkaloids. Moreover, other non-pharmacological agents are widely used in real-life. Many multi- or monocomponent dietary supplements or medical devices contain these substances and are available in the market as tablets, syrups, drops, nasal or oral sprays, and nebulization solutions. Many products are available in the market. However, there is some evidence only for some substances. Consequently, further rigorous studies should confirm natural products' efficacy and safety to relieve the common cold.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Ciprandi
- Outpatients Department, Allergy Clinic, Casa di Cura Villa Montallegro, Genoa, Italy -
| | - Maria A Tosca
- Department of Pediatrics, Allergy Center, Istituto G. Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Escobar-Sáez D, Montero-Jiménez L, García-Herrera P, Sánchez-Mata M. Plant-based drinks for vegetarian or vegan toddlers: Nutritional evaluation of commercial products, and review of health benefits and potential concerns. Food Res Int 2022; 160:111646. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.111646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
|
8
|
Sinopoli A, Caminada S, Isonne C, Santoro MM, Baccolini V. What Are the Effects of Vitamin A Oral Supplementation in the Prevention and Management of Viral Infections? A Systematic Review of Randomized Clinical Trials. Nutrients 2022; 14:4081. [PMID: 36235733 PMCID: PMC9572963 DOI: 10.3390/nu14194081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin A (VA) deficiency is associated with increased host susceptibility to infections, but evidence on its role in the prevention and management of viral infections is still lacking. This review aimed at summarizing the effects of VA supplementation against viral infections to support clinicians in evaluating supplemental treatments. PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched. Randomized clinical trials comparing the direct effects of VA oral supplementation in any form vs. placebo or standard of care in the prevention and/or management of confirmed viral infections in people of any age were included. A narrative synthesis of the results was performed. The revised Cochrane Risk-Of-Bias tool was used to assess quality. Overall, 40 articles of heterogeneous quality were included. We found data on infections sustained by Retroviridae (n = 17), Caliciviradae (n = 2), Flaviviridae (n = 1), Papillomaviridae (n = 3), Pneumoviridae (n = 4), and Paramyxoviridae (n = 13). Studies were published between 1987 and 2017 and mostly conducted in Africa. The findings were heterogeneous across and within viral families regarding virological, immunological, and biological response, and no meaningful results were found in the prevention of viral infections. For a few diseases, VA-supplemented individuals had a better prognosis and improved outcomes, including clearance of HPV lesions or reduction in some measles-related complications. The effects of VA oral supplementation seem encouraging in relation to the management of a few viral infections. Difference in populations considered, variety in recruitment and treatment protocols might explain the heterogeneity of the results. Further investigations are needed to better identify the benefits of VA administration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Sinopoli
- Department of Prevention, Local Health Authority Roma 1, 00193 Rome, Italy
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Susanna Caminada
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Claudia Isonne
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Mercedes Santoro
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Baccolini
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Bezerra DS, de Melo ATA, de Oliveira KCDAN, de Araújo KQMA, Medeiros MSMDF, dos Santos FAPS, Medeiros JFP, Lima MSR, da Silva AGCL, Ribeiro KDDS, Dimenstein R, Osório MM. Breast Milk Retinol Levels after Vitamin A Supplementation at Different Postpartum Amounts and Intervals. Nutrients 2022; 14:3570. [PMID: 36079825 PMCID: PMC9460635 DOI: 10.3390/nu14173570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternal vitamin A (VA) supplementation in risk areas for Vitamin A deficiency (VAD) was launched to improve the level of this nutrient in nursing mothers and in their breast milk. This longitudinal and randomized study aimed to evaluate the levels of retinol in breast milk after supplementation with VA in varying amounts (200,000 IU or 400,000 IU) and different postpartum intervals. Women were distributed into four intervention groups and given a single 200,000 IU postnatal dosage of VA at time 0 h (postnatal morning) (G200 0H); a single 200,000 IU dosage of VA in week four (G200 4W); 200,000 IU of VA at time 0 h + 200,000 IU of VA 24 h after the first supplementation (G400 24H); and 200,000 IU of VA at time 0 h + 200,000 IU of VA one week after the first supplementation (G400 1W). Breast milk samples were collected over a 12-week period (0 h, 24 h and 1, 4, 12 weeks post-natal). Retinol levels were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. The Generalized Estimated Equation (GEE) assessed the different retinol levels. The G200 (0H), G400 (24H), and G400 (1W) groups presented higher retinol levels at 24 h than the G200 (4W) group (p < 0.001). The retinol levels of all groups were similar at times 1, 4 and 12 weeks after delivery (p > 0.05). Maternal VA supplementation increased retinol levels in the colostrum. Different supplementation dosages or postpartum administration times did not result in added benefit to retinol levels in mature breast milk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danielle S. Bezerra
- Department of Nutrition, School of Health Sciences of Trairi, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Santa Cruz 59200-000, Brazil
| | - Andressa T. A. de Melo
- Postgraduate Program in Nutrition, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59072-970, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Jeane F. P. Medeiros
- Department of Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59072-970, Brazil
| | - Mayara S. R. Lima
- Postgraduate Program in Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59072-970, Brazil
| | | | | | - Roberto Dimenstein
- Postgraduate Program in Nutrition, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59072-970, Brazil
| | - Mônica M. Osório
- Postgraduate Program in Nutrition, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife 50670-901, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Yang C, Zhao A, Ren Z, Zhang J, Wang P, Zhang Y. Vitamin A Nutritional Status of Urban Lactating Chinese Women and Its Associated Factors. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14153184. [PMID: 35956361 PMCID: PMC9370282 DOI: 10.3390/nu14153184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
We aimed to investigate dietary vitamin A (DVA) intake, serum vitamin A (SVA) concentrations, and breast milk vitamin A (BMVA) concentrations of urban lactating Chinese women and explore the associated factors. We recruited 326 lactating women from ten cities in China and collected their dietary information, blood samples, and breast milk samples. SVA and BMVA were assessed with high-performance liquid chromatography. Mann–Whitney U tests, Kruskal–Wallis H tests, Chi-square tests, Spearman correlation tests, and multiple regression analyses were conducted. The median (25th, 75th) of DVA, SVA and BMVA were 372.36 (209.12, 619.78) μg RAE/day, 1.99 (1.71, 2.35) μmol/L, and 1.67 (1.13, 2.15) μmol/L, respectively. Only 3.1% of lactating women met the recommended nutrient intake of Vitamin A (VA), and 20.6% had a BMVA level below 1.05 μmol/L. Compared to underweight or normal weight women, overweight or obese lactating women had lower DVA and BMVA but higher SVA (p = 0.022; p = 0.030; p = 0.003). Multiparous women had a higher risk of inadequate BMVA (p = 0.023) than primiparous women. SVA and BMVA were positively associated with DVA, especially for lactating women not using VA supplements (β = 0.174, 95%CI = 0.025, 0.324, p = 0.022; β = 0.501, 95%CI = 0.208, 0.795, p = 0.001). There was no association between SVA and BMVA (β = 0.165, 95%CI = −0.037, 0.366, p = 0.109). In conclusion, VA nutritional status among Chinese urban lactating women needs more attention, especially for those who are obese, overweight, or higher parity. Increased DVA may contribute to increased BMVA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chenlu Yang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; (C.Y.); (Z.R.); (J.Z.)
- Children’s Health Care Center, Beijing Children’s Hospital of Capital Medical University, National Center for Children’s Health, Beijing 100045, China
| | - Ai Zhao
- Vanke School of Public Health, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100091, China;
| | - Zhongxia Ren
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; (C.Y.); (Z.R.); (J.Z.)
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; (C.Y.); (Z.R.); (J.Z.)
| | - Peiyu Wang
- Department of Social Medicine and Health Education, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China;
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Toxicological Research and Risk Assessment for Food Safety, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yumei Zhang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; (C.Y.); (Z.R.); (J.Z.)
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Toxicological Research and Risk Assessment for Food Safety, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Lourenção LFDP, de Paula NC, Cardoso MA, Santos PR, de Oliveira IRC, Fonseca FLA, da Veiga GL, Alves BDCA, Graciano MMDC, Pereira-Dourado SM. Biochemical markers and anthropometric profile of children enrolled in public daycare centers. J Pediatr (Rio J) 2022; 98:390-398. [PMID: 34774468 PMCID: PMC9432236 DOI: 10.1016/j.jped.2021.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The nutritional status resultant from dietary habits along with socioeconomic conditions and the school environment are directly related to the individual's health condition not only in their childhood but also throughout adulthood. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of socioeconomic factors on the anthropometric profile and to analyze a probable association between this profile and biochemical markers in children attending public daycare centers. METHODS It is a transversal study developed in a probability sample of clusters of children from 6 months to 5 years old. Anthropometric and socioeconomic data were gathered at the CMEIs, questionnaires on the nutritional status were applied and blood was collected at the Family Health Units (USFs). RESULTS Female children are three times more likely to be underweight; in families with five members, it is 1/3 more likely that children of higher-educated parents are overweight. Among the results of the biochemical tests, hypervitaminosis A was a relevant aspect, positively correlating with copper (p=0.005) and zinc (p=0.008). CONCLUSION Therefore, since the influence of the family is an important predictor of overweight and its future outcomes related to nutritional deficiencies and inadequate dietary intake, educational interventions are vital as a way to pave the path to prevention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Fernando Luiz Affonso Fonseca
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Diadema, SP, Brazil; Centro Universitário Saúde ABC, Laboratório de Análises Clínicas, Santo André, SP, Brazil.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Woźniak D, Cichy W, Dobrzyńska M, Przysławski J, Drzymała-Czyż S. Reasonableness of Enriching Cow’s Milk with Vitamins and Minerals. Foods 2022; 11:foods11081079. [PMID: 35454665 PMCID: PMC9025252 DOI: 10.3390/foods11081079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Milk is an exceptional nutritional product that has been used for many millennia in human nutrition. Milk is a source of many valuable nutrients, including calcium, vitamin B, an especially significant amount of vitamin B2 and fat-soluble vitamins, such as A, D and E. Milk is an attractive product for fortification as it has a high nutritional density in a small volume and a relatively low price. Research shows positive health effects of drinking milk and consuming dairy products. Even more health benefits can be obtained from consuming fortified dairy products. A literature review, current nutritional recommendations, medical recommendations and an analysis of the market situation all recommend introducing milk enriched with minerals in combination with vitamins to the market. This concept corresponds to the current market demand and may supplement the missing and expected range of fortified milk and the correct number of recipients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dagmara Woźniak
- Department of Bromatology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka 3, 60-806 Poznan, Poland; (D.W.); (M.D.); (J.P.)
| | - Wojciech Cichy
- Department of Cosmetology, Faculty of Health Sciences, The President Stanisław Wojciechowski State University of Applied Sciences in Kalisz, Nowy Świat 4, 62-800 Kalisz, Poland;
| | - Małgorzata Dobrzyńska
- Department of Bromatology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka 3, 60-806 Poznan, Poland; (D.W.); (M.D.); (J.P.)
| | - Juliusz Przysławski
- Department of Bromatology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka 3, 60-806 Poznan, Poland; (D.W.); (M.D.); (J.P.)
| | - Sławomira Drzymała-Czyż
- Department of Bromatology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka 3, 60-806 Poznan, Poland; (D.W.); (M.D.); (J.P.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Hooper L, Esio-Bassey C, Brainard J, Fynn J, Jennings A, Jones N, Tailor BV, Abdelhamid A, Coe C, Esgunoglu L, Fallon C, Gyamfi E, Hill C, Howard Wilsher S, Narayanan N, Oladosu T, Parkinson E, Prentice E, Qurashi M, Read L, Getley H, Song F, Welch AA, Aggett P, Lietz G. Evidence to Underpin Vitamin A Requirements and Upper Limits in Children Aged 0 to 48 Months: A Scoping Review. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14030407. [PMID: 35276767 PMCID: PMC8840537 DOI: 10.3390/nu14030407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamin A deficiency is a major health risk for infants and children in low- and middle-income countries. This scoping review identified, quantified, and mapped research for use in updating nutrient requirements and upper limits for vitamin A in children aged 0 to 48 months, using health-based or modelling-based approaches. Structured searches were run on Medline, EMBASE, and Cochrane Central, from inception to 19 March 2021. Titles and abstracts were assessed independently in duplicate, as were 20% of full texts. Included studies were tabulated by question, methodology and date, with the most relevant data extracted and assessed for risk of bias. We found that the most recent health-based systematic reviews and trials assessed the effects of supplementation, though some addressed the effects of staple food fortification, complementary foods, biofortified maize or cassava, and fortified drinks, on health outcomes. Recent isotopic tracer studies and modelling approaches may help quantify the effects of bio-fortification, fortification, and food-based approaches for increasing vitamin A depots. A systematic review and several trials identified adverse events associated with higher vitamin A intakes, which should be useful for setting upper limits. We have generated and provide a database of relevant research. Full systematic reviews, based on this scoping review, are needed to answer specific questions to set vitamin A requirements and upper limits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lee Hooper
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK; (C.E.-B.); (J.B.); (J.F.); (A.J.); (B.V.T.); (A.A.); (C.C.); (L.E.); (C.F.); (E.G.); (C.H.); (S.H.W.); (N.N.); (T.O.); or (E.P.); (L.R.); (H.G.); (F.S.); (A.A.W.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-1603-591268
| | - Chizoba Esio-Bassey
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK; (C.E.-B.); (J.B.); (J.F.); (A.J.); (B.V.T.); (A.A.); (C.C.); (L.E.); (C.F.); (E.G.); (C.H.); (S.H.W.); (N.N.); (T.O.); or (E.P.); (L.R.); (H.G.); (F.S.); (A.A.W.)
| | - Julii Brainard
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK; (C.E.-B.); (J.B.); (J.F.); (A.J.); (B.V.T.); (A.A.); (C.C.); (L.E.); (C.F.); (E.G.); (C.H.); (S.H.W.); (N.N.); (T.O.); or (E.P.); (L.R.); (H.G.); (F.S.); (A.A.W.)
| | - Judith Fynn
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK; (C.E.-B.); (J.B.); (J.F.); (A.J.); (B.V.T.); (A.A.); (C.C.); (L.E.); (C.F.); (E.G.); (C.H.); (S.H.W.); (N.N.); (T.O.); or (E.P.); (L.R.); (H.G.); (F.S.); (A.A.W.)
| | - Amy Jennings
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK; (C.E.-B.); (J.B.); (J.F.); (A.J.); (B.V.T.); (A.A.); (C.C.); (L.E.); (C.F.); (E.G.); (C.H.); (S.H.W.); (N.N.); (T.O.); or (E.P.); (L.R.); (H.G.); (F.S.); (A.A.W.)
| | - Natalia Jones
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK;
| | - Bhavesh V. Tailor
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK; (C.E.-B.); (J.B.); (J.F.); (A.J.); (B.V.T.); (A.A.); (C.C.); (L.E.); (C.F.); (E.G.); (C.H.); (S.H.W.); (N.N.); (T.O.); or (E.P.); (L.R.); (H.G.); (F.S.); (A.A.W.)
| | - Asmaa Abdelhamid
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK; (C.E.-B.); (J.B.); (J.F.); (A.J.); (B.V.T.); (A.A.); (C.C.); (L.E.); (C.F.); (E.G.); (C.H.); (S.H.W.); (N.N.); (T.O.); or (E.P.); (L.R.); (H.G.); (F.S.); (A.A.W.)
| | - Calvin Coe
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK; (C.E.-B.); (J.B.); (J.F.); (A.J.); (B.V.T.); (A.A.); (C.C.); (L.E.); (C.F.); (E.G.); (C.H.); (S.H.W.); (N.N.); (T.O.); or (E.P.); (L.R.); (H.G.); (F.S.); (A.A.W.)
| | - Latife Esgunoglu
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK; (C.E.-B.); (J.B.); (J.F.); (A.J.); (B.V.T.); (A.A.); (C.C.); (L.E.); (C.F.); (E.G.); (C.H.); (S.H.W.); (N.N.); (T.O.); or (E.P.); (L.R.); (H.G.); (F.S.); (A.A.W.)
| | - Ciara Fallon
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK; (C.E.-B.); (J.B.); (J.F.); (A.J.); (B.V.T.); (A.A.); (C.C.); (L.E.); (C.F.); (E.G.); (C.H.); (S.H.W.); (N.N.); (T.O.); or (E.P.); (L.R.); (H.G.); (F.S.); (A.A.W.)
| | - Ernestina Gyamfi
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK; (C.E.-B.); (J.B.); (J.F.); (A.J.); (B.V.T.); (A.A.); (C.C.); (L.E.); (C.F.); (E.G.); (C.H.); (S.H.W.); (N.N.); (T.O.); or (E.P.); (L.R.); (H.G.); (F.S.); (A.A.W.)
| | - Claire Hill
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK; (C.E.-B.); (J.B.); (J.F.); (A.J.); (B.V.T.); (A.A.); (C.C.); (L.E.); (C.F.); (E.G.); (C.H.); (S.H.W.); (N.N.); (T.O.); or (E.P.); (L.R.); (H.G.); (F.S.); (A.A.W.)
| | - Stephanie Howard Wilsher
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK; (C.E.-B.); (J.B.); (J.F.); (A.J.); (B.V.T.); (A.A.); (C.C.); (L.E.); (C.F.); (E.G.); (C.H.); (S.H.W.); (N.N.); (T.O.); or (E.P.); (L.R.); (H.G.); (F.S.); (A.A.W.)
| | - Nithin Narayanan
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK; (C.E.-B.); (J.B.); (J.F.); (A.J.); (B.V.T.); (A.A.); (C.C.); (L.E.); (C.F.); (E.G.); (C.H.); (S.H.W.); (N.N.); (T.O.); or (E.P.); (L.R.); (H.G.); (F.S.); (A.A.W.)
| | - Titilopemi Oladosu
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK; (C.E.-B.); (J.B.); (J.F.); (A.J.); (B.V.T.); (A.A.); (C.C.); (L.E.); (C.F.); (E.G.); (C.H.); (S.H.W.); (N.N.); (T.O.); or (E.P.); (L.R.); (H.G.); (F.S.); (A.A.W.)
| | - Ellice Parkinson
- School of Health Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK;
| | - Emma Prentice
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK; (C.E.-B.); (J.B.); (J.F.); (A.J.); (B.V.T.); (A.A.); (C.C.); (L.E.); (C.F.); (E.G.); (C.H.); (S.H.W.); (N.N.); (T.O.); or (E.P.); (L.R.); (H.G.); (F.S.); (A.A.W.)
| | - Meysoon Qurashi
- Department of Medicine, Luton and Dunstable Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Lewsey Road, Luton LU4 0DZ, UK;
| | - Luke Read
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK; (C.E.-B.); (J.B.); (J.F.); (A.J.); (B.V.T.); (A.A.); (C.C.); (L.E.); (C.F.); (E.G.); (C.H.); (S.H.W.); (N.N.); (T.O.); or (E.P.); (L.R.); (H.G.); (F.S.); (A.A.W.)
| | - Harriet Getley
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK; (C.E.-B.); (J.B.); (J.F.); (A.J.); (B.V.T.); (A.A.); (C.C.); (L.E.); (C.F.); (E.G.); (C.H.); (S.H.W.); (N.N.); (T.O.); or (E.P.); (L.R.); (H.G.); (F.S.); (A.A.W.)
| | - Fujian Song
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK; (C.E.-B.); (J.B.); (J.F.); (A.J.); (B.V.T.); (A.A.); (C.C.); (L.E.); (C.F.); (E.G.); (C.H.); (S.H.W.); (N.N.); (T.O.); or (E.P.); (L.R.); (H.G.); (F.S.); (A.A.W.)
| | - Ailsa A. Welch
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK; (C.E.-B.); (J.B.); (J.F.); (A.J.); (B.V.T.); (A.A.); (C.C.); (L.E.); (C.F.); (E.G.); (C.H.); (S.H.W.); (N.N.); (T.O.); or (E.P.); (L.R.); (H.G.); (F.S.); (A.A.W.)
| | - Peter Aggett
- Lancashire School of Postgraduate Medicine and Health, University of Central Lancashire, Preston PR1 2HE, UK;
| | - Georg Lietz
- Human Nutrition Research Centre, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK;
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Keikha M, Shayan-Moghadam R, Bahreynian M, Kelishadi R. Nutritional supplements and mother's milk composition: a systematic review of interventional studies. Int Breastfeed J 2021; 16:1. [PMID: 33397426 PMCID: PMC7780633 DOI: 10.1186/s13006-020-00354-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aims to systematically review the effects of maternal vitamin and/or mineral supplementation on the content of breast milk. METHODS We systematically searched electronic databases including Medline via PubMed, Scopus and ISI Web of Science till May 24, 2018. The following terms were used systematically in all mentioned databases: ("human milk" OR "breast milk" OR "breast milk composition" OR "human breast milk composition" OR "composition breast milk" OR "mother milk" OR "human breast milk" OR "maternal milk") AND ("vitamin a" OR "retinol" OR "retinal" OR "retinoic acid" OR "beta-carotene" OR "beta carotene" OR "ascorbic acid" OR "l-ascorbic acid" OR "l ascorbic acid" OR "vitamin c" OR "vitamin d" OR "cholecalciferol" OR "ergocalciferol" OR "calciferol" OR "vitamin e" OR "tocopherol" OR "tocotrienol" OR "alpha-tocopherol" OR "alpha tocopherol" OR "α-tocopherol" OR "α tocopherol" OR "vitamin k" OR "vitamin b" OR "vitamin b complex" OR "zinc" OR "iron" OR "copper" Or "selenium" OR "manganese" OR "magnesium") and we searched Medline via Medical subject Headings (MeSH) terms. We searched Google Scholar for to increase the sensitivity of our search. The search was conducted on human studies, but it was not limited to the title and abstract. Methodological quality and risk of bias of included studies were evaluated by Jadad scale and Cochrane risk of bias tools, respectively. RESULTS This review included papers on three minerals (zinc, iron, selenium) and 6 vitamins (vitamin A, B, D, C, E and K) in addition to multi-vitamin supplements. Although studies had different designs, e.g. not using random allocation and/or blinding, our findings suggest that maternal use of some dietary supplements, including vitamin A, D, vitamin B1, B2 and vitamin C might be reflected in human milk. Vitamin supplements had agreater effect on breast milk composition compared to minerals. Higher doses of supplements showed higher effects and they were reflected more in colostrum than in the mature milk. CONCLUSION Maternal dietary vitamin and/or mineral supplementation, particularly fat- soluble vitamins, vitamin B1, B2 and C might be reflected in the breast milk composition. No difference was found between mega dose and single dose administration of minerals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mojtaba Keikha
- Department of Public Health, Sirjan School of Medical Sciences, Sirjan, Iran
| | - Ramin Shayan-Moghadam
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Maryam Bahreynian
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
- Department of Nutrition, Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
| | - Roya Kelishadi
- Department of Pediatrics, Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Gannon BM, Jones C, Mehta S. Vitamin A Requirements in Pregnancy and Lactation. Curr Dev Nutr 2020; 4:nzaa142. [PMID: 32999954 PMCID: PMC7513584 DOI: 10.1093/cdn/nzaa142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pregnancy and lactation are critical life stages with unique nutritional requirements, including for vitamin A (VA). Current DRIs for VA were published in 2001. The objective of this review was to identify and categorize evidence related to VA requirements in pregnancy and lactation since these DRIs were formulated. We searched MEDLINE and included articles according to an analytic framework of maternal VA exposure on status and health outcomes in the mother-child dyad. Intermediate and indirect evidence supports that maternal VA intakes can impact the mother's VA status, breastmilk, and health outcomes, as well as the child's VA status and select health outcomes. Food-based approaches can lead to more sustained, sufficient VA status in mothers and children. Research needs include further study linking maternal VA intakes on maternal and child VA status, and further associations with outcomes to determine intake requirements to optimize health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bryan M Gannon
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, and Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Global Health, and Technology (INSiGHT), Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Camille Jones
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, and Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Global Health, and Technology (INSiGHT), Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Saurabh Mehta
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, and Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Global Health, and Technology (INSiGHT), Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Li R, Wu K, Li Y, Liang X, Tse WKF, Yang L, Lai KP. Revealing the targets and mechanisms of vitamin A in the treatment of COVID-19. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:15784-15796. [PMID: 32805728 PMCID: PMC7467385 DOI: 10.18632/aging.103888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), an epidemic disease characterized by rapid infection and a high death toll. The clinical diagnosis of patients with COVID-19 has risen sharply, especially in Western countries. Globally, an effective treatment for COVID-19 is still limited. Vitamin A (VA) exhibits pharmacological activity in the management of pneumonia. Thus, we reason that VA may potentially serve as an anti-SARS-CoV-2 regimen. In this study, bioinformatics analysis and computation assays using a network pharmacology method were conducted to explore and uncover the therapeutic targets and mechanisms of VA for treating COVID-19. We identified candidate targets, pharmacological functions, and therapeutic pathways of VA against SARS-CoV-2. Bioinformatics findings indicate that the mechanisms of action of VA against SARS-CoV-2 include enrichment of immunoreaction, inhibition of inflammatory reaction, and biological processes related to reactive oxygen species. Furthermore, seven core targets of VA against COVID-19, including MAPK1, IL10, EGFR, ICAM1, MAPK14, CAT, and PRKCB were identified. With this bioinformatics-based report, we reveal, for the first time, the anti-SARS-CoV-2 functions and mechanisms of VA and suggest that VA may act as a potent treatment option for COVID-19, a deadly global epidemic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rong Li
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Microenvironmental Regulation, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Ka Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second People's Hospital of Nanning City, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Yu Li
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Microenvironmental Regulation, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Xiao Liang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Microenvironmental Regulation, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - William Ka Fai Tse
- Center for Promotion of International Education and Research, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Lu Yang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Microenvironmental Regulation, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Keng Po Lai
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Microenvironmental Regulation, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Cabezuelo MT, Zaragozá R, Barber T, Viña JR. Role of Vitamin A in Mammary Gland Development and Lactation. Nutrients 2019; 12:E80. [PMID: 31892157 PMCID: PMC7019238 DOI: 10.3390/nu12010080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin A (all-trans-retinol), its active derivatives retinal and retinoic acid, and their synthetic analogues constitute the group of retinoids. It is obtained from diet either as preformed vitamin A or as carotenoids. Retinal plays a biological role in vision, but most of the effects of vitamin A are exerted by retinoic acid, which binds to nuclear receptors and regulates gene transcription. Vitamin A deficiency is an important nutritional problem, particularly in the developing world. Retinol and carotenoids from diet during pregnancy and lactation influence their concentration in breast milk, which is important in the long term, not only for the offspring, but also for maternal health. In this study, we review the role of vitamin A in mammary gland metabolism, where retinoid signaling is required not only for morphogenesis and development of the gland and for adequate milk production, but also during the weaning process, when epithelial cell death is coupled with tissue remodeling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M. Teresa Cabezuelo
- Department of Physiology, Universitat de València, Avda. Blasco Ibañez, 15, 46010 Valencia, Spain;
- University Hospital Doctor Peset, Gaspar Aguilar, 90, 46017 Valencia, Spain
| | - Rosa Zaragozá
- Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology-INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, Universitat de València, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Teresa Barber
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology-INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, Universitat de València, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (T.B.); (J.R.V.)
| | - Juan R. Viña
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology-INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, Universitat de València, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (T.B.); (J.R.V.)
| |
Collapse
|