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Lacerda MDSC, de Magalhães Santos WH, Lopes MC, Fonseca CS, de Carvalho MPN, da Silva Martins NR, Ecco R. A Survey of Diseases in Different Species of Wild, Captive, and Illegally Traded Birds in Brazil. Animals (Basel) 2023; 14:25. [PMID: 38200756 PMCID: PMC10778533 DOI: 10.3390/ani14010025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Native and exotic avian species can act as reservoirs of pathogens, including bacteria and viruses, with conservation and public health implications. A retrospective study on the diagnosis and frequency of diseases in wild and exotic avian species was conducted. The occurrence of particular diseases was associated with the type of captivity or the bird's origin. The investigation included macroscopic and microscopic descriptions and the molecular determination of the causative agent(s). Additional immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis, PCR, and genetic sequencing were conducted. A total of 243 cases were compiled for the study, mainly consisting of native wild species (39.1%) obtained from illegal trade. Primary infectious diseases, mainly parasitic (18.1%) and viral (17.7%), were the most common, although coinfections were substantial (18.1%) in birds rescued from trafficking. Fractures and neoplasms accounted for 3.7% and 3.3% of the cases, respectively. Parasitic and viral diseases were the most common in both exotic and wild birds. Chlamydia psittaci, a lethal and zoonotic bacterium, was an important cause of death, especially in native Psittaciformes. The recent detection of Psittacid alphaherpesvirus 5 (PsAHV 5) in exotic psittacines and the diagnosis of coinfections in trafficked birds highlight the importance of monitoring avian health to control potential pathogens that may endanger conservation efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maira dos Santos Carneiro Lacerda
- Sector of Pathology and MULTILAB, Department of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31310-250, Brazil; (M.d.S.C.L.); (W.H.d.M.S.); (M.C.L.); (C.S.F.)
| | - Willian Henrique de Magalhães Santos
- Sector of Pathology and MULTILAB, Department of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31310-250, Brazil; (M.d.S.C.L.); (W.H.d.M.S.); (M.C.L.); (C.S.F.)
| | - Marcelo Coelho Lopes
- Sector of Pathology and MULTILAB, Department of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31310-250, Brazil; (M.d.S.C.L.); (W.H.d.M.S.); (M.C.L.); (C.S.F.)
| | - Clarissa Silva Fonseca
- Sector of Pathology and MULTILAB, Department of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31310-250, Brazil; (M.d.S.C.L.); (W.H.d.M.S.); (M.C.L.); (C.S.F.)
| | - Marcelo Pires Nogueira de Carvalho
- Medical Clinic Sector, Department of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31310-250, Brazil;
| | - Nelson Rodrigo da Silva Martins
- Avian Diseases Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Preventive Medicine, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31310-250, Brazil;
| | - Roselene Ecco
- Sector of Pathology and MULTILAB, Department of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31310-250, Brazil; (M.d.S.C.L.); (W.H.d.M.S.); (M.C.L.); (C.S.F.)
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Cruz CEF, Driemeier D, Sonne L, Pavarini SP, Panziera W, Funkler GR, Böelter NS, Homem JLC, Soares CES, Tres GZ, Silva VGC, Correa ML, Caporal FJM, Marques ST, Soares JF, Wagner PGC, Nisa-Castro-Neto W, Andretta I. Rehabilitation and release of confiscated songbirds into the wild: A pilot study. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1109568. [PMID: 37065241 PMCID: PMC10098152 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1109568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Songbirds are currently the most prevalent animals in illegal trafficking in Brazil and other countries, so they are often confiscated, and this poses legal, ethical, and conservation challenges. Returning them to nature requires complex and expensive management, a topic that is sparingly addressed in the literature. Here, we described the processes and costs associated with an attempt to rehabilitate and release confiscated songbirds into the wild. A total of 1,721 songbirds of several species were quarantined, rehabilitated, and released, primarily on two farms located within their typical geographical distribution. Health assessments were performed on samples from 370 birds. Serology revealed no antibodies against Newcastle disease, and Salmonella spp. cultures were negative. Real-time polymerase chain reactions detected M. gallisepticum in samples from seven birds. Atoxoplasma spp. and Acuaria spp. infections, sepsis, and trauma were the top causes of bird death. About 6% of the released birds were recaptured, within an average period of 249 days after release, and at a mean distance of 2,397 meters from the release sites. The majority of these birds were found with free-living mates within or close to fragments of transitional ecoregions with native or cultivated grasslands, and native groves/forests, and shrublands. However, eucalyptus plantations with rich understory regeneration provided a suitable environment for the released forest species to settle, since they were recaptured during the defense of these sites. Over half of the recaptured birds presented behavioral profiles with both dominant and tame traits. Birds with dominant traits are more likely to settle in habitats and face the live decoys during fieldwork, whereas birds with tame characteristics tend to accept close contact with humans. Ultramarine grosbeak (Cyanoloxia brissonii), the least common species among those released, at the release sites showed an almost 2-fold recapture rate in the shortest mean distances from the release sites. This suggests less territory competition, perhaps a major factor of bird re-establishment here. The total per-bird cost was USD 57. Our findings suggested suitable survival and re-establishment of confiscated songbirds in the wild, when managed as we describe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cláudio Estêvão Farias Cruz
- Centro de Estudos em Manejo de Aves Silvestres (CEMAS), Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Cláudio Estêvão Farias Cruz
| | - David Driemeier
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Setor de Patologia Veterinária, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Luciana Sonne
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Setor de Patologia Veterinária, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Saulo P. Pavarini
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Setor de Patologia Veterinária, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Welden Panziera
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Setor de Patologia Veterinária, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Gustavo R. Funkler
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Laboratório Porto Belo, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Nicole S. Böelter
- Centro de Estudos em Manejo de Aves Silvestres (CEMAS), Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Juan L. C. Homem
- Centro de Estudos em Manejo de Aves Silvestres (CEMAS), Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Camila E. S. Soares
- Centro de Estudos em Manejo de Aves Silvestres (CEMAS), Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Gabrielle Z. Tres
- Centro de Estudos em Manejo de Aves Silvestres (CEMAS), Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Vitor G. C. Silva
- Centro de Estudos em Manejo de Aves Silvestres (CEMAS), Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Miguel L. Correa
- Centro de Estudos em Manejo de Aves Silvestres (CEMAS), Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | | | - Sandra T. Marques
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Veterinária, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - João F. Soares
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Laboratório de Protozoologia e Rickettsioses Vetoriais, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Paulo Guilherme Carniel Wagner
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Centro de Triagem de Animais Silvestres (CETAS), Instituto Brasileiro do Meio Ambiente e dos Recursos Naturais Renováveis (IBAMA), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Walter Nisa-Castro-Neto
- Organização para a Pesquisa e a Conservação de Esqualus no Brasil (PRÓ-SQUALUS), Tôrres, Brazil
| | - Inês Andretta
- Laboratório de Ensino Zootécnico, Faculdade de Agronomia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Melo AM, Poester VR, Canabarro PL, Sampaio DA, Stevens DA, Veríssimo C, Sabino R, Xavier MO. Molecular epidemiology of aspergillosis in Magellanic penguins and susceptibility patterns of clinical isolates. Med Mycol 2021; 59:1076-1084. [PMID: 34320182 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myab040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus section Fumigati is reported in up to 99% of aspergillosis cases in penguins. So far, no data regarding molecular epidemiology and azole resistance are available for A. fumigatus isolates collected from Magellanic penguins. The aim of this work was to perform molecular identification of Aspergillus section Fumigati at species level, to genotype those isolates using microsatellite markers, to evaluate the in vitro susceptibility patterns of A. fumigatus sensu stricto, and to characterize the cyp51A gene in clinical A. fumigatus strains isolated from Magellanic penguins with proven aspergillosis. All 34 isolates included in the study were identified as A. fumigatus sensu stricto. Analyzing the genetic diversity of the isolates of A. fumigatus sensu stricto, we identified two possible outbreaks in the rehabilitation center and we also observed the maintenance of clonal strains through the years. One A. fumigatus sensu stricto isolate was resistant to posaconazole, but the mutations found in the cyp51A gene of this isolate have not been described as conferring phenotypic resistance, suggesting that other mechanisms of resistance could be involved in the resistance of this isolate. With this study we were able to understand the molecular diversity of Aspergillus fumigatus isolates collected from Magellanic penguins, to characterize them and to associate them with the described global population of Aspergillus fumigatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aryse Martins Melo
- Microbiology and Parasitology Post-Graduate Program, Institute of Biology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.,National Institute of Health, Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Av. Padre Cruz, 1649-016, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Vanice Rodrigues Poester
- Health Sciences Post-Graduation Program, Medical College, Federal University of Rio Grande, Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Paula Lima Canabarro
- Rehabilitation Center for Marine Animals, Federal University of Rio Grande (CRAM-FURG), Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Daniel Ataíde Sampaio
- Technology and Innovation Unit, Department of Human Genetics, National Institute of Health, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - David A Stevens
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University Medical School, Stanford, California, USA.,California Institute for Medical Research, San Jose, California, USA
| | - Cristina Veríssimo
- National Institute of Health, Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Av. Padre Cruz, 1649-016, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Raquel Sabino
- National Institute of Health, Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Av. Padre Cruz, 1649-016, Lisbon, Portugal.,Instituto de Saúde Ambiental, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Melissa Orzechowski Xavier
- Microbiology and Parasitology Post-Graduate Program, Institute of Biology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.,Health Sciences Post-Graduation Program, Medical College, Federal University of Rio Grande, Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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Aspergillosis, Avian Species and the One Health Perspective: The Possible Importance of Birds in Azole Resistance. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8122037. [PMID: 33352774 PMCID: PMC7767009 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8122037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The One Health context considers health based on three pillars: humans, animals, and environment. This approach is a strong ally in the surveillance of infectious diseases and in the development of prevention strategies. Aspergillus spp. are fungi that fit substantially in this context, in view of their ubiquity, as well as their importance as plant pathogens, and potentially fatal pathogens for, particularly, humans and avian species. In addition, the emergence of azole resistance, mainly in Aspergillus fumigatus sensu stricto, and the proven role of fungicides widely used on crops, reinforces the need for a multidisciplinary approach to this problem. Avian species are involved in short and long distance travel between different types of landscapes, such as agricultural fields, natural environments and urban environments. Thus, birds can play an important role in the dispersion of Aspergillus, and of special concern, azole-resistant strains. In addition, some bird species are particularly susceptible to aspergillosis. Therefore, avian aspergillosis could be considered as an environmental health indicator. In this review, aspergillosis in humans and birds will be discussed, with focus on the presence of Aspergillus in the environment. We will relate these issues with the emergence of azole resistance on Aspergillus. These topics will be therefore considered and reviewed from the “One Health” perspective.
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