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Mora P, Pita S, Montiel EE, Rico-Porras JM, Palomeque T, Panzera F, Lorite P. Making the Genome Huge: The Case of Triatoma delpontei, a Triatominae Species with More than 50% of Its Genome Full of Satellite DNA. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:genes14020371. [PMID: 36833298 PMCID: PMC9957312 DOI: 10.3390/genes14020371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The genome of Triatoma delpontei Romaña & Abalos 1947 is the largest within Heteroptera, approximately two to three times greater than other evaluated Heteroptera genomes. Here, the repetitive fraction of the genome was determined and compared with its sister species Triatoma infestans Klug 1834, in order to shed light on the karyotypic and genomic evolution of these species. The T. delpontei repeatome analysis showed that the most abundant component in its genome is satellite DNA, which makes up more than half of the genome. The T. delpontei satellitome includes 160 satellite DNA families, most of them also present in T. infestans. In both species, only a few satellite DNA families are overrepresented on the genome. These families are the building blocks of the C-heterochromatic regions. Two of these satellite DNA families that form the heterochromatin are the same in both species. However, there are satellite DNA families highly amplified in the heterochromatin of one species that in the other species are in low abundance and located in the euchromatin. Therefore, the present results depicted the great impact of the satellite DNA sequences in the evolution of Triatominae genomes. Within this scenario, satellitome determination and analysis led to a hypothesis that explains how satDNA sequences have grown on T. delpontei to reach its huge genome size within true bugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Mora
- Department of Experimental Biology, Genetics Area, University of Jaén, Paraje las Lagunillas s/n, 23071 Jaén, Spain
| | - Sebastián Pita
- Evolutionary Genetic Section, Faculty of Science, University of the Republic, Iguá 4225, Montevideo 11400, Uruguay
- Correspondence: (S.P.); (P.L.)
| | - Eugenia E. Montiel
- Department of Experimental Biology, Genetics Area, University of Jaén, Paraje las Lagunillas s/n, 23071 Jaén, Spain
| | - José M. Rico-Porras
- Department of Experimental Biology, Genetics Area, University of Jaén, Paraje las Lagunillas s/n, 23071 Jaén, Spain
| | - Teresa Palomeque
- Department of Experimental Biology, Genetics Area, University of Jaén, Paraje las Lagunillas s/n, 23071 Jaén, Spain
| | - Francisco Panzera
- Evolutionary Genetic Section, Faculty of Science, University of the Republic, Iguá 4225, Montevideo 11400, Uruguay
| | - Pedro Lorite
- Department of Experimental Biology, Genetics Area, University of Jaén, Paraje las Lagunillas s/n, 23071 Jaén, Spain
- Correspondence: (S.P.); (P.L.)
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Lima de Miranda V, Gurgel-Gonçalves R, Moreira de Souza RDC, Abad-Franch F. Triatoma costalimai, a neglected vector of Trypanosoma cruzi in the Cerrado savannas of South America: A comprehensive review. CURRENT RESEARCH IN PARASITOLOGY & VECTOR-BORNE DISEASES 2022; 2:100102. [PMID: 36479576 PMCID: PMC9720413 DOI: 10.1016/j.crpvbd.2022.100102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Triatoma costalimai is a little-known triatomine-bug species whose role as a vector of Chagas disease remains poorly understood. To address this gap, we conducted a comprehensive review of the literature and assessed the evidence base from a public-health perspective. We found 89 individual documents/resources with information about T. costalimai. DNA-sequence and cytogenetic data indicate that T. costalimai belongs, together with Triatoma jatai, in a distinct clade within the 'pseudomaculata group' of South American Triatoma. Triatoma costalimai is probably a narrow endemic of the Cerrado on the upper Tocantins River Basin and associated ranges/plateaus; there, the species thrives in the sandstone/limestone outcrops typical of the "Cerrado rupestre" (rocky-soil savanna) and "mata seca decídua calcária" (limestone-soil dry forest) phytophysiognomies. Wild T. costalimai appear to feed on whatever vertebrates are available in rocky outcrops, with lizards and rodents being most common. There is persuasive evidence that house invasion/infestation by T. costalimai has increased in frequency since the 1990s. The bugs often carry Trypanosoma cruzi, often defecate while feeding, have high fecundity/fertility, and, under overtly favorable conditions, can produce two generations per year. Current knowledge suggests that T. costalimai can transmit human Chagas disease in the upper Tocantins Basin; control-surveillance systems should 'tag' the species as a potentially important local vector in the Brazilian states of Goiás and Tocantins. Further research is needed to clarify (i) the drivers and dynamics of house invasion, infestation, and reinfestation by T. costalimai and (ii) the genetic structuring and vector capacity of the species, including its wild and non-wild populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinícius Lima de Miranda
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Médica e Biologia de Vetores, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
- Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Gurgel-Gonçalves
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Médica e Biologia de Vetores, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
- Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
- Núcleo de Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | | | - Fernando Abad-Franch
- Núcleo de Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
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Cruz DD, Arellano E. Molecular data confirm Triatoma pallidipennis Stål, 1872 (Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Triatominae) as a novel cryptic species complex. Acta Trop 2022; 229:106382. [PMID: 35189124 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2022.106382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Triatoma pallidipennis constitues one of the most important Chagas disease vector in Mexico. Previous studies based on molecular data suggest T. pallidipennis as a complex of cryptic species. For that reason, we analyzed the phylogenetic relationships of T. pallidipennis using DNA sequences from the mitochondrial ND4 gene and the ITS-2 gene. In addition, the divergence times were estimated, and possible new taxa were delimited with three species delimitation methods. Finally, genetic distances and possible connectivity routes based on shared haplotypes were obtained among the T. pallidipennis populations. Five haplogroups (possible cryptic species) were found, based on delimitation methods and genetic distances. Haplogroup divergence began about 3 Ma, in the Pleistocene. Moreover, none of the haplogroups showed potential connectivity routes between them, evidencing lack of gene flow. Our results suggest the existence of a new cryptic species complex within what is currently recognized as a T. pallidipennis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daryl D Cruz
- Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Conservación (CIByC), UAEM, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Elizabeth Arellano
- Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Conservación (CIByC), UAEM, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico.
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Lázari Cacini G, de Oliveira J, Belintani T, Dos Santos Souza É, Olaia N, Pinto MC, da Rosa JA. Immature instars of three species of Rhodnius Stål, 1859 (Hemiptera, Reduviidae, Triatominae): morphology, morphometry, and taxonomic implications. Parasit Vectors 2022; 15:91. [PMID: 35303937 PMCID: PMC8932165 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-022-05200-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Among the 18 genera of the Triatominae subfamily, three stand out for their diversity and epidemiological importance: Triatoma, Panstrongylus, and Rhodnius. Rhodnius includes 21 species that can transmit Trypanosoma cruzi (the etiological agent of Chagas disease, also known as American trypanosomiasis) and Trypanosoma rangeli. The Rhodnius prolixus complex comprises seven species, including Rhodnius marabaensis, Rhodnius prolixus, and Rhodnius robustus, which occur in the northern region of Brazil. Since both adults and immatures can carry T. cruzi, in this study the five nymphal instars of the three species mentioned were dorsally characterized. Methods Using microscopy, morphometrics, and geometric morphometrics, the present work measures and describes the morphological characters of the five nymphal instars of R. marabaensis, R. prolixus, and R. robustus. Results The study enabled the characterization of all five nymphal instars, as well as the distinction between the three species in each of their instars. Conclusions The morphological, morphometrics of the head, thorax, and abdomen and geometric morphometrics studies of the head enabled the specific distinction of these three species in all five instars. Graphical Abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13071-022-05200-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Lázari Cacini
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Rodovia Araraquara-Jaú km 1, Araraquara, SP, 14801-902, Brazil.
| | - Jader de Oliveira
- Departamento de Epidemiologia, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Laboratório de Entomologia em Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo 715, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Tiago Belintani
- Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Éder Dos Santos Souza
- Departamento de Entomologia, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Heitor Vieira Dourado (FMT-HVD), Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Nicoly Olaia
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Rodovia Araraquara-Jaú km 1, Araraquara, SP, 14801-902, Brazil
| | - Mara Cristina Pinto
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Rodovia Araraquara-Jaú km 1, Araraquara, SP, 14801-902, Brazil
| | - João Aristeu da Rosa
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Rodovia Araraquara-Jaú km 1, Araraquara, SP, 14801-902, Brazil
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Abad-Franch F, Monteiro FA, Pavan MG, Patterson JS, Bargues MD, Zuriaga MÁ, Aguilar M, Beard CB, Mas-Coma S, Miles MA. Under pressure: phenotypic divergence and convergence associated with microhabitat adaptations in Triatominae. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:195. [PMID: 33832518 PMCID: PMC8034103 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-04647-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Triatomine bugs, the vectors of Chagas disease, associate with vertebrate hosts in highly diverse ecotopes. It has been proposed that occupation of new microhabitats may trigger selection for distinct phenotypic variants in these blood-sucking bugs. Although understanding phenotypic variation is key to the study of adaptive evolution and central to phenotype-based taxonomy, the drivers of phenotypic change and diversity in triatomines remain poorly understood. Methods/results We combined a detailed phenotypic appraisal (including morphology and morphometrics) with mitochondrial cytb and nuclear ITS2 DNA sequence analyses to study Rhodnius ecuadoriensis populations from across the species’ range. We found three major, naked-eye phenotypic variants. Southern-Andean bugs primarily from vertebrate-nest microhabitats (Ecuador/Peru) are typical, light-colored, small bugs with short heads/wings. Northern-Andean bugs from wet-forest palms (Ecuador) are dark, large bugs with long heads/wings. Finally, northern-lowland bugs primarily from dry-forest palms (Ecuador) are light-colored and medium-sized. Wing and (size-free) head shapes are similar across Ecuadorian populations, regardless of habitat or phenotype, but distinct in Peruvian bugs. Bayesian phylogenetic and multispecies-coalescent DNA sequence analyses strongly suggest that Ecuadorian and Peruvian populations are two independently evolving lineages, with little within-lineage phylogeographic structuring or differentiation. Conclusions We report sharp naked-eye phenotypic divergence of genetically similar Ecuadorian R. ecuadoriensis (nest-dwelling southern-Andean vs palm-dwelling northern bugs; and palm-dwelling Andean vs lowland), and sharp naked-eye phenotypic similarity of typical, yet genetically distinct, southern-Andean bugs primarily from vertebrate-nest (but not palm) microhabitats. This remarkable phenotypic diversity within a single nominal species likely stems from microhabitat adaptations possibly involving predator-driven selection (yielding substrate-matching camouflage coloration) and a shift from palm-crown to vertebrate-nest microhabitats (yielding smaller bodies and shorter and stouter heads). These findings shed new light on the origins of phenotypic diversity in triatomines, warn against excess reliance on phenotype-based triatomine-bug taxonomy, and confirm the Triatominae as an informative model system for the study of phenotypic change under ecological pressure. ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13071-021-04647-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Abad-Franch
- Núcleo de Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil. .,Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
| | - Fernando A Monteiro
- Laboratório de Epidemiologia e Sistemática Molecular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. .,Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, USA.
| | - Márcio G Pavan
- Laboratório de Mosquitos Transmissores de Hematozoários, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - James S Patterson
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - M Dolores Bargues
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - M Ángeles Zuriaga
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Marcelo Aguilar
- Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador.,Instituto Juan César García, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Charles B Beard
- Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, USA
| | - Santiago Mas-Coma
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Michael A Miles
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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Cruz DD, Denis D, Arellano E, Ibarra-Cerdeña CN. Quantitative imagery analysis of spot patterns for the three-haplogroup classification of Triatoma dimidiata (Latreille, 1811) (Hemiptera: Reduviidae), an important vector of Chagas disease. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:90. [PMID: 33514419 PMCID: PMC7847135 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-04598-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Spots and coloring patterns evaluated quantitatively can be used to discriminate and identify possible cryptic species. Species included in the Triatoma dimidiata (Reduviidae: Triatominae) complex are major disease vectors of Chagas disease. Phylogenetic studies have defined three haplogroups for Mexico and part of Central America. We report here our evaluation of the possibility of correctly discriminating these three T. dimidiata haplogroups using the pattern of the dorsal spots. Methods Digital images of the dorsal region of individuals from the three haplogroups were used. Image processing was used to extract primary and secondary variables characterizing the dorsal spot pattern. Statistical analysis of the variables included descriptive statistics, non-parametric Kruskal–Wallis tests, discriminant function analysis (DFA) and a neural classification network. Results A distinctive spot pattern was found for each haplogroup. The most differentiated pattern was presented by haplogroup 2, which was characterized by its notably larger central spots. Haplogroups 1 and 3 were more similar to each other, but there were consistent differences in the shape and orientation of the spots. Significant differences were found among haplogroups in almost all of the variables analyzed, with the largest differences seen for relative spot area, mean relative area of central spots, central spots Feret diameter and lateral spots Feret diameter and aspect ratio. Both the DFA and the neural network had correct discrimination values of > 90%. Conclusions Based on the results of this analysis, we conclude that the spot pattern can be reliably used to discriminate among the three haplogroups of T. dimidiata in Mexico, and possibly among triatomine species. ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Daryl D Cruz
- Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Conservación (CIByC), Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos (UAEM), Cuernavaca, Morelos, México.
| | - Dennis Denis
- Departamento de Biología Animal y Humana, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de La Habana, Havana, Cuba
| | - Elizabeth Arellano
- Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Conservación (CIByC), Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos (UAEM), Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Carlos N Ibarra-Cerdeña
- Departamento de Ecología Humana, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN (CINVESTAV), Unidad Mérida, Yucatán, México
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Identifying Chagas disease vectors using elliptic Fourier descriptors of body contour: a case for the cryptic dimidiata complex. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:332. [PMID: 32611375 PMCID: PMC7329423 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04202-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Triatoma dimidiata (Reduviidae: Triatominae) is an important vector of Chagas disease in various countries in the Americas. Phylogenetic studies have defined three lineages in Mexico and part of Central America. While there is a marked genetic differentiation, methods for identifying them using morphometric analyses with landmarks have not yet been fully resolutive. Elliptical Fourier descriptors (EFDs), which mathematically describe the shape of any closed two-dimensional contours, could be a potentially useful alternative method. Our objective was to validate the use of EFDs for the identification of three lineages of this species complex. METHOD A total of 84 dorsal view images of individuals of the three lineages were used. Body contours were described with EFDs using between 5 and 30 harmonics. The number of obtained coefficients was reduced by a principal components analysis and the first axis scores were used as shape variables. A linear discriminant function analysis and an ordination plot of the discriminant analysis were performed using the shape variables. A confusion matrix of the ordination plot of the discriminant analysis was obtained to estimate the classification errors, the first five PC scores were statistically compared, and a neural network were then performed using the shape variables. RESULTS The first principal component explained 50% of the variability, regardless the number of harmonics used. The results of discriminant analysis get improved by increasing the number of harmonics and components considered. With 25 harmonics and 30 components, the identification of haplogroups was achieved with an overall efficiency greater than 97%. The ordering diagram showed the correct discrimination of haplogroups, with only one error of discrimination corroborated by the confusion matrix. When comparing the first five PC scores, significant differences were found among at least two haplogroups. The 30 multilayer perceptron neural networks were also efficient in identification, reaching 91% efficiency with the validation data. CONCLUSIONS The use of EFD is a simple and useful method for the identification of the main lineages of Triatoma dimidiata, with high values of correct identification.
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Kieran TJ, Bayona-Vásquez NJ, Varian CP, Saldaña A, Samudio F, Calzada JE, Gottdenker NL, Glenn TC. Population genetics of two chromatic morphs of the Chagas disease vector Rhodnius pallescens Barber, 1932 in Panamá. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2020; 84:104369. [PMID: 32442632 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Rhodnius pallescens is the principal vector of Chagas disease in Panama. Recently a dark chromatic morph has been discovered in the highlands of Veraguas Province. Limited genetic studies have been conducted with regards to the population structure and dispersal potential of Triatominae vectors, particularly in R. pallescens. Next generation sequencing methods such as RADseq and complete mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) genome sequencing have great potential for examining vector biology across space and time. Here we utilize a RADseq method (3RAD), along with complete mtDNA sequencing, to examine the population structure of the two chromatic morpho types of R. pallescens in Panama. We sequenced 105 R. pallescens samples from five localities in Panama. We generated a 2216 SNP dataset and 6 complete mtDNA genomes. RADseq showed significant differentiation among the five localities (FCT = 0.695; P = .004), but most of this was between localities with the dark vs. light chromatic morphs (Veraguas vs. Panama Oeste). The mtDNA genomes showed a 97-98% similarity between dark and light chromatic morphs across all genes and a 502 bp insert in light morphs. Thus, both the RADseq and mtDNA data showed highly differentiated clades with essentially no gene flow between the dark and light chromatic morphs from Veraguas and central Panama respectively. We discuss the growing evidence showing clear distinctions between these two morpho types with the possibility that these are separate species, an area of research that requires further investigation. Finally, we discuss the cost-effectiveness of 3RAD which is a third of the cost compared to other RADseq methods used recently in Chagas disease vector research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Troy J Kieran
- Department of Environmental Health Science, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Natalia J Bayona-Vásquez
- Department of Environmental Health Science, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA; Institute of Bioinformatics, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Christina P Varian
- Center for the Ecology of Infectious Diseases, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA; Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Azael Saldaña
- Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud (ICGES), Panama City, Panama; Centro de Investigación y Diagnóstico de Enfermedades Parasitarias (CIDEP), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Panamá, Panama
| | - Franklyn Samudio
- Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud (ICGES), Panama City, Panama
| | - Jose E Calzada
- Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud (ICGES), Panama City, Panama
| | - Nicole L Gottdenker
- Center for the Ecology of Infectious Diseases, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA; Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA; Odum School of Ecology, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Travis C Glenn
- Department of Environmental Health Science, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA; Institute of Bioinformatics, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA; Center for the Ecology of Infectious Diseases, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
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Villacís AG, Dujardin JP, Panzera F, Yumiseva CA, Pita S, Santillán-Guayasamín S, Orozco MI, Mosquera KD, Grijalva MJ. Chagas vectors Panstrongylus chinai (Del Ponte, 1929) and Panstrongylus howardi (Neiva, 1911): chromatic forms or true species? Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:226. [PMID: 32375868 PMCID: PMC7201598 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04097-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chagas disease is a parasitic infection transmitted by “kissing bugs” (Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Triatominae) that has a huge economic impact in Latin American countries. The vector species with the upmost epidemiological importance in Ecuador are Rhodnius ecuadoriensis (Lent & Leon, 1958) and Triatoma dimidiata (Latreille, 1811). However, other species such as Panstrongylus howardi (Neiva, 1911) and Panstrongylus chinai (Del Ponte, 1929) act as secondary vectors due to their growing adaptation to domestic structures and their ability to transmit the parasite to humans. The latter two taxa are distributed in two different regions, they are allopatric and differ mainly by their general color. Their relative morphological similarity led some authors to suspect that P. chinai is a melanic form of P. howardi. Methods The present study explored this question using different approaches: antennal phenotype; geometric morphometrics of heads, wings and eggs; cytogenetics; molecular genetics; experimental crosses; and ecological niche modeling. Results The antennal morphology, geometric morphometrics of head and wing shape and cytogenetic analysis were unable to show distinct differences between the two taxa. However, geometric morphometrics of the eggs, molecular genetics, ecological niche modeling and experimental crosses including chromosomal analyses of the F1 hybrids, in addition to their coloration and current distribution support the hypothesis that P. chinai and P. howardi are separate species. Conclusions Based on the evidence provided here, P. howardi and P. chinai should not be synonymized. They represent two valid, closely related species.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita G Villacís
- Center for Research on Health in Latin America (CISeAL), School of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Av. 12 de Octubre 1076 y Roca, Quito, Ecuador.,Infectious and Tropical Disease Institute, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
| | - Jean-Pierre Dujardin
- Center for Research on Health in Latin America (CISeAL), School of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Av. 12 de Octubre 1076 y Roca, Quito, Ecuador.,IRD, UMR 177 IRD-CIRAD INTERTRYP, Campus international de Baillarguet, Montpellier, France
| | - Francisco Panzera
- Sección Genética Evolutiva, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - César A Yumiseva
- Center for Research on Health in Latin America (CISeAL), School of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Av. 12 de Octubre 1076 y Roca, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Sebastián Pita
- Sección Genética Evolutiva, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Soledad Santillán-Guayasamín
- Center for Research on Health in Latin America (CISeAL), School of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Av. 12 de Octubre 1076 y Roca, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Marco I Orozco
- Center for Research on Health in Latin America (CISeAL), School of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Av. 12 de Octubre 1076 y Roca, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Katherine D Mosquera
- Center for Research on Health in Latin America (CISeAL), School of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Av. 12 de Octubre 1076 y Roca, Quito, Ecuador.,Carrera de Ingeniería en Biotecnología, Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida y la Agricultura, Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas - ESPE, Sangolquí, Ecuador
| | - Mario J Grijalva
- Infectious and Tropical Disease Institute, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA.
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10
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Monteiro FA, Weirauch C, Felix M, Lazoski C, Abad-Franch F. Evolution, Systematics, and Biogeography of the Triatominae, Vectors of Chagas Disease. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2019. [PMID: 29530308 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2017.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
In this chapter, we review and update current knowledge about the evolution, systematics, and biogeography of the Triatominae (Hemiptera: Reduviidae)-true bugs that feed primarily on vertebrate blood. In the Americas, triatomines are the vectors of Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiological agent of Chagas disease. Despite declining incidence and prevalence, Chagas disease is still a major public health concern in Latin America. Triatomines occur also in the Old World, where vector-borne T. cruzi transmission has not been recorded. Triatomines evolved from predatory reduviid bugs, most likely in the New World, and diversified extensively across the Americas (including the Caribbean) and in parts of Asia and Oceania. Here, we first discuss our current understanding of how, how many times, and when the blood-feeding habit might have evolved among the Reduviidae. Then we present a summary of recent advances in the systematics of this diverse group of insects, with an emphasis on the contribution of molecular tools to the clarification of taxonomic controversies. Finally, and in the light of both up-to-date phylogenetic hypotheses and a thorough review of distribution records, we propose a global synthesis of the biogeography of the Triatominae. Over 130 triatomine species contribute to maintaining T. cruzi transmission among mammals (sometimes including humans) in almost every terrestrial ecoregion of the Americas. This means that Chagas disease will never be eradicated and underscores the fact that effective disease prevention will perforce require stronger, long-term vector control-surveillance systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Araujo Monteiro
- Laboratório de Epidemiologia e Sistemática Molecular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | | | - Márcio Felix
- Laboratório de Biodiversidade Entomológica, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Cristiano Lazoski
- Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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11
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Villacís AG, Marcet PL, Yumiseva CA, Dotson EM, Tibayrenc M, Brenière SF, Grijalva MJ. Pioneer study of population genetics of Rhodnius ecuadoriensis (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) from the central coastand southern Andean regions of Ecuador. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2017; 53:116-127. [PMID: 28546079 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2017.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Revised: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/20/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Effective control of Chagas disease vector populations requires a good understanding of the epidemiological components, including a reliable analysis of the genetic structure of vector populations. Rhodnius ecuadoriensis is the most widespread vector of Chagas disease in Ecuador, occupying domestic, peridomestic and sylvatic habitats. It is widely distributed in the central coast and southern highlands regions of Ecuador, two very different regions in terms of bio-geographical characteristics. To evaluate the genetic relationship among R. ecuadoriensis populations in these two regions, we analyzed genetic variability at two microsatellite loci for 326 specimens (n=122 in Manabí and n=204 in Loja) and the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene (Cyt b) sequences for 174 individuals collected in the two provinces (n=73 and=101 in Manabí and Loja respectively). The individual samples were grouped in populations according to their community of origin. A few populations presented positive FIS, possible due to Wahlund effect. Significant pairwise differentiation was detected between populations within each province for both genetic markers, and the isolation by distance model was significant for these populations. Microsatellite markers showed significant genetic differentiation between the populations of the two provinces. The partial sequences of the Cyt b gene (578bp) identified a total of 34 haplotypes among 174 specimens sequenced, which translated into high haplotype diversity (Hd=0.929). The haplotype distribution differed among provinces (significant Fisher's exact test). Overall, the genetic differentiation of R. ecuadoriensis between provinces detected in this study is consistent with the biological and phenotypic differences previously observed between Manabí and Loja populations. The current phylogenetic analysis evidenced the monophyly of the populations of R. ecuadoriensis within the R. pallescens species complex; R. pallescens and R. colombiensis were more closely related than they were to R. ecuadoriensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita G Villacís
- Center for Research on Health in Latin America (CISeAL), School of Biological Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Paula L Marcet
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Entomology Branch, 1600 Clifton Rd., Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - César A Yumiseva
- Center for Research on Health in Latin America (CISeAL), School of Biological Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Ellen M Dotson
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Entomology Branch, 1600 Clifton Rd., Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Michel Tibayrenc
- IRD, UMR MIVEGEC (IRD 224-CNRS 5290-UM1-UM2), Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle, IRD Center, 911, avenue Agropolis, Montpellier, France
| | - Simone Frédérique Brenière
- Center for Research on Health in Latin America (CISeAL), School of Biological Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador; IRD, UMR INTERTRYP (IRD-CIRAD), Interactions hosts-vectors-parasites-environment in the tropical neglected disease due to trypanosomatids, TA A-17/G, Campus international de Baillarguet, Montpellier, France
| | - Mario J Grijalva
- Center for Research on Health in Latin America (CISeAL), School of Biological Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador; Infectious and Tropical Disease Institute, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Irvine Hall, Athens, OH 45701, United States.
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12
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Souza EDS, Von Atzingen NCB, Furtado MB, de Oliveira J, Nascimento JD, Vendrami DP, Gardim S, da Rosa JA. Description of Rhodnius marabaensis sp. n. (Hemiptera, Reduviidae, Triatominae) from Pará State, Brazil. Zookeys 2016:45-62. [PMID: 27833419 PMCID: PMC5096047 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.621.9662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhodniusmarabaensissp. n. was collected on 12 May 2014 in the Murumurú Environmental Reserve in the city of Marabá, Pará State, Brazil. This study was based on previous consultation of morphological descriptions of 19 Rhodnius species and compared to the identification key for the genus Rhodnius. The examination included specimens from 18 Rhodnius species held in the Brazilian National and International Triatomine Taxonomy Reference Laboratory in the Oswaldo Cruz Institute in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The morphological characteristics of the head, thorax, abdomen, genitalia, and eggs have been determined. Rhodniusprolixus and Rhodniusrobustus were examined in more detail because the BLAST analysis of a cyt-b sequence shows they are closely related to the new species, which also occurs in the northern region of Brazil. The most notable morphological features that distinguish Rhodniusmarabaensissp. n. are the keel-shaped apex of the head, the length of the second segment of the antennae, the shapes of the prosternum, mesosternum and metasternum, the set of spots on the abdomen, the male genitalia, the posterior and ventral surfaces of the external female genitalia, and the morphological characteristics of the eggs. Rhodniusjacundaensis Serra, Serra & Von Atzingen (1980) nomen nudum specimens deposited at the Maraba Cultural Center Foundation - MCCF were examined and considered as a synonym of Rhodniusmarabaensissp. n.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eder Dos Santos Souza
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" (UNESP), Araraquara, SP, Brasil
| | | | | | - Jader de Oliveira
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" (UNESP), Araraquara, SP, Brasil
| | | | | | - Sueli Gardim
- Faculdade de Odontologia, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" (UNESP), Araraquara, SP, Brasil
| | - João Aristeu da Rosa
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" (UNESP), Araraquara, SP, Brasil
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13
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de Souza RDCM, Campolina-Silva GH, Bezerra CM, Diotaiuti L, Gorla DE. Does Triatoma brasiliensis occupy the same environmental niche space as Triatoma melanica? Parasit Vectors 2015; 8:361. [PMID: 26156398 PMCID: PMC4496957 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-015-0973-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Triatomines (Hemiptera, Reduviidae) are vectors of Trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent of Chagas disease, one of the most important vector-borne diseases in Latin America. This study compares the environmental niche spaces of Triatoma brasiliensis and Triatoma melanica using ecological niche modelling and reports findings on DNA barcoding and wing geometric morphometrics as tools for the identification of these species. METHODS We compared the geographic distribution of the species using generalized linear models fitted to elevation and current data on land surface temperature, vegetation cover and rainfall recorded by earth observation satellites for northeastern Brazil. Additionally, we evaluated nucleotide sequence data from the barcode region of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (CO1) and wing geometric morphometrics as taxonomic identification tools for T. brasiliensis and T. melanica. RESULTS The ecological niche models show that the environmental spaces currently occupied by T. brasiliensis and T. melanica are similar although not equivalent, and associated with the caatinga ecosystem. The CO1 sequence analyses based on pair wise genetic distance matrix calculated using Kimura 2-Parameter (K2P) evolutionary model, clearly separate the two species, supporting the barcoding gap. Wing size and shape analyses based on seven landmarks of 72 field specimens confirmed consistent differences between T. brasiliensis and T. melanica. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that the separation of the two species should be attributed to a factor that does not include the current environmental conditions. However, as the caatinga is a biome that has existed in the area for at least the last 18,000 years, past conditions might have had an influence in the speciation process. The DNA Barcoding approach may be extended to these members of the subfamily Triatominae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita de Cássia Moreira de Souza
- Laboratório de Triatomíneos e Epidemiologia da Doença de Chagas, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, CEP 30.190-002, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Gabriel H Campolina-Silva
- Laboratório de Triatomíneos e Epidemiologia da Doença de Chagas, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, CEP 30.190-002, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | | | - Liléia Diotaiuti
- Laboratório de Triatomíneos e Epidemiologia da Doença de Chagas, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, CEP 30.190-002, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - David E Gorla
- IMBIV-CONICET, Casilla de Correo 495, 5000, Córdoba, Argentina.
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Waleckx E, Gourbière S, Dumonteil E. Intrusive versus domiciliated triatomines and the challenge of adapting vector control practices against Chagas disease. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2015; 110:324-38. [PMID: 25993504 PMCID: PMC4489470 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760140409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Chagas disease prevention remains mostly based on triatomine vector control to reduce or eliminate house infestation with these bugs. The level of adaptation of triatomines to human housing is a key part of vector competence and needs to be precisely evaluated to allow for the design of effective vector control strategies. In this review, we examine how the domiciliation/intrusion level of different triatomine species/populations has been defined and measured and discuss how these concepts may be improved for a better understanding of their ecology and evolution, as well as for the design of more effective control strategies against a large variety of triatomine species. We suggest that a major limitation of current criteria for classifying triatomines into sylvatic, intrusive, domiciliary and domestic species is that these are essentially qualitative and do not rely on quantitative variables measuring population sustainability and fitness in their different habitats. However, such assessments may be derived from further analysis and modelling of field data. Such approaches can shed new light on the domiciliation process of triatomines and may represent a key tool for decision-making and the design of vector control interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etienne Waleckx
- Laboratorio de Parasitología, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales Dr
Hideyo Noguchi, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Sébastien Gourbière
- Institut de Modélisation et d’Analyses en Géo-Environnement et Santé,
Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, Perpignan, France
| | - Eric Dumonteil
- Laboratorio de Parasitología, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales Dr
Hideyo Noguchi, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
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15
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Abad-Franch F, Pavan MG, Jaramillo-O N, Palomeque FS, Dale C, Chaverra D, Monteiro FA. Rhodnius barretti, a new species of Triatominae (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) from western Amazonia. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2014; 108 Suppl 1:92-9. [PMID: 24473808 PMCID: PMC4109185 DOI: 10.1590/0074-0276130434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhodnius barretti , a new triatomine species, is described based on
adult specimens collected in rainforest environments within the Napo ecoregion of
western Amazonia (Colombia and Ecuador). R. barretti resembles
Rhodnius robustus s.l. , but mitochondrial cytochrome
b gene sequences reveal that it is a strongly divergent member of
the “robustus lineage”, i.e., basal to the clade encompassing Rhodnius
nasutus , Rhodnius neglectus , Rhodnius
prolixus and five members of the R. robustus species
complex. Morphometric analyses also reveal consistent divergence from R.
robustus s.l. , including head and, as previously shown, wing shape and
the length ratios of some anatomical structures. R. barretti occurs,
often at high densities, in Attalea butyracea and Oenocarpus
bataua palms. It is strikingly aggressive and adults may invade houses
flying from peridomestic palms. R. barretti must therefore be
regarded as a potential Trypanosoma cruzi vector in the Napo
ecoregion, where Chagas disease is endemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Abad-Franch
- Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane, Fiocruz, Brasil, ManausAM, Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane-Fiocruz, Manaus, AM, Brasil
| | - Márcio G Pavan
- Laboratório de Epidemiologia e Sistemática Molecular, Laboratório de Epidemiologia e Sistemática Molecular
| | - Nicolás Jaramillo-O
- Grupo de Biología y Control de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Biología, Universidad de Antioquia, Colombia, Medellín, Grupo de Biología y Control de Enfermedades Infecciosas,Instituto de Biología, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Francisco S Palomeque
- Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Ecuador, Quito, Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Carolina Dale
- Laboratório Nacional e Internacional de Referência em Taxonomia de Triatomíneos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Brasil, Rio de JaneiroRJ, Laboratório Nacional e Internacional de Referência em Taxonomia de Triatomíneos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Duverney Chaverra
- Grupo de Biología y Control de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Biología, Universidad de Antioquia, Colombia, Medellín, Grupo de Biología y Control de Enfermedades Infecciosas,Instituto de Biología, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Fernando A Monteiro
- Laboratório de Epidemiologia e Sistemática Molecular, Laboratório de Epidemiologia e Sistemática Molecular
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16
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Vendrami DP, Junior WC, Marrelli MT. Analysis of mitochondrial cytochrome B oxidase gene suggests passive dispersal of the Panstrongylus megistus population in Brazil. JOURNAL OF VECTOR ECOLOGY : JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR VECTOR ECOLOGY 2014; 39:441-444. [PMID: 25424274 DOI: 10.1111/jvec.12120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Pagotto Vendrami
- Departamento de Epidemiologia, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo 715, 01246-904, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Dr. Enéas Carvalho de Aguiar, 470, 05403-000, São Paulo, Brazil
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17
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Rhodnius prolixus and Rhodnius robustus-like (Hemiptera, Reduviidae) wing asymmetry under controlled conditions of population density and feeding frequency. J Biosci 2014; 38:549-60. [PMID: 23938387 DOI: 10.1007/s12038-013-9332-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Habitat change in Rhodnius spp may represent an environmental challenge for the development of the species, particularly when feeding frequency and population density vary in nature. To estimate the effect of these variables in stability on development, the degree of directional asymmetry (DA) and fluctuating asymmetry (FA) in the wing size and shape of R. prolixus and R. robustus-like were measured under laboratory controlled conditions. DA and FA in wing size and shape were significant in both species, but their variation patterns showed both inter-specific and sexual dimorphic differences in FA of wing size and shape induced by nutrition stress. These results suggest different abilities of the genotypes and sexes of two sylvatic and domestic genotypes of Rhodnius to buffer these stress conditions. However, both species showed non-significant differences in the levels of FA between treatments that simulated sylvan vs domestic conditions, indicating that the developmental noise did not explain the variation in wing size and shape found in previous studies. Thus, this result confirm that the variation in wing size and shape in response to treatments constitute a plastic response of these genotypes to population density and feeding frequency.
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18
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Pita S, Panzera F, Ferrandis I, Galvão C, Gómez-Palacio A, Panzera Y. Chromosomal divergence and evolutionary inferences in Rhodniini based on the chromosomal location of ribosomal genes. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2014; 108:S0074-02762013000300376. [PMID: 23778665 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762013000300017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2012] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we used fluorescence in situ hybridisation to determine the chromosomal location of 45S rDNA clusters in 10 species of the tribe Rhodniini (Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Triatominae). The results showed striking inter and intraspecific variability, with the location of the rDNA clusters restricted to sex chromosomes with two patterns: either on one (X chromosome) or both sex chromosomes (X and Y chromosomes). This variation occurs within a genus that has an unchanging diploid chromosome number (2n = 22, including 20 autosomes and 2 sex chromosomes) and a similar chromosome size and genomic DNA content, reflecting a genome dynamic not revealed by these chromosome traits. The rDNA variation in closely related species and the intraspecific polymorphism in Rhodnius ecuadoriensis suggested that the chromosomal position of rDNA clusters might be a useful marker to identify recently diverged species or populations. We discuss the ancestral position of ribosomal genes in the tribe Rhodniini and the possible mechanisms involved in the variation of the rDNA clusters, including the loss of rDNA loci on the Y chromosome, transposition and ectopic pairing. The last two processes involve chromosomal exchanges between both sex chromosomes, in contrast to the widely accepted idea that the achiasmatic sex chromosomes of Heteroptera do not interchange sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastián Pita
- Universidad de la República, Facultad de Ciencias, Sección Genética Evolutiva, Montevideo, Uruguay
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19
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Díaz S, Panzera F, Jaramillo-O N, Pérez R, Fernández R, Vallejo G, Saldaña A, Calzada JE, Triana O, Gómez-Palacio A. Genetic, cytogenetic and morphological trends in the evolution of the Rhodnius (Triatominae: Rhodniini) trans-Andean group. PLoS One 2014; 9:e87493. [PMID: 24498330 PMCID: PMC3911991 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 12/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The Rhodnius Pacific group is composed of three species: Rhodnius pallescens, R. colombiensis and R. ecuadoriensis, which are considered important vectors of trypanosomes (Trypanosoma cruzi and T. rangeli) infecting humans. This group is considered as a recent trans-Andean lineage derived from the widespread distributed sister taxa R. pictipes during the later uplift of northern Andes mountain range. The widest spread species R. pallescens may be a complex of two divergent lineages with different chromosomal attributes and a particular biogeographical distribution across Central America and Colombia with several southern populations in Colombia occupying the same sylvatic habitat as its sister species R. colombiensis. Although the taxonomy of Rhodnius Pacific group has been well studied, the unresolved phylogenetic and systematic issues are the target of this paper. Here we explore the molecular phylogeography of this species group analyzing two mitochondrial (ND4 and cyt b) and one nuclear (D2 region of ribosomal 28S gene) gene sequences. The molecular analyses suggest an early divergence of the species R. ecuadoriensis and R. colombiensis, followed by a recent expansion of R. pallescens lineages. The phylogenetic relationship between sympatric R. pallescens Colombian lineage and R. colombiensis was further explored using wing morphometry, DNA genome size measurements, and by analyzing chromosomal behavior of hybrids progeny obtained from experimental crosses. Our results suggest that the diversification of the two R. pallescens lineages was mainly influenced by biogeographical events such as (i) the emergence of the Panama Isthmus, while the origin and divergence of R. colombiensis was associated with (ii) the development of particular genetic and chromosomal features that act as isolation mechanisms from its sister species R. pallescens (Colombian lineage). These findings provide new insights into the evolution of the Rhodnius Pacific group and the underlying biological processes that occurred during its divergence.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Nucleus/genetics
- Central America
- Colombia
- Cytochromes b/classification
- Cytochromes b/genetics
- Cytogenetic Analysis
- DNA, Mitochondrial/chemistry
- DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics
- Evolution, Molecular
- Female
- Genetic Variation
- Geography
- Haplotypes
- Humans
- Insect Vectors/classification
- Insect Vectors/genetics
- Insect Vectors/parasitology
- Male
- Molecular Sequence Data
- NADH Dehydrogenase/classification
- NADH Dehydrogenase/genetics
- Phylogeny
- RNA, Ribosomal, 28S/classification
- RNA, Ribosomal, 28S/genetics
- Rhodnius/anatomy & histology
- Rhodnius/classification
- Rhodnius/genetics
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Trypanosomiasis/transmission
- Wings, Animal/anatomy & histology
- Wings, Animal/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastián Díaz
- Grupo BCEI, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Medellin, Antioquia, Colombia
| | - Francisco Panzera
- Sección Genética Evolutiva, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | | | - Ruben Pérez
- Sección Genética Evolutiva, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Rosina Fernández
- Sección Genética Evolutiva, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Gustavo Vallejo
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Parasitología Tropical, Universidad del Tolima, Ibagué, Tolima, Colombia
| | - Azael Saldaña
- Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud (ICGES), Ciudad de Panamá, Panamá, Panamá
| | - Jose E. Calzada
- Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud (ICGES), Ciudad de Panamá, Panamá, Panamá
| | - Omar Triana
- Grupo BCEI, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Medellin, Antioquia, Colombia
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20
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Nuclear rDNA pseudogenes in Chagas disease vectors: Evolutionary implications of a new 5.8S+ITS-2 paralogous sequence marker in triatomines of North, Central and northern South America. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2014; 21:134-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2013.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2013] [Revised: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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21
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Zhang HH, Shen YH, Xu HE, Liang HY, Han MJ, Zhang Z. A novel hAT element in Bombyx mori and Rhodnius prolixus: its relationship with miniature inverted repeat transposable elements (MITEs) and horizontal transfer. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 22:584-596. [PMID: 23889491 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Comparative analysis of transposable elements (TEs) from different species can make it possible to reconstruct their history over evolutionary time. In this study, we identified a novel hAT element in Bombyx mori and Rhodnius prolixus with characteristic GGGCGGCA repeats in its subterminal region. Meanwhile, phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that the elements in these two species might represent a separate cluster of the hAT superfamily. Strikingly, a previously identified miniature inverted repeat transposable element (MITE) shared high identity with this autonomous element across the entire length, supporting the hypothesis that MITEs are derived from the internal deletion of DNA transposons. Interestingly, identity of the consensus sequences of this novel hAT element between B. mori and R. prolixus, which diverged about 370 million years ago, was as high as 96.5% over their full length (about 3.6 kb) at the nucleotide level. The patchy distribution amongst species, coupled with overall lack of intense purifying selection acting on this element, suggest that this novel hAT element might have experienced horizontal transfer between the ancestors of B. mori and R. prolixus. Our results highlight that this novel hAT element could be used as a potential tool for germline transformation of R. prolixus to control the transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi, which causes Chagas disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- H-H Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
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Pavan MG, Mesquita RD, Lawrence GG, Lazoski C, Dotson EM, Abubucker S, Mitreva M, Randall-Maher J, Monteiro FA. A nuclear single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) potentially useful for the separation of Rhodnius prolixus from members of the Rhodnius robustus cryptic species complex (Hemiptera: Reduviidae). INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2012; 14:426-33. [PMID: 23219914 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2012.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2012] [Revised: 10/16/2012] [Accepted: 10/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The design and application of rational strategies that rely on accurate species identification are pivotal for effective vector control. When morphological identification of the target vector species is impractical, the use of molecular markers is required. Here we describe a non-coding, single-copy nuclear DNA fragment that contains a single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) with the potential to distinguish the important domestic Chagas disease vector, Rhodnius prolixus, from members of the four sylvatic Rhodnius robustus cryptic species complex. A total of 96 primer pairs obtained from whole genome shotgun sequencing of the R. prolixus genome (12,626 random reads) were tested on 43 R. prolixus and R. robustus s.l. samples. One of the seven amplicons selected (AmpG) presented a SNP, potentially diagnostic for R. prolixus, on the 280th site. The diagnostic nature of this SNP was then confirmed based on the analysis of 154 R. prolixus and R. robustus s.l. samples representing the widest possible geographic coverage. The results of a 60% majority-rule Bayesian consensus tree and a median-joining network constructed based on the genetic variability observed reveal the paraphyletic nature of the R. robustus species complex, with respect to R. prolixus. The AmpG region is located in the fourth intron of the Transmembrane protein 165 gene, which seems to be in the R. prolixus X chromosome. Other possible chromosomal locations of the AmpG region in the R. prolixus genome are also presented and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Márcio G Pavan
- Laboratório de Sistemáticae Bioquímica, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Morphometric and molecular evidence of intraspecific biogeographical differentiation of Rhodnius pallescens (HEMIPTERA: REDUVIIDAE: RHODNIINI) from Colombia and Panama. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2012; 12:1975-83. [PMID: 22634278 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2012.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2011] [Revised: 03/27/2012] [Accepted: 04/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Rhodnius pallescens is considered the main vector of Chagas disease in Panama and a relevant secondary vector in northern Colombia. Previous data reported that this species presents cytogenetically heterogeneous populations, which are probably biogeographically segregated. To provide new information on the diversity of R. pallescens, we compared several populations from Colombia and Panama based on the morphometric analyses of wings, mitochondrial cytochrome b (cyt b) gene sequencing, and genomic DNA measurements. Although no differences in DNA amount were detected, significant differences in cyt b sequences as well as wing size and shape were identified among populations. The results obtained in this work indicate R. pallescens comprises two evolutionary lineages with genetic and morphological differences that could be explained by their geographic isolation in distinct ecological zones. These results provide new insight into R. pallescens population diversity and the underlying biological processes that shape its evolution.
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Silva MBA, Barreto AVMS, Silva HAD, Galvão C, Rocha D, Jurberg J, Gurgel-Gonçalves R. Synanthropic triatomines (Hemiptera, Reduviidae) in the state of Pernambuco, Brazil: geographical distribution and natural Trypanosoma infection rates between 2006 and 2007. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2012; 45:60-5. [DOI: 10.1590/s0037-86822012000100012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2011] [Accepted: 06/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: The present study shows a descriptive analysis of triatomine occurrence and its natural Trypanosoma infection rates in the state of Pernambuco, Brazil, between 2006 and 2007. METHODS: Entomological data for the species, such as specimens captured in both intra and peridomiciles and natural infection index, were obtained via domiciliary capture in 147 municipalities from 11 Regional Managements of Health. The database was obtained from a sample of insects (100% infected and 20% non-infected) sent to the Central Laboratory of Pernambuco. RESULTS: A total of 18,029 triatomines were analyzed from 138 municipalities of the state. Triatoma pseudomaculata (35%), Triatoma brasiliensis (34%), and Panstrongylus lutzi (25%) were the most captured species. These species also showed a widespread geographical distribution in the state. Panstrongylus megistus, Triatoma petrocchiae, Triatoma melanocephala, Triatoma sordida, Rhodnius nasutus, Rhodnius neglectus, and Triatoma infestans showed more limited geographical distribution and lower relative abundance. The parasitological research showed that 8.8% of the triatomines were naturally infected with flagellates morphologically similar to Trypanosoma cruzi and 91.3% of them were captured inside houses in 113 municipalities. P. lutzi showed the highest rates of natural infection. CONCLUSIONS: After the control of T. infestans, synanthropic species, such as T. brasiliensis, T. pseudomaculata, and P. lutzi, maintain the risk of T. cruzi transmission to humans in the state of Pernambuco. These species are widely distributed, and infected specimens have been found inside houses. Thus, an enhanced surveillance and vector control of Chagas disease is recommended in Pernambuco.
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Márquez E, Jaramillo-O N, Gómez-Palacio A, Dujardin JP. Morphometric and molecular differentiation of a Rhodnius robustus-like form from R. robustus Larousse, 1927 and R. prolixus Stal, 1859 (Hemiptera, Reduviidae). Acta Trop 2011; 120:103-9. [PMID: 21763258 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2011.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2011] [Revised: 06/19/2011] [Accepted: 06/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In Triatominae, "robustus" group constitutes a cluster of species with great haplotypic divergences but high similarities at morphological and nuclear DNA levels. Given these similarities, species identification generates a frequently problematic issue. In northwestern Amazonia, Rhodnius robustus cohabit with an apparently new species, cryptic with R. robustus (Abad-Franch and Monteiro, 2005). In this region (municipality of Puerto Asís, Department of Putumayo, Colombia), we collected insects classified as R. robustus by traditional keys. We compared this sample with specimens of R. robustus from Venezuela, and of R. prolixus from Colombia and Venezuela. The comparisons used landmark-based geometric morphometrics, and analyses of mitochondrial cytochrome b gene and of D2 variable region of the 28S RNA. The shape of the wings from Puerto Asís specimens disclosed clear-cut divergence from the shape of the wings as found for R. prolixus specimens from Venezuela and Colombia, and diverged from the shape of R. robustus from Venezuela. Thus, morphometric analyses suggested that the Puerto Asís collection could represent a new taxon. Using R. pallescens as an outgroup, a tentative phylogenetic tree based on the geometry of the wing showed the Rhodnius from Puerto Asís more similar to the R. prolixus from Colombia than their congeners from Venezuela. In contrast, the molecular classification clustered Colombian R. prolixus and Venezuelan R. robustus with published GenBank sequences, but it gave the insects from Puerto Asís a basal position to the "robustus" group. This outcome suggests that the Puerto Asís haplotype could be the one found by Abad-Franch and Monteiro (2005). Thus, both morphometric and molecular markers used here, although differing in the phylogenetic classification of samples, could differentiate the Puerto Asís sample from the morphologically similar R. prolixus and R. robustus. This could represent a valuable help in the entomological surveillance related to the control of Chagas disease in the South of Colombia and North of Ecuador.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edna Márquez
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Medellín, Colombia, USA.
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Genetics and evolution of triatomines: from phylogeny to vector control. Heredity (Edinb) 2011; 108:190-202. [PMID: 21897436 DOI: 10.1038/hdy.2011.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Triatomines are hemipteran bugs acting as vectors of the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi. This parasite causes Chagas disease, one of the major parasitic diseases in the Americas. Studies of triatomine genetics and evolution have been particularly useful in the design of rational vector control strategies, and are reviewed here. The phylogeography of several triatomine species is now slowly emerging, and the struggle to reconcile the phenotypic, phylogenetic, ecological and epidemiological species concepts makes for a very dynamic field. Population genetic studies using different markers indicate a wide range of population structures, depending on the triatomine species, ranging from highly fragmented to mobile, interbreeding populations. Triatomines transmit T. cruzi in the context of complex interactions between the insect vectors, their bacterial symbionts and the parasites; however, an integrated view of the significance of these interactions in triatomine biology, evolution and in disease transmission is still lacking. The development of novel genetic markers, together with the ongoing sequencing of the Rhodnius prolixus genome and more integrative studies, will provide key tools to expanding our understanding of these important insect vectors and allow the design of improved vector control strategies.
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Gurgel-Gonçalves R, Ferreira JBC, Rosa AF, Bar ME, Galvão C. Geometric morphometrics and ecological niche modelling for delimitation of near-sibling triatomine species. MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY 2011; 25:84-93. [PMID: 21077924 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2915.2010.00920.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Identifying morphologically similar triatomine species is key to Chagas' disease vector control and surveillance, but remains challenging when only qualitative phenotypic data are available. We investigated whether morphometric and ecological variation can provide additional criteria for species delimitation by combining geometric morphometrics and ecological niche modelling to characterize two near-sibling triatomine species, Triatoma sordida and Triatoma garciabesi (Reduviidae: Triatominae). We analysed size and shape variation in 231 wings and 123 heads from one T. garciabesi and three T. sordida populations. Predicted distribution maps (21 climatic variables, 324 vector occurrence points) were produced using the Maxent method. Multivariate analyses summarized morphological and ecological variation. Wings and heads of T. sordida were significantly larger and more elongated than those of T. garciabesi. Discriminant analyses separated the species, with a partial overlap between Argentinean populations. The predicted distribution of T. garciabesi included northwest Argentina (mainly arid Chaco), whereas that of T. sordida included northeast Argentina (humid Chaco) and the Brazilian Cerrado and Caatinga ecoregions. Clear ecological niche differences were observed, with T. garciabesi occupying colder and drier areas than T. sordida. Our results show how morphometric variation and niche divergence can be used to enhance operational criteria for the delimitation of phenotypically similar triatomine species.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Gurgel-Gonçalves
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Médica e Biologia de Vetores, Faculdade de Medicina, Área de Patologia, Universidade de Brasília, Asa Norte, Distrito Federal, Brazil.
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Grijalva MJ, Villacís AG, Ocaña-Mayorga S, Yumiseva CA, Baus EG. Limitations of selective deltamethrin application for triatomine control in central coastal Ecuador. Parasit Vectors 2011; 4:20. [PMID: 21332985 PMCID: PMC3050847 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-4-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2011] [Accepted: 02/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This year-long study evaluated the effectiveness of a strategy involving selective deltamethrin spraying and community education for control of Chagas disease vectors in domestic units located in rural communities of coastal Ecuador. Results Surveys for triatomines revealed peridomestic infestation with Rhodnius ecuadoriensis and Panstrongylus howardi, with infestation indices remaining high during the study (13%, 17%, and 10%, at initial, 6-month, and 12-month visits, respectively), which indicates a limitation of this strategy for triatomine population control. Infestation was found 6 and 12 months after spraying with deltamethrin. In addition, a large number of previously vector-free domestic units also were found infested at the 6- and 12-month surveys, which indicates new infestations by sylvatic triatomines. The predominance of young nymphs and adults suggests new infestation events, likely from sylvatic foci. In addition, infection with Trypanosoma cruzi was found in 65%, 21% and 29% at initial, 6-month and 12-month visits, respectively. All parasites isolated (n = 20) were identified as TcI. Conclusion New vector control strategies need to be devised and evaluated for reduction of T. cruzi transmission in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario J Grijalva
- Tropical Disease Institute, Biomedical Sciences Department, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA.
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Lieke T, Gröbe D, Blanchard V, Grunow D, Tauber R, Zimmermann-Kordmann M, Jacobs T, Reutter W. Invasion of Trypanosoma cruzi into host cells is impaired by N-propionylmannosamine and other N-acylmannosamines. Glycoconj J 2011; 28:31-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s10719-010-9321-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2010] [Revised: 12/16/2010] [Accepted: 12/16/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Piccinali RV, Canale DM, Sandoval AE, Cardinal MV, Jensen O, Kitron U, Gurtler RE. Triatoma infestans bugs in Southern Patagonia, Argentina. Emerg Infect Dis 2010; 16:887-9. [PMID: 20409398 PMCID: PMC2954526 DOI: 10.3201/eid1605.091260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Batista TA, Gurgel-Gonçalves R. Ecological niche modelling and differentiation between Rhodnius neglectus Lent, 1954 and Rhodnius nasutus Stål, 1859 (Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Triatominae) in Brazil. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2009; 104:1165-70. [DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762009000800014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2009] [Accepted: 11/19/2009] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
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Costa J, Lorenzo M. Biology, diversity and strategies for the monitoring and control of triatomines - Chagas disease vectors. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2009; 104 Suppl 1:46-51. [DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762009000900008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2009] [Accepted: 06/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Piccinali RV, Marcet PL, Noireau F, Kitron U, Gürtler RE, Dotson EM. Molecular population genetics and phylogeography of the Chagas disease vector Triatoma infestans in South America. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2009; 46:796-809. [PMID: 19645282 PMCID: PMC2777637 DOI: 10.1603/033.046.0410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Knowledge of the genetic variability, population structure, and evolutionary history of Triatoma infestans may be useful for developing rational vector control strategies. A 661-bp fragment of the mitochondrial gene cytochrome oxidase I (COI) was sequenced and analyzed in bugs from Argentina, Uruguay, Peru, and Bolivia, including peridomestic, domestic, Andean, and Chaco sylvatic bugs. A total of 48 polymorphic sites among 37 haplotypes were described. Nucleotide variation fluctuated among samples, with the highest nucleotide diversity observed in seven Argentinean provinces. Within this group, some populations showed patterns of variability compatible with population expansions and/or fine-scale population structure, whereas others suggested population bottlenecks and/or population admixture processes. A maximum parsimony analysis of the haplotypes showed the presence of a Bolivian/Peruvian and an Argentinean/Uruguayan clade. Bolivian sequences were further divided in Chaco sylvatic and Andean domestic and sylvatic. Two different nested clades were found within the Argentinean/Uruguayan cluster. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) and K(ST)* analysis supported a strong population structure in Argentina, where genetic differentiation was correlated with geographic distance. Departures from neutrality expectations and a nested cladistic analysis suggest a recent population expansion of T. infestans in Argentina, followed by restricted gene flow and patterns of isolation by distance. This expansion could have taken place as a two-wave process, as was shown by the phylogenetic analysis and signatures of population admixture in the southern most Argentinean populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- R V Piccinali
- Laboratorio de Eco-Epidemiología, Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires C1428EHA, Argentina.
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Villacís AG, Arcos-Terán L, Grijalva MJ. Life cycle, feeding and defecation patterns of Rhodnius ecuadoriensis (Lent & León 1958) (Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Triatominae) under laboratory conditions. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2009; 103:690-5. [PMID: 19057820 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762008000700011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2008] [Accepted: 10/10/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhodnius ecuadoriensis is the second most important vector of Chagas Disease (CD) in Ecuador. The objective of this study was to describe (and compare) the life cycle, the feeding and defecation patterns under laboratory conditions of two populations of this specie [from the provinces of Manabí (Coastal region) and Loja (Andean region)]. Egg-to-adult (n = 57) development took an average of 189.9 +/- 20 (Manabí) and 181.3 +/- 6.4 days (Loja). Mortality rates were high among Lojan nymphs. Pre-feeding time (from contact with host to feeding initiation) ranged from 4 min 42 s [nymph I (NI)] to 8 min 30 s (male); feeding time ranged from 14 min 45 s (NI)-28 min 25 s (male) (Manabí) and from 15 min 25 s (NI)-28 min 57 s (nymph V) (Loja). The amount of blood ingested increased significantly with instar and was larger for Manabí specimens (p < 0.001). Defecation while feeding was observed in Manabí specimens from stage nymph III and in Lojan bugs from stage nymph IV. There was a gradual, age-related increase in the frequency of this behaviour in both populations. Our results suggest that R. ecuadoriensis has the bionomic traits of an efficient vector of Trypanosoma cruzi. Together with previous data on the capacity of this species to infest rural households, these results indicate that control of synanthropic R. ecuadoriensis populations in the coastal and Andean regions may have a significant impact for CD control in Ecuador and Northern Peru.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita G Villacís
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, School of Biological Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
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Populations, hybrids and the systematic concepts of species and subspecies in Chagas disease triatomine vectors inferred from nuclear ribosomal and mitochondrial DNA. Acta Trop 2009; 110:112-36. [PMID: 19073132 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2008.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2008] [Revised: 09/12/2008] [Accepted: 10/15/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
In Chagas disease, triatomine vectors are the main target for control measures because of the absence of effective drugs. The broad usefulness of nuclear rDNA and mtDNA sequences explains why triatomine studies using these markers have increased so pronouncedly in recent years. This indicates the appropriateness of an updated review about these molecular markers, concentrating on aspects useful for research on Chagas disease vectors. A comparative analysis is presented on the efficiency, weight of their different characteristics, limitations and problems of each of the different DNA markers in the light of the results obtained in studies on populations, hybrids, subspecies and species of the subfamily Triatominae. The use of a standardized composite haplotype code nomenclature for both nuclear rDNA and mtDNA markers is strongly encouraged to avoid difficulties in comparative studies. Triatomine aspects related to concerted evolution, microsatellites, minisatellites and insertions/deletions in nuclear rDNA and silent/non-silent mutations, pseudogenes and weaknesses of partial sequences in mtDNA are analysed. Introgression and hybrids, nuclear and mitochondrial DNA strengths, and compared evolutionary rates of nuclear rDNA and mtDNA in triatomines are discussed. Many conclusions are obtained thanks to the availability, for the first time in triatomines, of a complete sequence of a protein-coding mtDNA gene as ND1 from very numerous triatomine species covering from different populations of a species up to members belonging to different tribes. The evolutionary rates of each nuclear rDNA marker and mtDNA marker are analysed by comparison at subspecies level (intrapopulational, interpopulational, between morphs, and between subspecies) and species level (close and distant species of the same genus, species of different genera, and species of different tribes). Weaknesses of mtDNA for systematic-taxonomic purposes detected recently and newly in insects and triatomines, respectively, are discussed in detail. Emphasis is given to taxonomic units and biological entities presenting well-known problematics, both from the systematic-taxonomic and/or epidemiological-control points of view, as well as to molecular situations which can give rise to erroneous conclusions. All these aspects constitute the background on which the key question about the systematic concepts of species and subspecies in triatomines is focused. The global purpose is to facilitate future work on triatomines by highlighting present gaps, how better choice the appropriate markers, and marker aspects which should be taken into account. Key characteristics as alpha, CI and transformation rate matrices ought to be obtained and noted to get appropriate results and allow correct interpretations. The main aim is to offer a baseline for future fundamental research on triatomines and applied research on transmission, epidemiology and control measures related to Chagas disease vectors.
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Abad-Franch F, Monteiro FA, Jaramillo O. N, Gurgel-Gonçalves R, Dias FBS, Diotaiuti L. Ecology, evolution, and the long-term surveillance of vector-borne Chagas disease: A multi-scale appraisal of the tribe Rhodniini (Triatominae). Acta Trop 2009; 110:159-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2008.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2008] [Revised: 05/07/2008] [Accepted: 06/03/2008] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Grijalva MJ, Villacis AG. Presence of Rhodnius ecuadoriensis in sylvatic habitats in the southern highlands (Loja Province) of Ecuador. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2009; 46:708-711. [PMID: 19496445 DOI: 10.1603/033.046.0339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The main vectors of Chagas disease in Ecuador are Triatoma dimidiata and Rhodnius ecuadoriensis. The latter species occupies domestic and peridomestic habitats, as well as sylvatic ecotopes--particularly associated with Phytelephas aequatorialis palm trees--in the western coastal region of Ecuador. In the southern highlands, however, such palm tree habitats are uncommon, and sylvatic populations of R. ecuadoriensis have not previously been reported to date. This study was carried out in five rural communities in Loja Province in southern Ecuador, where manual triatomine searches were conducted in various sylvatic habitats. A total of 81 squirrel nests (Sciurus stramineus) and > 200 bird nests and other habitats were searched. One hundred three R. ecuadoriensis individuals were found in 11 squirrel nests (infestation index = 13.6%, density = 2 bugs per nest searched, crowding = 9.5 bugs per infested nest, colonization index = 72.7% of infested nests with nymphs). No triatomines were found in bird nests or other sylvatic habitats. The presence of sylvatic R. ecuadoriensis in the southern highlands of Ecuador has important implications for the long-term control of Chagas disease in the region because of the possibility of reinfestation of dwellings after insecticide-based control interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Grijalva
- Tropical Disease Institute, Biomedical Sciences Department, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA.
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Abstract
Classification of the Triatominae has become a complex balance between traditional approaches and a wide variety of evolutionary interpretations. On the one hand is the need for a stable classification of practical use for those involved in vector surveillance and control. On the other is the desire to adequately reflect evolutionary theory derived from a range of molecular, cytogenetic and morphometric comparisons, with additional complications raised by current interpretations of the subfamily as a recently derived polyphyletic assemblage. Here we review key aspects of triatomine systematics and evolution, to derive a pragmatic classification that seeks to build on traditional morphological concepts within the context of current evolutionary theories.
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Dorn PL, Calderon C, Melgar S, Moguel B, Solorzano E, Dumonteil E, Rodas A, de la Rua N, Garnica R, Monroy C. Two distinct Triatoma dimidiata (Latreille, 1811) taxa are found in sympatry in Guatemala and Mexico. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2009; 3:e393. [PMID: 19274073 PMCID: PMC2648038 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0000393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2008] [Accepted: 02/11/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Approximately 10 million people are infected with Trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent of Chagas disease, which remains the most serious parasitic disease in the Americas. Most people are infected via triatomine vectors. Transmission has been largely halted in South America in areas with predominantly domestic vectors. However, one of the main Chagas vectors in Mesoamerica, Triatoma dimidiata, poses special challenges to control due to its diversity across its large geographic range (from Mexico into northern South America), and peridomestic and sylvatic populations that repopulate houses following pesticide treatment. Recent evidence suggests T. dimidiata may be a complex of species, perhaps including cryptic species; taxonomic ambiguity which confounds control. The nuclear sequence of the internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) of the ribosomal DNA and the mitochondrial cytochrome b (mt cyt b) gene were used to analyze the taxonomy of T. dimidiata from southern Mexico throughout Central America. ITS2 sequence divides T. dimidiata into four taxa. The first three are found mostly localized to specific geographic regions with some overlap: (1) southern Mexico and Guatemala (Group 2); (2) Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica (Group 1A); (3) and Panama (Group 1B). We extend ITS2 Group 1A south into Costa Rica, Group 2 into southern Guatemala and show the first information on isolates in Belize, identifying Groups 2 and 3 in that country. The fourth group (Group 3), a potential cryptic species, is dispersed across parts of Mexico, Guatemala, and Belize. We show it exists in sympatry with other groups in Peten, Guatemala, and Yucatan, Mexico. Mitochondrial cyt b data supports this putative cryptic species in sympatry with others. However, unlike the clear distinction of the remaining groups by ITS2, the remaining groups are not separated by mt cyt b. This work contributes to an understanding of the taxonomy and population subdivision of T. dimidiata, essential for designing effective control strategies.
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Noireau F, Diosque P, Jansen AM. Trypanosoma cruzi: adaptation to its vectors and its hosts. Vet Res 2009; 40:26. [PMID: 19250627 PMCID: PMC2695024 DOI: 10.1051/vetres/2009009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2008] [Accepted: 02/26/2009] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
American trypanosomiasis is a parasitic zoonosis that occurs throughout Latin America. The etiological agent, Trypanosoma cruzi, is able to infect almost all tissues of its mammalian hosts and spreads in the environment in multifarious transmission cycles that may or not be connected. This biological plasticity, which is probably the result of the considerable heterogeneity of the taxon, exemplifies a successful adaptation of a parasite resulting in distinct outcomes of infection and a complex epidemiological pattern. In the 1990s, most endemic countries strengthened national control programs to interrupt the transmission of this parasite to humans. However, many obstacles remain to the effective control of the disease. Current knowledge of the different components involved in elaborate system that is American trypanosomiasis (the protozoan parasite T. cruzi, vectors Triatominae and the many reservoirs of infection), as well as the interactions existing within the system, is still incomplete. The Triatominae probably evolve from predatory reduvids in response to the availability of vertebrate food source. However, the basic mechanisms of adaptation of some of them to artificial ecotopes remain poorly understood. Nevertheless, these adaptations seem to be associated with a behavioral plasticity, a reduction in the genetic repertoire and increasing developmental instability.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Noireau
- UR 016, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Montpellier, France.
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Pizarro JC, Stevens L. A new method for forensic DNA analysis of the blood meal in chagas disease vectors demonstrated using Triatoma infestans from Chuquisaca, Bolivia. PLoS One 2008; 3:e3585. [PMID: 18974787 PMCID: PMC2570791 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0003585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2008] [Accepted: 09/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Feeding patterns of the vector are important in the epidemiology of Chagas disease, the leading cause of heart disease in Latin America. Chagas disease is caused by the parasite, Trypanasoma cruzi, which is transmitted by blood feeding insects. Historically, feeding behaviours of haematophagous insects have been investigated using serological reactions, which have detection limits in terms of both taxonomic resolution, and quantity and quality of the blood meal. They are labor intensive, require technical expertise, need fresh or frozen samples and antibodies often are either not available commercially or the resources for synthesis and purification are not available. We describe an assay to identify vertebrate blood meal sources, and the parasite T. cruzi using species-specific PCR assays from insect vectors and use the method to provide information regarding three questions: (1) Do domestic and peri-domestic (chicken coop and animal corral) habitats vary in the blood meals detected in the vectors? (2) What is the pattern of multiple blood meals? (3) Does the rate of T. cruzi infection vary among habitats and is it associated with specific blood meal types? Methodology/Principal Findings Assays based on the polymerase chain reaction were evaluated for identification of the blood meal source in the heamatophagous Chagas disease vector Triatoma infestans. We evaluate a technique to identify 11 potential vertebrate food sources from the complex mixture extracted from the vector's abdomen. We tested the assay on 81 T. infestans specimens collected from the Andean highlands in the department of Chuquisaca, located in central Bolivia, one of the regions in South America where sylvatic T. infestans have been reported. This area is suggested to be the geographic origin of T. infestans and has very high human infection rates that may be related to sylvatic vector populations. Conclusion/Significance The results of the assays revealed that a high percentage of insects collected in human dwellings had fed on peri-domestic animals. In contrast, one insect from a chicken coop but no bugs from corrals tested positive for human blood. Forty-eight percent of insects tested positive for more than one vertebrate species. T. cruzi infection was detected in 42% of the specimens. From the epidemiological point of view, the results reveal an overall pattern of movement from peri-domestic structures to human habitations for T. infestans in this region of Bolivia as well as the important role of pigs, dogs, chickens and guinea pigs in the dynamics of T. cruzi infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Carlos Pizarro
- Department of Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America
- Facultad de Bioquímica, Universidad de San Francisco Xavier de Chuquisaca, Sucre, Bolivia
| | - Lori Stevens
- Department of Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Gómez-Palacio A, Jaramillo-Ocampo N, Triana-Chávez O, Saldaña A, Calzada J, Pérez R, Panzera F. Chromosome variability in the Chagas disease vector Rhodnius pallescens (Hemiptera, Reduviidae, Rhodniini). Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2008; 103:160-4. [PMID: 18425268 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762008000200006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2007] [Accepted: 02/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhodnius pallescens is the main vector of Trypanosoma cruzi in Panama and one of the most relevant secondary vectors in Colombia. Despite the importance of this species, there is limited knowledge about the genetic variability along its geographical distribution. In order to evaluate the degree of karyotype variability we analyzed the meiotic behavior and banding pattern of the chromosomes of 112 males of R. pallescens coming from different regions of Colombia and Panama. Using the C-banding technique we identified two chromosomal patterns or cytotypes characterized by differences in the amount, size and distribution of constitutive heterochromatic regions in the chromosome complement (2n = 20 autosomes plus XY in males). The individuals can be easily classified in each cytotype by the analysis of the chromosomes during first meiotic prophase. The frequencies of the cytotypes are variable according to the geographic origin of the populations. This chromosomal divergence together with morphological data supports the existence of three genetically different populations of R. pallescens and provides new information to understand the distribution dynamics of this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Gómez-Palacio
- Grupo de Chagas, Sede de Investigación Universitaria, Instituto de Biología, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
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Gurgel-Gonçalves R, Abad-Franch F, Ferreira JB, Santana DB, Cuba CAC. Is Rhodnius prolixus (Triatominae) invading houses in central Brazil? Acta Trop 2008; 107:90-8. [PMID: 18550022 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2008.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2007] [Revised: 02/19/2008] [Accepted: 04/22/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Sylvatic triatomines of the genus Rhodnius commonly fly into houses in Latin America, maintaining the risk of Chagas disease transmission in spite of control efforts. In the recent past, adult bugs collected inside houses in central Brazil were identified as R. prolixus, a primary disease vector whose natural geographical range excludes this region. Three nearly sibling species (R. neglectus, R. nasutus, and R. robustus), secondary vectors with limited epidemiological significance, occur naturally south of the Brazilian Amazon. The specific status of Rhodnius specimens found inside houses in central Brazil is therefore an epidemiologically important (and still debated) issue. We used wing and head geometric morphometrics to investigate the taxonomic status of 230 adult specimens representing all four 'R. prolixus group' species (19 populations from palm trees, domiciles, and reference laboratory colonies). Discriminant analyses of shape variation allowed for an almost perfect reclassification of individuals to their putative species. Shape patterning revealed no consistent differences between most specimens collected inside houses in central Brazil and R. neglectus, and showed that R. robustus and R. neglectus occur sympatrically (and fly into houses) in southern Amazonia. Furthermore, all Brazilian specimens clearly differed from our reference R. prolixus population. Using geometric morphometrics, we confidently ascribed individual triatomines to their species within the problematic 'R. prolixus group', illustrating the potential value of this approach in entomological surveillance. Our results strongly support the idea that R. neglectus, and not R. prolixus, is the species invading houses in central Brazil.
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Pizarro JC, Gilligan LM, Stevens L. Microsatellites reveal a high population structure in Triatoma infestans from Chuquisaca, Bolivia. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2008; 2:e202. [PMID: 18365033 PMCID: PMC2268005 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0000202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2007] [Accepted: 01/28/2008] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND For Chagas disease, the most serious infectious disease in the Americas, effective disease control depends on elimination of vectors through spraying with insecticides. Molecular genetic research can help vector control programs by identifying and characterizing vector populations and then developing effective intervention strategies. METHODS AND FINDINGS The population genetic structure of Triatoma infestans (Hemiptera: Reduviidae), the main vector of Chagas disease in Bolivia, was investigated using a hierarchical sampling strategy. A total of 230 adults and nymphs from 23 localities throughout the department of Chuquisaca in Southern Bolivia were analyzed at ten microsatellite loci. Population structure, estimated using analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) to estimate F(ST) (infinite alleles model) and R(ST) (stepwise mutation model), was significant between western and eastern regions within Chuquisaca and between insects collected in domestic and peri-domestic habitats. Genetic differentiation at three different hierarchical geographic levels was significant, even in the case of adjacent households within a single locality (R(ST) = 0.14, F(ST) = 0.07). On the largest geographic scale, among five communities up to 100 km apart, R(ST) = 0.12 and F(ST) = 0.06. Cluster analysis combined with assignment tests identified five clusters within the five communities. CONCLUSIONS Some houses are colonized by insects from several genetic clusters after spraying, whereas other households are colonized predominately by insects from a single cluster. Significant population structure, measured by both R(ST) and F(ST), supports the hypothesis of poor dispersal ability and/or reduced migration of T. infestans. The high degree of genetic structure at small geographic scales, inferences from cluster analysis and assignment tests, and demographic data suggest reinfesting vectors are coming from nearby and from recrudescence (hatching of eggs that were laid before insecticide spraying). Suggestions for using these results in vector control strategies are made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Carlos Pizarro
- Facultad de Bioquímica, Universidad de San Francisco Xavier de Chuquisaca, Sucre, Bolivia
- Department of Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America
| | - Lauren M. Gilligan
- Department of Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America
| | - Lori Stevens
- Department of Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America
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Abad-Franch F, Monteiro FA. Biogeography and evolution of Amazonian triatomines (Heteroptera: Reduviidae): implications for Chagas disease surveillance in humid forest ecoregions. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2007; 102 Suppl 1:57-70. [PMID: 17906805 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762007005000108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2007] [Accepted: 07/02/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
An ecological-evolutionary classification of Amazonian triatomines is proposed based on a revision of their main contemporary biogeographical patterns. Truly Amazonian triatomines include the Rhodniini, the Cavernicolini, and perhaps Eratyrus and some Bolboderini. The tribe Rhodniini comprises two major lineages (pictipes and robustus). The former gave rise to trans-Andean (pallescens) and Amazonian (pictipes) species groups, while the latter diversified within Amazonia (robustus group) and radiated to neighbouring ecoregions (Orinoco, Cerrado-Caatinga-Chaco, and Atlantic Forest). Three widely distributed Panstrongylus species probably occupied Amazonia secondarily, while a few Triatoma species include Amazonian populations that occur only in the fringes of the region. T. maculata probably represents a vicariant subset isolated from its parental lineage in the Caatinga-Cerrado system when moist forests closed a dry trans-Amazonian corridor. These diverse Amazonian triatomines display different degrees of synanthropism, defining a behavioural gradient from household invasion by adult triatomines to the stable colonisation of artificial structures. Anthropogenic ecological disturbance (driven by deforestation) is probably crucial in the onset of the process, but the fact that only a small fraction of species effectively colonises artificial environments suggests a role for evolution at the end of the gradient. Domestic infestation foci are restricted to drier subregions within Amazonia; thus, populations adapted to extremely humid rainforest microclimates may have limited chances of successfully colonising the slightly drier artificial microenvironments. These observations suggest several research avenues, from the use of climate data to map risk areas to the assessment of the synanthropic potential of individual vector species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Abad-Franch
- Instituto Leonidas & Maria Deane-Fiocruz, Amazônia, Rua Teresina, Manaus, AM, Brasil.
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Estructura poblacional y variabilidad genética de Rhodnius prolixus (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) procedente de diferentes áreas geográficas de Colombia. BIOMEDICA 2007. [DOI: 10.7705/biomedica.v27i1.246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Pavan MG, Monteiro FA. A multiplex PCR assay that separates Rhodnius prolixus from members of the Rhodnius robustus cryptic species complex (Hemiptera: Reduviidae). Trop Med Int Health 2007; 12:751-8. [PMID: 17550472 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3156.2007.01845.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Rhodnius prolixus is one of the most important primary vectors of human Chagas disease in Latin America. Its morphology is, however, identical to that of the members of the Rhodnius robustus cryptic species complex, which includes secondary vectors. The correct identification of these taxa with differential vector competence is, therefore, of great epidemiological relevance. We used the alignment of 26 mitochondrial cytochrome b haplotypes (663 bp) to select for PCR-amplifiable species-specific regions. We designed one forward primer on a region conserved across all haplotypes, and three reverse primers that anneal to species-specific regions and amplify fragments of different lengths for R. prolixus (285 bp) and for members of the two major R. robustus lineages: group I (349 bp) and groups II-IV (239 bp). These fragments were easily identifiable on regular 1.5% agarose gels. This multiplex PCR assay was successfully tested on 81 specimens from six Latin American countries, and used to determine the phylogeographic boundaries for each species. It is a simple, objective, and cost-effective assay. Its PCR-based nature makes it applicable to any insect developmental stage, as well as to dried specimens, and insect remains. It should be particularly useful in areas where representatives of these Rhodnius species occur in sympatry.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Pavan
- Departamento de Medicina Tropical, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Conn JE, Mirabello L. The biogeography and population genetics of neotropical vector species. Heredity (Edinb) 2007; 99:245-56. [PMID: 17534382 DOI: 10.1038/sj.hdy.6801002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Phylogenetic and population genetic data support the Pliocene or Pleistocene divergences of the co-distributed hematophagous insect vectors, the sand fly Lutzomyia longipalpis s.l., the mosquitoes Anopheles darlingi and A. albitarsis s.l., and the triatomines Rhodnius prolixus and R. robustus. We examined patterns of divergence and distribution in relation to three hypotheses of neotropical diversification: Miocene/Pliocene marine incursion, Pliocene/Pleistocene riverine barriers and Pleistocene refugia. Only R. prolixus has a pattern concordant with the refugia hypothesis, and R. robustus conforms to the marine incursion predictions. A. darlingi partially fits the refugia hypothesis. For L. longipalpis s.l. and A. albitarsis s.l., elements of both incursion and refugia hypotheses seem to fit, suggesting perhaps an interaction of factors determining their distribution patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Conn
- New York State Department of Health, Wadsworth Center, Griffin Laboratory, Slingerlands, NY 12159, USA.
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