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Calumby RJN, Onofre-Cordeiro NA, Silva KWL, Gomes DCS, Moreira RTF, Araújo MAS. Fungal identification in the air and water of a hemodialysis unit in Brazil. BRAZ J BIOL 2023; 83:e275136. [PMID: 37937629 DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.275136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The presence of fungi in healthcare settings, including hemodialysis units, represents a significant risk for immunocompromised patients. This study aimed to investigate the occurrence of fungi in the air and water of a hemodialysis unit located in a tertiary public hospital in Maceió, Alagoas, Brazil. Over a period of three consecutive months, monthly air samples were collected and analyzed using the spontaneous sedimentation technique on Petri dishes containing Sabouraud Dextrose Agar (SDA). Simultaneously, water samples (100 mL) were collected from four specific water distribution points and subjected plating on SDA. Fungi were phenotypically identified based on their macroscopic and microscopic characteristics. In total, 498 colony-forming units (CFUs) of fungi were isolated, with 86 CFUs originating from the air and 412 CFUs from the water. Regarding the water samples, a higher concentration of fungal CFUs was observed in the potable water from the supply network (229 CFUs). Unexpectedly, 23 CFUs were identified in the reverse osmosis samples and 11 CFUs in the storage tank, which are post-treatment points where the presence of microorganisms is not desired. The fungus Cladosporium spp. was the most prevalent in both air and water samples, followed by Penicillium spp. in the air and Rhodotorula spp. in the water. These findings underscore the need to implement effective control and monitoring measures for fungi in the hemodialysis unit to ensure patient safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J N Calumby
- Universidade Federal de Alagoas - UFAL, Campus A. C. Simões, Maceió, AL, Brasil
| | | | - K W L Silva
- Centro Universitário Cesmac, Maceió, AL, Brasil
| | - D C S Gomes
- Centro Universitário Cesmac, Maceió, AL, Brasil
| | - R T F Moreira
- Universidade Federal de Alagoas - UFAL, Campus A. C. Simões, Maceió, AL, Brasil
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Puhlmann D, Bergmann D, Besier S, Hogardt M, Wichelhaus TA, Langhans S, Hack D, Reinheimer C, Vehreschild MJGT, Jung J, Kempf VAJ. Analysis of Mould Exposure of Immunosuppressed Patients at a German University Hospital. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2652. [PMID: 38004663 PMCID: PMC10672964 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11112652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Moulds are ubiquitous components of outdoor and indoor air and local conditions, temperature, humidity and season can influence their concentration in the air. The impact of these factors on mould exposure in hospitals and the resulting risk of infection for low to moderately immunocompromised patients is unclear. In the present retrospective analysis for the years 2018 to 2022, the monthly determined mould contamination of the outdoor and indoor air at the University Hospital Frankfurt am Main is compared with the average air temperature and the relative humidity. Mould infections (Aspergillus spp., Mucorales) of low to moderately immunosuppressed patients of a haematological-oncological normal ward were determined clinically according to the criteria of the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC, Brussels, Belgium) and of the National Reference Centre for Surveillance of Nosocomial Infections (NRC-NI, Berlin, Germany). The data revealed that in the summer months (May-October), increased mould contamination was detectable in the outdoor and indoor air compared to the winter months (November-April). The mould levels in the patient rooms followed the detection rates of the outdoor air. Two nosocomial Aspergillus infections, one nosocomial Mucorales (Rhizopus spp.) infection (according to both NRC-NI and EORTC criteria) and five Aspergillus spp. infections (according to EORTC criteria) occurred in 4299 treated patients (resulting in 41,500 patient days). In our study, the incidence density rate of contracting a nosocomial mould infection (n = 3) was approximately 0.07 per 1000 patient days and appears to be negligible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danuta Puhlmann
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, University Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (D.P.)
- University Centre of Competence for Infection Control of the State of Hesse, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- University Centre for Infectious Diseases (UCI), University Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Dominic Bergmann
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, University Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (D.P.)
- University Centre of Competence for Infection Control of the State of Hesse, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- University Centre for Infectious Diseases (UCI), University Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Silke Besier
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, University Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (D.P.)
- University Centre of Competence for Infection Control of the State of Hesse, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- University Centre for Infectious Diseases (UCI), University Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Michael Hogardt
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, University Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (D.P.)
- University Centre of Competence for Infection Control of the State of Hesse, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- University Centre for Infectious Diseases (UCI), University Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Thomas A. Wichelhaus
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, University Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (D.P.)
- University Centre of Competence for Infection Control of the State of Hesse, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- University Centre for Infectious Diseases (UCI), University Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Sabine Langhans
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, University Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (D.P.)
- University Centre of Competence for Infection Control of the State of Hesse, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- University Centre for Infectious Diseases (UCI), University Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Daniel Hack
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, University Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (D.P.)
- University Centre of Competence for Infection Control of the State of Hesse, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- University Centre for Infectious Diseases (UCI), University Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Claudia Reinheimer
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, University Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (D.P.)
- University Centre of Competence for Infection Control of the State of Hesse, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- University Centre for Infectious Diseases (UCI), University Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Maria J. G. T. Vehreschild
- Department for Internal Medicine II, University Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jens Jung
- Department 1—Finance and Patient Services, University Hospital, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Volkhard A. J. Kempf
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, University Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (D.P.)
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Lara BR, de Camargo BB, Paula CR, Junior DPL, Garces HG, Arnoni MV, Silveira M, Gimenes VMF, Siqueira LPM, Takahashi JPF, Melhem MDSC, Richini-Pereira VB, Anversa L, Ruiz LDS. Comparing the phenotypic, genotypic, and proteomic identification of Trichosporon species: A globally emerging yeast of medical importance. Med Mycol 2021; 59:1181-1190. [PMID: 34424343 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myab050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Trichosporon spp. are widely distributed in the nature, comprising species that inhabit different ecological niches and can be found in the water, soil, and body surface of animals and humans. Such microorganisms have been classically associated with superficial infections; however, in the last decades, they have also been related to disseminated infections in immunocompromised patients, behaving as opportunistic agents, which demands rapid and accurate species identification for efficient therapy. Concordance level between the traditional phenotypic method and the molecular technique (gold standard) in the identification of all 59 Trichosporon samples was 59.3%. Identification concordance between MALDI-TOF spectrometry and the molecular technique was 71.2%. No isolate of environmental origin was identifiable by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry (MS), and 100% of such environmental isolates were discordant for IGS region sequencing and phenotypic characterization. Both comparisons evidenced greatest concordance in the identification of T. asahii. The species T. debeurmannianum, T. dermatis, T. venhuisii and T. insectorum were not properly identified by both MALDI-TOF MS and the phenotypic technique. MALDI-TOF MS, in particular, seems to be appropriate to investigate yeasts of the genus Trichosporon; however, database updates are still necessary, especially for species that are not common in the clinical routine. With the aim of helping understand the aspects involved in early and accurate diagnosis of infections caused by this opportunistic agent, the present study compared the phenotypic, molecular (IGS region) and mass-spectrometry (MALDI-TOF) identification of 59 yeasts of the genus Trichosporon which had clinical and environmental origin and were kept in a mycology collection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Rossini Lara
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), Institute of Biosciences, 18618-689, Botucatu, São Paulo (SP), Brazil.,Adolfo Lutz Institute (IAL) CLR II, Biomedical Sciences Center, 17015-110, Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Diniz Pereira Leite Junior
- Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso (UFMT), Av. Fernando Corrêa da Costa, 2.367, Cuiabá, MT, Brazil
| | - Hans Garcia Garces
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), Institute of Biosciences, 18618-689, Botucatu, São Paulo (SP), Brazil
| | - Mariana Volpe Arnoni
- "Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo", Hospital, 01221-010, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Darcy Vargas Children's Hospital, 05614-040, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Laís Anversa
- Adolfo Lutz Institute (IAL) CLR II, Biomedical Sciences Center, 17015-110, Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | - Luciana da Silva Ruiz
- Adolfo Lutz Institute (IAL) CLR II, Biomedical Sciences Center, 17015-110, Bauru, SP, Brazil
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Belizario JA, Lopes LG, Pires RH. Fungi in the indoor air of critical hospital areas: a review. AEROBIOLOGIA 2021; 37:379-394. [PMID: 34007098 PMCID: PMC8119621 DOI: 10.1007/s10453-021-09706-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Invasive fungal infection is an important cause of mortality and morbidity in neonates, especially in low-birthweight neonates. The contribution of fungi in the indoor air to the incidence of mucocutaneous colonization and to the risk of invasive fungal infection in this population is uncertain. This review aimed to identify and to summarize the best available evidence on the fungal contamination in the indoor air of critical hospital areas with an emphasis on pediatric/neonatal ICUs. Publications from 2005 to 2019 were searched in the databases Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO), US National Library of Medicine National Institutes of Health Search (PubMed), and Latin American Caribbean Health Sciences (LILACS). Descriptors in Health Sciences (DeCS) were used. Research papers published in Portuguese, English, and Spanish were included. Twenty-nine papers on all continents except Australia were selected. The results showed that the air mycobiota contained several fungal species, notably Aspergillus, Penicillium, Cladosporium, Fusarium, and yeast (Candida) species. The selected papers point out the risks that fungi pose to neonates, who have immature immune system, and describe simultaneous external factors (air humidity, seasonality, air and people flow, use of particulate filters, and health professionals' hand hygiene) that contribute to indoor air contamination with fungi. Improving communication among health professionals is a great concern because this can prevent major health complications in neonates, especially in low-birthweight neonates. The results reinforced the need to monitor environmental fungi more frequently and efficiently in hospitals, especially in neonatal ICUs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenyffie A. Belizario
- Universidade de Franca, Av. Dr. Armando Salles de Oliveira, 201, Parque Universitário, Franca, São Paulo 14404-600 Brazil
| | - Leonardo G. Lopes
- Universidade de Franca, Av. Dr. Armando Salles de Oliveira, 201, Parque Universitário, Franca, São Paulo 14404-600 Brazil
| | - Regina H. Pires
- Universidade de Franca, Av. Dr. Armando Salles de Oliveira, 201, Parque Universitário, Franca, São Paulo 14404-600 Brazil
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Sanna C, Marras L, Desogus A, Marras B, Montero N, Bertolino G, Schintu M, Coroneo V. Evaluation of Rhodotorula spp. contamination in hospital environments. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2021; 193:152. [PMID: 33646402 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-021-08908-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Microbiological monitoring of air and surfaces is a valuable tool for assessing the level of environmental contamination by bacteria and fungi in hospitals, especially in high-risk wards. The presence of these microorganisms requires strict control in view of their role as opportunistic pathogens. As regard yeasts, Candida albicans is one of the main opportunistic pathogens. However, in recent years, many other "non-Albicans" species have been identified that are implicated in the onset of both localised infections in immunocompetent patients and systemic infections in immunocompromised patients. The aim of the work was to evaluate the frequency of isolation of Rhodotorula spp. in environmental samples of hospital origin in order to highlight how its presence may represent an increased risk for hospitalised patients. The samples were taken in at-risk wards, divided into six types of environments, in three hospitals in southern Sardinia between 2016 and 2019. The presence of moulds and yeasts was higher in the air (55.7%) than on surfaces (44.3%) in the hospital environments (p < 0.001). Similarly, the isolation frequency of Rhodotorula spp. was found to be greater (p < 0.001) in the air (14.2%) than on surfaces (9.2%). This study made it possible to evaluate the presence of pathogenic fungi in hospital environments, paying particular attention to Rhodotorula spp. since it is an emerging opportunistic yeast. It also highlights the importance of control measures especially in those where immunocompromised patients are present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Sanna
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy.
| | - Luisa Marras
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Alessandro Desogus
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Barbara Marras
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Natalia Montero
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Giacomo Bertolino
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Marco Schintu
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Valentina Coroneo
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
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Silva D, Diniz-Neto H, Cordeiro L, Silva-Neta M, Silva S, Andrade-Júnior F, Leite M, Nóbrega J, Morais M, Souza J, Rosa L, Melo T, Souza H, Sousa A, Rodrigues G, Oliveira-Filho A, Lima E. (R)-(+)-β-Citronellol and (S)-(-)-β-Citronellol in Combination with Amphotericin B against Candida Spp. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21051785. [PMID: 32150884 PMCID: PMC7084460 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21051785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The enantiomers (R)-(+)-β-citronellol and (S)-(−)-β-citronellol are present in many medicinal plants, but little is understood about their bioactivity against Candida yeasts. This study aimed to evaluate the behavior of positive and negative enantiomers of β-citronellol on strains of Candida albicans and C. tropicalis involved in candidemia. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicide concentration (MFC) were determined. The evaluation of growth kinetics, mechanism of action, and association studies with Amphotericin B (AB) using the checkerboard method was also performed. R-(+)-β-citronellol and S-(−)-β-citronellol presented a MIC50% of 64 µg/mL and a MFC50% of 256 µg/mL for C. albicans strains. For C. tropicalis, the isomers exhibited a MIC50% of 256 µg/mL and a MFC50% of 1024 µg/mL. In the mechanism of action assay, both substances displayed an effect on the fungal membrane but not on the fungal cell wall. Synergism and indifference were observed in the association of R-(+)-β-citronellol and AB, while the association between S-(−)-β-citronellol and AB displayed synergism, additivity, and indifference. In conclusion, both isomers of β-citronellol presented a similar profile of antifungal activity. Hence, they can be contemplated in the development of new antifungal drugs providing that further research is conducted about their pharmacology and toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Silva
- Postgraduate Program in Bioactive Natural and Synthetic Products, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa 58051-970, Brazil; (H.D.-N.); (L.C.); (M.S.-N.); (S.S.); (F.A.-J.); (M.L.); (J.N.); (M.M.); (L.R.); (T.M.); (E.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-83-99981-1977
| | - Hermes Diniz-Neto
- Postgraduate Program in Bioactive Natural and Synthetic Products, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa 58051-970, Brazil; (H.D.-N.); (L.C.); (M.S.-N.); (S.S.); (F.A.-J.); (M.L.); (J.N.); (M.M.); (L.R.); (T.M.); (E.L.)
| | - Laísa Cordeiro
- Postgraduate Program in Bioactive Natural and Synthetic Products, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa 58051-970, Brazil; (H.D.-N.); (L.C.); (M.S.-N.); (S.S.); (F.A.-J.); (M.L.); (J.N.); (M.M.); (L.R.); (T.M.); (E.L.)
| | - Maria Silva-Neta
- Postgraduate Program in Bioactive Natural and Synthetic Products, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa 58051-970, Brazil; (H.D.-N.); (L.C.); (M.S.-N.); (S.S.); (F.A.-J.); (M.L.); (J.N.); (M.M.); (L.R.); (T.M.); (E.L.)
| | - Shellygton Silva
- Postgraduate Program in Bioactive Natural and Synthetic Products, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa 58051-970, Brazil; (H.D.-N.); (L.C.); (M.S.-N.); (S.S.); (F.A.-J.); (M.L.); (J.N.); (M.M.); (L.R.); (T.M.); (E.L.)
| | - Francisco Andrade-Júnior
- Postgraduate Program in Bioactive Natural and Synthetic Products, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa 58051-970, Brazil; (H.D.-N.); (L.C.); (M.S.-N.); (S.S.); (F.A.-J.); (M.L.); (J.N.); (M.M.); (L.R.); (T.M.); (E.L.)
| | - Maria Leite
- Postgraduate Program in Bioactive Natural and Synthetic Products, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa 58051-970, Brazil; (H.D.-N.); (L.C.); (M.S.-N.); (S.S.); (F.A.-J.); (M.L.); (J.N.); (M.M.); (L.R.); (T.M.); (E.L.)
| | - Jefferson Nóbrega
- Postgraduate Program in Bioactive Natural and Synthetic Products, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa 58051-970, Brazil; (H.D.-N.); (L.C.); (M.S.-N.); (S.S.); (F.A.-J.); (M.L.); (J.N.); (M.M.); (L.R.); (T.M.); (E.L.)
| | - Maria Morais
- Postgraduate Program in Bioactive Natural and Synthetic Products, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa 58051-970, Brazil; (H.D.-N.); (L.C.); (M.S.-N.); (S.S.); (F.A.-J.); (M.L.); (J.N.); (M.M.); (L.R.); (T.M.); (E.L.)
| | - Juliana Souza
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa 58051-970, Brazil; (J.S.); (H.S.)
| | - Lyvia Rosa
- Postgraduate Program in Bioactive Natural and Synthetic Products, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa 58051-970, Brazil; (H.D.-N.); (L.C.); (M.S.-N.); (S.S.); (F.A.-J.); (M.L.); (J.N.); (M.M.); (L.R.); (T.M.); (E.L.)
| | - Thamara Melo
- Postgraduate Program in Bioactive Natural and Synthetic Products, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa 58051-970, Brazil; (H.D.-N.); (L.C.); (M.S.-N.); (S.S.); (F.A.-J.); (M.L.); (J.N.); (M.M.); (L.R.); (T.M.); (E.L.)
| | - Helivaldo Souza
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa 58051-970, Brazil; (J.S.); (H.S.)
| | - Aleson Sousa
- Postgraduate Program in Drug Development and Technological Innovation, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa 58051-970, Brazil;
| | - Gregório Rodrigues
- Postgraduate Program in Dentistry, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa 58051-970, Brazil;
| | - Abrahão Oliveira-Filho
- Health and Rural Technology Center, Federal University of Campina Grande, Patos 58700-970, Brazil;
| | - Edeltrudes Lima
- Postgraduate Program in Bioactive Natural and Synthetic Products, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa 58051-970, Brazil; (H.D.-N.); (L.C.); (M.S.-N.); (S.S.); (F.A.-J.); (M.L.); (J.N.); (M.M.); (L.R.); (T.M.); (E.L.)
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Kyei S, Appiah E, Ayerakwa EA, Antwi CB, Asiedu K. Microbial safety implications of in-use topical diagnostic ophthalmic medications in eye clinics in Ghana. JOURNAL OF OPTOMETRY 2019; 12:263-271. [PMID: 31473175 PMCID: PMC6978605 DOI: 10.1016/j.optom.2019.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 01/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the microbial contaminants and its clinical importance in topical diagnostic ophthalmic medications (cycloplegics/mydriatics and miotics) in eye clinics in Ghana. METHOD A cross-section of eye clinics was sampled for the diagnostic agents (Atropine, Phenylephrine, Tropicamide and Cyclopentolate, Pilocarpine). Standard laboratory procedures and protocols were observed in culturing the samples on different Agars. Microscopy and various biochemical tests were performed to identify microbial species. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was also performed to ascertain the clinical importance of the isolated microbes. RESULTS A total of 113 samples were obtained, from which 334 bacteria were isolated which included Bacilli spp. 91(27.25%), Coagulase Negative Staphylococci spp. 59(17.66%), Moraxella spp. 47(14.07%), Staphylococcus aureus 41(12.27%), Streptococcus spp. 21(6.29%), Klebsiella spp. 20(5.99%), Pseudomonas spp. 13(3.89%), Proteus spp. 12(3.59%), Escherichia coli. 12 (3.59%), Serratia spp. 10(2.99%), Shigella spp. 7(2.09%), Salmonella spp. 1(0.3%). There were 96 isolated fungal contaminants mainly Penicillium spp. 41(42.71%), Cephalosporium spp. 19(19.79%), Cladosporium spp. 15(15.63%), Aspergillus spp. 13(13.54%), Cercospora spp. 8(8.33%). The diagnostic agent with the most bacteria contamination was Phenylephrine 90 (26.95%) and the least being Pilocarpine 49 (14.67%). Also, the diagnostic agent with the most fungal contamination was Cyclopentolate 29 (30.2%) and the least was Tropicamide and Pilocarpine with 15 (15.63%) each. Gentamicin and Ciprofloxacin were the only antibiotics that showed 100% activity against all the bacterial isolates. Fungal contaminants were more susceptible to Ketoconazole as compared to Fluconazole. CONCLUSION Topical diagnostic ophthalmic preparations used in clinical settings in Ghana are contaminated with clinically important bacteria and fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Kyei
- Department of Optometry and Vision Science, School of Allied Health Sciences, College of Health and Allied Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Eric Appiah
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Allied Health Sciences, College of Health and Allied Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Eunice Ampadubea Ayerakwa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Allied Health Sciences, College of Health and Allied Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Clara Bemmah Antwi
- Department of Optometry and Vision Science, School of Allied Health Sciences, College of Health and Allied Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Kofi Asiedu
- Eye Clinic, Twumasiwaa Medical Center, ARS Junction, East Legon Accra, Ghana.
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8
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De Alencar GP, Sabino J, Gonçalves JL, Chang MR. Bacterial, Fungal and Viral Infections in Surgical Site: Clinical, Diagnostic and Epidemiological Aspects. JOURNAL OF HEALTH SCIENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.17921/2447-8938.2019v21n3p219-224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractSurgical Site Infections (SSI) are infections related to surgical procedures in inpatients and outpatients, indicated with high prevalence in relation to infections linked to preventable health care. Thus, the objective of the study is to perform a review on bacterial, fungal and viral infections in surgical site in relation to clinical, diagnostic and epidemiological aspects. A bibliographic and exploratory research was carried out and the Virtual Health Library (VHL), Capes Periodicals and the Pubmed to search the articles were consulted. As for the clinical aspects, the phlogistic signs that allow to identify an inflammatory picture, being a response of the organism to some aggressive agent. Among the bacterial diagnostic methods, the most used ones are the color smear examination, cultural and biochemical characteristics, ELISA, PCR and SAR. As for the detection of fungi and yeasts are the production of the germ tube, micro-culture in agar-tween 80 agar, assimilation of carbohydrates or nitrogen and fermentation of carbohydrates. For viruses, virus isolation, cell culture, laboratory animals and embryonated eggs may be used. Although bacterial infections account for most surgical infections, fungal and viral infections can also be seen in hospital settings and their diagnosis needs to be performed as soon as possible for proper treatment, reducing costs for medical services and length of stay of the patient in the hospital environment, also reducing other risks of infection.Keywords: Surgical Wound Infection. Bacterial Infections. Mycoses. Virus Diseases.ResumoAs Infecções do Sítio Cirúrgico (ISC) são infecções relacionadas a procedimentos cirúrgicos em pacientes internados e ambulatoriais, indicadas com alta prevalência em relação às infecções ligadas aos cuidados em saúde evitáveis. Neste sentido, o objetivo do estudo é realizar uma revisão sobre as infecções bacterianas, fúngicas e virais em sítio cirúrgico em relação aos aspectos clínicos, diagnósticos e epidemiológicos. Foi realizada uma pesquisa bibliográfica e exploratória e consultada a Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde (BVS), os Periódicos Capes e o Pubmed para busca dos artigos. Quanto aos aspectos clínicos, os sinais flogísticos que permitem identificar um quadro inflamatório, sendo uma resposta do organismo frente a algum agente agressor. Dentre os métodos diagnósticos bacterianos, os mais utilizados são o Exame de esfregaços corados, Características culturais e bioquímicas, ELISA, PCR e o SAR. Quanto à detecção de fungos e leveduras estão a produção do tubo germinativo, micro cultivo em ágar fubá-tween 80, assimilação de carboidratos ou de nitrogênio e fermentação dos carboidratos. Em relação aos vírus, podem ser utilizadas o isolamento dos vírus, a cultura de células, os animais de laboratório e os ovos embrionados. Apesar das infecções bacterianas representarem a maior parte das infecções cirúrgicas, as infecções fúngicas e virais também podem ser vistas em ambientes hospitalares e seu diagnóstico precisa ser realizado o mais rápido possível para um tratamento adequado, reduzindo os custos com serviços médicos e o tempo de permanência do paciente no ambiente hospitalar, diminuindo também outros riscos de infecção.Palavras-chave: Infecção da Ferida Cirúrgica. Infecções Bacterianas. Micoses. Viroses.
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Assessment of Airborne Bacterial and Fungal Communities in Selected Areas of Teaching Hospital, Kandy, Sri Lanka. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:7393926. [PMID: 31309114 PMCID: PMC6594343 DOI: 10.1155/2019/7393926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 04/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Nosocomial infections, in lay term known as hospital acquired infections, are caused mainly by airborne pathogens found in healthcare facilities and their surroundings. The aim of this study was to quantify and identify bacteria and fungi in a hospital, which is an understudied area of air quality in Sri Lanka. Air samples were collected in agar medium and petri plates containing sterile filter papers. The number of culturable and total airborne microorganisms was estimated by manual counting and fluorescent microscopy, respectively. The morphologically distant bacteria and fungi were identified by DNA sequencing. The statistical analysis revealed significant variances between studied sites (p < 0.05) where Outpatients Department and Respiratory Unit showed higher levels of airborne microbial load. Culturable microbial count was higher at noon (hospital visiting hours) compared to other sampling periods (after hospital visiting hours) within the hospital. Total count of airborne microbes was found to be the highest during the afternoon. The most sensitive zones such as Operating Theatre and Intensive Care Unit showed considerably higher counts of airborne microbes. Identification by molecular means revealed the presence of human pathogens in the hospital air including Bacillus sp, Micrococcus sp, Pseudomonas sp, Staphylococcu ssp, Exiguobacterium sp, Enterobacter sp, Escherichia sp, Sphingomonas sp, Massilia sp, Kocuria sp, Fusarium sp, and Aspergillus sp. In conclusion, the results from this study indicate that the hospital air was generally contaminated. Therefore, the implementation of proactive policies and strategies are needed to monitor hospital air quality in sensitive zones as well as other areas of the hospitals.
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Gonçalves CL, Mota FV, Ferreira GF, Mendes JF, Pereira EC, Freitas CH, Vieira JN, Villarreal JP, Nascente PS. Airborne fungi in an intensive care unit. BRAZ J BIOL 2017; 78:265-270. [PMID: 28793031 DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.06016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of airborne fungi in Intensive Care Unit (ICUs) is associated with increased nosocomial infections. The aim of this study was the isolation and identification of airborne fungi presented in an ICU from the University Hospital of Pelotas - RS, with the attempt to know the place's environmental microbiota. 40 Petri plates with Sabouraud Dextrose Agar were exposed to an environment of an ICU, where samples were collected in strategic places during morning and afternoon periods for ten days. Seven fungi genera were identified: Penicillium spp. (15.18%), genus with the higher frequency, followed by Aspergillus spp., Cladosporium spp., Fusarium spp., Paecelomyces spp., Curvularia spp., Alternaria spp., Zygomycetes and sterile mycelium. The most predominant fungi genus were Aspergillus spp. (13.92%) in the morning and Cladosporium spp. (13.92%) in the afternoon. Due to their involvement in different diseases, the identified fungi genera can be classified as potential pathogens of inpatients. These results reinforce the need of monitoring the environmental microorganisms with high frequency and efficiently in health institutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Gonçalves
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - F V Mota
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Medicina Veterinária, Departamento de Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - G F Ferreira
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - J F Mendes
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Medicina Veterinária, Departamento de Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | | | - C H Freitas
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - J N Vieira
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - J P Villarreal
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - P S Nascente
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
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Zemouri C, de Soet H, Crielaard W, Laheij A. A scoping review on bio-aerosols in healthcare and the dental environment. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0178007. [PMID: 28531183 PMCID: PMC5439730 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0178007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Bio-aerosols originate from different sources and their potentially pathogenic nature may form a hazard to healthcare workers and patients. So far no extensive review on existing evidence regarding bio-aerosols is available. Objectives This study aimed to review evidence on bio-aerosols in healthcare and the dental setting. The objectives were 1) What are the sources that generate bio-aerosols?; 2) What is the microbial load and composition of bio-aerosols and how were they measured?; and 3) What is the hazard posed by pathogenic micro-organisms transported via the aerosol route of transmission? Methods Systematic scoping review design. Searched in PubMed and EMBASE from inception to 09-03-2016. References were screened and selected based on abstract and full text according to eligibility criteria. Full text articles were assessed for inclusion and summarized. The results are presented in three separate objectives and summarized for an overview of evidence. Results The search yielded 5,823 studies, of which 62 were included. Dental hand pieces were found to generate aerosols in the dental settings. Another 30 sources from human activities, interventions and daily cleaning performances in the hospital also generate aerosols. Fifty-five bacterial species, 45 fungi genera and ten viruses were identified in a hospital setting and 16 bacterial and 23 fungal species in the dental environment. Patients with certain risk factors had a higher chance to acquire Legionella in hospitals. Such infections can lead to irreversible septic shock and death. Only a few studies found that bio-aerosol generating procedures resulted in transmission of infectious diseases or allergic reactions. Conclusion Bio-aerosols are generated via multiple sources such as different interventions, instruments and human activity. Bio-aerosols compositions reported are heterogeneous in their microbiological composition dependent on the setting and methodology. Legionella species were found to be a bio-aerosol dependent hazard to elderly and patients with respiratory complaints. But all aerosols can be can be hazardous to both patients and healthcare workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charifa Zemouri
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam & Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Hans de Soet
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam & Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wim Crielaard
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam & Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alexa Laheij
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam & Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Savastano C, de Oliveira Silva E, Gonçalves LL, Nery JM, Silva NC, Dias ALT. Candida glabrata among Candida spp. from environmental health practitioners of a Brazilian Hospital. Braz J Microbiol 2016; 47:367-72. [PMID: 26991302 PMCID: PMC4874588 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjm.2015.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2012] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of the species Candida albicans and non-albicans Candida was evaluated in a Brazilian Tertiary Hospital from the environment and health practitioners. In a 12-month period we had a total positivity of 19.65% of Candida spp. The most recurring non-albicans Candida species was C. glabrata (37.62%), generally considered a species of low virulence, but with a higher mortality rate than C. albicans. Subsequently, C. parapsilosis (25.74%) and C. tropicalis (16.86%) were the second and third most commonly isolated species. Considering the total samples collected from the emergency room and from the inpatient and the pediatric sector, 19.10% were positive for Candida spp., with the predominance of non-albicans Candida species (89.42%). The high percentage of positivity occurred in the hands (24.32%) and the lab coats (21.88%) of the health care assistants. No sample of C. albicans presented a profile of resistance to the drugs. All the non-albicans Candida species presented a decreased susceptibility to miconazole and itraconazole, but they were susceptible to nystatin. Most of the isolates were susceptible to fluconazole and amphotericin B. As expected, a high resistance rate was observed in C. glabrata and C. krusei, which are intrinsically less susceptible to this antifungal agent. The contamination of environmental surfaces by Candida spp. through hand touching may facilitate the occurrence of Candida infections predominantly in immunocompromised patients. In addition to that, the antifungal agents used should be carefully evaluated considering local epidemiologic trends in Candida spp. infections, so that therapeutic choices may be better guided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Savastano
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, Federal University of Alfenas (UNIFAL-MG), Alfenas, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Elisa de Oliveira Silva
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, Federal University of Alfenas (UNIFAL-MG), Alfenas, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Lindyanne Lemos Gonçalves
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, Federal University of Alfenas (UNIFAL-MG), Alfenas, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Jéssica Maria Nery
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, Federal University of Alfenas (UNIFAL-MG), Alfenas, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Naiara Chaves Silva
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, Federal University of Alfenas (UNIFAL-MG), Alfenas, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Storti LR, Pasquale G, Scomparim R, Galastri AL, Alterthum F, Gambale W, Rodrigues Paula C. Candida spp. isolated from inpatients, the environment, and health practitioners in the Pediatric Unit at the Universitary Hospital of the Jundiaí Medical College, State of São Paulo, Brazil. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2012; 45:225-31. [PMID: 22534997 DOI: 10.1590/s0037-86822012000200017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2010] [Accepted: 09/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study aimed to isolate and identify Candida spp. from the environment, health practitioners, and patients with the presumptive diagnosis of candidiasis in the Pediatric Unit at the Universitary Hospital of the Jundiaí Medical College, to verify the production of enzymes regarded as virulence factors, and to determine how susceptible the isolated samples from patients with candidiasis are to antifungal agents. METHODS Between March and November of 2008 a total of 283 samples were taken randomly from the environment and from the hands of health staff, and samples of all the suspected cases of Candida spp. hospital-acquired infection were collected and selected by the Infection Control Committee. The material was processed and the yeast genus Candida was isolated and identified by physiological, microscopic, and macroscopic attributes. RESULTS The incidence of Candida spp. in the environment and employees was 19.2%. The most frequent species were C. parapsilosis and C. tropicalis among the workers, C. guilliermondii and C. tropicalis in the air, C. lusitanae on the contact surfaces, and C. tropicalis and C. guilliermondii in the climate control equipment. The college hospital had 320 admissions, of which 13 (4%) presented Candida spp. infections; three of them died, two being victims of a C. tropicalis infection and the remaining one of C. albicans. All the Candida spp. in the isolates evidenced sensitivity to amphotericin B, nystatin, and fluconazole. CONCLUSIONS The increase in the rate of hospital-acquired infections caused by Candida spp. indicates the need to take larger measures regarding recurrent control of the environment.
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Aeromycological study at the intensive care unit of the “Dr. Manuel Gea Gonzalez” General Hospital. Braz J Infect Dis 2012; 16:432-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bjid.2012.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2012] [Accepted: 06/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Okten S, Asan A. Airborne fungi and bacteria in indoor and outdoor environment of the Pediatric Unit of Edirne Government Hospital. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2012; 184:1739-1751. [PMID: 21611848 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-011-2075-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2010] [Accepted: 04/11/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
This study was performed between January 2004 and December 2004 in 13 stations in the Pediatric Unit of Edirne Government Hospital in order to determine the outdoor and indoor airborne microfungal and bacterial contents. The results of air samplings revealed that 1,376 microfungal and 2,429 bacterial colonies in total were isolated. The isolated microfungal specimens were identified and 65 species from 16 genera were determined. Among these, the most frequent genus was Cladosporium with 462 colonies (33.58%) followed by Alternaria with 310 (22.53%) and Penicillium with 280 (20.35%) colonies. The isolated bacterial samples were grouped based on their Gram-staining properties. The most frequent ones were Gram (+) cocci with 1,527 colonies (62.87%) followed by Gram (+) bacilli with 828 colonies (34.09%) and Gram (-) bacilli with 74 colonies (3.05%). Staphylococcus, Bacillus, Corynebacterium, and Microccus appeared to be the common genera isolated for all months. Statistical analyses were performed in order to see if there existed a relationship between meteorological conditions and the microfungal and bacterial species and their concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzan Okten
- Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Department of Biology, Trakya University, 22030 Edirne, Turkey,
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Fungal microbiota in air-conditioning installed in both adult and neonatal intensive treatment units and their impact in two university hospitals of the central western region, Mato Grosso, Brazil. Mycopathologia 2011; 172:109-16. [PMID: 21424438 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-011-9411-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2010] [Accepted: 03/06/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
To evaluate fungal microbiota in air-conditioning units installed in intensive care units in two university hospitals in Cuiaba city, Mato Grosso, central western region of Brazil, 525 solid environmental samples were collected, 285 from Hospital A and 240 from Hospital B. Collections were performed using sterile swabs on air-conditioning unit components: cooling coils, ventilators, and filters. Mycelial fungi identification was achieved by observation of the macroscopic and micromorphological characteristics in different culture mediums (maize meal, oatmeal and potato dextrose agars and malt extract) using the Ridell technique. Eleven genera and 27 distinct species belonging to the hyphomycetes and ascomycetes classes were isolated and identified. The most frequently detected genera in both hospitals were Aspergillus spp, Penicillium spp, and Cladosporium spp. Values for colony-forming units per gram were 64 and 75%, well above the limits recommended by Health Ministry resolution 176/00 at the locations selected for analysis in Hospitals A and B, respectively. In conclusion, evaluation of fungal microbiota in the air-conditioning units indirectly determined that the air quality was compromised in both university hospitals analyzed, which constitutes a risk factor for the acquisition of infection in the intensive care units.
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Vieira C, De Carvalho M, De Resende M, De Menezes Cussiol N, Alvarez-Leite M, Dos Santos S, De Oliveira M, De Magalhães T, Silva M, Nicoli J, De Macêdo Farias L. Isolation of clinically relevant fungal species from solid waste and environment of dental health services. Lett Appl Microbiol 2010; 51:370-6. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.2010.02907.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Curtis L. More environmental controls needed to control hospital acquired Candida infections. SCANDINAVIAN JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2009; 41:542-543. [PMID: 19449258 DOI: 10.1080/00365540902968050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
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de Oliveira Silva RB, Fusco-Almeida AM, Matsumoto MT, Baeza LC, Benaducci T, Mendes-Giannini MJS. Genetic diversity and antifungal susceptibility testing of Trichosporon asahii isolated of Intensive Care Units patients. Braz J Microbiol 2008; 39:585-92. [PMID: 24031270 PMCID: PMC3768427 DOI: 10.1590/s1517-838220080003000033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2007] [Revised: 02/08/2007] [Accepted: 07/05/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Trichosporon asahii is an opportunistic pathogen, associated with a high mortality rate in immunocompromised patients. In this study, ten isolates, recovered from oral cavity and urine of patients in Intensive Care Units (ICU) over six months, were identified by classical and molecular methods, typed by RAPD and tested in vitro for susceptibility to fluconazole, itraconazole, 5-flucytosine and amphotericin B. A total agreement between the identification of Trichosporon sp by PCR based on sequences of the Internal Transcribed Spacer Regions (ITS) and on the sequences of small-subunit (SSU) ribosomal DNA (rDNA) was found. Randomly amplified of polymorphic DNA (RAPD), with primers P6 and M13, was used to determine the genomic profiles. The dendogram analysis indicated that almost all strains showed similarity >0.9 among them and all strains were multidrug-resistant. This study brings new results on the identification and genotyping of T. asahii isolated from Brazilian ICU patients and information about their antifungal drugs susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosana Bellan de Oliveira Silva
- Instituto Adolfo Lutz , Rio Claro, SP , Brasil ; Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual Paulista , Araraquara, SP , Brasil
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Feghhi M, Mahmoudabadi AZ, Mehdinejad M. Evaluation of fungal and bacterial contaminations of patient-used ocular drops. Med Mycol 2008; 46:17-21. [PMID: 17885954 DOI: 10.1080/13693780701487979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the incidence of fungal and bacterial contaminations of in-use eye drop products in the teaching department of ophthalmology, Imam Khomeini Hospital, Ahvaz. Two hundred and eighty seven eye drop bottles were randomly collected at the end of day 1, day 2, day 3, day 4 and day 7 of use. The eye drop residues, swabs from internal caps and droppers were inoculated onto MacConkey agar, blood agar and Sabouraud's dextrose agar. The identification of the recovered organisms was accomplished using standard microbial identification techniques. The incidence of microbial contamination of in-use eye drop products was 17.8%, with the highest rate (24.6%) and the lowest rate (9.0%) noted with day 1 and day 3 samples, respectively. The most contaminated part of the eye drop products was the caps (45.9%) followed by droppers (41.0%) and residual contents (13.1%). Considering mendicants contents, those with pilocarpine (41.7%) had the highest rate of contamination followed by atropine (31.8%), tropicamide (28.6%) and betamethasone (23.3%). Our study revealed the potential risk of contamination of in-use eye drop products in hospitals, but we did not find a direct relationship between usage duration and contamination rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa Feghhi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Imam Khomeini Hospital, Ahvaz, Iran
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Xavier M, Madrid I, Meinerz A, Cleff M, Schuch L, Nobre MDO, Meireles M. ATIVIDADE “IN VITRO” DE TRÊS AGENTES QUÍMICOS FRENTE A DIFERENTES ESPÉCIES DE ASPERGILLUS. ARQUIVOS DO INSTITUTO BIOLÓGICO 2007. [DOI: 10.1590/1808-1657v74p0492007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
RESUMO A aspergilose é causada por fungos ubíquos e oportunistas do gênero Aspergillus, que liberam milhares de conídios no ar, contaminando o ambiente, sendo de extrema importância a utilização de filtros de ar e programas corretos de anti-sepsia e desinfecção para prevenção da enfermidade. Este estudo avaliou a eficácia “in vitro” dos agentes químicos, iodóforo, amônia quaternária e clorexidina, frente a isolados de Aspergillus fumigatus (8), Aspergillus niger (8), Aspergillus flavus (6) e Aspergillus terreus (1). Para o teste foram preparadas diluições sucessivas dos desinfetantes/antisépticos (log2) em caldo RPMI, e os inóculos foram ajustados até uma concentração final de 5 x 104 UFC/mL. Foi realizada a técnica de microdiluição em caldo de acordo com NCCLS M-38, adaptada para agentes químicos, com incubação das microplacas a 35° C em agitação constante. A leitura visual dos resultados foi realizada após 96 horas, e os isolados de Aspergillus spp. utilizados foram resistentes ao iodóforo nas concentrações testadas. A amônia quaternária e a clorexidina mostraram-se eficazes contra os isolados de Aspergillus spp., com exceção de um A. fumigatus e um A. terreus. Com estes resultados indica-se a utilização da amônia quaternária e da clorexidina na prevenção da aspergilose, questionando-se o uso de iodóforos para este fim.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - M.B. Cleff
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil
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Current awareness on yeast. Yeast 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/yea.1289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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