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Chen Y, Qin Z, Li J, Xiao L, Zhang L. The global prevalence of Cyclospora cayetanensis infection: A systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression. Acta Trop 2024; 253:107175. [PMID: 38492874 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2024.107175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
Cyclospora cayetanensis (C. cayetanensis) is a significant pathogen that causes diarrheal illness and causes large foodborne diarrhea outbreaks in the USA and Canada. However, there is currently a lack of published meta-analysis on the prevalence of C. cayetanensis infection in the global population. A real estimation of a disease prevalence should always be done on the basis of studies designed for that purpose. We conducted a comprehensive search of various databases for articles pertaining to the prevalence of C. cayetanensis infection in humans, spanning from the inception of these databases to March 10, 2023. Utilizing a random effects model, we estimated the prevalence of C. cayetanensis infection in humans. Our analysis included a total of 150 datasets sourced from 42 different countries, which were ultimately selected for the final quantitative assessment. The prevalence of C. cayetanensis infection in humans worldwide was estimated to be 3.4 % (5636/166,611). Notably, Africa exhibited the highest prevalence rate at 5.9 % (606/11,068). Further subgroup analysis revealed a significantly higher infection rate in humans residing in low-income countries (7.6 %, 83/921) compared to those in lower-middle-income countries (4.8 %, 3280/48,852), upper-middle-income countries (2.9 %, 2194/99,419), and high-income countries (0.4 %, 79/17,419). The results indicate that the global prevalence of C. cayetanensis infection in humans is relatively low, despite its extensive geographical distribution and children were found to be more susceptible to C. cayetanensis infection compared to those adults. Sensitivity analysis revealed that one study significantly affects the prevalence of C. cayetanensis, which was adjusted to 2.9 % (4017/160,049; 95 % CI: 2.7-3.1 %) by excluding this study. The findings highlight the relatively high prevalence of C. cayetanensis infection in low-income countries and among humans with diarrhea, particularly in Africa. Consequently, routine surveillance for intestinal protozoa is crucial in these regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuancai Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, PR China; International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou 450046, PR China; Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control of Poultry Products (Zhengzhou), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhengzhou 450046, PR China
| | - Ziyang Qin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, PR China; International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou 450046, PR China; Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control of Poultry Products (Zhengzhou), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhengzhou 450046, PR China
| | - Junqiang Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, PR China; International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou 450046, PR China; Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control of Poultry Products (Zhengzhou), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhengzhou 450046, PR China
| | - Lihua Xiao
- Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Longxian Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, PR China; International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou 450046, PR China; Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control of Poultry Products (Zhengzhou), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhengzhou 450046, PR China.
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Ulloque-Badaracco JR, Hernandez-Bustamante EA, Alarcón-Braga EA, Huayta-Cortez M, Carballo-Tello XL, Seminario-Amez RA, Rodríguez-Torres A, Casas-Patiño D, Herrera-Añazco P, Benites-Zapata VA. Seroprevalence of human toxocariasis in Latin America and the Caribbean: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1181230. [PMID: 37441649 PMCID: PMC10335805 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1181230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The current study aimed to quantitatively synthesize available evidence regarding the seroprevalence of human toxocariasis in Latin America and the Caribbean. Methods A systematic research involving six electronic databases was conducted using a research strategy that combined MeSH terms with free terms. Article selection and information extraction were performed using a double and independent approach. The Newcastle-Ottawa tool was used to assess the risk of bias in the included articles. The meta-analysis used the random-effects approach, with subgroup analysis and sensitivity analysis for risk of bias also being performed. Results We included 101 articles with a total of 31,123 participants. The studies were conducted between 1990 and 2022, with Brazil accounting for the largest number of studies (n = 37). The overall seroprevalence of human toxocariasis was 31.0% (95% CI: 27.0-35.0%, I2 = 99%). The prevalence of the main characteristics observed in seropositive patients were as follows: ocular toxocariasis (30.0%), asymptomatic (26.0%), and presence of dogs at home (68.0%). In addition, the seroprevalence was lower in studies including only adults than in those including children or both. In contrast, no differences in seroprevalences were found between studies conducted in the community and hospital. Conclusion The overall seroprevalence of human toxocariasis in Latin America and the Caribbean was high. Notably, our findings showed that the seroprevalence was increased among populations who kept a dog at home but was decreased in populations comprising only adults. Our findings can be used to establish epidemiological surveillance strategies for the prevention and early identification of toxocariasis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Enrique A. Hernandez-Bustamante
- Sociedad Cientifica de Estudiantes de Medicina de la Universidad Nacional de Trujillo, Trujillo, Peru
- Grupo Peruano de Investigación Epidemiológica, Unidad Para la Generación y Síntesis de Evidencias en Salud, Universidad San Ignacio de Loyola, Lima, Peru
| | | | | | | | | | - Alejandra Rodríguez-Torres
- Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, CU Amecameca, Mexico
- Red Internacional en Salud Colectiva y Salud Intercultural, Amecameca, Mexico
| | - Donovan Casas-Patiño
- Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, CU Amecameca, Mexico
- Red Internacional en Salud Colectiva y Salud Intercultural, Amecameca, Mexico
| | - Percy Herrera-Añazco
- Universidad Privada del Norte, Trujillo, Peru
- Red Peruana de Salud Colectiva, Lima, Peru
| | - Vicente A. Benites-Zapata
- Unidad de Investigación Para la Generación y Síntesis de Evidencias en Salud, Vicerrectorado de Investigación, Universidad San Ignacio de Loyola, Lima, Peru
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Barkati S, Naeem F, Hales L, Quan C, Libman M. Strongyloides stercoralis prevalence in solid-organ and haematopoietic stem cell transplant candidates and recipients: a systematic review and meta-analysis protocol. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e057649. [PMID: 35914914 PMCID: PMC9345034 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-057649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Strongyloides stercoralis is an intestinal helminth ubiquitous in tropical and subtropical regions worldwide. It persists in the human host for a lifetime as a result of autoinfection and if undetected and untreated, can lead to increased morbidity and high mortality in immunocompromised individuals such as the transplant population. Transplant patients, including solid-organ and haematopoietic stem cell transplants (SOT and HSCT, respectively), are at a high risk of hyperinfection and disseminated strongyloidiasis. Unfortunately screening is often not systematically performed. Prevalence estimates of Strongyloides in this high-risk population is not well studied. Through this systematic review, we aim to summarise the descriptive evidence on Strongyloides prevalence in SOT and HSCT patients, including diagnostic and screening practices alongside the cases of hyperinfection, disseminated strongyloidiasis and the mortality rate in this population. METHODS AND ANALYSES Through the use of various online library databases, we will conduct a systematic review including relevant literature on the prevalence of Strongyloides in SOT and HSCT patients as well as studies assessing hyperinfection and disseminated strongyloidiasis in this patient population. The Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome and Study Design strategy and the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines will be used to determine a final subset of studies for analysis. Quality assessment for case series and case reports will be determined by a modified quality assessment tool developed by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NIH), and the CARE guidelines, respectively. We will provide a narrative synthesis of the findings pertaining to the primary and secondary outcomes of interest (prevalence of Strongyloides and mortality rate in transplant population, respectively) alongside the associated 95% CI. Estimates from individual studies will be pooled using a random effects model. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION This systematic review does not require formal ethical approval since no primary data will be collected. Findings will be disseminated through a peer-reviewed publication and relevant conferences. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER CRD42021269305.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sapha Barkati
- J.D. MacLean Centre for Tropical Diseases at McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Québec, Canada
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Faheel Naeem
- J.D. MacLean Centre for Tropical Diseases at McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Lindsay Hales
- Medical Libraries, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Curtis Quan
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Michael Libman
- J.D. MacLean Centre for Tropical Diseases at McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Québec, Canada
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Québec, Canada
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4
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Hernández SA, Gabrie JA, Rodríguez CA, Matamoros G, Rueda MM, Canales M, Mergl R, Sanchez A. An Integrated Study of Toxocara Infection in Honduran Children: Human Seroepidemiology and Environmental Contamination in a Coastal Community. Trop Med Infect Dis 2020; 5:tropicalmed5030135. [PMID: 32842560 PMCID: PMC7559065 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed5030135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Infections caused by Toxocara canis and T. cati are considered zoonoses of global importance. Reports from North and South America indicate that human infections are widespread in both continents, but epidemiological information from Central America is still lacking. (2) Methodology: In the present cross-sectional multi-year study, we aimed to undertake the first seroepidemiological and environmental study on toxocariasis in Honduras. This included the determination of seroprevalence of anti-Toxocara spp. antibodies in children using a Toxocara spp. purified excretory-secretory antigens enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (TES-ELISA) and a confirmatory Western blot. As well, through statistical analysis including logistic regression we aimed at identifying relevant biological and epidemiological factors associated with seropositivity. The study also entailed detection of parasites' eggs in the soil samples both through Sheather's concentration method and a nested polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method. (3) Results: The study was undertaken in a coastal community of Honduras in 2 different years, 2015 and 2017. A total of 88 healthy schoolchildren completed the study, with participation of 79% (73/92) and 65% (46/71) of the student body in 2015 and 2017, respectively. Thirty-one children participated in both years (i.e., dual participants). Through both serological tests, seropositivity was confirmed in 88.6% (78/88) of children. Due to the high number of seropositives, logistic regression analysis was not possible for most socio-economic and epidemiological variables. Eosinophilia, on the other hand, was associated with seropositivity, independently of other intestinal helminthic infections. Continued seropositivity was observed in most of the dual participants, while seroconversion was determined in 8 of these children. Microscopic examination of soil samples did not yield any positive results. Through nested PCR-RFLP, 3 of the 50 samples (6%) were positive for Toxocara spp.; two were identified as T. canis and one as T. cati. (4) Conclusions: This work documents for the first time, high levels of human exposure to Toxocara spp. in Honduras. These findings, along with the country's favorable epidemiological conditions for this zoonosis, emphasize the need for more research to determine whether this infection is underreported in the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio A. Hernández
- Department of Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L3S 2A1, Canada; (S.A.H.); (J.A.G.); (G.M.)
| | - José A. Gabrie
- Department of Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L3S 2A1, Canada; (S.A.H.); (J.A.G.); (G.M.)
| | - Carol Anahelka Rodríguez
- Department of Parasitology, School of Microbiology and Institute of Microbiology Research, National Autonomous University of Honduras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras; (C.A.R.); (M.M.R.); (M.C.)
| | - Gabriela Matamoros
- Department of Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L3S 2A1, Canada; (S.A.H.); (J.A.G.); (G.M.)
- Department of Parasitology, School of Microbiology and Institute of Microbiology Research, National Autonomous University of Honduras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras; (C.A.R.); (M.M.R.); (M.C.)
| | - María Mercedes Rueda
- Department of Parasitology, School of Microbiology and Institute of Microbiology Research, National Autonomous University of Honduras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras; (C.A.R.); (M.M.R.); (M.C.)
| | - Maritza Canales
- Department of Parasitology, School of Microbiology and Institute of Microbiology Research, National Autonomous University of Honduras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras; (C.A.R.); (M.M.R.); (M.C.)
| | - Ronald Mergl
- Niagara Falls Animal Medical Centre, Niagara Falls, ON L2E 6Z8, Canada;
| | - Ana Sanchez
- Department of Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L3S 2A1, Canada; (S.A.H.); (J.A.G.); (G.M.)
- Department of Parasitology, School of Microbiology and Institute of Microbiology Research, National Autonomous University of Honduras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras; (C.A.R.); (M.M.R.); (M.C.)
- Correspondence:
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5
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Shafiei R, Rahimi MT, Emameh RZ, Mirzaei M, Perez-Cordon G, Ahmadpour E. Status of human toxocariasis, a neglected parasitic zoonosis in Iran: a systematic review from past to current. Trop Doct 2020; 50:285-291. [PMID: 32998656 DOI: 10.1177/0049475520931545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Although human toxocariasis can lead to serious complications including neurological, ocular and visceral complications, there is a lack of comprehensive epidemiological information about the seroprevalence of Toxocara species in humans. In the present study, we analysed and reviewed the overall seroprevalence of human toxocariasis in Iran. The data collection was systematically undertaken on published articles using the PubMed, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect and Scopus databases. A total of 27 studies from the past two decades reporting seroprevalence of human toxocariasis met our eligibility criteria. The pooled proportion of Toxocara infection was estimated as 6.58% (95% confidence interval = 3.98-9.77). A wide variation between different studies was observed (Q statistic = 799.37, df = 26, P < 0.0001, and I2 = 96.7%). The seroprevalence rate of toxocariasis in the Iranian population is relatively high; contamination of the environment by eggs from the host as well as from household dogs and cats should be blamed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Shafiei
- Vector-borne Diseases Research Centre, 196469North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran
| | - Mohammad T Rahimi
- Center for Health Related Social and Behavioral Sciences Research Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
| | - Reza Zolfaghari Emameh
- Department of Energy and Environmental Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Mirzaei
- School of Medicine, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
| | - Gregorio Perez-Cordon
- National Cryptosporidium Reference Unit, Public Health Wales Microbiology, Singleton Hospital, Swansea, UK.,151375Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - Ehsan Ahmadpour
- Infectious and Tropical Disease Research Center, 48432Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Immunology Research Center, 48432Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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6
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Aghamolaie S, Seyyedtabaei SJ, Behniafar H, Foroutan M, Saber V, Hanifehpur H, Mehravar S, Rostami A. Seroepidemiology, modifiable risk factors and clinical symptoms of Toxocara spp. infection in northern Iran. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2020; 113:116-122. [PMID: 30407595 DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/try118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxocariasis is one of the most important and widespread neglected tropical infectious diseases. We designed a cross-sectional study to assess the seroepidemiological aspects of toxocariasis among the general population in northern Iran. A total of 630 rural subjects were enrolled to participate in the study. The presence of anti-Toxocara immunoglobulin G (IgG) was tested using a commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. A structured questionnaire was also used to evaluate the potential risk factors and related clinical signs/symptoms. The presence of anti-Toxocara IgG antibodies was detected in 148 of the 630 rural subjects (23.5% [95% confidence interval {CI} 21.8 to 25.1]). By multivariate analysis, age (odds ratio [OR] 2.89 [95% CI 1 to -8.3], p=0.04), eating improperly washed vegetables (OR 4.05 [95% CI 2.47 to 6.64], p<0.001), contact with dogs (OR 3.31 [95% CI 2.13 to 5.12], p<0.001) and exposure to soil (OR 3.56 [95% CI 2.13 to 5.13], p<0.001) were significantly associated with the seroprevalence of Toxocara. The clinical study also demonstrated that the seroprevalence of Toxocara infection was significantly associated with asthma (OR 3.78 [95% CI 1.63 to 8.75], p<0.001) and ophthalmic disorder (OR 1.83 [95% CI 1.04 to 3.21], p=0.034). The findings proved that residents of rural communities in tropical regions may be heavily exposed to Toxocara spp. We highly recommend more investigations in high-risk groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somayeh Aghamolaie
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyyed Javad Seyyedtabaei
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamed Behniafar
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoud Foroutan
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Vafa Saber
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hooman Hanifehpur
- Department of Biological Control and Vaccine, Food and Drug Administration, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeed Mehravar
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Rostami
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.,Immunoregulation Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
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Raissi V, Sohrabi Z, Getso M, Raiesi O, Hashemi Hafshejani S, Shabandoust H, Etemadi S. Risk factors and prevalence of toxocariasis in pregnant women and diabetic patients compared to healthy adults in Ilam province, western Iran. EXCLI JOURNAL 2018; 17:983-988. [PMID: 30564078 PMCID: PMC6295622 DOI: 10.17179/excli2018-1630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Toxocara is one of the common intestinal nematodes in dogs and cats and is the agent of tissue migratory larvae in humans. Customarily, the prevalence of human toxocariasis hovers around 15.8 % in Iran. Furthermore, other research outcomes demonstrated a tendency for an outbreak of toxocariasis in Iran. Therefore, we carried out a cross-sectional study and assessed the seroprevalence of toxocariasis humans in Ilam Province, western of Iran. A total of 539 serum samples were collected between September 2017 and March 2018 from patients referred to the Health Centers of Ilam province, Iran. Serum samples were investigated for the presence of Toxocara using IgG antibodies, ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay) kit. Risk factors such as contact with cats and dogs, living in rural areas were investigated among the study population. Out of 539 total samples collected, 97 cases (17.99 %) were positive for anti-toxocara IgG antibodies. These antibodies were recovered from serum samples of otherwise healthy adults (15.54 %, 49/296), pregnant women (21.16 %, 40/189) and diabetic patients (14.81 %, 8/54). This study showed significant relationship between toxocariasis and contact with animal pets in all studied groups (P value ≤ 0.05) and a significant relationship between toxocariasis and living in rural areas among pregnant women (P value ≤ 0.05).
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahid Raissi
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Sohrabi
- Student Research Committee, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Muhammad Getso
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Omid Raiesi
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeideh Hashemi Hafshejani
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hajar Shabandoust
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Soudabeh Etemadi
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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8
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Rudzińska M, Kowalewska B, Sikorska K. Clinical usefulness of Western blotting and ELISA avidity for the diagnosis of human toxocariasis. Parasite Immunol 2017; 39. [PMID: 27809350 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The serodiagnosis of human toxocariasis is difficult. Specific IgGs detected routinely with ELISA based on Toxocara excretory-secretory (TES) antigens often persist for years at an elevated level, which does not allow either the differentiation between an active and persistent infection or monitoring of the effect of treatment. Additionally, false-positive results may occur in co-infections with other helminths due to cross-reactions. We evaluated the usefulness of an IgG avidity index (AI) and a Western blotting (WB) IgG in the diagnosis of patients suspected of Toxocara infection. We studied 138 subjects who were submitted to serological testing two or more times. Confirmation of an infection by WB was achieved in 73.2% of patients. A high AI was obtained in 89.1% of patients, and low AI and borderline AI were found in only 10.9%. Low and borderline values of AI remained at similar levels in subsequent studies over 2-3 years. The results showed the necessity of obligatory verification of all ELISA IgG positive and questionable results by WB. The index of IgG avidity may be helpful in excluding recent infection, but its usefulness in detecting an active phase of invasion requires further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Rudzińska
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Epidemiology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - B Kowalewska
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Epidemiology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - K Sikorska
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Epidemiology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
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9
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Sowemimo OA, Lee YL, Asaolu SO, Chuang TW, Akinwale OP, Badejoko BO, Gyang VP, Nwafor T, Henry E, Fan CK. Seroepidemiological study and associated risk factors of Toxocara canis infection among preschool children in Osun State, Nigeria. Acta Trop 2017; 173:85-89. [PMID: 28591555 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2017.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2017] [Revised: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Human toxocariasis is caused by the nematode, Toxocara canis and it is a poorly understood phenomenon in Nigeria. Seroepidemiological studies have not been previously carried out among the preschool aged children in Nigeria. A cross-sectional study was conducted in pre-school children in four communities from Osun State, Nigeria between January and July 2016. A total of 308 children Aged 9 months and 5 years were studied comprising 53.2% (164/308) male and 46.8% (144/308) female. Blood samples were collected and screened for the presence of anti-Toxocara IgG antibodies by Western blot analysis based on the excretory-secretory antigens of larva T. canis (TcES), targeting low molecular weight bands of 24 - 35kDa specific for T. canis. Questionnaires were given to parents/guardians of the studied children to collect information regarding relationship between infection and host factors. The overall seroprevalence of Toxocara infection was 37.3%. The seroprevalence in the studied preschool children ranged from 18.2% in children less than one year old to a max of 57.6% in children aged 3 years and above. The logistic regression analysis of risk factors showed that children's age (odds ratio (OR)=6.12, 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.25-29.90, p=0.02), contact with dogs (OR=3.17, 95% CI=1.40-7.20, p=0.01) and parent's religion (OR=0.54, 95% CI=0.32-0.91, p=0.02) were the risk factors associated with Toxocara infection. However, after adjustment by multivariate logistic regression analysis, contact with dogs (p=0.02) remained the only statistically significant risk factor. Preschool children were exposed early in life to T. canis infection as 18.18% of children less than one year old were infected. This is the first serological investigation of T. canis infection among preschool children in Nigeria. The results show high levels of exposure to T. canis infection among the studied group and contact with the dog plays the predominant risk factor. It indicates high transmission with the consequent of visceral or ocular larva migrans and neurologic disorder in these children. The results also provide baseline data for effective prevention strategies of toxocariasis in Southwest Nigeria and the study recommends prompt interventional measures, particularly health education on personal hygiene.
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Zibaei M. Helminth Infections and Cardiovascular Diseases: Toxocara Species is Contributing to the Disease. Curr Cardiol Rev 2017; 13:56-62. [PMID: 27492228 PMCID: PMC5324319 DOI: 10.2174/1573403x12666160803100436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Revised: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxocariasis is the clinical term used to describe human infection with either the dog ascarid Toxocara canis or the feline ascarid Toxocara cati. As with other helminths zoonoses, the infective larvae of these Toxocara species cannot mature into adults in the human host. Instead, the worms wander through organs and tissues, mainly the liver, lungs, myocardium, kidney and central nervous system, in a vain attempt to find that, which they need to mature into adults. The migration of these immature nematode larvae causes local and systemic inflammation, resulting in the “larva migrans” syndrome. The clinical manifestations of toxocariasis are divided into visceral larva migrans, ocular larva migrans and neurotoxocariasis. Subclinical infection is often referred to as covert toxocariasis. One of the primary causes of death all around the world is cardiovascular disease that accounted for up to 30 percent of all-cause mortality. Cardiovascular disease and more precisely atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, is predicted to remain the single leading cause of death (23.3 million deaths by 2030). A-quarter of people presenting the disease does not show any of the known cardiovascular risk factors. Therefore, there is considerable interest in looking for novel components affecting cardiovascular health, especially for those that could improve global cardiovascular risk prediction. This review endeavours to summarize the clinical aspects, new diagnostic and therapeutic perspectives of toxocaral disease with cardiovascular manifestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Zibaei
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
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Vargas C, Torres P, Jercic MI, Lobos M, Oyarce A, Miranda JC, Ayala S. FREQUENCY OF ANTI- Toxocara spp. ANTIBODIES IN INDIVIDUALS ATTENDED BY THE CENTRO DE SALUD FAMILIAR AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION WITH Toxocara canis EGGS IN DOG FECES, IN THE COASTAL NIEBLA TOWN, CHILE. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2016; 58:62. [PMID: 27680167 PMCID: PMC5048633 DOI: 10.1590/s1678-9946201658062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The frequency of anti-Toxocara spp. antibodies in individuals
attended by the Centro de Salud Familiar in the coastal Niebla town,
Chile, was related to the host and to environmental factors. IgG anti-
Toxocara antibodies were detected with a commercial ELISA kit
(SCIMEDX Corporation, USA). Samples with undetermined absorbance values were
subjected to an additional ELISA standardized by the Instituto de Salud
Pública, Chilean Health Ministry, a commercial ELISA (NOVATEC, Germany),
and a commercial Western blot kit (LDBio Diagnostics, France). Hematological exams
were performed using an automated blood counter and blood smears. Dog feces were
collected from the ground along the main road in Niebla, including rural and urban
locations. Ninety (25.4%) of the 355 examined individuals were positive by the ELISA
test. The frequency of anti-Toxocara antibodies and the infection
risk were significantly higher (p < 0.05) among those individuals
≥ 40 years old with respect to the 20-39 years old group, in individuals from rural
locations, those who did not have a safe drinking water supply in the house or who
presented blood eosinophilia. The proportion of positive samples of dog feces and the
mean number of Toxocara canis eggs/g of feces in urban and rural
areas were similar (p > 0.05).
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Affiliation(s)
- Catalina Vargas
- Universidad Austral de Chile, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Parasitología, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Patricio Torres
- Universidad Austral de Chile, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Parasitología, Valdivia, Chile
| | - María Isabel Jercic
- Instituto de Salud Pública de Chile, Departamento Laboratorio Biomédico Nacional y de Referencia, Sección de Parasitología, Santiago, Chile
| | - Marta Lobos
- Universidad Austral de Chile, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Medicina, Unidad de Hematología, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Alan Oyarce
- Instituto de Salud Pública de Chile, Departamento Laboratorio Biomédico Nacional y de Referencia, Sección de Parasitología, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan Carlos Miranda
- Universidad Austral de Chile, Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Administrativas, Instituto e Estadística, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Salvador Ayala
- Instituto de Salud Pública de Chile, Subdepartamento Vigilancia de Laboratorio, Santiago, Chile
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Awadallah MAI, Salem LMA. Zoonotic enteric parasites transmitted from dogs in Egypt with special concern to Toxocara canis infection. Vet World 2015; 8:946-57. [PMID: 27047182 PMCID: PMC4774761 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2015.946-957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Revised: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM This work aimed to study the role played by dogs in transmitting zoonotic enteric parasites to humans in Egypt and to analyze the risk factors associated with the occurrence of such infection in dogs. Serodiagnosis of anti-Toxocara immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies among human beings as well as analyzing risk factors predispose to Toxocara canis infection in human beings are another objectives of this study. MATERIALS AND METHODS From June to December 2013, a total of 130 fecal samples from 4 dog populations (Military, nomadic and domiciled dogs from rural and high standard districts) and 150 stool samples of 6 occupational groups were examined for the presence of enteric parasitic infection. Moreover, 150 serum samples were collected from humans from whom stool samples were collected and examined for the presence of anti-T. canis antibodies. RESULTS Enteric parasites were detected in 30% of fecal samples from 4 dog populations in Egypt. High infectivity had been reported in nomadic dogs (63.33%) (Crude odds ratios [COR]=67.36, 95% confidence interval [CI]=8.09-560.8, p<0.000), followed by domiciled dogs from rural areas (40%) (COR=26, 95% CI=3.14-215.54, p=0.003), domiciled dogs from high standard areas (23.33%) (COR=11.87, 95% CI=1.37-102.69, p=0.025) and military dogs (2.5%). Twelve species of enteric parasites were identified, Ancylostomatidae (6.15%), T. canis and Cryptosporidium spp. (5.38%, each), Heterophyes spp. (3.85%), Toxocara leonina and Blastocystis spp. (3.07%), Taenidae eggs (2.31%), Hymenolepis diminuta (1.54%) and Entamoeba canis, Cyclospora cayetanensis, and Paragonimus spp. (0.77%, each). Univariate logestic regression revealed significant association of age (COR=4.73, 95% CI=2.13-10.53, p<0.000), gender (COR=2.63, 95% CI=1.22-5.68, p<0.014), housing system (COR=5.10, 95% CI=2.04-12.75), p<0.000) with enteric parasitic infection in dogs. However, breeds (COR=6.91, 95% CI=0.88-54.52, p=0.067) and type of feeding (COR ranged from 3.5 to 7.62, p>0.05) did not seem to have a significant association among the examined dogs. Enteric parasitic infection was reported in 31/150 human stools (20.67%). Students were the most affected groups (37.14%), followed by nomadic people (24%), house wives (20%), house guarders and military workers (12%, each), and employees (10%). The identified parasites were Cryptosporidium spp. (9.33%), Ascaris lumbercoides (3.33%), Heterophyes spp. and Ancylostoma spp. (2.66%, each) and Paragonimus spp. and Hymenolepis nana (1.33%, each). Toxocara IgG antibodies were detected in 36/150 (24%) serum samples investigated. Toxocara IgG antibodies were more prevalent in males (26.66%) than females (20%). Seroprevalence was highest (17/35, 48.57%) in 7-15 years old (COR=6.93, 95% CI=1.75-27.43, p=0.006). Seroprevalence values for T. canis antibodies were higher in those; raising dogs (29.85%), eating raw vegetables (25.21%) and not washing hands before meals (25.45%). T. canis antibodies were detected in 25% of those contacted with soil compared to 30% of those did not. Students were mostly affected (34.29%), followed by nomadic people (32%), house guarders (28%), housewives (20%), military workers (13%), and employees (10%). CONCLUSION Detection of enteric parasites in dogs and humans in Egypt substantiates the role posed by dogs in transmitting zoonotic parasites to humans and knock an alarm for common sources of infection for humans and dogs. Common sources may be infected fish or contaminated vegetables that are consumed by dogs or humans or even infected rodents that may contaminate their feed. This pilot study necessitate the need for similar studies and tracing such infection in fish, vegetables, rodent that may be responsible for infecting humans and dogs in order to understand the epidemiology of zoonotic parasitic infection transmitted from dogs to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maysa A I Awadallah
- Department of Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
| | - Lobna M A Salem
- Department of Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Benha 13518, Egypt
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Santos PC, Lehmann LM, Lorenzi C, Hirsch C, Telmo PL, Mattos GT, Cadore PS, Klafke GB, Berne MEA, Gonçalves CV, Scaini CJ. The Seropositivity of Toxocara spp. Antibodies in Pregnant Women Attented at the University Hospital in Southern Brazil and the Factors Associated with Infection. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0131058. [PMID: 26146833 PMCID: PMC4492739 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0131058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human toxocariasis is a parasitic zoonosis with a worldwide distribution but is underdiagnosed with an underestimated impact on human health. The ingestion of embryonated eggs of Toxocara spp. present on the hands or in contaminated food or water is the main mode of infection. The only record of Toxocara congenital infection in humans occurred in a premature infant. Helminth infections during pregnancy may be associated with reproductive disorders. Studies investigating the occurrence of toxocariasis in pregnancy are scarce, as is research on the possible implications of these parasites in reproductive health. The aim of this study was to determine the seroprevalence of antibodies to Toxocara spp. in pregnant women and to identify risk factors associated with its infection. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS The cross-sectional study of the seropositivity of specific antibodies for Toxocara spp. was performed on 280 pregnant women. Serum samples were examined with enzyme-linked immunoassay. Epidemiological data were obtained through a questionnaire containing information about obstetric history, general life style choices, and the social and economic status of the women. The prevalence of Toxocara spp. IgG in pregnant women was 6.4%. Some of the risk factors associated with the infection were owning dogs (p = 0.003), living in the city centre (p = 0.028), living at the city beach (p = 0.003), and having a family income at or below minimum wage (p < 0.001). There was no association between reproductive disorders and Toxocara seropositivity. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE The seroprevalence of 6.4% for Toxocara spp. in pregnant women shows that there was exposure to the parasite. The study demonstrates the need for attention for the completion of clinical diagnosis parameters, as well as the expansion of highly specific serological studies in different regions to understand the impact of toxocariasis in pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Costa Santos
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine—FAMED, Area Interdisciplinary Biomedical Sciences (AICB) Federal University of Rio Grande–FURG Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Lis Maurente Lehmann
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine—FAMED, Area Interdisciplinary Biomedical Sciences (AICB) Federal University of Rio Grande–FURG Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Carolina Lorenzi
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine—FAMED, Area Interdisciplinary Biomedical Sciences (AICB) Federal University of Rio Grande–FURG Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Carolina Hirsch
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine—FAMED, Area Interdisciplinary Biomedical Sciences (AICB) Federal University of Rio Grande–FURG Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Paula Lima Telmo
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine—FAMED, Area Interdisciplinary Biomedical Sciences (AICB) Federal University of Rio Grande–FURG Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Torres Mattos
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine—FAMED, Area Interdisciplinary Biomedical Sciences (AICB) Federal University of Rio Grande–FURG Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Priscila Silva Cadore
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine—FAMED, Area Interdisciplinary Biomedical Sciences (AICB) Federal University of Rio Grande–FURG Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Baracy Klafke
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine—FAMED, Area Interdisciplinary Biomedical Sciences (AICB) Federal University of Rio Grande–FURG Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Maria Elisabeth Aires Berne
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Institute of Biology, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Carla Vitola Gonçalves
- Obstetric Center, University Hospital of Rio Grande–Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Carlos James Scaini
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine—FAMED, Area Interdisciplinary Biomedical Sciences (AICB) Federal University of Rio Grande–FURG Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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Gyang PV, Akinwale OP, Lee YL, Chuang TW, Orok AB, Ajibaye O, Liao CW, Chen PC, Chou CM, Huang YC, Barghouth U, Fan CK. Seroprevalence, disease awareness, and risk factors for Toxocara canis infection among primary schoolchildren in Makoko, an urban slum community in Nigeria. Acta Trop 2015; 146:135-40. [PMID: 25812836 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2015.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Revised: 03/14/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the seroprevalence of Toxocara canis infection in southern Nigeria, which previously was unknown, in addition to evaluating disease awareness and potential risk factors for schoolchildren in an urban slum community. In total, 366 primary schoolchildren were investigated for the presence of anti-Toxocara IgG antibodies. Blood was collected and screened by a Western blot analysis based on the excretory-secretory antigens of larval T. canis (TcES), targeting low molecular weight bands of 24-35kDa specific for T. canis. Children were considered seropositive if their serum reacted with TcES when diluted to a titer of 1:32. Questionnaires concerning possible risk factors were given to the schoolchildren to acquire data on this infection. The overall seroprevalence of Toxocara infection was 86.1% (315/366). The logistic regression analysis of risk factors showed that children's age (odds ratio (OR)=2.88, 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.08-7.66, p=0.03), contact with dogs (OR=0.51, 95% CI=0.28-0.94, p=0.03), the age of the dog (OR=0.34, 95% CI=0.18-0.68, p=0.002), the feeding location of the dog (OR=0.31, 95% CI=0.12-0.79, p=0.01), the consumption of raw vegetables (OR=0.89, 95% CI=0.54-1.48, p=0.004), and the drinking of unboiled water (OR=0.48, 95% CI=0.26-0.90, p=0.02) were risk factors associated with Toxocara infection. Although there was a high awareness of dogs being hosts of some parasites in this study, not much was known about T. canis. This is the first serological investigation of T. canis infection among primary schoolchildren in southern Nigeria. The high seroprevalence recorded is an indication of high transmission with the consequent risk of visceral or ocular larval migrans and neurologic toxocariasis in these children. Our findings suggest the need for prompt interventional measures, particularly health education on personal hygiene.
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Negri EC, Santarém VA, Rubinsky-Elefant G, Giuffrida R. Anti-Toxocara spp. antibodies in an adult healthy population: serosurvey and risk factors in Southeast Brazil. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2015; 3:211-6. [PMID: 23620840 DOI: 10.1016/s2221-1691(13)60052-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2012] [Accepted: 02/10/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the frequency of anti-Toxocara spp. antibodies in an adult healthy population. METHODS The study was performed by interviewing 253 blood donors, from 19 to 65 years of age, in a hematological centre in Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, southeast Brazil. A survey was applied to blood donors in order to evaluate the possible factors associated to the presence of antibodies, including individual (gender and age), socioeconomic (scholarship, familial income and sanitary facilities) and habit information (contact with soil, geophagy, onycophagy and intake of raw/undercooked meat) as well as the presence of dogs or cats in the household. ELISA test was run for detection of the anti-Toxocara spp. IgG antibodies. Bivariate analysis followed by logistic regression was performed to evaluate the potential risk factors associated to seropositivity. RESULTS The overall prevalence observed in this study was 8.7% (22/253). Contact with soil was the unique risk factor associated with the presence of antibodies (P=0.017 8; OR=3.52; 95% CI=1.244-9.995). CONCLUSIONS The results of this study reinforce the necessity in promoting preventive public health measures, even for healthy adult individual, particularly those related to the deworming of pets to avoid the soil contamination, and hygiene education of the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine Cristina Negri
- Post Graduation in Animal Science Master Program/Universidade do Oeste Paulista [Unoeste], Pró-Reitoria de Pesquisa e Pós-Graduação, Rod. Raposo Tavares km 572, Bairro Limoeiro, 19067-175 Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil
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Watts NS, Pajuelo M, Clark T, Loader MCI, Verastegui MR, Sterling C, Friedland JS, Garcia HH, Gilman RH. Taenia solium infection in Peru: a collaboration between Peace Corps Volunteers and researchers in a community based study. PLoS One 2014; 9:e113239. [PMID: 25469506 PMCID: PMC4254459 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Neurocysticercosis is a leading cause of seizures and epilepsy in most of the world, and it occurs when Taenia solium larval cysts infect the central nervous system. T. solium tapeworm infection is endemic in much of Peru, but there are scarce data on the prevalence in many rural highland communities where it is likely to be hyper-endemic. Peace Corps Volunteers live and work in these communities; however, to our knowledge, they have not been used to facilitate public health research. Materials and Methods We utilized Peace Corps Volunteers to estimate the prevalence of T. solium tapeworm infection in seven rural communities in northern Peru. A convenience non-random sampling frame was used. Peace Corps Volunteers facilitated the collection of stool samples (N = 2,328), which were analyzed by sedimentation and microscopy. Niclosamide treatment and purgation preceded species identification, which was done by PCR-REA. Results Taenia sp. egg-positive stool samples were found in three of the seven communities we surveyed. The overall prevalence of Taenia sp. egg positivity was 2.1% (49/2,328) (95% CI = 1.6–2.8%) with prevalence up to 4.3% (42/977) (95% CI = 3.1–5.8%) by community. All 34 of the specimens tested by PCR-REA were T. solium. The overall prevalence of T. solium tapeworm infection was 1.5% (34/2,328) (95% CI = 1.0–2.0%). Prevalence up to 2.9% (28/977) (95% CI = 1.9–4.1%) by community was observed. Conclusion/Significance This study recorded high T. solium tapeworm prevalence, and identified hyper-endemic rural communities. It demonstrates that synergy between researchers and Peace Corps Volunteers can be an effective means to conducting large-scale, community-based studies in remote areas of Peru.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel S. Watts
- Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Monica Pajuelo
- Unit of Bioinformatics and Molecular Biology, School of Sciences and Philosophy, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Taryn Clark
- Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, United States of America
| | - Maria-Cristina I. Loader
- Infectious Diseases & Immunity and the Wellcome Trust-Imperial Centre for Global Health, Imperial College London, London, England, United Kingdom
| | - Manuela R. Verastegui
- Department of Microbiology, School of Sciences and Philosophy, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Charles Sterling
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, United States of America
| | - Jon S. Friedland
- Infectious Diseases & Immunity and the Wellcome Trust-Imperial Centre for Global Health, Imperial College London, London, England, United Kingdom
| | - Hector H. Garcia
- Department of Microbiology, School of Sciences and Philosophy, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Robert H. Gilman
- Asociación Benéfica Proyectos en Informática, Salud, Medicina y Agricultura (AB PRISMA), Lima, Peru
- Department of International Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, United States of America
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Puthiyakunnon S, Boddu S, Li Y, Zhou X, Wang C, Li J, Chen X. Strongyloidiasis--an insight into its global prevalence and management. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014; 8:e3018. [PMID: 25121962 PMCID: PMC4133206 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Strongyloides stercoralis, an intestinal parasitic nematode, infects more than 100 million people worldwide. Strongyloides are unique in their ability to exist as a free-living and autoinfective cycle. Strongyloidiasis can occur without any symptoms or as a potentially fatal hyperinfection or disseminated infection. The most common risk factors for these complications are immunosuppression caused by corticosteroids and infection with human T-lymphotropic virus or human immunodeficiency virus. Even though the diagnosis of strongyloidiasis is improved by advanced instrumentation techniques in isolated and complicated cases of hyperinfection or dissemination, efficient guidelines for screening the population in epidemiological surveys are lacking. METHODOLOGY AND RESULTS In this review, we have discussed various conventional methods for the diagnosis and management of this disease, with an emphasis on recently developed molecular and serological methods that could be implemented to establish guidelines for precise diagnosis of infection in patients and screening in epidemiological surveys. A comprehensive analysis of various cases reported worldwide from different endemic and nonendemic foci of the disease for the last 40 years was evaluated in an effort to delineate the global prevalence of this disease. We also updated the current knowledge of the various clinical spectrum of this parasitic disease, with an emphasis on newer molecular diagnostic methods, treatment, and management of cases in immunosuppressed patients. CONCLUSION Strongyloidiasis is considered a neglected tropical disease and is probably an underdiagnosed parasitic disease due to its low parasitic load and uncertain clinical symptoms. Increased infectivity rates in many developed countries and nonendemic regions nearing those in the most prevalent endemic regions of this parasite and the increasing transmission potential to immigrants, travelers, and immunosuppressed populations are indications for initiating an integrated approach towards prompt diagnosis and control of this parasitic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santhosh Puthiyakunnon
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Emerging Infectious Diseases of Guangdong Higher Institutes, Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Swapna Boddu
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Emerging Infectious Diseases of Guangdong Higher Institutes, Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yiji Li
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Emerging Infectious Diseases of Guangdong Higher Institutes, Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaohong Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Emerging Infectious Diseases of Guangdong Higher Institutes, Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Chunmei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Emerging Infectious Diseases of Guangdong Higher Institutes, Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Juan Li
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaoguang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Emerging Infectious Diseases of Guangdong Higher Institutes, Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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Estandarización de la técnica Dot-ELISA para la detección de anticuerpos anti-Trypanosoma cruzi y su comparación con ELISA y Western blot. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 2014; 32:363-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eimc.2013.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Revised: 05/09/2013] [Accepted: 05/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Cassenote AJF, de Abreu Lima AR, Pinto Neto JM, Rubinsky-Elefant G. Seroprevalence and modifiable risk factors for Toxocara spp. in Brazilian schoolchildren. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014; 8:e2830. [PMID: 24874504 PMCID: PMC4038482 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2013] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Toxocariasis is a worldwide helminthic zoonosis caused by infection with the larvae of the ascarid worms that comprise the Toxocara spp. Children are particularly prone to infection because they are exposed to the eggs in sandboxes and playgrounds contaminated with dog and cat feces. Certain behaviors, such as a geophagy habit, poor personal hygiene, a lack of parental supervision, close contact with young dogs, and ingestion of raw meat, as well as gender, age, and socioeconomic status, affect the prevalence of the disease. However, previous studies of the risk factors for toxocariasis have generally produced inconsistent results. An epidemiological cross-sectional study was conducted to evaluate the seroprevalence of IgG anti-Toxocara spp. antibodies and associated factors in schoolchildren from a region in the southeast of Brazil. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS A total of 252 schoolchildren aged 1 to 12 years (120 males and 132 females) were assessed. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay based on Toxocara canis larval excretory-secretory antigens was used to determine outcomes. A questionnaire was used to collect information on children, family, and home characteristics. Clinical and laboratory data completed the dataset investigated in this study. Seroprevalence was 15.5% (95%CI 11.5-19.8). Geophagy (aPR 2.38 [95%CI 1.36-4.18], p-value 0.029) and the habit of hand washing before meals (aPR 0.04 [95%CI 0.01-0.11], p-value ≤ 0.001) were factors associated with increased and decreased seroprevalence, respectively. The income factor and its related variables lost statistical significance after adjustment with a multiple Poisson regression model. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE The current study confirms that toxocariasis is a public health problem in the evaluated area; modifiable factors such as soil contact and personal hygiene appear to have a greater influence on the acquisition of infection than sociodemographic attributes, thus representing direct targets for disease prevention and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex J. F. Cassenote
- Postgraduate Program in Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Cerqueira César, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alba R. de Abreu Lima
- Faculty of Medicine of São José do Rio Preto, Department of Molecular Biology, Vila São José, São José do Rio Preto, Brazil
| | - José M. Pinto Neto
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University Camilo Castelo Branco, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Guita Rubinsky-Elefant
- Institute of Tropical Medicine of São Paulo, University of São Paulo, Cerqueira César, São Paulo, Brazil
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20
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Fu CJ, Chuang TW, Lin HS, Wu CH, Liu YC, Langinlur MK, Lu MY, Hsiao WWW, Fan CK. Seroepidemiology of Toxocara canis infection among primary schoolchildren in the capital area of the Republic of the Marshall Islands. BMC Infect Dis 2014; 14:261. [PMID: 24886153 PMCID: PMC4024650 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-14-261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Toxocariasis, which is predominantly caused by Toxocara canis (T. canis) infection, is a common zoonotic parasitosis worldwide; however, the status of toxocariasis endemicity in the Republic of the Marshall Islands (RMI) remains unknown. METHODS A seroepidemiological investigation was conducted among 166 primary school children (PSC) aged 7-12 years from the capital area of the RMI. Western blots based the excretory-secretory antigens of larval T. canis (TcES) was employed, and children were considered seropositive if their serum reacted with TcES when diluted at a titer of 1:64. Information regarding demographic characteristics of and environmental risk factors affecting these children was collected using a structured questionnaire. A logistic regression model was applied to conduct a multivariate analysis. RESULTS The overall seropositive rate of T. canis infection was 86.75% (144/166). In the univariate analysis, PSC who exhibited a history of feeding dogs at home (OR = 5.52, 95% CI = 1.15-26.61, p = 0.02) and whose parents were employed as nonskilled workers (OR = 2.86, 95% CI = 1.08-7.60, p = 0.03) demonstrated a statistically elevated risk of contracting T. canis infections. Cleaning dog huts with gloves might prevent infection, but yielded nonsignificant effects. The multivariate analysis indicated that parental occupation was the critical risk factor in this study because its effect remained significant after adjusting for other variables; by contrast, the effect of dog feeding became nonsignificant because of other potential confounding factors. No associations were observed among gender, age, consuming raw meat or vegetables, drinking unboiled water, cleaning dog huts with gloves, or touching soil. CONCLUSIONS This is the first serological investigation of T. canis infection among PSC in the RMI. The high seroprevalence indicates the commonness of T. canis transmission and possible human risk. The fundamental information that the present study provides regarding T. canis epidemiology can facilitate developing strategies for disease prevention and control.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Chia-Kwung Fan
- Department of Parasitology, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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21
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Oliart-Guzmán H, Delfino BM, Martins AC, Mantovani SAS, Braña AM, Pereira TM, Branco FLCC, Ramalho AA, Campos RG, Fontoura PS, de Araujo TS, de Oliveira CSM, Muniz PT, Rubinsky-Elefant G, Codeço CT, da Silva-Nunes M. Epidemiology and control of child toxocariasis in the western Brazilian Amazon - a population-based study. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2014; 90:670-81. [PMID: 24515946 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.13-0506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Toxocara spp. infection and the seroconversion rate in the Amazon have been poorly investigated. This study analyzed individual and household-level risk factors for the presence of IgG antibodies to Toxocara spp. in urban Amazonian children over a period of 7 years and evaluated the seroconversion rates over a 1-year follow-up. In children < 59 months of age, the overall prevalence rate was 28.08% in 2003 and 23.35% in 2010. The 2010-2011 seroconversion rates were 13.90% for children 6-59 months of age and 12.30% for children 84-143 months of age. Multilevel logistic regression analysis identified child age, previous wheezing, and current infection with hookworm as significant associated factors for Toxocara spp. seropositivity in 2003. In 2010, age, previous helminthiasis, and having a dog were associated with seropositivity, whereas having piped water inside the household was a protective factor. Control programs mainly need to target at-risk children, water quality control, and animal deworming strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Humberto Oliart-Guzmán
- Centro de Ciências da Saúde e do Desporto, Universidade Federal do Acre, Rio Branco - Acre, Brasil; Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Laboratório de Soroepidemiologia e Imunobiologia, São Paulo, Brasil; Programa de Computação Científica, Fundação Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
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22
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Rady AA, W. El Aswa BED, M. Masoud B. Comparative Evaluation of Different Diagnostic Techniques using Laminated Layer Antigen for Serodiagnosis of Human Hydatidosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.3923/jp.2014.41.54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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23
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Liao CW, Sukati H, D'Lamini P, Chou CM, Liu YH, Huang YC, Chung MH, Mtsetfwa JS, Jonato J, Chiu WT, Chang PWS, Du WY, Chan HC, Chu TB, Cheng HC, Su WW, Tu CC, Cheng CY, Fan CK. Seroprevalence ofToxocaracanisinfection among children in Swaziland, southern Africa. ANNALS OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND PARASITOLOGY 2013; 104:73-80. [DOI: 10.1179/136485910x12607012373795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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24
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Rubinsky-Elefant G, Hirata CE, Yamamoto JH, Ferreira MU. Human toxocariasis: diagnosis, worldwide seroprevalences and clinical expression of the systemic and ocular forms. ANNALS OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND PARASITOLOGY 2013; 104:3-23. [DOI: 10.1179/136485910x12607012373957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 258] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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25
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Prevalence of zoonotic intestinal parasites in domestic and stray dogs in a rural area of Iran. Prev Vet Med 2013; 109:162-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2012.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2012] [Revised: 09/07/2012] [Accepted: 09/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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26
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Peng H, Sun R, Zhang Q, Zhao J, Wei J, Zeng X, Zheng H, Wu Z. Interleukin 33 mediates type 2 immunity and inflammation in the central nervous system of mice infected with Angiostrongylus cantonensis. J Infect Dis 2012; 207:860-9. [PMID: 23148283 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jis682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Angiostrongylus cantonensis can induce central nervous system (CNS) injury and cause human eosinophilic meningitis. The CNS has been found to have high expression of interleukin 33 (IL-33), which promotes the pathogenesis of T-helper 2 (Th2)-related disease. Given the predominantly type 2 response induced by A. cantonensis-infected mice and human, it is likely that IL-33 may play a role in aiding this process. We report here that IL-33 protein and ST2L messenger RNA (mRNA) transcripts in the brains were upregulated during A. cantonensis infection and that both splenocytes and brain mononuclear cells became IL-33 responsive and produced interleukin 5 and interleukin 13. Furthermore, administration of IL-33 to A. cantonensis-infected mice enhanced ST2L expression and cytokine production. Interestingly, brain IL-33 protein and ST2L mRNA levels were elevated 14-21 days after infection in BALB/c mice, compared with C57BL/6 mice. Thus, our data indicate that IL-33 produced in the brain may function as an inflammatory mediator in eosinophilic meningitis induced by A. cantonensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Peng
- Department of Biochemistry, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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27
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A Study of The Genetic Variability of Blastocystis hominis Isolates in Hamadan, West of Iran. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2012. [DOI: 10.5812/jjm.4171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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28
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A Study of The Genetic Variability of Blastocystis hominis Isolates in Hamadan, West of Iran. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2012. [DOI: 10.5812/jjm.4071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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29
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Sariego I, Kanobana K, Junco R, Vereecken K, Núñez FA, Polman K, Bonet M, Rojas L. Frequency of antibodies to Toxocara in Cuban schoolchildren. Trop Med Int Health 2012; 17:711-4. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3156.2012.02996.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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30
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Piña R, Gutiérrez AH, Gilman RH, Rueda D, Sifuentes C, Flores M, Sheen P, Rodriguez S, García HH, Zimic M. A dot-ELISA using a partially purified cathepsin-L-like protein fraction from Taenia solium cysticerci, for the diagnosis of human neurocysticercosis. ANNALS OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND PARASITOLOGY 2011; 105:311-8. [PMID: 21871167 DOI: 10.1179/136485911x12987676649782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Human neurocysticercosis (NCC), caused by the cestode Taenia solium, is responsible for a significant amount of neurological morbidity and epilepsy in developing countries. The disease remains highly endemic in many areas, despite several efforts and interventions to control it. A simple, cheap and fast diagnostic assay that is suitable for use in field conditions is highly desired. In immunodiagnostics based on western immunoblots or standard ELISA, a cathepsin-L-like protein purified from the cysticercus fluid has previously performed well as an antigen. In a recent study in Peru, the same 53/25-kDa antigen was therefore used in the development of a dot-ELISA that could be employed for mass screenings under field conditions. The assay was standardized and tested not only against sera from a large group of NCC cases but also against sera from patients with other common parasitic infections, so that sensitivity and specificity could be assessed. For NCC, the assay gave better sensitivity in the detection of individuals with extraparenchymal cysts (94·4%-100%) or multiple parenchymal cysts (74·6%-80·0%) than in the detection of individuals with single parenchymal cysts (29·4%-45·1%). The assay also showed a high specificity for NCC (99·0%-100%), with a very low level of cross-reactivity with other parasitic infections. The dot-ELISA developed in this study is a highly specific, simple, cheap and rapid test for NCC that could be used under field conditions, even in the low-resource settings that are common in developing countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Piña
- Unidad de Bioinformática y Biología Molecular, Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, San Martín de Porres, Lima, Peru
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31
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Marchioro AA, Colli CM, Mattia S, Paludo ML, Melo GCD, Adami CM, Pelloso SM, Guilherme ALF. Avaliação eosinofílica e soropositividade para anticorpos IgG anti-toxocara em crianças atendidas pelo Sistema Único de Saúde. REVISTA PAULISTA DE PEDIATRIA 2011. [DOI: 10.1590/s0103-05822011000100013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJETIVO: Verificar a associação entre a presença de eosinofilia e a soropositividade para anticorpos IgG anti-Toxocara spp. em crianças atendidas pelo Sistema Único de Saúde no Noroeste do Paraná, Brasil. MÉTODOS: Estudo retrospectivo com crianças de sete meses a 12 anos, atendidas pelo Sistema Único de Saúde do Noroeste do Paraná, com teste ELISA para a pesquisa de anticorpos IgG anti-Toxocara spp. e contagem de eosinófilos (eosinofilia >600 células/mm³). RESULTADOS: Entre as 1.199 crianças, 386 (32,2%) apresentaram anticorpos IgG anti-Toxocara spp. A soroprevalência e a eosinofilia foram mais frequentes em crianças de sete meses a cinco anos. A eosinofilia foi observada em 7,8% dos pacientes soro-reagentes ao Toxocara spp.. CONCLUSÕES: Foi observada elevada prevalência de anticorpos anti-Toxocara spp., principalmente nos menores de cinco anos. Com exceção de algumas crianças que apresentaram sintomas respiratórios e presença de eosinofilia, a maioria foi assintomática e não mostrava eosinofilia. A pesquisa de eosinófilos é ferramenta secundária para o diagnóstico de toxocaríase.
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Chacín-Bonilla L. Epidemiology of Cyclospora cayetanensis: A review focusing in endemic areas. Acta Trop 2010; 115:181-93. [PMID: 20382099 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2010.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2009] [Accepted: 04/01/2010] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Cyclospora cayetanensis is an intestinal coccidian protozoon that has emerged as an important cause of endemic or epidemic diarrhoeal illness in children and adults worldwide. Humans appear to be the only natural hosts. However, the role of animals as natural reservoirs is uncertain but of increasing concern. Human-to-human spread of the parasite occurs indirectly via the environment through oocysts in contaminated water, food or soil. In endemic areas, risk factors associated with the infection include contaminated water or food, contact with soil or animals, type of sanitation and low socioeconomic status. Infections linked to soil contact provide reasons to believe that this route of spread may be more common than realised in disadvantaged community settings. C. cayetanensis is an important cause of traveller's diarrhoea and numerous large foodborne outbreaks associated with the globalisation of the food supply and importation of fruits and vegetables from developing countries have occurred. Waterborne outbreaks have also been reported. Implementation of measures to prevent or control the spread of Cyclospora oocysts in the environment is critical. In endemic areas, the most important steps to prevent infection are improving environmental sanitation and health education. Significant gaps remain in our understanding of the epidemiology of human cyclosporiasis that highlight the need for continued research in several aspects of C. cayetanensis.
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Roldán WH, Cavero YA, Espinoza YA, Jiménez S, Gutiérrez CA. Human toxocariasis: a seroepidemiological survey in the Amazonian city of Yurimaguas, Peru. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2010; 52:37-42. [PMID: 20305953 DOI: 10.1590/s0036-46652010000100006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2009] [Accepted: 11/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the seroprevalence of the infection by Toxocara in the general population of the Amazonian city of Yurimaguas, Peru. From March to August 2008, a total of 300 subjects were sampled and tested by means of a Toxocara ELISA-IgG test. A clinical and epidemiological questionnaire was used to assess the symptomatology and risk factors associated with human toxocariasis. The overall rate of seropositivity was 35.66%, with a significant high proportion in children (p < 0.001). The clinical evaluation revealed that 95.33% of the seropositive group had some type of symptomatology: headache (66.36%), respiratory compromise (63.55%), abdominal pain (54.21%), cutaneous signs (40.19%) and ocular manifestations (36.45%), and almost all of them were statistically significant (p < 0.001). Furthermore, 56.07% of the seropositive subjects presented at least one intestinal pathogen parasite with predominance of helminthes, but without significant association (p = 0.334). The analysis of risk factors showed only that the use of public places and geophagia exhibited a significant association with the seropositivity (p < 0.001). Clinical, serological and epidemiological findings associated to infection with Toxocara were observed in the present study and future studies should be done to assess this serious health problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- William H Roldán
- Departamento de Microbiología Médica, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Perú.
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