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Correa LP, da Costa Farias F, Dos Santos Barile KA, Palmeira MK, de Melo Amaral CE. Human T-lymphotropic virus 2 (HTLV-2) prevalence of blood donors in the state of Pará, Brazil. Braz J Microbiol 2023; 54:1745-1750. [PMID: 37454039 PMCID: PMC10484891 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-023-01067-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The present study had the objective to describe the molecular prevalence and epidemiological aspects of the human T-lymphotropic virus 2 (HTLV-2) infection in the blood donor population of the Pará state. METHODS The present study is a descriptive, retrospective, and cross-sectional review of epidemiological, serological, and molecular data on inapt blood donors in the State Center for Hematology and Hemotherapy from January 2015 to December 2021. The data were digitalized to create a database using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences program. The prevalence of HTLV-2 was calculated based on the total number of donations during the study period. Descriptive frequency was used to analyze the qualitative data. RESULTS A total of 665,568 blood donations were made. Out of these, 1884 (0.2%) samples presented serological detection to HTLV and further were evaluated using molecular confirmatory tests. Out of these, 36 samples were positive for HTLV-2 using qPCR Taqman assay based on pol gene region (0.005%). The HTLV-2 was found to be more prevalent in women (63.9%); aged between 39 and 59 years (55.6%); residents of the metropolitan region of Belém (80.6%); with self-declared race as brown (80.6%); individuals who had completed high school (58.6%); and first-time donors (58.3%) CONCLUSION: The present study identified the presence of HTLV-2 (1 HTLV-2 case/20,000 donations; 0.005%) in the specific population of blood donors in Pará state. These findings can contribute to the existing literature on the subject both for specific population groups under study and for understanding the prevalence of HTLV-2 in the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Pinheiro Correa
- Centro Universitário Metropolitano da Amazônia (UNIFAMAZ), Rua de Óbidos 179, apto. 1001, Belém, PA, 66020-446, Brazil.
| | - Fatyene da Costa Farias
- Centro Universitário Metropolitano da Amazônia (UNIFAMAZ), Rua de Óbidos 179, apto. 1001, Belém, PA, 66020-446, Brazil
| | - Katarine Antonia Dos Santos Barile
- Centro Universitário Metropolitano da Amazônia (UNIFAMAZ), Rua de Óbidos 179, apto. 1001, Belém, PA, 66020-446, Brazil
- Fundação Centro de Hemoterapia e Hematologia do Pará (HEMOPA), Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Maurício Koury Palmeira
- Centro Universitário Metropolitano da Amazônia (UNIFAMAZ), Rua de Óbidos 179, apto. 1001, Belém, PA, 66020-446, Brazil
- Fundação Centro de Hemoterapia e Hematologia do Pará (HEMOPA), Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Carlos Eduardo de Melo Amaral
- Centro Universitário Metropolitano da Amazônia (UNIFAMAZ), Rua de Óbidos 179, apto. 1001, Belém, PA, 66020-446, Brazil
- Fundação Centro de Hemoterapia e Hematologia do Pará (HEMOPA), Belém, Pará, Brazil
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Madureira MWS, Queiroz MAF, Lima SS, Pereira LMS, da Costa CA, de Sousa MS, Feitosa RNM, Monteiro JC, Ishak R, Vallinoto ACR, Rangel da Silva ANM. The FOXP3-924 A/G Single Nucleotide Polymorphism May Be Associated with Predictive Factors for Human T Lymphotropic Virus 1 Associated Myelopathy. Viral Immunol 2023; 36:136-143. [PMID: 36745398 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2022.0149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human T lymphotropic virus 1 (HTLV-1) is a retrovirus associated with inflammatory diseases, including HTLV-1-associated myelopathy (HAM), and host genetic factors may be involved in disease evolution. The forkhead Box P3 (FOXP3) transcription factor is linked to homeostasis of the immune system, and the presence of polymorphisms in the promoter region of the FOXP3 gene should reflect its expression levels and consequent activation of regulatory T cells, which may contribute to severe inflammatory disorders, such as HAM. This study evaluated the rs2232365 polymorphism (-924 A/G) located in the promoter region of the FOXP3 gene and its association with HAM. Forty DNA samples from asymptomatic carriers and 25 samples from HAM patients were used, in addition to 130 control samples. The polymorphism was genotyped by conducting real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) (quantitative PCR [qPCR]) on extracted DNA. The proviral loads (PVLs) and CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocyte counts were determined by qPCR and FACSCalibur flow cytometry, respectively. The PVLs, CD4+ T lymphocyte concentrations, and tumor necrosis factor-α dosages were considered predictive factors of the clinical profiles of HTLV-1 infection, all of which had higher levels in the HAM group. Carriers of the GG genotype for the polymorphism rs2232365 had high PVLs and CD4+ T lymphocyte concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max W S Madureira
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Maria Alice F Queiroz
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Sandra S Lima
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Leonn M S Pereira
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Carlos A da Costa
- Tropical Medicine Nucleus, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Maísa S de Sousa
- Tropical Medicine Nucleus, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Rosimar N M Feitosa
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Jacqueline C Monteiro
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Ishak
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Antonio C R Vallinoto
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
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Association of the p75NTR Ser205Leu Polymorphism with Asymptomatic HTLV-1 Infection. Viruses 2022; 14:v14061175. [PMID: 35746645 PMCID: PMC9230641 DOI: 10.3390/v14061175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic variations in components of the immune response seem to be an important factor that contributes to the manifestation of symptoms of some diseases related to HTLV-1 infection. Nerve growth factor (NGF) and the p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR) are related to the maintenance of neurons and the activation of the immune response. In this study, we evaluated the association of the NGF -198C/T, NGF Ala35Val, and p75NTR Ser205Leu polymorphisms with HTLV-1 infection and plasma cytokine levels in 166 samples from individuals infected with HTLV-1 (59 symptomatic and 107 asymptomatic). The genotyping and quantification of the proviral load were performed by real-time PCR, and cytokine levels were measured by ELISA. The NGF -198C/T and NGF Ala35Val polymorphisms were not associated with HTLV-1 infection. The frequency of the Ser/Leu genotype of p75NTR Ser205Leu was more frequent in the control group (p = 0.0385), and the Ser/Leu genotype and allele Leu were more frequent among the asymptomatic (p < 0.05), especially with respect to the HTLV-1-associated myelopathy (HAM) group (p < 0.05). The symptomatic showed a higher proviral load and higher TNF-α and IL-10 levels (p < 0.05). Asymptomatic carriers of the Ser/Leu genotype (p = 0.0797) had lower levels of proviral load and higher levels of TNF-α (p = 0.0507). Based on the results obtained, we conclude that the p75NTR Ser205Leu polymorphism may be associated with reduced susceptibility to HTLV-1 infection, a lower risk of developing symptoms, including HAM, and better infection control.
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Gonçalves MG, Fukasawa LO, Campos KR, Higa FT, Caterino-de-Araujo A. Development and Validation of Multiplex Quantitative Real-Time PCR Assays for Simultaneous Detection and Differentiation of HTLV-1 and HTLV-2, Using Different PCR Platforms and Reagent Brands. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:831594. [PMID: 35369428 PMCID: PMC8965094 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.831594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Brazil currently has the highest number of individuals infected with human T-lymphotropic virus 1- and 2- (HTLV-1 and HTLV-2) globally. At present, neither molecular protocols nor commercial assays are available for HTLV-1/-2 diagnosis or validated by the Brazilian Ministry of Health regulatory agency (ANVISA). We developed and validated two in-house multiplex quantitative real-time PCR for HTLV-1/-2 (mqPCR_HTLV) assays, targeting the pol and tax genes, for the simultaneous identification of HTLV-1, HTLV-2, and the albumin reference gene. The robustness of the assays was evaluated on two platforms using seven commercial master mix formulations. The reactions employed double plasmids (pHTLV1-Alb and pHTLV2-Alb) for the standard curve’s construction and for expressing the detection limit of the assays. They were able to detect 10 and 10 copies of HTLV-1 and 10 and 70 copies of HTLV-2 for the tax and pol targets, respectively. High efficiency was obtained using both the platforms and all the reagents evaluated and were successfully reproduced by other analysts. DNA samples from HTLV-1/-2-infected and non-infected patients and from HIV/HTLV-coinfected patients were evaluated to determine the feasibility of their use in routine diagnosis. The mqPCR_HTLV (pol and tax) assays demonstrated an overall specificity of 100% and a sensitivity of 97.4% when testing samples from patients without HIV infection, and sensitivities of 77.1% (pol) and 74.6% (tax) in samples from HIV/HTLV-coinfected patients. In addition, they resolved the issue of HTLV western blotting (WB) indeterminate and WB-untyped results in 45.5 and 66.7% of cases, respectively. The developed mqPCR_HTLV (pol and tax) assays indicated their feasibility for efficient and reliable HTLV diagnosis in various core facility laboratories under different conditions and supplies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Gisele Gonçalves
- Centro de Imunologia, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Coordenadoria de Controle de Doenças, Secretaria de Estado da Saúde de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lucila Okuyama Fukasawa
- Centro de Imunologia, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Coordenadoria de Controle de Doenças, Secretaria de Estado da Saúde de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Karoline Rodrigues Campos
- Centro de Imunologia, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Coordenadoria de Controle de Doenças, Secretaria de Estado da Saúde de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fábio Takenori Higa
- Centro de Imunologia, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Coordenadoria de Controle de Doenças, Secretaria de Estado da Saúde de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Adele Caterino-de-Araujo
- Centro de Imunologia, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Coordenadoria de Controle de Doenças, Secretaria de Estado da Saúde de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Coelho EC, Souza SB, Costa CCS, Costa LM, Pinheiro LML, Machado LFA, Silva-Oliveira GC, Martins LC, Frade PCR, Oliveira-Filho AB. Treponema pallidum in female sex workers from the Brazilian Marajó Archipelago: prevalence, risk factors, drug-resistant mutations and coinfections. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2021; 115:792-800. [PMID: 33210137 DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/traa127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Female sex workers (FSWs) are an especially vulnerable group for syphilis and other sexually transmitted infection (STIs). This study determined the prevalence of syphilis in FSWs and factors associated with this disease in the Marajó Archipelago (northern Brazil), as well as the frequency of point mutations (A2058G and A2059G) in the 23S rRNA gene of Treponema pallidum and coinfections with hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV) and hepatitis D virus (HDV). METHODS FSWs were diagnosed using a rapid qualitative test and the isolates were evaluated for the presence of point mutations by real-time PCR. Blood samples with T. pallidum were tested for the presence of HBV, HCV and HDV by ELISA and confirmed by real-time PCR. The factors associated with syphilis were identified using Poisson regression models. RESULTS Overall, 41.1% FSWs tested positive for syphilis and 23.5% were infected with strains having A2058G/A2059G point mutations. HBV (23.0%) and HCV (8.1%) were detected among FSWs with syphilis. Six factors were associated with syphilis: low levels of education, reduced income, drug use, unprotected sex, a lengthy career in prostitution and a lack of regular medical check-ups. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate an urgent need for implementation of effective strategies to diagnose, prevent and treat syphilis, as well as other STIs, in this Brazilian region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelen C Coelho
- Residência Multiprofissional em Saúde da Mulher e da Criança, Hospital Santo Antônio Maria Zaccaria, Bragança PA, Brazil
| | - Samara B Souza
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Linguagens e Saberes na Amazônia, Universidade Federal do Pará, Bragança PA, Brazil
| | - Camila Carla S Costa
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Doenças Tropicais, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém PA, Brazil
| | - Luana M Costa
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Doenças Tropicais, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém PA, Brazil
| | - Luiz Marcelo L Pinheiro
- Faculdade de Ciências Biológicas, Campus do Marajó, Universidade Federal do Pará, Soure PA, Brazil
| | - Luiz Fernando A Machado
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém PA, Brazil
| | - Gláucia C Silva-Oliveira
- Laboratório de Células e Patógenos, Instituto de Estudos Costeiros, Universidade Federal do Pará, Bragança PA, Brazil
| | - Luísa Caricio Martins
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Doenças Tropicais, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém PA, Brazil.,Laboratório de Patologia Clínica de Doenças Tropicais, Núcleo de Medicina Tropical, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém PA, Brazil
| | - Paula Cristina R Frade
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Doenças Tropicais, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém PA, Brazil
| | - Aldemir B Oliveira-Filho
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Linguagens e Saberes na Amazônia, Universidade Federal do Pará, Bragança PA, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Doenças Tropicais, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém PA, Brazil.,Laboratório de Células e Patógenos, Instituto de Estudos Costeiros, Universidade Federal do Pará, Bragança PA, Brazil
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Rosadas C, Brites C, Arakaki-Sanchez D, Casseb J, Ishak R. Brazilian Protocol for Sexually Transmitted Infections 2020: human T-cell lymphotropic virus (HTLV) infection. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2021; 54:e2020605. [PMID: 34008723 PMCID: PMC8210483 DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-605-2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
This article addresses the Human T-lymphotropic virus (HTLV). This subject comprises the Clinical Protocol and Therapeutic Guidelines for Comprehensive Care for People with Sexually Transmitted Infections, published by the Brazilian Ministry of Health. HTLV-1/2 infection is a public health problem globally, and Brazil has the largest number of individuals living with the virus. HTLV-1 causes several clinical manifestations of neoplasm (adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma) and inflammatory nature, such as HTLV-1-associated myelopathy and other manifestations such as uveitis, arthritis, and infective dermatitis. These pathologies have high morbidity and mortality and negatively impact the quality of life of infected individuals. This review includes relevant information for health authorities professionals regarding viral transmission, diagnosis, treatment, and monitoring of individuals living with HTLV-1 and 2 in Brazil. HTLV-1/2 transmission can occur through blood transfusion and derivatives, injectable drug use, organ transplantation, unprotected sexual intercourse, and vertical transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Rosadas
- Imperial College London, Department of Infectious Disease, London, United Kingdom
| | - Carlos Brites
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Faculdade de Medicina, Salvador, BA, Brasil
| | | | - Jorge Casseb
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Ricardo Ishak
- Universidade Federal do Pará, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Belém, PA, Brasil
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Rosadas C, Brites C, Arakaki-Sánchez D, Casseb J, Ishak R. [Brazilian Protocol for Sexually Transmitted Infections 2020: human T cell lymphotropic virus (HTLV) infection]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 30:e2020605. [PMID: 33729406 DOI: 10.1590/s1679-497420200006000015.esp1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This manuscript is related to the chapter about human T-cell lymphotropic virus (HTLV) that is part of the Clinical Protocol and Therapeutic Guidelines for Comprehensive Care for People with Sexually Transmitted Infections, published by the Brazilian Health Ministry. HTLV-1/2 infection is a worldwide public health problem and Brazil has the largest number of individuals living with the virus. HTLV-1 causes a variety of clinical manifestations of a neoplastic nature, such as adult leukemia/T-cell lymphoma, and also of an inflammatory nature, such as HTLV-1-associated myelopathy, as well as other manifestations such as uveitis, arthritis and infective dermatitis. These pathologies have high morbidity and mortality and negatively impact the quality of life of infected individuals. This review includes relevant information for health service managers and workers regarding virus transmission modes, diagnosis, treatment and monitoring of individuals living with HTLV-1 and 2 in Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Rosadas
- Imperial College London, Department of Infectious Disease, Londres, Reino Unido
| | - Carlos Brites
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Faculdade de Medicina, Salvador, BA, Brasil
| | | | - Jorge Casseb
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Ricardo Ishak
- Universidade Federal do Pará, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Belém, PA, Brasil
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Santana BB, Queiroz MAF, Cerveira RA, Rodrigues CM, da Silva Graça Amoras E, da Costa CA, de Sousa MS, Ishak R, Goulart LR, Vallinoto ACR. Low Annexin A1 level in HTLV-1 infected patients is a potential biomarker for the clinical progression and diagnosis of HAM/TSP. BMC Infect Dis 2021; 21:219. [PMID: 33632146 PMCID: PMC7908672 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-021-05917-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human T-lymphotropic virus 1 (HTLV-1) is etiologically associated with the chronic inflammatory neurodegenerative disease HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) Annexin A1 (AnxA1) is an anti-inflammatory protein with proposed neuroprotective and anti-neuroinflammatory functions. We hypothesized that ANXA1 gene expression may be dysregulated in HTLV-1-infected HAM/TSP patients. METHODS This study involved 37 individuals infected with HTLV-1, including 21 asymptomatic (AS) carriers and 16 with HAM/TSP, and a control group of 30 individuals negative for HTLV-1 and HTLV-2. For AS HTLV-1-positive and HAM/TSP patients, ANXA1 and formyl peptide receptor (FPR1, FPR2 and FPR3) expression and HTLV-1 proviral load (PVL) in peripheral blood cells were evaluated by real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR), and plasma AnxA1 levels were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS ANXA1 gene expression was increased in the AS group compared with the HAM/TSP and control groups, but the differences were not statistically significant. FPR1 gene expression was higher in patients with HTLV-1 than in controls (AS, p = 0.0032; HAM/TSP, p < 0.0001). Plasma AnxA1 levels were higher in the AS group than in the HAM/TSP group (p = 0.0045), and PVL was higher in patients with HAM/TSP than in AS individuals (p = 0.0162). The use of a combined ROC curve using Annexin 1 levels and proviral load significantly increased the sensitivity and specificity to predict progression to HAM/TSP (AUC = 0.851 and AUC = 0.937, respectively, to AUC = 1000). CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that AnxA1 may be dysregulated in HAM/TSP patients. Serological detection of AnxA1 in association with proviral load may provide a prognostic biomarker for HTLV-1-associated neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bárbara Brasil Santana
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológica, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belem, 66.075-110, Brazil.,Graduate Program in Biology of Infectious and Parasitic Agents, Biological Science Institute, Federal University of Pará, Belem, 66.075-110, Brazil
| | - Maria Alice Freitas Queiroz
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológica, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belem, 66.075-110, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Arcoverde Cerveira
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológica, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belem, 66.075-110, Brazil
| | - Claudia Mendonça Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Nanobiotechnology, Biotechnology Institute, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, 38.400-902, Brazil
| | | | - Carlos Araújo da Costa
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Tropical Medicine Center, Federal University of Pará, Belem, 66.055-240, Brazil
| | - Maisa Silva de Sousa
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Tropical Medicine Center, Federal University of Pará, Belem, 66.055-240, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Ishak
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológica, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belem, 66.075-110, Brazil
| | - Luiz Ricardo Goulart
- Laboratory of Nanobiotechnology, Biotechnology Institute, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, 38.400-902, Brazil
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Pereira LMS, da Silva Madureira MW, de Castro RBH, Abreu IN, da Silva Conde SRS, Demachki S, de Sousa MS, Queiroz MAF, Rangel da Silva ANM, Lima SS, de Oliveira Guimarães Ishak M, Ishak R, Vallinoto ACR. Sex and FOXP3 gene rs2232365 polymorphism may be associated with the clinical and pathological aspects of chronic viral diseases. BMC Immunol 2020; 21:60. [PMID: 33213373 PMCID: PMC7678194 DOI: 10.1186/s12865-020-00387-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The forkhead box protein 3 (FOXP3) transcription factor is one of the main markers of immunological suppression in different pathological profiles, and the presence of polymorphic variants may alter the gene expression of this factor. Despite descriptions of an association between the presence of the rs2232365 polymorphism and chronic diseases, the role of the sex variant in this context has not yet been elucidated, as the FOXP3 gene is located on the human sex chromosome X. Results To contribute to this topic, 323 women and 373 men were enrolled in the study, of which 101 were diagnosed with chronic viral liver diseases (39 women and 62 men), 67 with HTLV-1 infection (44 women and 23 men), 230 with coronary artery disease (91 women and 139 men) and 298 healthy and uninfected blood donors (149 women and men). They were genotyped for the rs2232365 polymorphism. The rs2232365 polymorphism was associated with clinical and pathological aspects and biomarkers of viral infections only in men, with functional differences between different infections. Conclusions A relationship is suggested between sex and FOXP3 rs2232365 polymorphism, resulting in different biological repercussions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonn Mendes Soares Pereira
- Virology Laboratory, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Pará (Universidade Federal do Pará - UFPA), Belém, Brazil
| | - Max Willy da Silva Madureira
- Virology Laboratory, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Pará (Universidade Federal do Pará - UFPA), Belém, Brazil
| | - Renata Bezerra Hermes de Castro
- Hematology and Hemotherapy Center Foundation of the State of Pará (Fundação Centro de Hematologia e Hemoterapia do Estado do Pará), Belém, Brazil
| | - Isabella Nogueira Abreu
- Virology Laboratory, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Pará (Universidade Federal do Pará - UFPA), Belém, Brazil
| | | | - Sâmia Demachki
- Medical School, Biological Sciences Institute, UFPA, Belém, Brazil
| | | | - Maria Alice Freitas Queiroz
- Virology Laboratory, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Pará (Universidade Federal do Pará - UFPA), Belém, Brazil
| | - Andrea Nazaré M Rangel da Silva
- Virology Laboratory, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Pará (Universidade Federal do Pará - UFPA), Belém, Brazil
| | - Sandra Souza Lima
- Virology Laboratory, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Pará (Universidade Federal do Pará - UFPA), Belém, Brazil
| | | | - Ricardo Ishak
- Virology Laboratory, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Pará (Universidade Federal do Pará - UFPA), Belém, Brazil
| | - Antonio Carlos Rosário Vallinoto
- Virology Laboratory, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Pará (Universidade Federal do Pará - UFPA), Belém, Brazil.
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Alencar SP, Souza MDC, Fonseca RRDS, Menezes CR, Azevedo VN, Ribeiro ALR, Lima SS, Laurentino RV, Barbosa MDADAP, Freitas FB, Oliveira-Filho AB, Machado LFA. Prevalence and Molecular Epidemiology of Human T-Lymphotropic Virus (HTLV) Infection in People Living With HIV/AIDS in the Pará State, Amazon Region of Brazil. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:572381. [PMID: 33193170 PMCID: PMC7642294 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.572381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The human T-lymphotropic virus (HTLV) is part of the group of retroviruses that share similar routes of transmission to the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Coinfection of these viruses can affect the clinical course of both infections, and reports have shown a quicker progression to AIDS and the development of HIV-related opportunistic infections. The current study investigated the demographic characteristics, prevalence, and the subtypes of HTLV among people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) in the State of Pará, Northern Brazil. Blood samples were obtained from patients who were attending a reference unit that provides medical assistance to HIV-infected individuals in the State of Pará, Brazil, during the period of May 2016 to June 2017. Plasma samples were screened by ELISA tests to detect antibodies anti-HTLV-1/2. DNA and viral types were identified by real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). All samples with viral DNA were submitted to nested PCR and nucleotide sequencing. The overall coinfection rate was 1.4% (5/368), and all samples were from subtype HTLV-1a. No cases of HTLV-2 infection were detected. The prevalence of HTLV-1 was higher in females (80%), individuals between 31 and 50 years of age, heterosexual, unmarried, with low monthly income, with secondary educational level or higher, sporadic condom usage, limited number of sexual partners, and no history of sexually transmitted infections. All samples from HTLV-1-infected patients were identified as strains belonging to the subtype 1a (Cosmopolitan), subgroup A (Transcontinental). This study identified that the prevalence of HIV/HTLV coinfection has dropped from 8 to 1.3% in the current investigation. There was a shift of HTLV subtype from a predominance of HTLV-2 infection in the past to an actual exclusively HTLV-1a. There was no significant association between economic, sociodemographic, and behavioral characteristics in HIV/HTLV coinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samira Peixoto Alencar
- Biology of Infectious and Parasitic Agents Post-Graduate Program, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Marlinda de Carvalho Souza
- Biology of Infectious and Parasitic Agents Post-Graduate Program, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | | | - Cláudia Ribeiro Menezes
- Biology of Infectious and Parasitic Agents Post-Graduate Program, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Vânia Nakauth Azevedo
- Virology Laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belem, Brazil
| | | | - Sandra Souza Lima
- Virology Laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belem, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Luiz Fernando Almeida Machado
- Biology of Infectious and Parasitic Agents Post-Graduate Program, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
- Virology Laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belem, Brazil
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11
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Queiroz MAF, Amoras EDSG, Moura TCF, da Costa CA, de Sousa MS, Lima SS, Ishak R, Vallinoto ACR. The SAMHD1 rs6029941 (A/G) Polymorphism Seems to Influence the HTLV-1 Proviral Load and IFN-Alpha Levels. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:246. [PMID: 32656092 PMCID: PMC7326033 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
SAMHD1, a host dNTPase, acts as a retroviral restriction factor by degrading the pool of nucleotides available for the initial reverse transcription of retroviruses, including HTLV-1. Polymorphisms in the SAMDH1 gene may alter the enzymatic expression and influence the course of infection by the virus. The present study investigated the effect of polymorphisms on HTLV-1 infection susceptibility and on progression to disease in 108 individuals infected by HTLV-1 (47 symptomatic and 61 asymptomatic) and 100 individuals in a control group. SAMHD1 rs6029941 (G/A) genotyping and HTLV-1 proviral load measurements were performed using real-time PCR and plasma IFN-α was measured by ELISA. Polymorphism frequency was not associated with HTLV-1 infection susceptibility or with the presence of symptoms. The proviral load was significantly higher in symptomatic individuals with the G allele (p = 0.0143), which presented lower levels of IFN-α (p = 0.0383). SAMHD1 polymorphism is associated with increased proviral load and reduced levels of IFN-α in symptomatic patients, and may be a factor that contributes to the appearance of disease symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Carlos Araújo da Costa
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Tropical Medicine Center, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Maisa Silva de Sousa
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Tropical Medicine Center, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Sandra Souza Lima
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Ishak
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
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12
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Bandeira LM, Puga MAM, de Paula VS, Demarchi LHF, Lichs GGC, Domingos JA, da Cunha RV, Uehara SNO, Motta-Castro ARC. Use of synthetic oligonucleotides for determination of HTLV-1 proviral load by real-time PCR: a helpful alternative approach in the clinical management. J Appl Microbiol 2020; 129:768-774. [PMID: 32202037 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To evaluate the potential use of synthetic oligonucleotides as a standard curve for proviral load (PVL) of human T-cell leukaemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) quantification in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of HTLV-1-infected individuals by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) analysis. METHODS AND RESULTS Synthetic oligonucleotides based on HTLV-1 genome were customized to use as a standard curve. Twelve anti-HTLV-1-positive samples with known HTLV-1 PVL, previously quantified by qPCR assay using TARL-2 cells as a conventional standard curve, were submitted to the new protocol. The proviral quantification levels had a high concordance with qPCR results using a conventional standard curve. The results demonstrate that the conventional standard curve can be replaced by a synthetic standard curve due to its ability to quantification based on the linearity and qPCR efficiency and similar results with a validated qPCR assay using a conventional standard curve. CONCLUSIONS Synthetic oligonucleotides standard curves could be a very useful tool on HTLV-1 diagnosis and absolute HTLV-1 PVL quantification. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY HTLV-1 PVL determination using synthetic oligonucleotides standard curve by qPCR could be a helpful alternative for the laboratories that monitor infected patients as an important prognostic factor in HTLV-1-associated diseases progression. Also, it can decrease costs and overcome the biological limitations of the plasmid curve.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Bandeira
- Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | - M A M Puga
- Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | - V S de Paula
- Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - L H F Demarchi
- Central Public Health Laboratory, Lacen/MS, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | - G G C Lichs
- Central Public Health Laboratory, Lacen/MS, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | - J A Domingos
- Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | - R V da Cunha
- Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil.,Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | - S N O Uehara
- Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | - A R C Motta-Castro
- Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil.,Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
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13
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TREX1 531C>T Polymorphism is Associated with High Proviral Load Levels in HTLV-1-Infected Persons. Viruses 2019; 12:v12010007. [PMID: 31861565 PMCID: PMC7019804 DOI: 10.3390/v12010007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) deregulates the immune system and cell cycle, resulting in loss of immune tolerance and disease, including HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). Three prime repair exonuclease 1 (TREX1) maintains innate immune tolerance of the host and host-cell permissiveness to retroviral infections. TREX1 polymorphisms may influence the course of infection and autoimmune manifestations. The influence of TREX1 531C/T polymorphism was investigated in HTLV-1 infection and development of symptoms among 151 persons infected with HTLV-1 (32 HAM/TSP, 19 rheumatologic manifestations, two dermatitis, five more than one diagnosis, two probable HAM/TSP, and 91 asymptomatic individuals) and 100 uninfected persons in the control group. Polymorphism genotyping and proviral load quantification were performed by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and antinuclear antibodies (ANAs) were screened by an indirect immunofluorescence assay. No statistically significant difference was found in polymorphism genotype and allele frequencies between the infected and control groups. HAM/TSP patients showed higher frequency of TT genotype than asymptomatic persons (p = 0.0339). Proviral load was significantly higher among individuals with CT/TT genotypes and CC genotype carriers had lower proviral load and higher levels of proinflammatory cytokines. ANAs were present only in the HAM/TSP group. TREX1 531C>T polymorphism seems to be associated with TREX-1 regulation and HTLV-1 infection.
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14
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Oliveira-Filho AB, Araújo APS, Souza APC, Gomes CM, Silva-Oliveira GC, Martins LC, Fischer B, Machado LFA, Vallinoto ACR, Ishak R, Lemos JAR, Kupek E. Human T-lymphotropic virus 1 and 2 among people who used illicit drugs in the state of Pará, northern Brazil. Sci Rep 2019; 9:14750. [PMID: 31611600 PMCID: PMC6791863 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-51383-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
People who used illicit drugs (PWUDs) represent an important population group for acquisition and viral dispersion. In Brazil, high rates of the human T lymphotropic virus 1 (HTLV-1) and 2 (HTLV-2) have been reported in epidemiological studies. However, the epidemiological scenario of HTLV-1/2 infections in PWUDs is still poorly understood. Thus, this cross-sectional study determined the prevalence, frequency of subtypes and factors associated with HTLV-1/2 infections among PWUDs in the Brazilian state of Pará, an area considered endemic for this virus and with poor health services. Among 826 PWUDs, 53 (6.4%) presented anti-HTLV-1/2 antibodies by EIA and 44 (5.3%) presented proviral DNA by PCR. HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 were detected in 25 (3.0%) and 19 (2.3%) PWUDs, respectively. Subtypes 1a (25/44), transcontinental (23/44) and Japanese subgroups (2/44), 2b (6/44) and 2c (13/44) were identified. Involvement in illicit/criminal activity, daily use of illicit drugs, illicit drug use over 12 years, unprotected sex with other PWUDs, changes in genitalia (including ulcers and wounds), and more than 12 sexual partners were associated with HTLV-1/2 in PWUDs. This high prevalence and intense circulation of subtypes and subgroups of HTLV-1/2 is very worrying, and indicate the need for urgent actions for its control, prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aldemir B Oliveira-Filho
- Instituto de Estudos Costeiros, Universidade Federal do Pará, Bragança, PA, Brazil.
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde Coletiva, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil.
| | - Ana Paula S Araújo
- Instituto de Estudos Costeiros, Universidade Federal do Pará, Bragança, PA, Brazil
- Residência Multiprofissional em Saúde da Mulher e da Criança, Hospital Santo Antonio Maria Zaccaria, Universidade Federal do Pará, Bragança, PA, Brazil
| | - Andreia Polliana C Souza
- Instituto de Estudos Costeiros, Universidade Federal do Pará, Bragança, PA, Brazil
- Residência Multiprofissional em Saúde da Mulher e da Criança, Hospital Santo Antonio Maria Zaccaria, Universidade Federal do Pará, Bragança, PA, Brazil
- Núcleo de Medicina Tropical, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Camila M Gomes
- Instituto de Estudos Costeiros, Universidade Federal do Pará, Bragança, PA, Brazil
| | | | - Luísa C Martins
- Núcleo de Medicina Tropical, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Benedikt Fischer
- Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Grafton, AK, New Zealand
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Departamento de Psiquiatria, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Ricardo Ishak
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - José Alexandre R Lemos
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil
- Centro de Hemoterapia e Hematologia do Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Emil Kupek
- Departamento de Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde Coletiva, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
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15
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Frade PC, Raiol NC, da Costa LM, Pinheiro LM, Silva-Oliveira GC, Pinho JR, Lemos JA, Martins LC, Oliveira-Filho AB. Prevalence and genotyping of hepatitis B virus: a cross-sectional study conducted with female sex workers in the Marajó Archipelago, Brazil. Int J STD AIDS 2019; 30:902-910. [PMID: 31226914 DOI: 10.1177/0956462419849252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In South America, the Amazon basin is considered an endemic area of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. However, epidemiological studies with vulnerable groups are scarce. Female sex workers (FSWs) are highly vulnerable to sexually transmitted infections due to a combination of their sexual behavior and socio-economic conditions. Thus, this study investigated the prevalence of HBV infections and HBV–hepatitis C virus, HBV–hepatitis D virus, HBV–HIV, and HBV–human T-lymphotropic virus co-infections among FSWs in the Marajó Archipelago, northern Brazil, as well as identifying the HBV genotypes circulating in this population. A total of 153 FSWs in 5 towns and 18 riverside communities were included in the study. The HBV infection and co-infections were diagnosed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and real-time polymerase chain reaction. The HBV genotypes were detected by sequencing and were then analyzed phylogenetically. Most of the FSWs surveyed were single, young, heterosexual, and born locally, with low levels of education. Overall, 21 (13.7%) had been exposed to HBV, and HBV-DNA was detected in 13 (8.5%). Genotypes A (69.2%), D (23.1%), and F (7.7%) were detected. Seven cases of co-infections with other viruses were detected. These findings indicate a clear need for urgent measures to control the spread of HBV and other pathogens, and to promote the health of the local FSWs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Cr Frade
- 1 Grupo de Estudo e Pesquisa em Populações Vulneráveis, Instituto de Estudos Costeiros, Universidade Federal do Pará, Bragança, Brazil.,2 Residência Multiprofissional em Saúde da Mulher e da Criança, Hospital Santo Antonio Maria Zaccaria, Bragança, Brazil.,3 Núcleo de Tropical, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Nairis C Raiol
- 1 Grupo de Estudo e Pesquisa em Populações Vulneráveis, Instituto de Estudos Costeiros, Universidade Federal do Pará, Bragança, Brazil
| | - Luana M da Costa
- 1 Grupo de Estudo e Pesquisa em Populações Vulneráveis, Instituto de Estudos Costeiros, Universidade Federal do Pará, Bragança, Brazil.,2 Residência Multiprofissional em Saúde da Mulher e da Criança, Hospital Santo Antonio Maria Zaccaria, Bragança, Brazil.,3 Núcleo de Tropical, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Luiz Ml Pinheiro
- 4 Faculdade de Ciências Biológicas, Campus do Marajó - Soure, Universidade Federal do Pará, Soure, Brazil
| | - Gláucia C Silva-Oliveira
- 1 Grupo de Estudo e Pesquisa em Populações Vulneráveis, Instituto de Estudos Costeiros, Universidade Federal do Pará, Bragança, Brazil
| | - João Rr Pinho
- 5 Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José Ar Lemos
- 6 Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Luísa C Martins
- 2 Residência Multiprofissional em Saúde da Mulher e da Criança, Hospital Santo Antonio Maria Zaccaria, Bragança, Brazil.,3 Núcleo de Tropical, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Aldemir B Oliveira-Filho
- 1 Grupo de Estudo e Pesquisa em Populações Vulneráveis, Instituto de Estudos Costeiros, Universidade Federal do Pará, Bragança, Brazil.,2 Residência Multiprofissional em Saúde da Mulher e da Criança, Hospital Santo Antonio Maria Zaccaria, Bragança, Brazil
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16
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Queiroz MAF, Azevedo VN, Amoras EDSG, Moura TCF, Guimarães Ishak MDO, Ishak R, Vallinoto ACR, Martins Feitosa RN. IFNG +874A/T Polymorphism Among Asymptomatic HTLV-1-Infected Individuals Is Potentially Related to a Worse Prognosis. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:795. [PMID: 29867783 PMCID: PMC5968086 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
HTLV-1 infections are persistent and frequently latent; however, productive infections trigger different types of immunological responses that utilize cytokines to control infection. The present study investigated the role of IFNG +874A/T polymorphisms among 153 HTLV-1-infected individuals (33 clinically diagnosed with TSP/HAM, 22 with rheumatologic manifestations, 2 with dermatitis, 1 with uveitis, and 95 asymptomatic patients) and 300 healthy control individuals. Genotyping and proviral HTLV-1 load assessment were performed using real-time PCR assays, and the plasma levels of IFN-γ were measured using an enzyme immunoassay (ELISA). Genotype frequencies were not significantly different, but the presence of the T allele was higher (p < 0.0142) among the asymptomatic patients. Plasma levels of IFN-γ were significantly higher (p < 0.0137) among those with the TT genotype. Their proviral load was also higher, although this elevation did not reach statistical significance. There was no difference in the IFN-γ plasma levels among the symptomatic patients, even when ranked according to disease severity (TSP/HAM or rheumatologic manifestations). However, the difference among asymptomatic patients with the T allele was significantly higher (p < 0.0016) and similar to the plasma levels observed among symptomatic individuals. These results suggest that the IFNG +874A/T polymorphism may modulate the plasma levels of IFN-γ during HTLV-1 infection. Asymptomatic carriers of the polymorphic genotypes appear to develop an inflammatory response in a shorter timeframe, triggering progression to HTLV-1-related symptoms and disorders. These results further suggest that HTLV-1-infected asymptomatic individuals expressing the IFNG +874A/T polymorphism should be monitored more closely in order to readily detect the increase in clinical symptoms, as these patients are potentially at risk of a poor prognosis and should therefore start available treatment procedures earlier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A F Queiroz
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Vânia N Azevedo
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Ednelza da S G Amoras
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Tuane C F Moura
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | | | - Ricardo Ishak
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Antonio C R Vallinoto
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
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17
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de Sá KSG, Santana BB, de Souza Ferreira TC, Sousa RCM, Caldas CAM, Azevedo VN, Feitosa RNM, Machado LFA, de Oliveira Guimarães Ishak M, Ishak R, Vallinoto ACR. IL28B gene polymorphisms and Th1/Th2 cytokine levels might be associated with HTLV-associated arthropathy. Cytokine 2016; 77:79-87. [PMID: 26546777 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2015.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Revised: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The present study is the first investigation of the association between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs - rs8099917, rs12979860 and rs8103142) of the IL28B gene and the development of human T-lymphotropic virus (HTLV)-associated arthropathy (HAA). Individuals with HAA exhibited low interleukin (IL) 6 (p<0.05) and high IL-10 (p<0.05) levels compared with asymptomatic patients. TNF-α/CD4(+) T cell count, TNF-α/CD8(+) T cell count and IFN-γ/proviral load positively correlated in asymptomatic patients. The allelic and genotypic frequencies did not differ between patients with HAA and asymptomatic patients. Seven haplotypes were detected in the investigated population, with haplotype CCT (p<0.05) being the most frequent among the HTLV-infected individuals, while haplotype TTG (p<0.05) was detected in the group with HAA only. Compared with asymptomatic patients, individuals with HAA and genotype TT (rs8099917) exhibited larger numbers of CD8(+) T cells (p<0.05) and higher proviral load levels (p<0.05). Those patients with HAA and genotypes CC (rs12979860) and TT (rs8103142) exhibited high TNF-β (p<0.05) and IFN-γ (p<0.05) levels. Those patients with HAA and genotype CT/TT (rs12979860) exhibited high IL-10 levels (p<0.05). These results suggest that haplotypes CCT and TTG might be associated with susceptibility to HTLV infection and progression to HAA, respectively. Genotype TT (rs8099917) might be a risk factor for elevation of the proviral load and CD8(+) T cell count. In addition, genotypes CC (rs12979860) and TT (rs8103142) seem to be associated with increased TNF-β and IFN-γ levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keyla Santos Guedes de Sá
- Laboratory of Virology (Laboratório de Virologia), Institute of Biological Sciences (Instituto de Ciências Biológicas), Federal University of Pará (Universidade Federal do Pará), Guamá, 66075-110 Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Bárbara Brasil Santana
- Laboratory of Virology (Laboratório de Virologia), Institute of Biological Sciences (Instituto de Ciências Biológicas), Federal University of Pará (Universidade Federal do Pará), Guamá, 66075-110 Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Tuane Carolina de Souza Ferreira
- Laboratory of Virology (Laboratório de Virologia), Institute of Biological Sciences (Instituto de Ciências Biológicas), Federal University of Pará (Universidade Federal do Pará), Guamá, 66075-110 Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Rita Catarina Medeiros Sousa
- Tropical Medicine Unit (Núcleo de Medicina Tropical), Federal University of Pará (Universidade Federal do Para), Umarizal, 66050-240 Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Cezar Augusto Muniz Caldas
- Tropical Medicine Unit (Núcleo de Medicina Tropical), Federal University of Pará (Universidade Federal do Para), Umarizal, 66050-240 Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Vânia Nakauth Azevedo
- Laboratory of Virology (Laboratório de Virologia), Institute of Biological Sciences (Instituto de Ciências Biológicas), Federal University of Pará (Universidade Federal do Pará), Guamá, 66075-110 Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Rosimar Neris Martins Feitosa
- Laboratory of Virology (Laboratório de Virologia), Institute of Biological Sciences (Instituto de Ciências Biológicas), Federal University of Pará (Universidade Federal do Pará), Guamá, 66075-110 Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Luiz Fernando Almeida Machado
- Laboratory of Virology (Laboratório de Virologia), Institute of Biological Sciences (Instituto de Ciências Biológicas), Federal University of Pará (Universidade Federal do Pará), Guamá, 66075-110 Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Marluísa de Oliveira Guimarães Ishak
- Laboratory of Virology (Laboratório de Virologia), Institute of Biological Sciences (Instituto de Ciências Biológicas), Federal University of Pará (Universidade Federal do Pará), Guamá, 66075-110 Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Ishak
- Laboratory of Virology (Laboratório de Virologia), Institute of Biological Sciences (Instituto de Ciências Biológicas), Federal University of Pará (Universidade Federal do Pará), Guamá, 66075-110 Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Antonio Carlos Rosário Vallinoto
- Laboratory of Virology (Laboratório de Virologia), Institute of Biological Sciences (Instituto de Ciências Biológicas), Federal University of Pará (Universidade Federal do Pará), Guamá, 66075-110 Belém, Pará, Brazil.
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18
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Vallinoto ACR, Santana BB, Sá KSG, Ferreira TCS, Sousa RCM, Azevedo VN, Feitosa RNM, Machado LFA, Ishak MOG, Ishak R. HTLV-1-Associated Myelopathy/Tropical Spastic Paraparesis Is Not Associated with SNP rs12979860 of the IL-28B Gene. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:804167. [PMID: 26609200 PMCID: PMC4644563 DOI: 10.1155/2015/804167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study investigated the association between the rs12979860 polymorphism in the IL-28B gene and HTLV-1 infection as well as the development of HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). HTLV-1-infected patients (26 HAM/TSP symptomatic and 53 asymptomatic) and 300 seronegative healthy controls were investigated. Plasma levels of the cytokines TNF-α, TNF-β, IL-8, IL-10, IL-6, and IFN-γ from infected patients were measured using an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The HTLV proviral load was measured using a real-time PCR assay, and T-cell subset counts were determined by flow cytometry. Real-time PCR was used to genotype the rs12979860 SNP. The allelic and genotypic distributions displayed no significant differences among the investigated groups. No significant association between the serum cytokine levels and the presence of the rs12979860 SNP in symptomatic and asymptomatic subjects was observed. A positive correlation (p = 0.0015) between TNF-β and IFN-γ was observed in the asymptomatic group, but a positive correlation was only observed (p = 0.0180) between TNF-α and IL-6 in the HAM/TSP group. The proviral load was significantly higher in HAM/TSP patients than in asymptomatic subjects. The present results do not support a previous report indicating an association between the SNP rs12979860 and HAM/TSP outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio C. R. Vallinoto
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Guamá, 66075-110 Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Bárbara Brasil Santana
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Guamá, 66075-110 Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Keyla S. G. Sá
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Guamá, 66075-110 Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Tuane C. S. Ferreira
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Guamá, 66075-110 Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Rita Catarina M. Sousa
- Núcleo de Medicina Tropical, Universidade Federal do Pará, Guamá, 66050-240 Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Vânia N. Azevedo
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Guamá, 66075-110 Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Rosimar N. M. Feitosa
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Guamá, 66075-110 Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Luiz Fernando A. Machado
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Guamá, 66075-110 Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Marluísa O. G. Ishak
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Guamá, 66075-110 Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Ishak
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Guamá, 66075-110 Belém, PA, Brazil
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19
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Rosadas C, Puccioni-Sohler M. Relevance of retrovirus quantification in cerebrospinal fluid for neurologic diagnosis. J Biomed Sci 2015; 22:66. [PMID: 26253430 PMCID: PMC4528684 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-015-0170-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Different human retroviruses, such as Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and Human T-cell Lymphotropic Virus (HTLV), can cause neurologic infection. However, a definitive diagnosis may be hampered by several factors. Quantification of the viral or proviral load in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) may be helpful in the diagnosis of nervous system disorders due to retroviral infection and may influence the treatment approach. The present work discusses retrovirus infection and neurologic impairment, as well as the usefulness of the determination of the HIV and HTLV proviral or viral load in cerebrospinal fluid in cases of neurologic disorder, in light of recent advances in this field. This study also discusses the different molecular techniques for quantifying the proviral load (real-time quantitative PCR, droplet digital PCR, and semi-nested real-time reverse transcription PCR) that are currently available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Rosadas
- Cerebrospinal Fluid Laboratory, Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rua Professor Rodolpho Paulo Rocco 255, 3°andar, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-913, Brazil. .,Laboratório de Líquido Cefalorraquiano, Serviço de Patologia Clínica, Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rua Professor Rodolpho Paulo Rocco 255, 3 ± andar, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-913, Brazil.
| | - Marzia Puccioni-Sohler
- Cerebrospinal Fluid Laboratory, Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rua Professor Rodolpho Paulo Rocco 255, 3°andar, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-913, Brazil. .,Neuroinfection Unit, Hospital Universitário Gaffrée e Guinle, Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rua Mariz e Barros, 775, Rio de Janeiro, 20270-004, Brazil. .,Laboratório de Líquido Cefalorraquiano, Serviço de Patologia Clínica, Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rua Professor Rodolpho Paulo Rocco 255, 3 ± andar, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-913, Brazil.
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Rosadas C, Cabral-Castro MJ, Vicente ACP, Peralta JM, Puccioni-Sohler M. Validation of a quantitative real-time PCR assay for HTLV-1 proviral load in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. J Virol Methods 2013; 193:536-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2013.07.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2013] [Revised: 07/09/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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FAS-670A/G single nucleotide polymorphism may be associated with human T lymphotropic virus-1 infection and clinical evolution to TSP/HAM. Virus Res 2011; 163:178-82. [PMID: 21971214 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2011.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2011] [Revised: 09/05/2011] [Accepted: 09/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
FAS and FASLG genes are closely linked to the apoptosis mechanism of the immune system and several polymorphisms in these genes have been associated with susceptibility to diseases. The present study investigated the polymorphisms at positions -670 in the FAS gene, and -169 and -124 in the FASLG gene, among HTLV-1 infected subjects. Blood samples from HTLV infected subjects and seronegative individuals were collected, and polymorphisms were analyzed using a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) followed by RFLP analysis using restriction endonucleases. The genotype frequencies of the FAS -670 polymorphism was the only one that showed a higher and significant prevalence of genotype -670GG among HTLV-1 infected subjects as compared to the control group (p=0.0160), but the genotype -670AA was more frequent among TSP/HAM patients as compared to the asymptomatic individuals (p=0.0005). TCD4(+) and TCD8(+) lymphocyte counts from HTLV infected and seronegative subjects, as well as the proviral load values, according to the status of symptomatic and asymptomatic infection carrying different genotypes were compared but showed no statistical significance. The present results suggest that FAS -670 polymorphism seems to be associated with susceptibility to HTLV-1 and may increase the chance to develop TSP/HAM among HTLV-1 infected persons.
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22
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Costa EAS, Magri MC, Caterino-de-Araujo A. The best algorithm to confirm the diagnosis of HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 in at-risk individuals from São Paulo, Brazil. J Virol Methods 2011; 173:280-6. [PMID: 21349293 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2011.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2010] [Revised: 02/07/2011] [Accepted: 02/15/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The ability to confirm the diagnosis of human T-lymphotropic virus types 1 and 2 (HTLV-1 and HTLV-2) in at-risk individuals in São Paulo, Brazil by Western blotting (WB), conventional polymerase chain reaction (tax and pol PCR) and real-time PCR (pol) is compared. Seventy-three blood samples that were reactive in HTLV-1/2 serological screening enzyme immunoassays (EIAs) were evaluated. HTLV-1/2 was confirmed in 53 blood samples: 48 were positive by WB, 41 were positive by PCR and 42 scored positive by real-time PCR assays (37 of 48 WB-positive samples plus five WB-indeterminate samples that were further confirmed by sequencing). Although WB was able to detect more cases of HTLV-1/2 infection, the real-time PCR assay was able to discriminate between these two viruses and confirm an individual HTLV-1/HTLV-2 diagnosis in two HTLV WB-untyped samples and five WB-indeterminate samples. Because of the large number of WB-indeterminate samples and the cost of the WB assay in Brazil, it is proposed an algorithm that employs two EIAs for screening and then real-time PCR to confirm the infection, followed by testing any PCR-negative samples with the WB assay. This strategy reduces costs and improves the accuracy of the diagnosis of HTLV-1/2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela A S Costa
- Immunology Department, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Coordenadoria de Controle de Doenças da Secretaria de Estado da Saúde de São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 355, 11° andar, 01246-902, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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23
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Andrade RG, Ribeiro MA, Namen-Lopes MSS, Silva SMN, Basques FV, Ribas JG, Carneiro-Proietti ABDF, Martins ML. Evaluation of the use of real-time PCR for human T cell lymphotropic virus 1 and 2 as a confirmatory test in screening for blood donors. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2010; 43:111-5. [DOI: 10.1590/s0037-86822010000200001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2009] [Accepted: 02/04/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: HTLV-1/2 screening among blood donors commonly utilizes an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (EIA), followed by a confirmatory method such as Western blot (WB) if the EIA is positive. However, this algorithm yields a high rate of inconclusive results, and is expensive. METHODS: Two qualitative real-time PCR assays were developed to detect HTLV-1 and 2, and a total of 318 samples were tested (152 blood donors, 108 asymptomatic carriers, 26 HAM/TSP patients and 30 seronegative individuals). RESULTS: The sensitivity and specificity of PCR in comparison with WB results were 99.4% and 98.5%, respectively. PCR tests were more efficient for identifying the virus type, detecting HTLV-2 infection and defining inconclusive cases. CONCLUSIONS: Because real-time PCR is sensitive and practical and costs much less than WB, this technique can be used as a confirmatory test for HTLV in blood banks, as a replacement for WB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafaela Gomes Andrade
- Minas Gerais State Blood Center, Brazil; Interdisciplinary HTLV Research Group, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Marina Lobato Martins
- Minas Gerais State Blood Center, Brazil; Interdisciplinary HTLV Research Group, Brazil
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Alves AEM, Hermes RB, Tamegão-Lopes B, Machado LFA, Azevedo VN, Ishak MOG, Ishak R, Lemos JAR, Vallinoto ACR. Polymorphism in the promoter region of the mannose-binding lectin gene among human T-cell lymphotropic virus infected subjects. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2007; 102:991-4. [DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762007000800015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2007] [Accepted: 12/18/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- AEM Alves
- Universidade Federal do Pará, Brasil
| | - RB Hermes
- Universidade Federal do Pará, Brasil
| | - B Tamegão-Lopes
- Centro de Hematologia e Hemoterapia do Estado do Pará, Brasil
| | | | | | - MOG Ishak
- Universidade Federal do Pará, Brasil
| | - R Ishak
- Universidade Federal do Pará, Brasil
| | - JAR Lemos
- Universidade Federal do Pará, Brasil
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