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Baia KLN, Cordeiro ACC, Frade PCR, Gouveia AGN, Resque RL, Pinheiro LML, Fonseca RRS, Machado LFA, Martins LC, Kupek E, Fischer B, Oliveira-Filho AB. Syphilis and Co-Infections with HIV-1, HBV, and HCV among People Who Use Crack-Cocaine in Northern Brazil. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11091055. [PMID: 36145487 PMCID: PMC9502650 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11091055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The rates of syphilis and viral co-infections among people who use crack-cocaine (PWUCC) were assessed in this study. This cross-sectional study relied on biological and self-reported socio-behavioral data from a convenience sample of 990 PWUCC from twenty-six municipalities in the states of Amapá and Pará, northern Brazil. Blood samples were collected to assess the presence of Treponema pallidum using the Rapid Qualitative Test (RQT) and the Venereal Disease Research Laboratory (VDRL). Reactive samples by RQT were used to assess the presence of HBV, HCV, and HIV-1 using Enzyme Immunoassay (EIA) and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). Logistic regression models were used to determine the association of variables assessed with syphilis. In total, 287 (29.0%) of the PWUCC sample had reactive results for syphilis. HBV (15.7%), HCV (5.9%), and HIV-1 (9.8%) were detected among PWUCC with syphilis. Young age, low monthly income and education level, long duration of crack-cocaine use, condomless sex, multiple sex partners, and exchange of sex for money/drugs were associated with syphilis. The present study provides unique insights on the epidemiological status of syphilis among PWUCC in northern Brazil, with multiple implications for improving urgent interventions for diagnosis, prevention, and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Lorena N. Baia
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Doenças Tropicais, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075-110, Brazil
| | - Ana Caroline C. Cordeiro
- Residência Multiprofissional em Saúde da Mulher e da Criança, Hospital Santo Antônio Maria Zaccaria, Bragança 68600-000, Brazil
| | - Paula Cristina R. Frade
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Doenças Tropicais, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075-110, Brazil
- Residência Multiprofissional em Saúde da Mulher e da Criança, Hospital Santo Antônio Maria Zaccaria, Bragança 68600-000, Brazil
- Grupo de Estudo e Pesquisa em Populações Vulneráveis, Instituto de Estudos Costeiros, Universidade Federal do Pará, Bragança 68600-000, Brazil
| | - Alanna Gabrielly N. Gouveia
- Grupo de Estudo e Pesquisa em Populações Vulneráveis, Instituto de Estudos Costeiros, Universidade Federal do Pará, Bragança 68600-000, Brazil
| | - Rafael Lima Resque
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Amapá, Macapá 68903-419, Brazil
| | - Luiz Marcelo L. Pinheiro
- Residência Multiprofissional em Saúde da Mulher e da Criança, Hospital Santo Antônio Maria Zaccaria, Bragança 68600-000, Brazil
- Faculdade de Ciências Biológicas, Campus do Marajó, Universidade Federal do Pará, Soure 68870-000, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Roberto S. Fonseca
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66077-830, Brazil
| | - Luiz Fernando A. Machado
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66077-830, Brazil
| | - Luisa C. Martins
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Doenças Tropicais, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075-110, Brazil
- Residência Multiprofissional em Saúde da Mulher e da Criança, Hospital Santo Antônio Maria Zaccaria, Bragança 68600-000, Brazil
- Laboratório de Patologia Clínica de Doenças Tropicais, Núcleo de Medicina Tropical, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66055-240, Brazil
| | - Emil Kupek
- Departamento de Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Benedikt Fischer
- Centre for Applied Research in Mental Health and Addiction, Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, BC V6B 5K3, Canada
- Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
- Departamento de Psiquiatria, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo 04038-000, Brazil
| | - Aldemir B. Oliveira-Filho
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Doenças Tropicais, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075-110, Brazil
- Residência Multiprofissional em Saúde da Mulher e da Criança, Hospital Santo Antônio Maria Zaccaria, Bragança 68600-000, Brazil
- Grupo de Estudo e Pesquisa em Populações Vulneráveis, Instituto de Estudos Costeiros, Universidade Federal do Pará, Bragança 68600-000, Brazil
- Correspondence:
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da Silva Torres MK, Lopes FT, de Lima ACR, Cordeiro Lima CN, dos Santos Brito WR, Gonçalves JSS, dos Santos Oliveira O, de Oliveira Freitas V, dos Santos BC, Santos de Sousa R, Carvalho Gomes JL, Sarmento Botelho BJ, Alves Correa AC, Machado LFA, Martins Feitosa RN, Lima SS, Cayres Vallinoto IMV, Vallinoto ACR. Changes in the seroprevalence and risk factors between the first and second waves of COVID-19 in a metropolis in the Brazilian Amazon. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:932563. [PMID: 36189360 PMCID: PMC9524613 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.932563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In Brazil, the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic spread rapidly in a heterogeneous way, mainly due to the different socioeconomic and behavioral characteristics of different regional populations and different evaluation periods. We performed a cross-sectional study including 1,337 individuals (first wave = 736/second wave = 601) after the first two waves of COVID-19 in the city of Belém, the capital of the state of Pará. The detection of IgG anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies was performed using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay test followed by statistical analysis using the RStudio program. Our results showed an increase in the seroprevalence (first wave= 39.1%/second wave= 50.1%) of anti-severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) IgG antibodies in the population of Belém from the first to the second pandemic wave. Advanced age, primary or secondary education level, lack of social isolation, and a low frequency of protective mask use were considered risk factors for SARS-CoV-2 infection during the first wave compared to the second wave. This study is one of the firsts to provide important information about the dynamics of virus circulation and the groups vulnerable to exposure in the two major periods. Our data emphasize the socioeconomic characteristics of the affected population and that nonpharmacological prevention measures are crucial for combating the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Karoliny da Silva Torres
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Biology of Infectious and Parasitic Agents, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Felipe Teixeira Lopes
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Biology of Infectious and Parasitic Agents, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Aline Cecy Rocha de Lima
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Biology of Infectious and Parasitic Agents, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Carlos Neandro Cordeiro Lima
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Biology of Infectious and Parasitic Agents, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Wandrey Roberto dos Santos Brito
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Biology of Infectious and Parasitic Agents, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Janete Silvana S. Gonçalves
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Biology of Infectious and Parasitic Agents, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Onayane dos Santos Oliveira
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Biology of Infectious and Parasitic Agents, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | | | | | - Renata Santos de Sousa
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Biology of Infectious and Parasitic Agents, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Luiz Fernando A. Machado
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Biology of Infectious and Parasitic Agents, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Rosimar Neris Martins Feitosa
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Biology of Infectious and Parasitic Agents, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Sandra Souza Lima
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Biology of Infectious and Parasitic Agents, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Izaura Maria Vieira Cayres Vallinoto
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Biology of Infectious and Parasitic Agents, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Antonio Carlos R. Vallinoto
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Biology of Infectious and Parasitic Agents, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Antonio Carlos R. Vallinoto,
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da Silva Torres MK, Lopes FT, de Lima ACR, Lima CNC, Dos Santos Brito WR, Dos Santos BC, de Sousa RS, Gomes JLC, Botelho BJS, Correa ACA, Machado LFA, Feitosa RNM, Lima SS, Vallinoto IMVC, Vallinoto ACR. Seroprevalence and risk factors for COVID-19 in the metropolis of the Brazilian Amazon. Sci Rep 2022; 12:8571. [PMID: 35595782 PMCID: PMC9122246 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-12629-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The devastating effect of health system overload was observed after cases of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) peaked in April 2020 in Belém, a capital metropolis in the Brazilian Amazon. Our results showed a high seroprevalence (39.24%) of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies among the population of the capital of the state of Pará after the first wave of the pandemic. Old age, mixed race, a high school education level, low income and contact with infected individuals are risk factors and may be driving seropositivity and exposure to SARS-CoV-2 in this population. This study is one of the first to provide important information to understand the socioeconomic inequalities, behavioral characteristics and viral transmission dynamics associated with the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection in the capital of the state of Pará, northern Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Karoliny da Silva Torres
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará (Universidade Federal Do Pará-UFPA), Belém, Pará, Brazil.,Graduate Program in Biology of Infectious and Parasitic Agents, Belém, Brazil
| | - Felipe Teixeira Lopes
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará (Universidade Federal Do Pará-UFPA), Belém, Pará, Brazil.,Graduate Program in Biology of Infectious and Parasitic Agents, Belém, Brazil
| | - Aline Cecy Rocha de Lima
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará (Universidade Federal Do Pará-UFPA), Belém, Pará, Brazil.,Graduate Program in Biology of Infectious and Parasitic Agents, Belém, Brazil
| | - Carlos Neandro Cordeiro Lima
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará (Universidade Federal Do Pará-UFPA), Belém, Pará, Brazil.,Graduate Program in Biology of Infectious and Parasitic Agents, Belém, Brazil
| | - Wandrey Roberto Dos Santos Brito
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará (Universidade Federal Do Pará-UFPA), Belém, Pará, Brazil.,Graduate Program in Biology of Infectious and Parasitic Agents, Belém, Brazil
| | - Bernardo Cintra Dos Santos
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará (Universidade Federal Do Pará-UFPA), Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Renata Santos de Sousa
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará (Universidade Federal Do Pará-UFPA), Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Jayanne Lilian Carvalho Gomes
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará (Universidade Federal Do Pará-UFPA), Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Bruno José Sarmento Botelho
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará (Universidade Federal Do Pará-UFPA), Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Alves Correa
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará (Universidade Federal Do Pará-UFPA), Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Luiz Fernando A Machado
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará (Universidade Federal Do Pará-UFPA), Belém, Pará, Brazil.,Graduate Program in Biology of Infectious and Parasitic Agents, Belém, Brazil
| | - Rosimar Neris Martins Feitosa
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará (Universidade Federal Do Pará-UFPA), Belém, Pará, Brazil.,Graduate Program in Biology of Infectious and Parasitic Agents, Belém, Brazil
| | - Sandra Souza Lima
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará (Universidade Federal Do Pará-UFPA), Belém, Pará, Brazil.,Graduate Program in Biology of Infectious and Parasitic Agents, Belém, Brazil
| | - Izaura Maria Vieira Cayres Vallinoto
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará (Universidade Federal Do Pará-UFPA), Belém, Pará, Brazil.,Graduate Program in Biology of Infectious and Parasitic Agents, Belém, Brazil
| | - Antonio Carlos R Vallinoto
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará (Universidade Federal Do Pará-UFPA), Belém, Pará, Brazil. .,Graduate Program in Biology of Infectious and Parasitic Agents, Belém, Brazil.
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Lopes FT, de Sousa RS, Carvalho Gomes JL, Vallinoto MC, de Lima ACR, Lima SS, Freitas FB, Feitosa RNM, Rangel da Silva ANM, Machado LFA, Aben-Athar CYP, Maia da Silva EL, Cayres Vallinoto IMV, Vallinoto ACR. The Relevance of a Diagnostic and Counseling Service for People Living With HTLV-1/2 in a Metropolis of the Brazilian Amazon. Front Public Health 2022; 10:864861. [PMID: 35419336 PMCID: PMC8995423 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.864861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction To identify the prevalence of infection in the urban area of the capital city of Belém, Brazil, the Laboratory of Virology of the Federal University of Pará implemented, as a public service, serological screening for human T-lymphotropic viruses 1 and 2 (HTLV-1/2) infection and, if necessary, counseling service and referral to specialized medical care. The project is funded by the National Council of Science and Technology, the Ministry of Health of Brazil and the Pan American Health Organization. Methods From January 2020 to June 2021, 1,572 individuals of both sexes were approached to answer a questionnaire and were tested using an enzyme immunoassay (Murex HTLV-I+II, DiaSorin, Dartford, UK). Seropositive samples were confirmed as HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 infection by line immunoassay (INNO-LIA® HTLV I/II Score, Fujirebio, Japan) and/or by real-time polymerase chain reaction. G and Fisher's exact tests were applied to identify the association between epidemiological characteristics and HTLV-1/2 infection. Results Of the 1,572 screened individuals, 63.74% were females between the ages of 30 and 59 years (49.04%). Infection was confirmed in six individuals (0.38%), among whom three (0.19%) were infected with HTLV-1 and three with HTLV-2 (0.19%). Blood transfusion before 1993 was the main risk factor associated with the route of exposure to the virus (p = 0.0442). The infected individuals were referred to a counseling session with a nursing professional, and two patients who manifested signs and symptoms suggestive of myelopathy associated with HTLV were referred to a neurologist. Conclusion The implementation of the screening service revealed the occurrence of moderate endemicity of HTLV-1/2 in Belém, reinforcing the importance of continuing the service as a means of establishing an early diagnosis and providing counseling as a measure to prevent and control viral transmission in the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Teixeira Lopes
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Renata Santos de Sousa
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | | | - Mariana Cayres Vallinoto
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Aline Cecy Rocha de Lima
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Sandra Souza Lima
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Luiz Fernando A. Machado
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Cintia Y. P. Aben-Athar
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
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Silva RJS, do Nascimento RS, Oliveira-Neto JAJ, Silva FQ, Piauiense JNF, Gomes CM, Pinheiro LML, Resque RL, Pinho JRR, Kupek E, Fischer B, Machado LFA, Martins LC, Lemos JAR, Oliveira-Filho AB. Detection and Genetic Characterization of Hepatitis B and D Viruses: A Multi-Site Cross-Sectional Study of People Who Use Illicit Drugs in the Amazon Region. Viruses 2021; 13:v13071380. [PMID: 34372586 PMCID: PMC8310228 DOI: 10.3390/v13071380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Revised: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B (HBV) and delta (HDV) viruses are endemic in the Amazon region, but vaccine coverage against HBV is still limited. People who use illicit drugs (PWUDs) represent a high-risk group due to common risk behavior and socioeconomic factors that facilitate the acquisition and transmission of pathogens. The present study assessed the presence of HBV and HBV-HDV co-infection, identified viral sub-genotypes, and verified the occurrence of mutations in coding regions for HBsAg and part of the polymerase in HBV-infected PWUDs in municipalities of the Brazilian states of Amapá and Pará, in the Amazon region. In total, 1074 PWUDs provided blood samples and personal data in 30 municipalities of the Brazilian Amazon. HBV and HDV were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and polymerase chain reaction. Viral genotypes were identified by nucleotide sequencing followed by phylogenetic analysis, whereas viral mutations were analyzed by specialized software. High rates of serological (32.2%) and molecular (7.2%) markers for HBV were detected, including cases of occult HBV infection (2.5%). Sub-genotypes A1, A2, D4, and F2a were most frequently found. Escape mutations due to vaccine and antiviral resistance were identified. Among PWUDs with HBV DNA, serological (19.5%) and molecular (11.7%) HDV markers were detected, such as HDV genotypes 1 and 3. These are worrying findings, presenting clear implications for urgent prevention and treatment needs for the carriers of these viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronylson José S. Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Ambiental, Universidade Federal do Pará, Bragança 68600-000, PA, Brazil; (R.J.S.S.); (R.S.d.N.); (C.M.G.)
| | - Raquel Silva do Nascimento
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Ambiental, Universidade Federal do Pará, Bragança 68600-000, PA, Brazil; (R.J.S.S.); (R.S.d.N.); (C.M.G.)
| | - José Augusto J. Oliveira-Neto
- Instituto de Estudos Costeiros, Universidade Federal do Pará, Bragança 68600-000, PA, Brazil; (J.A.J.O.-N.); (F.Q.S.)
| | - Fabricio Quaresma Silva
- Instituto de Estudos Costeiros, Universidade Federal do Pará, Bragança 68600-000, PA, Brazil; (J.A.J.O.-N.); (F.Q.S.)
| | - Juliana Nádia F. Piauiense
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde na Amazônia, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66055-240, PA, Brazil; (J.N.F.P.); (L.C.M.)
| | - Camila Moraes Gomes
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Ambiental, Universidade Federal do Pará, Bragança 68600-000, PA, Brazil; (R.J.S.S.); (R.S.d.N.); (C.M.G.)
| | - Luiz Marcelo L. Pinheiro
- Faculdade de Ciências Biológicas, Campus do Marajó, Universidade Federal do Pará, Soure 68870-000, PA, Brazil;
| | - Rafael Lima Resque
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Amapá, Macapá 68903-419, AP, Brazil;
| | - João Renato R. Pinho
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05403-000, SP, Brazil;
| | - Emil Kupek
- Departamento de Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, SC, Brazil;
| | - Benedikt Fischer
- Centre for Applied Research in Mental Health and Addiction, Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, BC V6B 5K3, Canada;
- Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
- Departamento de Psiquiatria, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo 04038-000, SP, Brazil
| | - Luiz Fernando A. Machado
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil; (L.F.A.M.); (J.A.R.L.)
| | - Luísa Caricio Martins
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde na Amazônia, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66055-240, PA, Brazil; (J.N.F.P.); (L.C.M.)
- Núcleo de Medicina Tropical, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66055-240, PA, Brazil
| | - José Alexandre R. Lemos
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil; (L.F.A.M.); (J.A.R.L.)
| | - Aldemir B. Oliveira-Filho
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Ambiental, Universidade Federal do Pará, Bragança 68600-000, PA, Brazil; (R.J.S.S.); (R.S.d.N.); (C.M.G.)
- Instituto de Estudos Costeiros, Universidade Federal do Pará, Bragança 68600-000, PA, Brazil; (J.A.J.O.-N.); (F.Q.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-91-3425-1209
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Coelho EC, Souza SB, Costa CCS, Costa LM, Pinheiro LML, Machado LFA, Silva-Oliveira GC, Martins LC, Frade PCR, Oliveira-Filho AB. Treponema pallidum in female sex workers from the Brazilian Marajó Archipelago: prevalence, risk factors, drug-resistant mutations and coinfections. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2021; 115:792-800. [PMID: 33210137 DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/traa127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Female sex workers (FSWs) are an especially vulnerable group for syphilis and other sexually transmitted infection (STIs). This study determined the prevalence of syphilis in FSWs and factors associated with this disease in the Marajó Archipelago (northern Brazil), as well as the frequency of point mutations (A2058G and A2059G) in the 23S rRNA gene of Treponema pallidum and coinfections with hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV) and hepatitis D virus (HDV). METHODS FSWs were diagnosed using a rapid qualitative test and the isolates were evaluated for the presence of point mutations by real-time PCR. Blood samples with T. pallidum were tested for the presence of HBV, HCV and HDV by ELISA and confirmed by real-time PCR. The factors associated with syphilis were identified using Poisson regression models. RESULTS Overall, 41.1% FSWs tested positive for syphilis and 23.5% were infected with strains having A2058G/A2059G point mutations. HBV (23.0%) and HCV (8.1%) were detected among FSWs with syphilis. Six factors were associated with syphilis: low levels of education, reduced income, drug use, unprotected sex, a lengthy career in prostitution and a lack of regular medical check-ups. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate an urgent need for implementation of effective strategies to diagnose, prevent and treat syphilis, as well as other STIs, in this Brazilian region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelen C Coelho
- Residência Multiprofissional em Saúde da Mulher e da Criança, Hospital Santo Antônio Maria Zaccaria, Bragança PA, Brazil
| | - Samara B Souza
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Linguagens e Saberes na Amazônia, Universidade Federal do Pará, Bragança PA, Brazil
| | - Camila Carla S Costa
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Doenças Tropicais, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém PA, Brazil
| | - Luana M Costa
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Doenças Tropicais, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém PA, Brazil
| | - Luiz Marcelo L Pinheiro
- Faculdade de Ciências Biológicas, Campus do Marajó, Universidade Federal do Pará, Soure PA, Brazil
| | - Luiz Fernando A Machado
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém PA, Brazil
| | - Gláucia C Silva-Oliveira
- Laboratório de Células e Patógenos, Instituto de Estudos Costeiros, Universidade Federal do Pará, Bragança PA, Brazil
| | - Luísa Caricio Martins
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Doenças Tropicais, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém PA, Brazil.,Laboratório de Patologia Clínica de Doenças Tropicais, Núcleo de Medicina Tropical, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém PA, Brazil
| | - Paula Cristina R Frade
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Doenças Tropicais, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém PA, Brazil
| | - Aldemir B Oliveira-Filho
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Linguagens e Saberes na Amazônia, Universidade Federal do Pará, Bragança PA, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Doenças Tropicais, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém PA, Brazil.,Laboratório de Células e Patógenos, Instituto de Estudos Costeiros, Universidade Federal do Pará, Bragança PA, Brazil
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Oliveira-Filho AB, Silva FQ, Santos FJA, Cardoso YMN, Di Miceli JFF, Resque RL, Silva-Oliveira GC, Martins LC, Pinheiro LML, Machado LFA, Pinto AR, Lemos JAR, Fischer B, Kupek E. Prevalence and risk factors for HIV-1 infection in people who use illicit drugs in northern Brazil. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2021; 114:213-221. [PMID: 31746322 DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/trz106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND People who use illicit drugs (PWUDs) have a high risk of viral infections. To date, there is a paucity of information on HIV infection among PWUDs in remote Brazilian regions. This study determined the prevalence and factors associated with HIV-1 infection among PWUDs in northern Brazil. METHODS Sociodemographic, economic, drug use and health-related information were collected through interviews from a community-recruited, multi-site sample of 1753 PWUDs. The blood samples collected were tested for the presence of HIV-1 using chemiluminescence immunoassay and PCR or western blotting. Logistic regressions identified factors independently associated with HIV-1 infection. RESULTS In total, 266 (15.2%) PWUDs were HIV-1 positive. Hepatitis B virus and/or hepatitis C virus nucleic acid was detected in 65 (3.7%) PWUDs infected by HIV-1. The factors associated with HIV-1 infection were male gender, older age, a lower educational level and a lower income, crack cocaine use, a longer drug use history and a history of drug injection and engagement in unsafe sex, sex work and a higher number of sexual partners. CONCLUSIONS The current study provides unique, initial insights into HIV and co-infection status and pertinent risk factors among PWUDs in northern Brazil, with clear and diverse implications for urgently improved prevention and treatment intervention needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aldemir B Oliveira-Filho
- Laboratório de Células e Patógenos, Grupo de Estudo e Pesquisa em Populações Vulneráveis, Instituto de Estudos Costeiros, Universidade Federal do Pará, Bragança PA, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde Coletiva, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianopólis SC, Brazil
| | - Fabricio Quaresma Silva
- Laboratório de Células e Patógenos, Grupo de Estudo e Pesquisa em Populações Vulneráveis, Instituto de Estudos Costeiros, Universidade Federal do Pará, Bragança PA, Brazil
| | - Francisco Junior A Santos
- Laboratório de Células e Patógenos, Grupo de Estudo e Pesquisa em Populações Vulneráveis, Instituto de Estudos Costeiros, Universidade Federal do Pará, Bragança PA, Brazil
| | - Yasmin Maria N Cardoso
- Laboratório de Toxicologia e Química Farmacêutica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Amapá, Macapá AP, Brazil
| | - Jeruza Ferraz F Di Miceli
- Laboratório de Toxicologia e Química Farmacêutica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Amapá, Macapá AP, Brazil
| | - Rafael Lima Resque
- Laboratório de Toxicologia e Química Farmacêutica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Amapá, Macapá AP, Brazil
| | - Gláucia C Silva-Oliveira
- Laboratório de Células e Patógenos, Grupo de Estudo e Pesquisa em Populações Vulneráveis, Instituto de Estudos Costeiros, Universidade Federal do Pará, Bragança PA, Brazil
| | - Luisa Caricio Martins
- Laboratório de Patologia Clínica de Doenças Tropicais, Núcleo de Medicina Tropical, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém PA, Brazil
| | - Luiz Marcelo L Pinheiro
- Faculdade de Ciências Biológicas, Campus do Marajó - Soure, Universidade Federal do Pará, Soure PA, Brazil
| | - Luiz Fernando A Machado
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém PA, Brazil
| | - Aguinaldo Roberto Pinto
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis SC, Brazil
| | - José Alexandre R Lemos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Análises Clínicas, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém PA, Brazil
| | - Benedikt Fischer
- Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, New Zealand.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Emil Kupek
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde Coletiva, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianopólis SC, Brazil.,Departamento de Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis SC, Brazil
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8
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do Nascimento RS, Baia KLN, de Souza SB, Fontoura GMG, Nunes PF, Machado LFA, Kupek E, Fischer B, Martins LC, Oliveira-Filho AB. Hepatitis E Virus in People Who Use Crack-Cocaine: A Cross-Sectional Study in a Remote Region of Northern Brazil. Viruses 2021; 13:926. [PMID: 34067873 PMCID: PMC8156048 DOI: 10.3390/v13050926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
People who use crack-cocaine (PWUCC) have numerous vulnerabilities and pose a challenge to health and social assistance services. The exposure to pathogens and risk situations occur differently according to each individual, region and social group. This study identified the presence, genotypes and factors associated with hepatitis E virus (HEV) exposure among a community-recruited cohort of 437 PWUCC in northern Brazil. Epidemiological information was collected through community-based assessments and interviews. Thereafter, blood and fecal samples were collected and tested for HEV using an immunoenzymatic assay, and the genotype was identified by PCR. Logistic regressions were used to identify the risk factors independently associated with exposure to HEV. In total, 79 (18.1%) PWUCC were exposed to HEV: 73 (16.7%) for IgG and six for IgG + IgM. HEV RNA was detected in six fecal samples and in two blood samples from PWUCC with IgM + IgG. Subtype 3c was identified in all of the samples. The factors associated with exposure to HEV were low monthly income, unstable housing (e.g., homelessness), crack-cocaine use ≥40 months, and the shared use of crack-cocaine equipment. The current study provides unique initial insights into HEV status and risk factors among PWUCC in a remote area in Brazil, with diverse implications for urgently improved diagnosis, prevention, and treatment intervention needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Silva do Nascimento
- Grupo de Estudo e Pesquisa em Populações Vulneráveis, Instituto de Estudos Costeiros, Universidade Federal do Pará, Bragança 68600-000, Brazil; (R.S.d.N.); (K.L.N.B.); (S.B.d.S.); (G.M.G.F.)
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Ambiental, Universidade Federal do Pará, Bragança 68600-000, Brazil
| | - Karen Lorena N. Baia
- Grupo de Estudo e Pesquisa em Populações Vulneráveis, Instituto de Estudos Costeiros, Universidade Federal do Pará, Bragança 68600-000, Brazil; (R.S.d.N.); (K.L.N.B.); (S.B.d.S.); (G.M.G.F.)
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Doenças Tropicais, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66055-240, Brazil; (P.F.N.); (L.C.M.)
| | - Samara Borges de Souza
- Grupo de Estudo e Pesquisa em Populações Vulneráveis, Instituto de Estudos Costeiros, Universidade Federal do Pará, Bragança 68600-000, Brazil; (R.S.d.N.); (K.L.N.B.); (S.B.d.S.); (G.M.G.F.)
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Linguagens e Saberes na Amazônia, Bragança 68600-000, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Martins G. Fontoura
- Grupo de Estudo e Pesquisa em Populações Vulneráveis, Instituto de Estudos Costeiros, Universidade Federal do Pará, Bragança 68600-000, Brazil; (R.S.d.N.); (K.L.N.B.); (S.B.d.S.); (G.M.G.F.)
| | - Patrícia Ferreira Nunes
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Doenças Tropicais, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66055-240, Brazil; (P.F.N.); (L.C.M.)
| | - Luiz Fernando A. Machado
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075-110, Brazil;
| | - Emil Kupek
- Departamento de Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, Brazil;
| | - Benedikt Fischer
- Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand;
- Centre for Applied Research in Mental Health and Addiction, Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, BC V6B 5K3, Canada
- Departamento de Psiquiatria, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo 04038-000, Brazil
| | - Luísa Caricio Martins
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Doenças Tropicais, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66055-240, Brazil; (P.F.N.); (L.C.M.)
| | - Aldemir B. Oliveira-Filho
- Grupo de Estudo e Pesquisa em Populações Vulneráveis, Instituto de Estudos Costeiros, Universidade Federal do Pará, Bragança 68600-000, Brazil; (R.S.d.N.); (K.L.N.B.); (S.B.d.S.); (G.M.G.F.)
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Ambiental, Universidade Federal do Pará, Bragança 68600-000, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Doenças Tropicais, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66055-240, Brazil; (P.F.N.); (L.C.M.)
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Linguagens e Saberes na Amazônia, Bragança 68600-000, Brazil
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9
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Rodrigues MSA, Nascimento RS, Fonseca RRS, Silva-Oliveira GC, Machado LFA, Kupek E, Fischer B, Oliveira-Filho AB. Oral HPV among people who use crack-cocaine: prevalence, genotypes, risk factors, and key interventions in a remote Northern Brazilian region. Clin Oral Investig 2020; 25:759-767. [PMID: 33222054 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-020-03698-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study estimated the prevalence, genotype distribution, and the factors associated with oral human papillomavirus (HPV) in people who use crack-cocaine (PWUCC) in a remote Brazilian region. MATERIALS AND METHODS This cross-sectional study used community-based snowball sampling methods for participant recruitment. Socio-demographic, economic, drug use, and health-related information was collected from 278 PWUCC in the cities of Bragança and Capanema in northern Brazil. HPV diagnosis and genotyping were performed by a real-time polymerase chain reaction. Logistic regression identified the factors independently associated with oral HPV. RESULTS In total, 111 (39.9%) PWUCC had HPV DNA. Several genotypes were identified, some of them with high oncogenic potential. Crack-cocaine use ≥40 months, unprotected sex, more than 10 sexual partners in the last 12 months, oral sex, exchange of sex for money or illicit drugs, oral mucosa lesions, not having access to public health services, and the absence of vaccination against HPV was all associated with HPV DNA. CONCLUSIONS This study identified important epidemiological characteristics of oral HPV infection among PWUCC-a highly marginalized risk population-underlining the high prevalence of oral HPV with oncogenic potential and the urgent need for control and prevention measures, especially vaccination against this virus. CLINICAL RELEVANCE It is necessary to understand the prevalence and risk factors of oral HPV in risk populations as people who use crack-cocaine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayara Sabrina A Rodrigues
- Grupo de Estudo e Pesquisa em Populações Vulneráveis, Instituto de Estudos Costeiros, Universidade Federal do Pará, Rua Leandro Ribeiro, s/n. Aldeia, Bragança, PA, Brazil
- Residência Multiprofissional em Saúde da Mulher e da Criança, Hospital Santo Antonio Maria Zaccaria, Bragança, PA, Brazil
| | - Raquel Silva Nascimento
- Grupo de Estudo e Pesquisa em Populações Vulneráveis, Instituto de Estudos Costeiros, Universidade Federal do Pará, Rua Leandro Ribeiro, s/n. Aldeia, Bragança, PA, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Ambiental, Universidade Federal do Pará, Bragança, PA, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Roberto S Fonseca
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia de Agentes Infecciosos e Parasitários, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Gláucia C Silva-Oliveira
- Grupo de Estudo e Pesquisa em Populações Vulneráveis, Instituto de Estudos Costeiros, Universidade Federal do Pará, Rua Leandro Ribeiro, s/n. Aldeia, Bragança, PA, Brazil
| | - Luiz Fernando A Machado
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia de Agentes Infecciosos e Parasitários, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Emil Kupek
- Departamento de Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Benedikt Fischer
- Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Grafton, New Zealand
- Centre for Applied Research in Mental Health and Addiction, Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, Canada
- Departamento de Psiquiatria, Federal Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Aldemir B Oliveira-Filho
- Grupo de Estudo e Pesquisa em Populações Vulneráveis, Instituto de Estudos Costeiros, Universidade Federal do Pará, Rua Leandro Ribeiro, s/n. Aldeia, Bragança, PA, Brazil.
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Ambiental, Universidade Federal do Pará, Bragança, PA, Brazil.
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da Costa LM, Frade PCR, Blandtt LDS, Silva-Oliveira GC, Machado LFA, Martins LC, Oliveira-Filho AB. HIV-1 Genetic Diversity and Transmitted Drug Resistance Mutations in Female Sex Workers from a Brazilian Municipality in the Amazon Region. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2020; 36:99-100. [PMID: 31724429 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2019.0243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Luana Mota da Costa
- Instituto de Estudos Costeiros, Universidade Federal do Pará, Bragança, Pará, Brazil
- Residência Multiprofissional em Saúde da Mulher e da Criança, Hospital Santo Antonio Maria Zaccaria, Bragança, Pará, Brazil
- Núcleo de Medicina Tropical, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Paula Cristina R. Frade
- Instituto de Estudos Costeiros, Universidade Federal do Pará, Bragança, Pará, Brazil
- Residência Multiprofissional em Saúde da Mulher e da Criança, Hospital Santo Antonio Maria Zaccaria, Bragança, Pará, Brazil
- Núcleo de Medicina Tropical, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Lucinaldo da Silva Blandtt
- Instituto de Estudos Costeiros, Universidade Federal do Pará, Bragança, Pará, Brazil
- Residência Multiprofissional em Saúde da Mulher e da Criança, Hospital Santo Antonio Maria Zaccaria, Bragança, Pará, Brazil
| | | | | | - Luísa Caricio Martins
- Residência Multiprofissional em Saúde da Mulher e da Criança, Hospital Santo Antonio Maria Zaccaria, Bragança, Pará, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde Coletiva, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Aldemir B. Oliveira-Filho
- Instituto de Estudos Costeiros, Universidade Federal do Pará, Bragança, Pará, Brazil
- Residência Multiprofissional em Saúde da Mulher e da Criança, Hospital Santo Antonio Maria Zaccaria, Bragança, Pará, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde Coletiva, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
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11
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da Costa LM, Raiol NC, Lisboa BLA, Frade PCR, Blandtt LDS, Silva-Oliveira GC, Machado LFA, Martins LC, Oliveira-Filho AB. Prevalence and Risk Factors for Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection Among Female Sex Workers: Distinct Offers of Sexual Services in a Municipality of the Brazilian Amazon. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2019; 35:826-832. [PMID: 31204860 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2019.0032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This study determined the prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and its associated factors in female sex workers (FSWs) from the municipality of Bragança in the state of Pará, Brazil. A cross-sectional study using a respondent-driven sampling method was used to investigate 137 FSWs. They were interviewed using a questionnaire for the collection of data on their characteristics and risk behavior. Blood samples were collected for serological and molecular testing for HIV. Poisson regression models were used to estimate the reasons of prevalence (RP). The majority was single, young, poorly educated, had a low monthly income, and had worked in the sex trade for more than 7 years. Sexual services were offered either directly (easy identification of FSWs in street markets, town squares, street corners, bars, and gas stations) or indirectly/discretely (more complex identification of FSWs, offering services through a cryptic approach or an intermediary). Overall, 22 (16.06%) FSWs had anti-HIV-1/2 antibodies, and 21 (15.33%) also had complementary DNA-HIV. The use of illicit drugs [adjusted RP (aRP) = 3.13; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.27-8.41], unprotected sex (aRP = 4.09; 95% CI = 1.34-11.62), anal sex (aRP = 4.01; 95% CI = 1.37-10.15), the exemption of condoms for clients paying extra (aRP = 4.71; 95% CI = 1.52-10.89), more than 7 years working as a sex worker (aRP = 6.04; 95% CI = 1.20-16.33), low levels of education (aRP = 3.55; 95% CI = 1.15-11.02), and a lack of regular medical or gynecological examinations were all associated with HIV infection (aRP = 5.87; 95% CI = 1.26-15.71). The FSWs who offered their services indirectly suffered significantly less physical and sexual aggression, charged more for encounters, had a significantly higher monthly income, and were more likely to have undergone a medical or gynecological examination within the preceding 12 months. This study identified information relevant to the control and prevention of HIV in FSWs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luana Mota da Costa
- Instituto de Estudos Costeiros, Universidade Federal do Pará, Bragança, Brazil
- Residência Multiprofissional em Saúde da Mulher e da Criança, Hospital Santo Antonio Maria Zaccaria, Bragança, Brazil
- Núcleo de Medicina Tropical, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Nairis Costa Raiol
- Instituto de Estudos Costeiros, Universidade Federal do Pará, Bragança, Brazil
| | | | - Paula Cristina R. Frade
- Instituto de Estudos Costeiros, Universidade Federal do Pará, Bragança, Brazil
- Residência Multiprofissional em Saúde da Mulher e da Criança, Hospital Santo Antonio Maria Zaccaria, Bragança, Brazil
- Núcleo de Medicina Tropical, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Lucinaldo da Silva Blandtt
- Instituto de Estudos Costeiros, Universidade Federal do Pará, Bragança, Brazil
- Residência Multiprofissional em Saúde da Mulher e da Criança, Hospital Santo Antonio Maria Zaccaria, Bragança, Brazil
| | | | | | - Luísa Caricio Martins
- Residência Multiprofissional em Saúde da Mulher e da Criança, Hospital Santo Antonio Maria Zaccaria, Bragança, Brazil
- Núcleo de Medicina Tropical, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Aldemir B. Oliveira-Filho
- Instituto de Estudos Costeiros, Universidade Federal do Pará, Bragança, Brazil
- Residência Multiprofissional em Saúde da Mulher e da Criança, Hospital Santo Antonio Maria Zaccaria, Bragança, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde Coletiva, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
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12
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Oliveira-Filho AB, Santos FJA, Silva FQ, Raiol NC, Costa CCS, Piauiense JNF, Martins LC, Cardoso YMN, Di Miceli JFF, Resque RL, Silva-Oliveira GC, Pinheiro LML, Machado LFA, Pinho JRR, Lemos JAR, Kupek E, Fischer B. Hepatitis C virus infection status and associated factors among a multi-site sample of people who used illicit drugs in the Amazon region. BMC Infect Dis 2019; 19:634. [PMID: 31315569 PMCID: PMC6637600 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-019-4270-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Elevated rates of Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) infection have been reported in epidemiological studies with people who used illicit drugs (PWUIDs) in different Brazilian regions. In Brazil's Amazon region, studies have already identified the common use of illicit drugs among adolescents and the high prevalence of HCV infections among PWUIDs. However, all studies done with PWUIDs were conducted with small samples and within limited geographic coverage. This study determined the prevalence and risk factors for HCV infection in PWUIDs in the Amazon region, northern Brazil, as well as estimating the prevalence and factors associated with the HCV spontaneous clearance (HSC). METHODS This cross-sectional study accessed 1666 PWUIDs from multiple municipalities of the Amazon region. Socio-demographic, economic, drug use and health-related information were collected through interviews. Blood samples collected were tested for the presence of anti-HCV antibodies and RNA-HCV. HCV genotypes were identified by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Logistic regressions were run to identify factors independently associated with HCV infection status and HSC. RESULTS In total, 577 (34.6%) featured HCV antibodies, of which 384 (23.1%) had active HCV infection and 193 (11.6%) indicated HSC. Genotypes 1 (80.2%) and 3 (18.8%) were detected. HCV infection status was associated with the length of illicit drug use history, factors related to parenteral and sexual transmission, and factors of socio-economic marginalization leading to potential risk activities for HCV. HSC was associated with the ethnic (including indigenous) background of participants. CONCLUSIONS High levels of HCV infection were detected in PWUIDs. Genotype 1 was predominant. Intense use of illicit drugs, unprotected sexual intercourse, high number of sexual partners and social marginalization were associated with all HCV infection. HSC was associated with origin (Amazonian-born) and non-white (e.g., Black or Indigenous) of PWUIDs. These findings emphasize the need for improve HCV prevention and control services and care for PWUIDs in the Brazilian Amazon region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aldemir B. Oliveira-Filho
- Laboratório de Células e Patógenos, Grupo de Estudo e Pesquisa em Populações Vulneráveis (GEPPOV), Instituto de Estudos Costeiros, Campus de Bragança, Universidade Federal do Pará, Alameda Leandro Ribeiro, s/n. Aldeia, Bragança, PA Brazil
| | - Francisco Junior A. Santos
- Laboratório de Células e Patógenos, Grupo de Estudo e Pesquisa em Populações Vulneráveis (GEPPOV), Instituto de Estudos Costeiros, Campus de Bragança, Universidade Federal do Pará, Alameda Leandro Ribeiro, s/n. Aldeia, Bragança, PA Brazil
| | - Fabricio Quaresma Silva
- Laboratório de Células e Patógenos, Grupo de Estudo e Pesquisa em Populações Vulneráveis (GEPPOV), Instituto de Estudos Costeiros, Campus de Bragança, Universidade Federal do Pará, Alameda Leandro Ribeiro, s/n. Aldeia, Bragança, PA Brazil
| | - Nairis Costa Raiol
- Laboratório de Células e Patógenos, Grupo de Estudo e Pesquisa em Populações Vulneráveis (GEPPOV), Instituto de Estudos Costeiros, Campus de Bragança, Universidade Federal do Pará, Alameda Leandro Ribeiro, s/n. Aldeia, Bragança, PA Brazil
| | - Camila Carla S. Costa
- Laboratório de Células e Patógenos, Grupo de Estudo e Pesquisa em Populações Vulneráveis (GEPPOV), Instituto de Estudos Costeiros, Campus de Bragança, Universidade Federal do Pará, Alameda Leandro Ribeiro, s/n. Aldeia, Bragança, PA Brazil
- Laboratório de Patologia Clínica de Doenças Tropicais, Núcleo de Medicina Tropical, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA Brazil
| | - Juliana Nadia F. Piauiense
- Laboratório de Células e Patógenos, Grupo de Estudo e Pesquisa em Populações Vulneráveis (GEPPOV), Instituto de Estudos Costeiros, Campus de Bragança, Universidade Federal do Pará, Alameda Leandro Ribeiro, s/n. Aldeia, Bragança, PA Brazil
- Laboratório de Patologia Clínica de Doenças Tropicais, Núcleo de Medicina Tropical, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA Brazil
| | - Luisa Caricio Martins
- Laboratório de Patologia Clínica de Doenças Tropicais, Núcleo de Medicina Tropical, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA Brazil
| | - Yasmin Maria N. Cardoso
- Laboratório de Toxicologia e Química Farmacêutica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Amapá, Macapá, AP Brazil
| | - Jeruza Ferraz F. Di Miceli
- Laboratório de Toxicologia e Química Farmacêutica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Amapá, Macapá, AP Brazil
| | - Rafael Lima Resque
- Laboratório de Toxicologia e Química Farmacêutica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Amapá, Macapá, AP Brazil
| | - Gláucia C. Silva-Oliveira
- Laboratório de Células e Patógenos, Grupo de Estudo e Pesquisa em Populações Vulneráveis (GEPPOV), Instituto de Estudos Costeiros, Campus de Bragança, Universidade Federal do Pará, Alameda Leandro Ribeiro, s/n. Aldeia, Bragança, PA Brazil
| | - Luiz Marcelo L. Pinheiro
- Faculdade de Ciências Biológicas, Campus do Marajó – Soure, Universidade Federal do Pará, Soure, PA Brazil
| | - Luiz Fernando A. Machado
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA Brazil
| | - João Renato R. Pinho
- Laboratório de Gastroenterologia e Hepatologia, Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP Brazil
| | - José Alexandre R. Lemos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Profissional em Análises Clínicas, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA Brazil
| | - Emil Kupek
- Departamento de Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC Brazil
| | - Benedikt Fischer
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Grafton, AK New Zealand
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Gomes STM, Gomes ÉR, Dos Santos MB, Lima SS, Queiroz MAF, Machado LFA, Cayres-Vallinoto IMV, Vallinoto ACR, de O Guimarães Ishak M, Ishak R. Immunological and virological characterization of HIV-1 viremia controllers in the North Region of Brazil. BMC Infect Dis 2017; 17:381. [PMID: 28571570 PMCID: PMC5455094 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-017-2491-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A rare phenotype of clinical non-progressors to AIDS is not well understood and the new protocol for universal treatment, may block the understanding of viral control thus it is crucial to define this controversial group. Methods A cohort of 30 persons followed a criteria for viremia control groups 1 (VC1; n = 2) and 2 (VC2; n = 7) and non-viral controllers (NC; n = 21) including number of years of diagnosis, LTCD4+, LTCD8+ counts, plasma viral load and the absence of ART; 241 uninfected control persons were matched to age and sex. Infected persons were regularly examined and submitted to two or three annual laboratory measurements. Polymorphisms and allele frequencies of CCR5Δ32 and SDF1–3’A were detected in the genomic DNA. Plasma levels of cytokines (IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-9, IL-10, IL-13, IL-17 and IFN-y) were measured. Results The group investigated is originated from a miscigenetic population and demographic and social characteristics were not significantly relevant. LTCD4+ median values were higher among VC than NC, but significantly lower than uninfected controls. Evolution of LTCD4+ and LTCD8+ counts, showed a slight increase of LTCD4+ among VC, but a significant decrease in the NC. The percentage of annual change in LTCD4+ was also significantly different between the groups. LTCD4+/LTCD8+ ratio was inverted but not significant among the VC, thus the ratio may be a useful biomarker for the VC. A clear signature indicated a change from Th1 to Th2 cytokine profiles from VC to NC, respectively. Conclusions The knowledge of viral controllers characteristics in different population groups is important to define a strict universal definition for the sake of learning about the pathogenesis of HIV-1. Data on LTCD4+ seems to be stable and repetitive from published data, but the LTCD8+ response and the significance of LTCD4+/LTCD8+ ratio values are in need to further exploration as biomarkers. The change from Th1 to Th2 cytokine profile may help to design and adjust specific treatment protocols for the group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samara Tatielle M Gomes
- Federal University of Para, Institute of Biological Sciences, Virus Laboratory, Campus Belem, Belem, Para, 66000-000, Brazil
| | - Érica R Gomes
- Federal University of Para, Institute of Biological Sciences, Virus Laboratory, Campus Belem, Belem, Para, 66000-000, Brazil
| | - Mike B Dos Santos
- Federal University of Para, Institute of Biological Sciences, Virus Laboratory, Campus Belem, Belem, Para, 66000-000, Brazil
| | - Sandra S Lima
- Federal University of Para, Institute of Biological Sciences, Virus Laboratory, Campus Belem, Belem, Para, 66000-000, Brazil
| | - Maria Alice F Queiroz
- Federal University of Para, Institute of Biological Sciences, Virus Laboratory, Campus Belem, Belem, Para, 66000-000, Brazil
| | - Luiz Fernando A Machado
- Federal University of Para, Institute of Biological Sciences, Virus Laboratory, Campus Belem, Belem, Para, 66000-000, Brazil
| | - Izaura M V Cayres-Vallinoto
- Federal University of Para, Institute of Biological Sciences, Virus Laboratory, Campus Belem, Belem, Para, 66000-000, Brazil
| | - Antonio Carlos R Vallinoto
- Federal University of Para, Institute of Biological Sciences, Virus Laboratory, Campus Belem, Belem, Para, 66000-000, Brazil
| | - Marluísa de O Guimarães Ishak
- Federal University of Para, Institute of Biological Sciences, Virus Laboratory, Campus Belem, Belem, Para, 66000-000, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Ishak
- Federal University of Para, Institute of Biological Sciences, Virus Laboratory, Campus Belem, Belem, Para, 66000-000, Brazil.
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14
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Queiroz MAF, Gomes STM, Almeida NCC, Souza MIM, Costa SRCF, Hermes RB, Lima SS, Zaninotto MM, Fossa MAA, Maneschy MA, Martins-Feitosa RN, Azevedo VN, Machado LFA, Ishak MOG, Ishak R, Vallinoto ACR. Mannose-binding lectin 2 (Mbl2) gene polymorphisms are related to protein plasma levels, but not to heart disease and infection by Chlamydia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 49:e5519. [PMID: 27982280 PMCID: PMC5188863 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x20165519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The presence of the single nucleotide polymorphisms in exon 1 of the mannose-binding lectin 2 (MBL2) gene was evaluated in a sample of 159 patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery (71 patients undergoing valve replacement surgery and 300 control subjects) to investigate a possible association between polymorphisms and heart disease with Chlamydia infection. The identification of the alleles B and D was performed using real time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and of the allele C was accomplished through PCR assays followed by digestion with the restriction enzyme. The comparative analysis of allelic and genotypic frequencies between the three groups did not reveal any significant difference, even when related to previous Chlamydia infection. Variations in the MBL plasma levels were influenced by the presence of polymorphisms, being significantly higher in the group of cardiac patients, but without representing a risk for the disease. The results showed that despite MBL2 gene polymorphisms being associated with the protein plasma levels, the polymorphisms were not enough to predict the development of heart disease, regardless of infection with both species of Chlamydia.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A F Queiroz
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA, Brasil
| | - S T M Gomes
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA, Brasil
| | - N C C Almeida
- Fundação de Hematologia e Hemoterapia do Pará, Belém, PA, Brasil
| | - M I M Souza
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA, Brasil
| | - S R C F Costa
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA, Brasil
| | - R B Hermes
- Fundação de Hematologia e Hemoterapia do Pará, Belém, PA, Brasil
| | - S S Lima
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA, Brasil
| | - M M Zaninotto
- Hospital de Clínicas Gaspar Vianna, Belém, PA, Brasil
| | - M A A Fossa
- Hospital Beneficência Portuguesa, Belém, PA, Brasil
| | - M A Maneschy
- Hospital Beneficência Portuguesa, Belém, PA, Brasil
| | - R N Martins-Feitosa
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA, Brasil
| | - V N Azevedo
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA, Brasil
| | - L F A Machado
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA, Brasil
| | - M O G Ishak
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA, Brasil
| | - R Ishak
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA, Brasil
| | - A C R Vallinoto
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA, Brasil
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15
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Vallinoto ACR, Santana BB, Sá KSG, Ferreira TCS, Sousa RCM, Azevedo VN, Feitosa RNM, Machado LFA, Ishak MOG, Ishak R. HTLV-1-Associated Myelopathy/Tropical Spastic Paraparesis Is Not Associated with SNP rs12979860 of the IL-28B Gene. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:804167. [PMID: 26609200 PMCID: PMC4644563 DOI: 10.1155/2015/804167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study investigated the association between the rs12979860 polymorphism in the IL-28B gene and HTLV-1 infection as well as the development of HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). HTLV-1-infected patients (26 HAM/TSP symptomatic and 53 asymptomatic) and 300 seronegative healthy controls were investigated. Plasma levels of the cytokines TNF-α, TNF-β, IL-8, IL-10, IL-6, and IFN-γ from infected patients were measured using an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The HTLV proviral load was measured using a real-time PCR assay, and T-cell subset counts were determined by flow cytometry. Real-time PCR was used to genotype the rs12979860 SNP. The allelic and genotypic distributions displayed no significant differences among the investigated groups. No significant association between the serum cytokine levels and the presence of the rs12979860 SNP in symptomatic and asymptomatic subjects was observed. A positive correlation (p = 0.0015) between TNF-β and IFN-γ was observed in the asymptomatic group, but a positive correlation was only observed (p = 0.0180) between TNF-α and IL-6 in the HAM/TSP group. The proviral load was significantly higher in HAM/TSP patients than in asymptomatic subjects. The present results do not support a previous report indicating an association between the SNP rs12979860 and HAM/TSP outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio C. R. Vallinoto
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Guamá, 66075-110 Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Bárbara Brasil Santana
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Guamá, 66075-110 Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Keyla S. G. Sá
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Guamá, 66075-110 Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Tuane C. S. Ferreira
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Guamá, 66075-110 Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Rita Catarina M. Sousa
- Núcleo de Medicina Tropical, Universidade Federal do Pará, Guamá, 66050-240 Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Vânia N. Azevedo
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Guamá, 66075-110 Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Rosimar N. M. Feitosa
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Guamá, 66075-110 Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Luiz Fernando A. Machado
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Guamá, 66075-110 Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Marluísa O. G. Ishak
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Guamá, 66075-110 Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Ishak
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Guamá, 66075-110 Belém, PA, Brazil
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16
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Araújo MS, Graça ES, Azevedo VN, Cayres-Vallinoto I, Machado LFA, Ishak MO, Ishak R, Vallinoto AC. No evidence of association between MBL2A/O polymorphisms and Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in populations from the Brazilian Amazon region. Hum Immunol 2013; 74:82-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2012.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2012] [Revised: 08/27/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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17
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Pires EP, Bernardino-Vallinoto CV, Alves DM, Migone SRC, Machado LFA, Ishak MOG, Ishak R, Cayres-Vallinoto IMV, Vallinoto ACR. Prevalence of infection by JC and BK polyomaviruses in kidney transplant recipients and patients with chronic renal disease. Transpl Infect Dis 2011; 13:633-7. [PMID: 21414116 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3062.2011.00614.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated the prevalence of infection by JC and BK polyomaviruses (JCV and BKV) in patients with chronic renal disease (CRD), kidney transplant recipients, and a control group of asymptomatic subjects. We tested a total of 295 urine samples. After DNA extraction, polymerase chain reaction assay was used to amplify a fragment of 173 bp of the polyomavirus T antigen, followed by analysis using the BamHI restriction endonuclease. Infection by polyomavirus was detected in 17.6% (52/295 subjects) of the subjects. Whereas 30.5% (18/59) of transplant recipients were infected, the frequency was only 22.4% (30/134) in the control subjects, and 3.9% (4/102) in the CRD group (all JCV). The vast majority of infections (88.9%; 16/18) in transplant recipients were of the BKV type, whereas this type was absent in CRD patients, and made up only 10.0% (3/30) of infections in the control group. The risk of BKV infection was 72 times greater in renal transplant patients than in asymptomatic subjects. The low frequency of infection found in CRD patients may have been related to elevated levels of urea excreted in the urine, together with reduced urine volume and cell content. These factors may combine to reduce viral load or inhibit amplification. The results of the study indicate a need for the routine screening for polyomavirus in pre- and post-transplant patients, as well as organ donors, considering that BKV infection has been associated with graft rejection in kidney transplants.
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Affiliation(s)
- E P Pires
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil
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18
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Vallinoto ACR, Graça ES, Araújo MS, Azevedo VN, Cayres-Vallinoto I, Machado LFA, Ishak MOG, Ishak R. IFNG +874T/A polymorphism and cytokine plasma levels are associated with susceptibility to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection and clinical manifestation of tuberculosis. Hum Immunol 2010; 71:692-6. [PMID: 20353805 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2010.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2010] [Revised: 03/13/2010] [Accepted: 03/22/2010] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Regarding the importance of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) in protective immunity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and the functional role of IFNG +874T/A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the IFN-gamma production, the present study investigated the relationship of this genetic polymorphism with susceptibility to tuberculosis (TB). A total of 129 patients with pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB), 33 with extrapulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB), and 156 control subjects were studied. Blood samples were drawn and plasma was used to measure IFN-gamma serum concentration by enzyme-linked immunoassay. DNA samples were extracted from leukocytes and used to investigate +874T/A polymorphism in IFNG gene using allele-specific oligonucleotide-polymerase chain reaction. An association between the presence of the allele +874A and the genotype +874AA with the active tuberculosis was found (p < 0.0001, 95% confidence interval = 1.64-3.22), at the same time that allele + 874T and genotype +874T/T were more frequent in the control group. The average plasma concentration of IFN-gamma among patients with tuberculosis was significantly lower than in the control group, and were lower in the EPTB group than in the group with PTB, suggesting a relationship of low plasma levels of this cytokine with active tuberculosis and the progression to more serious forms of the disease. Furthermore, we observed the association of the +874T/T and +874A/A genotypes with high and low IFN-gamma plasma concentrations, respectively, both in TB patients and in the control groups. Thus our findings suggest an association of the IFNG +874T/A polymorphism with susceptibility to M. tuberculosis infection in the studied population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio C R Vallinoto
- Virus Laboratory, Institute for Biological Sciences, Federal University of Para, Para, Brazil.
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19
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Vallinoto ACR, Muto NA, Alves AEM, Machado LFA, Azevedo VN, Souza LLB, Ishak MOG, Ishak R. Characterization of polymorphisms in the mannose-binding lectin gene promoter among human immunodeficiency virus 1 infected subjects. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2008; 103:645-9. [DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762008000700003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2008] [Accepted: 10/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - NA Muto
- Universidade Federal do Pará, Brasil
| | - AEM Alves
- Universidade Federal do Pará, Brasil
| | | | | | - LLB Souza
- Unidade de Referência Especializada em Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias Especiais, Brasil
| | - MOG Ishak
- Universidade Federal do Pará, Brasil
| | - R Ishak
- Universidade Federal do Pará, Brasil
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20
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Alves AEM, Hermes RB, Tamegão-Lopes B, Machado LFA, Azevedo VN, Ishak MOG, Ishak R, Lemos JAR, Vallinoto ACR. Polymorphism in the promoter region of the mannose-binding lectin gene among human T-cell lymphotropic virus infected subjects. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2007; 102:991-4. [DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762007000800015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2007] [Accepted: 12/18/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- AEM Alves
- Universidade Federal do Pará, Brasil
| | - RB Hermes
- Universidade Federal do Pará, Brasil
| | - B Tamegão-Lopes
- Centro de Hematologia e Hemoterapia do Estado do Pará, Brasil
| | | | | | - MOG Ishak
- Universidade Federal do Pará, Brasil
| | - R Ishak
- Universidade Federal do Pará, Brasil
| | - JAR Lemos
- Universidade Federal do Pará, Brasil
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21
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Souza LA, Lopes IGL, Maia EL, Azevedo VN, Machado LFA, Ishak MOG, Ishak R, Vallinoto ACR. [Molecular characterization of HTLV-1 among patients with tropical spastic paraparesis/HTLV-1 associated myelopathy in Belém, Pará]. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2007; 39:504-6. [PMID: 17160333 DOI: 10.1590/s0037-86822006000500017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2006] [Accepted: 08/10/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study evaluated the occurrence of HTLV-1 and its subtypes in blood samples of patients presenting symptoms of tropical spastic paraparesis/HTLV-1 associated myelopathy. The detection of HTLV infection was performed by serological and molecular assays. Five patients were infected by HTLV-1 of the Cosmopolitan subtype, subgroup Transcontinental. The results confirm the occurrence of HTLV-1 infection among patients with clinical diagnosis of tropical spastic paraparesis/HTLV-1 associated myelopathy in Belém, Pará.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucinda A Souza
- Laboratório de Virologia, Departamento de Patologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA
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22
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Vallinoto ACR, Pontes GS, Muto NA, Lopes IGL, Machado LFA, Azevedo VN, Carvalhaes FAPL, Santos SEB, Guerreiro JF, Ishak MOG, Ishak R. Identification of human T-cell lymphotropic virus infection in a semi-isolated Afro-Brazilian quilombo located in the Marajó Island (Pará, Brazil). Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2006; 101:103-5. [PMID: 16699718 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762006000100020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibodies to human T-cell lymphotropic virus-1 and 2 (HTLV-1 and 2) were tested in 259 inhabitants (98 males and 161 females) of four villages of the Marajó Island (Pará, Brazil) using enzyme immunoassays (ELISA and Western blot). Types and subtypes of HTLV were determined by nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting the pX, env and 5 LTR regions. HTLV-1 infection was detected in Santana do Arari (2.06%) and Ponta de Pedras (1%). HTLV-2 was detected only in Santana do Arari (1.06%). Sequencing of the 5 LTR region of HTLV-1 and the phylogenetic analysis identified the virus as a member of the Cosmopolitan Group, subgroup Transcontinental. Santana do Arari is an Afro-Brazilian community and the current results represent the first report of HTLV-1 infection in a mocambo located in the Brazilian Amazon region.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C R Vallinoto
- Departamento de Patologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, 66075-900 Belém, PA, Brazil.
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23
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Laurentino RV, Lopes IGL, Azevedo VN, Machado LFA, Moreira MRC, Lobato L, Ishak MOG, Ishak R, Vallinoto ACR. Molecular characterization of human T-cell lymphotropic virus coinfecting human immunodeficiency virus 1 infected patients in the Amazon region of Brazil. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2005; 100:371-6. [PMID: 16113884 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762005000400006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The present work evaluated the epidemiology of human immunodeficiency virus 1/human T-cell lymphotropic virus (HIV-1/HTLV) coinfection in patients living in Belém (state of Pará) and Macapá (state of Amapá), two cities located in the Amazon region of Brazil. A total of 169 blood samples were collected. The sera were tested by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to determine the presence of antibodies anti-HTLV-1/2. Confirmation of infection and discrimination of HTLV types and subtypes was performed using a nested polymerase chain reaction targeting the pX and 5' LTR regions, followed by restriction fragment length polymorphism and sequencing analysis. The presence of anti-HTLV1/2 was detected in six patients from Belém. The amplification of the pX region followed by RFLP analysis, demonstrated the presence of HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 infections among two and four patients, respectively. Sequencing HTLV-1 5' LTR indicated that the virus is a member of the Cosmopolitan Group, Transcontinental subgroup. HTLV-2 strains isolated revealed a molecular profile of subtype HTLV-2c. These results are a reflex of the epidemiological features of HIV-1/HTLV-1/2 coinfection in the North region of Brazil, which is distinct from other Brazilian regions, as reported by previous studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- R V Laurentino
- Departamento de Patologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, 66075-900 Belém, PA, Brazil
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24
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Pontes GS, Tamegão-Lopes B, Machado LFA, Azevedo VN, Ishak MOG, Ishak R, Lemos JAR, Vallinoto ACR. Characterization of Mannose-Binding Lectin Gene Polymorphism Among Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Virus 1 and 2–Infected Asymptomatic Subjects. Hum Immunol 2005; 66:892-6. [PMID: 16216673 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2005.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated the association between mannose-binding lectin (MBL) gene polymorphism and the susceptibility to human T-cell lymphotropic virus (HTLV) infection in a group of 83 HTLV-infected asymptomatic subjects (62 HTLV-1 and 21 HTLV-2) and 99 healthy controls. Detection of MBL*A, MBL*B, and MBL*C was performed by amplifying a fragment of 349 bp (exon 1) and submitting the product to restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis with BanI and MboII endonucleases. Allele MBL*D was investigated by sequence-specific primer-polymerase chain reaction. The frequency of MBL*A, MBL*B, and MBL*D was 63%, 22%, and 15% among seropositive subjects and 70%, 14%, and 16% among healthy controls, respectively. Genotype differences were statistically significant (chi2 = 11.57; p = 0.04); the presence of genotype BB was 9.6% among HTLV-infected patients compared with 1% among controls (chi2 = 7.151; p = 0.019). A significant difference of the genotype frequencies between HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 infections was observed, but this result could be attributed to the number of investigated HTLV-1-infected subjects. The odds ratio to the presence of BB genotype was 10.453 (1.279 < or = IC95% < or = 85.40; p = 0.019). Results reveal a strong association between MBL polymorphism and HTLV infection. Presence of genotype BB may be associated with the susceptibility to HTLV, but further studies, with a larger number of individuals, will be necessary. MBL polymorphism could possibly have an impact on diseases associated with HTLV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- G S Pontes
- Universidade Federal do Pará, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Patologia, Laboratório de Virologia, Guamá, Belém
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Vallinoto ACR, Muto NA, Pontes GS, Machado LFA, Azevedo VN, dos Santos SEB, Ribeiro-dos-Santos AKC, Ishak MOG, Ishak R. Serological and molecular evidence of HTLV-I infection among Japanese immigrants living in the Amazon region of Brazil. Jpn J Infect Dis 2004; 57:156-9. [PMID: 15329447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
Human T-lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) infection was investigated in 168 Japanese immigrants (64 males and 104 females) living in the Tome-Acu county located in the State of Para, Brazil. The serological screening was performed using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and showed the presence of anti-HTLV in four women whose ages ranged from 50 to 88. Confirmation of infection and discrimination HTLV typing was performed using a nested PCR on the extracted DNA targeting the pX region. In three of the samples, infection was confirmed to be HTLV-I. Sequencing HTLV-I 5'LTR and the RFLP pattern using DraI and SacI endonucleases indicated that the virus is a member of the Cosmopolitan group. These three women originated from the Kyushu region, though two of the corresponding HTLV-I strains were phylogenetically related to the Japanese subgroup and the third to the Transcontinental subgroup, which probably reflects the geographical origin of the infected individuals. The Japanese community residing in the northern Brazil apparently have not contributed to increase the prevalence of HTLV-I in the country.
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