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Oliveira BFG, de Fátima Domingos M, Ovallos FG, de Camargo-Neves VLF. Updating Ecological and Behavioral Aspects of the Sandfly Fauna in the Vale do Ribeira Region, São Paulo State, Brazil. INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12110988. [PMID: 34821789 PMCID: PMC8618175 DOI: 10.3390/insects12110988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Analyzing the biological and ecological characteristics of arthropods constitutes the basis for the entomological surveillance of vector-borne diseases. This is accomplished in order to implement vector surveillance and control programs. Thus, with the objective to update the distribution of sandflies in the main transmission region of cutaneous leishmaniasis in the state of São Paulo, we carried out a study of fauna in a modified environment, considering its environmental characteristics and climatic variables. Ecological indices such as richness, abundance, diversity, and equitability of the sandfly fauna in the region are presented. Abstract Some ecological parameters and the distribution of vectors in the municipality of Eldorado, Vale do Ribeira Region, São Paulo, were studied. Entomological surveys were carried out from September 2019 to March 2021. It was observed that a few ecological parameters, including richness, abundance, diversity, and equitability, were typical of a modified environment, where artificial ecotopes maintain the presence of sandflies throughout the year. A total of 11,668 sandflies were captured. The presence of five taxa were observed in Eldorado, with low diversity and high dominance of Nyssomyia intermedia next to Ny. neivai, which are sympatric species. The results presented reinforce the importance of these species in anthropized areas in the transmission of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) agents and the need for entomological monitoring. Psathyromyia pascalei was encountered for the first time in the municipality, expanding the known area of distribution of this species in a modified environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byara Freitas Guedes Oliveira
- Secretaria de Estado da Saúde de São Paulo, Superintendência de Controle de Endemias, Núcleo de Biologia e Comportamento de Vetores de São Vicente, São Vicente 11310-050, SP, Brazil; (B.F.G.O.); (M.d.F.D.)
| | - Maria de Fátima Domingos
- Secretaria de Estado da Saúde de São Paulo, Superintendência de Controle de Endemias, Núcleo de Biologia e Comportamento de Vetores de São Vicente, São Vicente 11310-050, SP, Brazil; (B.F.G.O.); (M.d.F.D.)
| | - Fredy Galvis Ovallos
- Faculdade de São Paulo—USP, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Departamento de Epidemiologia, São Paulo 01246-904, SP, Brazil;
| | - Vera Lucia Fonseca de Camargo-Neves
- Secretaria de Estado da Saúde de São Paulo, Superintendência de Controle de Endemias—Sucen, Departamento de Epidemiologia e Orientação Técnica, São Paulo 01027-000, SP, Brazil
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-11-991313143
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Sosa-Ochoa W, Varela Amador J, Lozano-Sardaneta Y, Rodriguez Segura G, Zúniga Valeriano C, Araujo GV, Sandoval Pacheco CM, Laurenti MD, Galvis-Ovallos F. Detection of Leishmania infantum DNA in Pintomyia evansi and Lutzomyia longipalpis in Honduras. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:593. [PMID: 33228800 PMCID: PMC7684752 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04462-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The two most abundant sand fly species on the Honduran Pacific coast are Lutzomyia (Lutzomyia) longipalpis and Pintomyia (Pifanomyia) evansi. Both species are known vectors of Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum, the etiological agent of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in the Americas. Although VL and non-ulcerative cutaneous leishmaniasis (NUCL) are endemic on the Pacific versant of the Central American Pacific, the latter is the most frequent manifestation of leishmaniasis there. We evaluated the circulation of Leishmania spp. in the sand fly species on El Tigre Island, an endemic area of NUCL. Results We collected 222 specimens of six sand fly species. Lu. longipalpis (180 specimens; 81%) and Pif. (Pi.) evansi (35 specimens; 16%) were the most abundant species. L. (L.) infantum DNA was detected in nine of the 96 specimens analyzed; seven of these specimens were identified as Lu. longipalpis, and the remaining two were Pi.evansi, with an infection rate of 9.4% and 2.7%, respectively. Conclusion We present the first record of L. (L.) infantum DNA in Pi.evansi from a NUCL endemic region of Central America. Our results suggest that Pi. evansi could be a secondary vector of L. (L.) infantum in the transmission cycle of leishmaniasis. The detection of natural infections of L. (L.) infantum in sand flies in this region contributes to an understanding of the epidemiology of leishmaniasis in Honduras.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilfredo Sosa-Ochoa
- Microbiology Research Institute, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras. .,Laboratory of Pathology of Infectious Diseases, Medical School, São Paulo University, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | | | - Yokomi Lozano-Sardaneta
- Centro de Medicina Tropical, División de Investigación, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | | | | | - Gabriela Venicia Araujo
- Laboratory of Pathology of Infectious Diseases, Medical School, São Paulo University, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Márcia Dalastra Laurenti
- Laboratory of Pathology of Infectious Diseases, Medical School, São Paulo University, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Fredy Galvis-Ovallos
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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González MA, Bell M, Souza CF, Maciel-de-Freitas R, Brazil RP, Courtenay O, Hamilton JGC. Synthetic sex-aggregation pheromone of Lutzomyia longipalpis, the South American sand fly vector of Leishmania infantum, attracts males and females over long-distance. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008798. [PMID: 33079936 PMCID: PMC7598924 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In South America the sand fly Lutzomyia longipalpis is the predominant vector of Leishmania infantum, the parasite that causes canine and human visceral leishmaniasis. Co-location of synthetic male sex-aggregation pheromone with an insecticide provided protection against canine seroconversion, parasite infection, reduced tissue parasite loads, and female sand fly densities at households. Optimising the sex-aggregation pheromone + insecticide intervention requires information on the distance over which female and male Lu. longipalpis would be attracted to the synthetic pheromone in the field. Methodology/Principal findings Wild Lu. longipalpis were collected at two peridomestic study sites in Governador Valadares (Minas Gerais, Brazil). Sand flies were marked with coloured fluorescent powder using an improved protocol and then released into an existing domestic chicken shed at two independent sites, followed by recapture at synthetic-pheromone host-odour baited traps placed up to 30 metres distant from the release point. In total 1704 wild-caught Lu. longipalpis were released into the two chicken sheds. Overall 4.3% of the marked flies were recaptured in the pheromone baited experimental chicken sheds compared to no marked flies recaptured in the control sheds. At the first site, 14 specimens (10.4% of the marked and released specimens) were recaptured at 10m, 36 (14.8%) at 20m, and 15 (3.4%) at 30m. At the second site, lower recapture rates were recorded; 8 marked specimens (1.3%) were recaptured at 5 and 10m and no marked specimens were recaptured at 15m. Approximately 7x more marked males than females were recaptured although males were only 2x as common as females in the released population. 52% of the marked Lu. longipalpis were collected during the first night of sampling, 32% on the second night, and 16% on the third night. Conclusions/Significance The study established that both male and female sand flies can be attracted to the synthetic sex-aggregation pheromone in the presence of host odour over distances up to at least 30m in the field depending on local environmental and meterological conditions. Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a disease caused by an insect transmitted protist parasite. In South America and Brazil in particular, it causes significant morbidity and mortality, with thousands of human cases and deaths reported every year. Domestic dogs are the most important source of human infection. Controlling the sand flies that transmit the parasite is one way to reduce the number of VL cases and recent research has shown the potential for a new pheromone-based approach to vector control. In a recent cluster-randomised control trial, co-location of a synthetic copy of the male sand fly sex-aggregation pheromone with pyrethroid insecticide reduced numbers of sand flies in households and provided protection for dogs against leishmaniasis infection incidence. The current study was carried out to determine the distance over which the synthetic sex-aggregation pheromone could attract Lu. longipalpis in a peridomestic environment in a Brazilian city. Male and female Lu. longipalpis were attracted up to 30m in one night towards a source of the pheromone. This information will help to inform the optimisation of placement of sex pheromone/insecticide intervention in Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikel A. González
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Bailrigg, Lancashire, United Kingdom
| | - Melissa Bell
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Bailrigg, Lancashire, United Kingdom
| | - Cristian F. Souza
- Laboratório Doenças Parasitárias, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz—Fiocruz, Pavilhão Arthur Neiva, Av. Brasil, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Rafael Maciel-de-Freitas
- Laboratório de Mosquitos Transmissores de Hematozoários, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Pavilhão Carlos Chagas, Av. Brasil, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Reginaldo P. Brazil
- Laboratório Doenças Parasitárias, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz—Fiocruz, Pavilhão Arthur Neiva, Av. Brasil, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Orin Courtenay
- Zeeman Institute and School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - James G. C. Hamilton
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Bailrigg, Lancashire, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Goenaga Mafud LC, Eyes Escalante M, Florez Arrieta FJ. Primera aproximación a la fauna flebotomínea (Psychodidae: Phlebotominae) del departamento de Atlántico. ACTA BIOLÓGICA COLOMBIANA 2020. [DOI: 10.15446/abc.v25n3.78771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Dentro del género Lutzomyiaalgunas especies son vectores de la enfermedad llamada leishmaniasis, la cual tiene implicaciones en la salud pública, desarrollando diferentes manifestaciones clínicas como leishmaniasis cutánea, visceral y mucocutánea que afectan altamente al ser humano. El objetivo de este estudio fuerealizar un inventario de las especies del género Lutzomyia presentes en seis zonas del departamento del Atlántico. Se implementaron 3 técnicas de capturas tradicionales: trampas CDC entre 18:00-06:00, trampa Shannon entre 19:00-22:00 y búsqueda activa de flebotomíneos con aspiradores bucales en troncos, bases de árboles y otros sitios entre 09:00-11:00 y 16:00-17:30, en seis municipios del departamento del Atlántico, Colombia. Se capturaron diez especies flebotomíneas y se reporta por vez primera para el departamento del Atlántico el hallazgo de Lutzomyia longipalpis y Lutzomyia atroclavata. De las diez especies capturadas, Lutzomyia longipalpistiene antecedentes como vector de Leishmania infantumen Colombia y en otras regiones de Latinoamérica, además es considerada el principal vector de leishmaniasis visceral en las Américas. La especie más abundante y con mayor distribución espacial fue Lu. evansi, principal vector de leishmaniasis visceral en la región Caribe. En conclusión,la riqueza de la fauna flebotomínea del departamento de Atlántico se actualiza a doce especies, con el primer registro de Lu. longipalpisy Lu. atroclavata. También se reporta la fauna flebotomínea por primera vez en localidades del departamento de Atlántico como Campeche, Puerto Colombia, Luruaco, Ponedera y Campo de la Cruz.
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Lopes JV, Michalsky EM, Pereira NCL, de Paula AJV, Lara-Silva FO, Silva-Lana R, Fortes-Dias CL, Pinheiro LC, Dias ES. Entomological Studies in Itaúna, Brazil, an Area With Visceral Leishmaniasis Transmission: Fauna Survey, Natural Leishmania Infection, and Molecular Characterization of the Species Circulating in Phlebotomine Sand Flies (Diptera: Psychodidae). JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2019; 56:1368-1376. [PMID: 31121044 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjz061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Among neglected tropical diseases, visceral leishmaniasis (VL) shows great relevance in global terms and is a serious public health concern due to the possibility of severe and lethal forms in humans. In this study, we evaluate entomological factors such as diversity and abundance of phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera:Psychodidae) and the Leishmania species circulating in these species in possible association with VL transmission in the Brazilian town Itaúna. The entomological collections were performed during three consecutive nights, always in the third week of each month, within a period of 12 mo. A total of 1,786 sand fly specimens were collected, from which 20% were collected inside houses. The influence of three local climatic variables (temperature, rainfall, relative humidity) on the population sizes of these insects was evaluated. Temperature was the most influential factor, with a significant positive correlation with the local population size of phlebotomine sand flies collected per month. Lutzomyia longipalpis (Lutz & Neiva, 1912) was the predominant species in the study area. Leishmania DNA was detected in nine out of 133 pools of sand fly females, using nested/PCR, which resulted in a minimal natural infection rate of 2.91%. DNA from Leishmania infantum Nicolle, 1908 (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatida), was detected in Evandromyia cortelezzii (Bréthes, 1923), Ev. evandroi (Costa, Lima & Antunes, 1936), Ev. lenti (Mangabeira, 1938), and Ev. termitophila (Martins, Falcão & Silva, 1964), besides Lu. longipalpis. Our study indicates favorable conditions for VL spreading in Itaúna due to the presence of Lu. longipalpis and Le. infantum-infected phlebotomine sand flies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josiane V Lopes
- Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Av. Augusto de Lima, Barro Preto, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Erika M Michalsky
- Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Av. Augusto de Lima, Barro Preto, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Nathalia C L Pereira
- Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Av. Augusto de Lima, Barro Preto, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Adão J V de Paula
- Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Av. Augusto de Lima, Barro Preto, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Fabiana O Lara-Silva
- Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Av. Augusto de Lima, Barro Preto, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Rosana Silva-Lana
- Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Av. Augusto de Lima, Barro Preto, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Consuelo L Fortes-Dias
- Fundação Ezequiel Dias - Rua Conde Pereira Carneiro 80 Gameleira, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Leticia C Pinheiro
- Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Av. Augusto de Lima, Barro Preto, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Edelberto S Dias
- Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Av. Augusto de Lima, Barro Preto, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil
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Costa AT, Dias ES, Souza AGM, Silva FDOLE, Machado-Coelho GLL. Ecology of phlebotomine sand flies in an area of leishmaniasis occurrence in the Xakriabá Indigenous Reserve, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2019; 52:e20180474. [PMID: 30843969 DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0474-2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Leishmaniasis is a complex vector-borne infectious diseases caused by protozoan parasites in the genus Leishmania and spread by hematophagous phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae, Phlebotominae). The aim of this study was to investigate the phlebotomine fauna, endophily and exophily of the species found, and possible influence of climatic factors on their populations. METHODS The study was conducted in the Xakriabá Indigenous Reserve (XIR) in the municipality of São João das Missões in northern Minas Gerais state, Brazil. Insects were collected over three consecutive nights in the last week of each month for 12 months from July 2015 to May 2016 from four houses in four different villages. Two traps were set up in each house: one in the intra-domicile and another in the peri-domicile. RESULTS A total of 2,012 phlebotomine sand fly specimens representing 23 species and belonging to 10 different genera were captured and identified. Among the studied villages, Riacho do Brejo showed the highest density and diversity of phlebotomine sand flies. The species Lutzomyia longipalpis (80.3%) and Nyssomyia intermedia (7.3%), which are major vectors of visceral and cutaneous leishmaniasis, respectively, had the highest population densities, both in the intra- and peri-domicile. No correlation was observed between climatic factors and the density of phlebotomine sand flies. CONCLUSIONS The results of the present study may contribute to a better understanding and targeting of the measures for preventing and controlling leishmaniasis by the authorities responsible for indigenous health.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Tetzl Costa
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Stricto Sensu em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, MG, Brasil
| | - Edelberto Santos Dias
- Grupo de Taxonomia de Flebotomíneos /Epidemiologia, Diagnóstico e Controle das leishmanioses, Instituto René Rachou - Fiocruz Minas, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Andreza Geisiane Maia Souza
- Grupo de Taxonomia de Flebotomíneos /Epidemiologia, Diagnóstico e Controle das leishmanioses, Instituto René Rachou - Fiocruz Minas, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Fabiana de Oliveira Lara E Silva
- Grupo de Taxonomia de Flebotomíneos /Epidemiologia, Diagnóstico e Controle das leishmanioses, Instituto René Rachou - Fiocruz Minas, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - George Luiz Lins Machado-Coelho
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Stricto Sensu em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, MG, Brasil.,Laboratório de Epidemiologia, Escola de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, MG, Brasil
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Dos Santos Silva J, Caranha L, Moura Santos FK, Dos Santos AP, Rodrigues da Silva LO, Ferreira Rangel E. Sand fly (Diptera, Psychodidae, Phlebotominae) abundance and diversity in areas affected by the São Francisco River transposition project in Ceará State, Brazil. Parasit Vectors 2017; 10:403. [PMID: 28851424 PMCID: PMC5576291 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2333-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Entomological surveillance of sand fly vectors was carried out to support leishmaniasis prevention and control measures in areas affected by the São Francisco River Transposition Project. Methods Sand flies were collected monthly between May 2011 and December 2014 in seven municipalities: Missão Velha, Brejo Santo, Lavras da Mangabeira, Iguatu, Mauriti, Jaguaribe and Jaguaretama, in dwellings, peridomicile and forest areas for three consecutive days, for a period of 12 h each day (18:00 to 06:00 h). Differences in species composition between sites were tested with Shannon’s diversity index, the similarity between habitats was estimated by the Sørensen’s qualitative similarity index and, for the most abundant species in each municipality, a standardized index of species abundance was applied. The influence of climatic factors on sand fly population densities was analyzed using Spearman’s correlation coefficients. Results A total of 214,213 sand fly specimens belonging to 18 species were captured. The most abundant species in all municipalities was Lutzomyia longipalpis (Lutz & Neiva, 1912). The municipalities of Mauriti and Missão Velha stand out in terms of high species richness, with the latter exhibiting the greatest diversity. The number of sand flies in the Iguatu, Jaguaribe and Jaguaretama municipality was higher during the rainy months, whereas the populations declined in the drier months; the sand fly population density in other municipalities (Missão Velha, Brejo Santo, Lavras de Mangabeira and Mauriti) showed negative correlation with rainfall. Conclusions This study confirms the presence of several Leishmania spp. vectors in the seven municipalities affected by the São Francisco River Transposition Project, with Lu. longipalpis being the most abundant species at all study sites. Vector populations in these municipalities should be monitored, ultimately to assess the associations between environmental changes and sand fly population dynamics and leishmaniasis transmission risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Júlia Dos Santos Silva
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Vigilância Entomológica em Diptera e Hemiptera, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Av. Brasil, 4365, 21040-360, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | | | | | | | | | - Elizabeth Ferreira Rangel
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Vigilância Entomológica em Diptera e Hemiptera, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Av. Brasil, 4365, 21040-360, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Sevá ADP, Mao L, Galvis-Ovallos F, Tucker Lima JM, Valle D. Risk analysis and prediction of visceral leishmaniasis dispersion in São Paulo State, Brazil. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005353. [PMID: 28166251 PMCID: PMC5313239 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Revised: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is an important neglected disease caused by a protozoan parasite, and represents a serious public health problem in many parts of the world. It is zoonotic in Europe and Latin America, where infected dogs constitute the main domestic reservoir for the parasite and play a key role in VL transmission to humans. In Brazil this disease is caused by the protozoan Leishmania infantum chagasi, and is transmitted by the sand fly Lutzomyia longipalpis. Despite programs aimed at eliminating infection sources, the disease continues to spread throughout the Country. VL in São Paulo State, Brazil, first appeared in the northwestern region, spreading in a southeasterly direction over time. We integrate data on the VL vector, infected dogs and infected human dispersion from 1999 to 2013 through an innovative spatial temporal Bayesian model in conjunction with geographic information system. This model is used to infer the drivers of the invasion process and predict the future progression of VL through the State. We found that vector dispersion was influenced by vector presence in nearby municipalities at the previous time step, proximity to the Bolívia-Brazil gas pipeline, and high temperatures (i.e., annual average between 20 and 23°C). Key factors affecting infected dog dispersion included proximity to the Marechal Rondon Highway, high temperatures, and presence of the competent vector within the same municipality. Finally, vector presence, presence of infected dogs, and rainfall (approx. 270 to 540mm/year) drove the dispersion of human VL cases. Surprisingly, economic factors exhibited no noticeable influence on disease dispersion. Based on these drivers and stochastic simulations, we identified which municipalities are most likely to be invaded by vectors and infected hosts in the future. Prioritizing prevention and control strategies within the identified municipalities may help halt the spread of VL while reducing monitoring costs. Our results contribute important knowledge to public and animal health policy planning, and suggest that prevention and control strategies should focus on vector control and on blocking contact between vectors and hosts in the priority areas identified to be at risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anaiá da Paixão Sevá
- Department of Mathematics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Liang Mao
- Department of Geography, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Fredy Galvis-Ovallos
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Joanna Marie Tucker Lima
- School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Denis Valle
- School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
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Infran JOM, Souza DA, Fernandes WS, Casaril AE, Eguchi GU, Oshiro ET, Fernandes CES, Paranhos Filho AC, Oliveira AG. Nycthemeral Rhythm of Phlebotominae (Diptera: Psychodidae) in a Craggy Region, Transitioning Between the Wetland and the Plateau, Brazil. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2017; 54:114-124. [PMID: 28082638 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjw151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Recording the nycthemeral rhythm of sand flies allows the evaluation of the daily activity in different ecotypes, the period of greatest activity, and their degree of anthropophily. We investigated the fauna and the rhythm of sand fly activity in an ecotourism region in Mato Grosso do Sul (MS) state, Brazil. Sand flies were captured monthly, using a Shannon trap for 24 h periods between July 2012 and June 2014. We collected 1,815 sand flies, in which Lutzomyia whitmani (=Nyssomyia whitmani, sensu Galati) and Lutzomyia longipalpis were the most abundant species during the dry season, with activity from 5 p.m.-7 a.m. and 6 p.m.-5 a.m., respectively. Both species require particular attention as vectors of Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis and Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum in several regions of Brazil, including MS. However, Lutzomyia dispar was more anthropophilic, and was most active between January and March, from 5 p.m. to 5 a.m. Lutzomyia misionensis (=Pintomyia misionensis, sensu Galati) was present throughout both years, active from 4 p.m. to 5 a.m. Other species were active from 5 p.m. to 6 a.m. Due to intense tourism in the months that coincide with a high number of vectors for leishmaniases in Piraputanga, it is essential to determine vector-monitoring strategies in the area by investigating sand fly rhythm while not neglecting other periods of the year when the insects are present.
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Affiliation(s)
- J O M Infran
- Curso de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Animal - Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde - Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul. Cidade Universitária, Campo Grande, MS, 79070-900, Brazil
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Humana da Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, 79070-900, Brazil
| | - D A Souza
- Curso de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Animal - Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde - Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul. Cidade Universitária, Campo Grande, MS, 79070-900, Brazil
| | - W S Fernandes
- Curso de Pós-Graduação em Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias - Faculdade de Medicina/Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Cidade Universitária Campo Grande, MS, 79070-900, Brazil
| | - A E Casaril
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Humana da Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, 79070-900, Brazil
- Curso de Pós-Graduação em Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias - Faculdade de Medicina/Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Cidade Universitária Campo Grande, MS, 79070-900, Brazil
| | - G U Eguchi
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia - Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul. Cidade Universitária, Campo Grande, MS, 79070-900, Brazil
| | - E T Oshiro
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Humana da Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, 79070-900, Brazil
| | - C E S Fernandes
- Laboratório de Histopatologia - Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde - Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Cidade Universitária, Campo Grande, MS, 79070-900, Brazil
| | - A C Paranhos Filho
- Faculdade de Engenharia, Arquitetura, Planejamento Urbano e Geografia - Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul. Cidade Universitária, Campo Grande, MS, 79070-900, Brazil
| | - A G Oliveira
- Curso de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Animal - Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde - Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul. Cidade Universitária, Campo Grande, MS, 79070-900, Brazil
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Humana da Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, 79070-900, Brazil
- Curso de Pós-Graduação em Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias - Faculdade de Medicina/Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Cidade Universitária Campo Grande, MS, 79070-900, Brazil
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Carrasco J, Morrison A, Ponce C. Behaviour ofLutzomyia longipalpisin an area of southern Honduras endemic for visceral/atypical cutaneous leishmaniasis. ANNALS OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND PARASITOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/00034983.1998.11813352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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11
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Falcão de Oliveira E, Casaril AE, Fernandes WS, Ravanelli MDS, de Medeiros MJ, Gamarra RM, Paranhos Filho AC, Oshiro ET, de Oliveira AG, Galati EAB. Monthly Distribution of Phlebotomine Sand Flies, and Biotic and Abiotic Factors Related to Their Abundance, in an Urban Area to Which Visceral Leishmaniasis Is Endemic in Corumbá, Brazil. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0165155. [PMID: 27783667 PMCID: PMC5082668 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0165155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The monthly distribution and abundance of sand flies are influenced by both biotic and abiotic factors. The present study aimed to evaluate the seasonal distribution of sand flies and the relation between their abundance and environmental parameters, including vegetation and climate. This study was conducted over a 2-year period (April 2012 to March 2014). Monthly distribution was evaluated through the weekly deployment of CDC light traps in the peridomicile area of 5 residences in an urban area of the municipality of Corumbá in the State of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. Meteorological data were obtained from the Mato Grosso do Sul Center for Weather, Climate, and Water Resources. The spectral indices were calculated based on spatial resolution images (GeoEye) and the percentage of vegetal coverage. Differences in the abundance of sand flies among the collection sites were assessed using the Kruskal-Wallis test, and the strength of correlations between environmental variables was determined by calculating Spearman’s correlation coefficients. Lutzomyia cruzi, Lu. forattinii, and Evandromyia corumbaensis were the most frequently found species. Although no significant association was found among these sand fly species and the tested environmental variables (vegetation and climate), high population peaks were found during the rainy season, whereas low peaks were observed in the dry season. The monthly distribution of sand flies was primarily determined by Lu. cruzi, which accounted for 93.94% of the specimens collected each month throughout the experimental period. The fact that sand flies were detected year-round indicates a continuous risk of infection to humans, demonstrating the need for targeted management and education programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Everton Falcão de Oliveira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde Pública, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
- Departamento de Estatística, Campus Macaé, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Macaé, RJ, Brasil
- * E-mail: (EFO); (EABG)
| | - Aline Etelvina Casaril
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Humana, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brasil
| | - Wagner Souza Fernandes
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Humana, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brasil
| | | | - Márcio José de Medeiros
- Departamento de Estatística, Campus Macaé, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Macaé, RJ, Brasil
| | - Roberto Macedo Gamarra
- Laboratório de Geoprocessamento para Aplicações Ambientais, Faculdade de Engenharias, Arquitetura e Urbanismo e Geografia, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brasil
| | - Antônio Conceição Paranhos Filho
- Laboratório de Geoprocessamento para Aplicações Ambientais, Faculdade de Engenharias, Arquitetura e Urbanismo e Geografia, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brasil
| | - Elisa Teruya Oshiro
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Humana, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brasil
| | - Alessandra Gutierrez de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Humana, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brasil
| | - Eunice Aparecida Bianchi Galati
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde Pública, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
- Departamento de Epidemiologia, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
- * E-mail: (EFO); (EABG)
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Rivas GBS, de Souza NA, Peixoto AA, Bruno RV. Effects of temperature and photoperiod on daily activity rhythms of Lutzomyia longipalpis (Diptera: Psychodidae). Parasit Vectors 2014; 7:278. [PMID: 24947114 PMCID: PMC4078014 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-7-278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Insect vectors have been established as models in Chronobiology for many decades, and recent studies have demonstrated a close relationship between the circadian clock machinery, daily rhythms of activity and vectorial capacity. Lutzomyia longipalpis, the primary vector of Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum in the New World, is reported to have crepuscular/nocturnal activity in the wild. However, most of these studies applied hourly CDC trap captures, which is a good indicative of L. longipalpis behaviour, but has limited accuracy due to the inability to record the daily activity of a single insect during consecutive days. In addition, very little is known about the activity pattern of L. longipalpis under seasonal variations of average temperature and day length in controlled laboratory conditions. METHODS We recorded the locomotor activity of L. longipalpis males under different artificial regimes of temperature and photoperiod. First, in order to test the effects of temperature on the activity, sandflies were submitted to regimes of light/dark cycles similar to the equinox photoperiod (LD 12:12) combined with different constant temperatures (20°C, 25°C and 30°C). In addition, we recorded sandfly locomotor activity under a mild constant temperature (25°C with different day length regimes: 8 hours, 12 hours and 16 hours). RESULTS L. longipalpis exhibited more activity at night, initiating dusk-related activity (onset time) at higher rather than lower temperatures. In parallel, changes of photoperiod affected anticipation as well as all the patterns of activity (onset, peak and offset time). However, under LD 16:08, sandflies presented the earliest values of maximum peak and offset times, contrary to other regimes. CONCLUSIONS Herein, we showed that light and temperature modulate L. longipalpis behaviour under controlled laboratory conditions, suggesting that sandflies might use environmental information to sustain their crepuscular/nocturnal activity, as well as other important aspects as mating and host-seeking at appropriate times in different seasons. Our results depict previously unappreciated aspects of the L. longipalpis daily rhythms of activity that might have important epidemiological implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo BS Rivas
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Nataly Araujo de Souza
- Laboratório de Transmissores de Leishmanioses, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Alexandre A Peixoto
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular (INCT-EM)/CNPq, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rafaela V Bruno
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular (INCT-EM)/CNPq, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Rodrigues ACM, Silva RA, Melo LM, Luciano MCS, Bevilaqua CML. Epidemiological survey of Lutzomyia longipalpis infected by Leishmania infantum in an endemic area of Brazil. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE PARASITOLOGIA VETERINARIA 2014; 23:55-62. [DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612014007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 01/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to perform an epidemiological survey to determine the areas at risk of visceral leishmaniasis through the detection and quantification of natural infection by Leishmania infantum in Lutzomyia longipalpis. The sandflies were captured between February 2009 and January 2010, at 21 sites in four regions of the Fortaleza municipality. Samples were screened for the presence of Leishmania DNA by Real Time PCR (qPCR), amplification of kDNA minicircle sequence. Out of the 123 pools of analyzed sandflies, 45 were positive for L.infantum, and the minimum infection rate was 3.7%. In the north, south, east and west regions, the pool screen assay predicted sand-fly infection prevalence of 3.4%, 4.7%, 4.9% and 8.4%, respectively. The parasite load ranged from 2.45 ± 0.96 to 2,820,246 ± 106,072. No statistical differences were found with respect to the frequency of sand-fly infection between the regions (P=0.3014), seasons (P = 0.3906) or trap locations (P = 0.8486). Statistical differences were found with respect to the frequency of sand-fly infection between the two seasons only in the west region (P=0.0152). The qPCR was able to detect and quantify L. infantum in L. longipalpis, therefore succeeding in identifying the areas of greatest risk of VL transmission.
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de Oliveira EF, dos Santos Fernandes CE, Araújo e Silva E, Brazil RP, de Oliveira AG. Climatic factors and population density of Lutzomyia longipalpis (Lutz & Neiva, 1912) in an urban endemic area of visceral leishmaniasis in midwest Brazil. JOURNAL OF VECTOR ECOLOGY : JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR VECTOR ECOLOGY 2013; 38:224-228. [PMID: 24581349 DOI: 10.1111/j.1948-7134.2013.12034.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2011] [Accepted: 11/03/2011] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The life cycle of vectors and the reservoirs that participate in the chain of infectious diseases have a strong relationship with the environmental dynamics of the ecosystems in which they live. Oscillations in population abundance and seasonality of insects can be explained by factors inherent in each region and time period. Therefore, knowledge of the relationship and influence of environmental factors on the population of Lutzomyia longipalpis is necessary because of the high incidence of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in Brazil. This study evaluates the influence of abiotic variables on the population density and seasonal behavior of L. longipalpis in an urban endemic area of VL in Brazil. The sand fly captures were performed every two months between November, 2009 and November, 2010 in the peridomicile of 13 randomly selected residences. We captured 1,367 specimens of L. longipalpis, and the ratio of male/female flies was 2.86:1. The comparison of the total male specimens in the two seasons showed a statistical difference in the wet season, but there was no significant difference when considering the total females. With respect to climatic variables, a significant negative association was observed only with wind speed. During periods of high wind speeds, the population density of this vector decreased. The presence of L. longipalpis was found in all months of the study with bimodal behavior and population peaks during the wet season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Everton Falcão de Oliveira
- Postgraduate Program in Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS 79070900, Brazil.
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Studies on the Feeding Habits of Lutzomyia (Lutzomyia) longipalpis (Lutz & Neiva, 1912) (Diptera: Psychodidae: Phlebotominae) Populations from Endemic Areas of American Visceral Leishmaniasis in Northeastern Brazil. J Trop Med 2012; 2012:858657. [PMID: 22315621 PMCID: PMC3270439 DOI: 10.1155/2012/858657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2011] [Revised: 10/24/2011] [Accepted: 11/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to identify potential blood feeding sources of L. (L.) longipalpis specimens from populations in Northeastern Brazil, endemic areas of American Visceral Leishmaniasis (AVL) and its correlation with the transmission of L. (L.) i. chagasi. The ELISA technique was applied using bird, dog, goat, opossum, equine, feline, human, sheep, and rodent antisera to analyze 609 females, resulting in an overall positivity of 60%. In all municipalities, females showed higher positivity for bird followed by dog antiserum and sand fly specimens were also positive for equine, feline, human, sheep, goat, opossum, and rodent antisera. The finding for 17 combinations of two or three types of blood in some females corroborates the opportunistic habit of this sand fly species. The results demonstrating the association between L. (L.) longipalpis and opossum suggest the need for further evaluation of the real role of this synanthropic mammal in the eco-epidemiology of AVL.
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González C, Rebollar-Téllez EA, Ibáñez-Bernal S, Becker-Fauser I, Martínez-Meyer E, Peterson AT, Sánchez-Cordero V. Current knowledge of Leishmania vectors in Mexico: how geographic distributions of species relate to transmission areas. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2011; 85:839-46. [PMID: 22049037 PMCID: PMC3205629 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.2011.10-0452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2010] [Accepted: 02/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniases are a group of vector-borne diseases with different clinical manifestations caused by parasites transmitted by sand fly vectors. In Mexico, the sand fly Lutzomyia olmeca olmeca is the only vector proven to transmit the parasite Leishmania mexicana to humans, which causes leishmaniasis. Other vector species with potential medical importance have been obtained, but their geographic distributions and relation to transmission areas have never been assessed. We modeled the ecological niches of nine sand fly species and projected niches to estimate potential distributions by using known occurrences, environmental coverages, and the algorithms GARP and Maxent. All vector species were distributed in areas with known recurrent transmission, except for Lu. diabolica, which appeared to be related only to areas of occasional transmission in northern Mexico. The distribution of Lu. o. olmeca does not overlap with all reported cutaneous leishmaniasis cases, suggesting that Lu. cruciata and Lu. shannoni are likely also involved as primary vectors in those areas. Our study provides useful information of potential risk areas of leishmaniasis transmission in Mexico.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila González
- Departamento de Zoología, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico.
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Coutinho-Abreu IV, Ramalho-Ortigao M. Ecological genomics of sand fly salivary gland genes: an overview. JOURNAL OF VECTOR ECOLOGY : JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR VECTOR ECOLOGY 2011; 36 Suppl 1:S58-S63. [PMID: 21366781 DOI: 10.1111/j.1948-7134.2011.00112.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Sand fly saliva contains an array of bioactive molecules that facilitate blood feeding and also function as modulators of the vertebrate immune response. Such a complex of biologically active molecules was shown to be both conserved and divergent among sand fly species. It is likely that expression of sand fly salivary molecules could be modulated by environmental factors, both biotic and abiotic, that ultimately dictate the quality, and possibly quantity, of the secreted saliva. Carbohydrates are an integral part of the sand fly diet, and sugar-sources found in natural habitats are potentially involved in defining the profile of sand fly saliva, and may influence vectorial capacity. Saliva can drive the outcome of Leishmania infection in animal models, and salivary molecules are potential targets for development of vaccines to control Leishmania infection. Thus, identifying what environmental factors effectively modulate sand fly saliva in the field is a critical step towards the development of meaningful protection strategies against leishmaniasis that are based on salivary compounds from sand fly vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iliano V Coutinho-Abreu
- Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, 123 W. Waters Hall, Manhattan, KS 66506, U.S.A
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Santini MS, Salomón OD, Acardi SA, Sandoval EA, Tartaglino L. Lutzomyia longipalpis behavior and control at an urban visceral leishmaniasis focus in Argentina. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2010; 52:187-91. [DOI: 10.1590/s0036-46652010000400004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2010] [Accepted: 06/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
During the earlier stages of visceral leishmaniasis transmission in Posadas City, Misiones, both the night activity and attraction to humans of Lutzomyia longipalpis were assessed, in order to provide preliminary recommendations. The impact of peridomestic deltamethrin spraying performed by local officials was also evaluated. Although Lu. longipalpis were found in traps located over a dog the entire night, 90% of the females were captured from 20.30h to 1.30h, and only landed on a human when he was at a distance of 1.5 m from the dog. Peridomestic spraying of deltamethrin (25 mg/m²) reduced the sand fly capture up to seven days post-intervention without dispersion in the border of the sprayed areas. These results support the recommendations about time-space focus of the protection measures: first half of the night, in the backyard, with pets and domestic animals kept at least 5 m from humans. The deltamethrin as it was used did not seem very effective in this scenario; neither did the eventual use of bed nets, at least in adults, due to the place/hour of sand fly higher activity. This study strengthens the need for a multidisciplinary approach to develop prevention strategies based both on biological and anthropological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Soledad Santini
- Argentina, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Argentina
| | - Oscar Daniel Salomón
- Argentina, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Argentina
| | - Soraya Alejandra Acardi
- Universidad Nacional de Misiones, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Argentina
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Romero GAS, Boelaert M. Control of visceral leishmaniasis in latin america-a systematic review. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2010; 4:e584. [PMID: 20098726 PMCID: PMC2808217 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0000584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 244] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2009] [Accepted: 12/01/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND While three countries in South Asia decided to eliminate anthroponotic visceral leishmaniasis (VL) by 2015, its control in other regions seems fraught with difficulties. Is there a scope for more effective VL control in the Americas where transmission is zoonotic? We reviewed the evidence on VL control strategies in Latin America-diagnosis, treatment, veterinary interventions, vector control-with respect to entomological and clinical outcomes. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We searched the electronic databases of MEDLINE, LILACS, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, from 1960 to November 2008 and references of selected articles. Intervention trials as well as observational studies that evaluated control strategies of VL in the Americas were included. While the use of rapid diagnostic tests for VL diagnosis seems well established, there is a striking lack of evidence from clinical trials for drug therapy and few well designed intervention studies for control of vectors or canine reservoirs. CONCLUSION Elimination of zoonotic VL in the Americas does not seem a realistic goal at this point given the lack of political commitment, gaps in scientific knowledge, and the weakness of case management and surveillance systems. Research priorities and current strategies should be reviewed with the aim of achieving better VL control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo A S Romero
- Núcleo de Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil.
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Fonteles RS, Vasconcelos GCE, Azevêdo PCB, Lopes GN, Moraes JLP, Lorosa ES, Kuppinger O, Rebêlo JMM. Preferência alimentar sanguínea de Lutzomyia whitmani (Diptera, Psychodidae) em área de transmissão de leishmaniose cutânea americana, no Estado do Maranhão, Brasil. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2009; 42:647-50. [DOI: 10.1590/s0037-86822009000600007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2009] [Accepted: 10/08/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar as fontes de alimento sanguíneo de fêmeas de Lutzomyia whitmani, espécie de flebotomíneo incriminada no Maranhão como principal vetor da leishmaniose cutânea americana. Para isso, 70 fêmeas desta espécie coletadas no município de Axixá, área com um dos maiores números de casos de leishmaniose cutânea americana em humanos no Maranhão, foram analisadas utilizando a técnica da precipitina. Dos indivíduos analisados, 90% apresentaram reação a algum tipo de antissoro e dentre estes, 73% apresentaram reações do tipo simples com predominância para sangue de galinha (22,2%), roedor (14,3) e humano (12,7%). Nas reações duplas predominaram as combinações galinha/humano (6,3%), galinha/gambá (4,8%), boi/humano e gambá/humano (3,2%). Assim, concluímos que seres humanos, animais domésticos e sinantrópicos constituem fonte alimentar sanguínea para Lutzomyia whitmani podendo desempenhar um papel importante no ciclo de transmissão da leishmaniose cutânea americana explicando os casos da doença em Axixá.
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Missawa NA, Lorosa ES, Dias ES. Preferência alimentar de Lutzomyia longipalpis (Lutz & Neiva, 1912) em área de transmissão de leishmaniose visceral em Mato Grosso. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2008; 41:365-8. [DOI: 10.1590/s0037-86822008000400008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2007] [Accepted: 07/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
O estudo dos hábitos alimentares e do conteúdo intestinal dos flebotomíneos permite a identificação dos hospedeiros, indicando os potenciais reservatórios das leishmanias. Este trabalho objetivou determinar a preferência alimentar de Lutzomyia longipalpis e sua relação com a transmissão da leishmaniose visceral. As capturas mensais foram realizadas em área de transmissão de leishmaniose visceral, município de Várzea Grande, Estado de Mato Grosso, no período de janeiro de 2004 a junho de 2006, utilizando-se armadilhas de luz CDC. Foram capturadas 2.376 fêmeas de Lutzomyia longipalpis, das quais 104 (4,4%) estavam ingurgitadas, sendo 32 (30,8%) capturadas no intradomicílio e 72 (69,2%) no peridomicílio. Após reação de precipitina, observou-se que as fêmeas de Lutzomyia longipalpis alimentaram-se preferencialmente em aves (30,8%) e roedores (21,2%), mas também foram encontradas fêmeas alimentadas de sangue de humanos, gambás, bois, cavalos e cães, demonstrando o caráter oportunista da espécie.
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Oliveira AG, Galati EAB, Fernandes CE, Dorval MEC, Brazil RP. Seasonal variation of Lutzomyia longipalpis (Lutz & Neiva, 1912) (Diptera: Psychodidae: Phlebotominae) in endemic area of visceral leishmaniasis, Campo Grande, state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. Acta Trop 2008; 105:55-61. [PMID: 18022137 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2007.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2007] [Revised: 05/31/2007] [Accepted: 09/26/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The seasonal distribution of Lutzomyia longipalpis was studied in two forested and five domiciliary areas of the urban area of Campo Grande; MS, from December 2003 to November 2005. Weekly captures were carried out with CDC light traps positioned on ground and in the canopy inside a residual forest and on the edge (ground) of a woodland and in at least one of the following ecotopes in peridomiciles-a cultivated area, a chicken coop, a pigsty, a kennel, a goat and sheep shelter and an intradomicile. A total of 9519 sand flies were collected, 2666 during the first year and 6853 during the second. L. longipalpis was found throughout the 2-year period, presenting smaller peaks at intervals of 2-3 months and two greater peaks, the first in February and the second in April 2005, soon after periods of heavy rain. Only In one of the woodlands was a significant negative correlation (p<0.05) between the number of insects and temperature during the first year and the climatic factors (temperature, RHA and rain) was observed. In the domiciliary areas in four domiciles some positive correlations (p< or =0.05) occurred in relation to one or more climatic factors; however, the species shows a clear tendency to greater frequency (72%) in the rainy season than in the dry (28%). Thus, we recommend an intensification of the VL control measures applied in Campo Grande, MS, during the rainy season with a view to reducing the risk of the transmission of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Gutierrez Oliveira
- Departamento de Patologia, Laboratório de Parasitologia, UFMS, Caixa Postal 549, CEP 79070-900 Campo Grande, MS, Brazil.
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Dias ES, França-Silva JC, da Silva JC, Monteiro EM, de Paula KM, Gonçalves CM, Barata RA. Flebotomíneos (Diptera: Psychodidae) de um foco de leishmaniose tegumentar no Estado de Minas Gerais. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2007; 40:49-52. [PMID: 17486253 DOI: 10.1590/s0037-86822007000100009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2006] [Accepted: 01/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Na localidade do Brejo do Mutambal, situado no município de Varzelândia (MG), área endêmica para leishmaniose tegumentar, foram realizadas capturas mensais sistemáticas utilizando-se armadilhas luminosas do tipo CDC durante o período de janeiro a dezembro de 2000. Foram capturadas 19 espécies de flebotomíneos, totalizando 6.756 exemplares. Lutzomyia intermedia (5,1%), L. migonei (0,4%) e L. whitmani (0,1%), relacionadas com a transmissão de leishmaniose tegumentar, foram capturadas em número reduzido. Lutzomyia longipalpis foi a espécie predominante (34,8%), sugerindo também um risco de transmissão da leishmaniose visceral. A proporção de insetos capturados no peridomícilio foi de 91,7% enquanto no intradomicílio foi de 8,3%. A interferência de fatores climáticos (temperatura, umidade relativa do ar e pluviosidade) sobre a dinâmica populacional de flebotomíneos foi avaliada.
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Resende MCD, Camargo MCV, Vieira JRM, Nobi RCA, Porto MN, Oliveira CDL, Pessanha JE, Cunha MDCM, Brandão ST. Seasonal variation of Lutzomyia longipalpis in Belo Horizonte, State of Minas Gerais. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2006; 39:51-5. [PMID: 16501767 DOI: 10.1590/s0037-86822006000100010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Between October, 1997 and September, 1999 in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais a study of seasonal variation of Lutzomyia longipalpis was carried out in three distinct areas of the municipality. Sand flies were sampled at 15-day intervals in three residences, in each of which two CDC light traps were installed, one indoors and the other in the peridomicile. A total of 397 sand flies were captured in the three areas, with 65%, 30% and 1% of specimens collected in the eastern, northeast and Barreiro districts, respectively. The overall proportions of sand flies collected inside and around the houses were similar (57% vs 43%) and this pattern was seen for both Lutzomyia longipalpis and Lutzomyia whitmani . The highest population levels during the two years of the study were from October to March. From October onwards, numbers increased constantly until February. A gradual fall was seen from April onwards until the lowest levels were reached in the months of June, July and August.
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Barata RA, França-Silva JC, Mayrink W, Silva JCD, Prata A, Lorosa ES, Fiúza JA, Gonçalves CM, Paula KMD, Dias ES. Aspectos da ecologia e do comportamento de flebotomíneos em área endêmica de leishmaniose visceral, Minas Gerais. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2005; 38:421-5. [PMID: 16172760 DOI: 10.1590/s0037-86822005000500012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
O comportamento e hábitos alimentares de algumas espécies da flebotomíneos têm sido útil na compreensão da epidemiologia das leishmanioses. No município de Porteirinha (MG), foram realizadas capturas mensais sistematizadas utilizando-se 28 armadilhas luminosas tipo CDC, durante o período de janeiro a dezembro de 2002. Foram capturadas 14 espécies de flebotomíneos, totalizando 1.408 exemplares. De acordo com o ambiente, os resultados obtidos mostraram que o peridomicílio apresentou a maior (53,3%) porcentagem dos espécimens encontrados na região, embora parte (46,7%) da fauna também tenha sido encontrada no intradomicílio. O repasto sanguíneo de 38 fêmeas de Lutzomyia longipalpis, provenientes do campo, foi identificado através da reação de precipitina. Os resultados indicam que Lutzomyia longipalpis foi a espécie predominante (65,1%), mostrando-se oportunista, podendo sugar uma ampla variedade de vertebrados.
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Souza CMD, Pessanha JE, Barata RA, Monteiro EM, Costa DC, Dias ES. Study on phlebotomine sand fly (Diptera: Psychodidae) fauna in Belo Horizonte, state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2004; 99:795-803. [PMID: 15761593 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762004000800003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A study on the phlebotomine sand fly fauna in Belo Horizonte city, state of Minas Gerais, Brazil, was carried out. From April 2001 to March 2003, monthly systematic collections were performed in three houses from each of the nine regions of the city, using CDC light traps for four consecutive days. The traps were set into the houses and in peridomestic areas totaling 54 traps. A number of 3871 sand fly specimens of the genera Lutzomyia and Brumptomyia were collected. Sixty eight percent of the specimens were L. longipalpis and 16% L. whitmani, insect vectors of visceral and American cutaneous leishmaniasis, respectively. Environmental factors such as temperature, humidity, and frequency of precipitation suggest that the number of insects increases after rainy periods. During the same period mentioned above, seasonal captures were carried out in parks and green areas of Belo Horizonte, using Shannon trap. A total of 579 phlebotomine sand flies were collected from which 398 (68.7%) were females with the predominance of L. whitmani and L. monticola. Those specimens were used for natural infection examination, by polymerase chain reaction. No Leishmania DNA was present in any of the specimens tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Margonari de Souza
- Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou-Fiocruz, Av. Augusto de Lima 1715, 30190-002 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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Dias FDOP, Lorosa ES, Rebêlo JMM. Fonte alimentar sangüínea e a peridomiciliação de Lutzomyia longipalpis (Lutz & Neiva, 1912) (Psychodidae, Phlebotominae). CAD SAUDE PUBLICA 2003; 19:1373-80. [PMID: 14666218 DOI: 10.1590/s0102-311x2003000500015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Estudou-se por meio da reação da precipitina, o conteúdo estomacal de Lutzomyia longipalpis nos ambientes intradomiciliar e peridoméstico, no Município de Raposa, Maranhão, área de transmissão de leishmaniose visceral ou "calazar". De 2.240 fêmeas capturadas, 547 (24,4%) estavam alimentadas com sangue de vertebrados nas proporções que seguem: ave (87,9%); roedor (47,2%); humano (42,4%), cão (27,6%); mucura (26,6%) e eqüino (22,5%). A investigação levada a efeito em 120 habitações confirmou a galinha como o animal doméstico mais comum no ambiente peridoméstico (28,3%), seguido pelo cão (21,7%), gato (17,5%), jumento (13,3%), pombo (7,5%), coelho (3,3%) e pato (3,3%); enquanto o cavalo, marreco e porco representaram, cada um, 1,7%. Entre os animais sinantrópicos, a mucura foi a mais citada naquele ambiente (39,3%), seguida pelo rato (37,9%), morcego (14,3%) guaxinim (3,6%), raposa (2,1%), cobra (1,4%) e sapo (1,4%). A presença no peridomicílio de animais domésticos e sinantrópicos e o encontro de flebótomos alimentados, ao mesmo tempo, com sangue humano, de mucura e de canídeos, corroboram a hipótese de que a transmissão do calazar esteja ocorrendo realmente no ambiente antrópico, no Município de Raposa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flávio de Oliveira Passos Dias
- Laboratório de Entomologia e Vetores, Departamento de Patologia, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, São Luís, MA, 65025-560, Brasil.
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Rebêlo JM. [Hourly frequency and seasonality of Lutzomyia longipalpis (Diptera: Psychodidae: Phlebotominae) on São Luís Island, Maranhão, Brazil]. CAD SAUDE PUBLICA 2001; 17:221-7. [PMID: 11241945 DOI: 10.1590/s0102-311x2001000100023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This article presents the hourly and seasonal distribution of the Lutzomyia longipalpis sand fly captured on São Luís Island, Maranhão State. A total of 11,200 specimens were captured during monthly use of CDC light traps indoors and in animal sheds, between 6:00 PM and 6:00 AM, in 1996 and 1997. The sand fly behaved as an annual species, with a high frequency year-round, while it was most abundant during the rainy season (57.2%) as compared to the dry season (42.8%). The highest frequencies during the rainy season occurred in January and April and in the dry season in July and November. The species was found all night long, mainly between 6:00 PM and 10:00 PM in animal sheds and between 8:00 PM and 2:00 AM indoors.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Rebêlo
- Núcleo de Patologia Tropical e Medicina Social, Departamento de Patologia, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, São Luís, MA, 65025-560, Brasil.
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Jimenez AE, Rojas JC, Vargas F, Herrero MV. Temporal and spatial variation of phlebotomine (Diptera: Psychodidae) community diversity in a cutaneous leishmaniasis endemic area of Costa Rica. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2000; 37:216-221. [PMID: 10730490 DOI: 10.1603/0022-2585-37.2.216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Phlebotomine sand fly species composition and diversity were studied in Acosta, an area of Costa Rica endemic for cutaneous leishmaniasis. Two CDC miniature light traps per house were set overnight in 72 houses distributed in 6 localities, once a month, during the rainy seasons of 1994 and 1995. Of the 22 species collected, the most common were Lutzomyia serrana (Damasceno & Arouck), L. youngi Feliciangelli & Murillo, L. ylephiletor (Fairchild & Hertig), L. shannoni (Dyar), L. cruciata (Coquillett), L. gomezi (Nitzulescu), L. sanguinaria (Fairchild & Hertig), and Warileya rotundipennis (Fairchild & Hertig). The Czekanowsky index and the Sorensen index as modified by Bray and Curtis to consider abundance were used to compare species composition and beta-diversity. Comparisons were made among localities within years, between years, and localities each year. The data strongly indicated that phlebotomine species composition is more stable than diversity or abundance.
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Affiliation(s)
- A E Jimenez
- Laboratory of Entomology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica
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Galati EA, Nunes VL, Rego Júnior FDA, Oshiro ET, Chang MR. [Phlebotomines (Diptera: Psychodidae) focusing visceral leishmaniasis in the State of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil]. Rev Saude Publica 1997; 31:378-90. [PMID: 9595767 DOI: 10.1590/s0034-89101997000400007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In the Americas, Lutzomyia longipalpis has been incriminated as the vector of visceral leishmaniasis in almost all the areas in which this disease has been reported. The notification of human cases of visceral leishmaniasis and the presence of dogs with an appearance suggestive of the disease in the country of Corumbá, Mato Grosso do Sul State, Brazil, led us to undertake an entomological investigation in this area, for the purpose of identifying the phlebotomine vector. MATERIAL AND METHOD The county of Corumbá is located in the Pantanal region and its urban area is situated at 18 degrees 59' 44" South and 57 degrees 39' 16" West. The research project was carried out in peri and intradomiciliary environments, in three urban districts, one of which was central and the other two on the outskirts, and in a cave situated outside the urban perimeter. Most of the captures were made weekly with light automatic traps, in the period from February 1984 to December 1986. Meteorological data for this period were obtained from the city's meteorological station and those for the period from 1925 to 1982 from the literature. RESULTS The urban phlebotomine fauna consisted of eight species and was similar to that of the cave, except that in the latter the species were more abundant. Lutzomyia cruzi was predominant in the peri and intradomiciliary environments. Its prevalence in the central district was of 90.3% and lower in the outskirts. Lu. forattinii presented considerable prevalence (39.0%) in one of the outlying districts too. In the cave, Lu. corumbaensis was the predominant species, followed by Lu. sordellii, Lu. forattinii, Lu. peresi and Lu. cruzi. The impact of the climatic condition and the action of insecticides in the urban area on the frequency of the species, as well as the use of the cave as a breeding ground by the phlebotomines, in view of the changes in the sex rate, are commented. Data on anthropophily and captures of Lu. forattinii using dog bait have been added. CONCLUSION The predominance of Lu. cruzi in the urban area; the great prevalence of Lu. forattinii in most of the outlying areas studied and the anthropophily of this latter species, as well as the strong affinity of these species with Lu. longipalpis, the main vector of visceral leishmaniais in other areas of the Americas, suggest the participation of both in the transmission of the disease in Corumbá.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Galati
- Departamento de Epidemiologia, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, Brasil.
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López Y, Osorio L, Alvarez G, Rojas J, Jiménez F, Gómez C, Ferro C. Sandfly Lutzomyia longipalpis in a Cutaneous leishmaniasis focus in central Colombia. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 1996; 91:415-9. [PMID: 9070401 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02761996000400005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Lutzomyia longipalpis, 15 other species of the genus Lutzomyia, and one species of Brumptomyia were collected in an endemic focus of cutaneous leishmaniasis in a river canyon 450 m above sea-level, in Rio Claro, Antioquia, Colombia. The presence of Lu. longipalpis is associated with the destruction of the primary forest and the development of new farmland and rural settlement in this region. The composition of species identified a different habitat for Lu. longipalpis in Colombia. Lu. yuilli and Lu. longipalpis were predominant (68.26%) followed by Lu. trapidoi, Lu. hartmani, Lu. triramula, Lu. panamensis, Lu. gomezi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y López
- Laboratorio Departamental de Salud Pública, Medellin, Colombia
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Quinnell RJ, Dye C. Correlates of the peridomestic abundance of Lutzomyia longipalpis (Diptera: Psychodidae) in Amazonian Brazil. MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY 1994; 8:219-224. [PMID: 7949312 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2915.1994.tb00502.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Abundance of the sandfly Lutzomyia longipalpis, the vector of Leishmania chagasi, was surveyed using CDC light-suction traps in fifteen villages and 180 homesteads on Marajó island, Pará State, Brazil. Flies were most abundant in cultivated areas, secondary growth and open woodland, away from savanna grassland and forest. Within homesteads, the abundance of flies in animal sheds was weakly associated with the number of hosts kept therein, and inversely related to the number elsewhere, both human and animal. Houses harboured more flies if dogs were present and if the house had: a roof of thatch rather than of tiles or tin; a thatched roof which had not been treated with insecticide; relatively more holes in walls and roof. The sex ratio of flies was more male-biased at higher densities. We weigh the importance of these variables as risk factors for Le. chagasi infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Quinnell
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, U.K
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Travi BL, Vélez ID, Brutus L, Segura I, Jaramillo C, Montoya J. Lutzomyia evansi, an alternate vector of Leishmania chagasi in a Colombian focus of visceral leishmaniasis. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1990; 84:676-7. [PMID: 2278068 DOI: 10.1016/0035-9203(90)90142-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- B L Travi
- Centro Internacional de Investigaciones Médicas, Cali, Colombia
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