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Filgueira CPB, Pitta-Pereira D, Cantanhêde LM, Ferreira GEM, Dos Reis S, Cupolillo E, Moreira OC, Britto C, Boité MC. HRM Accuracy and Limitations as a Species Typing Tool for Leishmania Parasites. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14784. [PMID: 37834232 PMCID: PMC10573552 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
High Resolution Melting Analysis (HRM) has been pointed out as a suitable alternative method to detect and identify Leishmania species. Herein, we aimed to evaluate the sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, and limitations of a HSP70-HRM protocol both as a diagnostic scheme applied in clinical samples and as a species typing tool for laboratory research and reference services. Our data reveal the pronounced species-typing potential of the HSP70-HRM in DNA from cultured parasites. For clinical samples, however, we advise caution due to parasite load-dependent accuracy. In light of these findings and considering the importance of parasite load determination for clinical and research purposes, we recommend the integration of the presented typing scheme and the previously published Leishmania quantifying approach as combined tools for clinicians, surveillance, and research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Patricio Braga Filgueira
- Leishmaniasis Research Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil; (C.P.B.F.); (L.M.C.); (E.C.)
| | - Daniela Pitta-Pereira
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Doenças Endêmicas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Pavilhão Leônidas Deane, Sala 209, Avenida Brasil 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro 21045-900, Brazil; (D.P.-P.); (C.B.)
| | - Lilian Motta Cantanhêde
- Leishmaniasis Research Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil; (C.P.B.F.); (L.M.C.); (E.C.)
- Laboratório de EpiGenética, Fiocruz Rondônia, Rua da Beira, 7671, Porto Velho 76812-245, Brazil; (G.E.M.F.); (S.D.R.)
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Epidemiologia da Amazônia Ocidental, INCT EpiAmO, Porto Velho 76812-100, Brazil
| | | | - Sayonara Dos Reis
- Laboratório de EpiGenética, Fiocruz Rondônia, Rua da Beira, 7671, Porto Velho 76812-245, Brazil; (G.E.M.F.); (S.D.R.)
| | - Elisa Cupolillo
- Leishmaniasis Research Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil; (C.P.B.F.); (L.M.C.); (E.C.)
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Epidemiologia da Amazônia Ocidental, INCT EpiAmO, Porto Velho 76812-100, Brazil
| | - Otacilio C. Moreira
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Parasitology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Constança Britto
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Doenças Endêmicas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Pavilhão Leônidas Deane, Sala 209, Avenida Brasil 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro 21045-900, Brazil; (D.P.-P.); (C.B.)
| | - Mariana Côrtes Boité
- Leishmaniasis Research Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil; (C.P.B.F.); (L.M.C.); (E.C.)
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Mendes Junior AAV, Filgueira CPB, Miranda LDFC, de Almeida AB, Cantanhêde LM, Fagundes A, Pereira SA, Menezes RC, Cupolillo E. First report of Leishmania (Mundinia) martiniquensis in South American territory and confirmation of Leishbunyavirus infecting this parasite in a mare. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2023; 118:e220220. [PMID: 37194810 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760220220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidemiological data related to leishmaniases or Leishmania infection in horses are scarce. However, studies carried out in different regions in the world showed equids parasitised by Leishmania braziliensis, L. infantum and L. martiniquensis. OBJECTIVES Identify the Leishmania species causing cutaneous leishmaniasis in a mare, living in Rio de Janeiro State (Brazil), and search the presence of Leishmania viruses in the isolated parasite. METHODS Isoenzymes and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting ITSrDNA region followed by sequencing were conducted for typing the isolated parasite. A search for Leishmania virus infection was also performed. FINDINGS The mare presented skin nodules and ulcers in the left pinna caused by Leishmania spp. that was detected by culture and PCR. The parasite was identified as Leishmania (Mundinia) martiniquensis, infected by Leishbunyavirus (LBV), representing the first description of this species in South America. The animal travelled to different Brazilian regions, but not to outside the country. MAIN CONCLUSIONS The worldwide distribution of L. martiniquensis and its infection by LBV were confirmed in this study, indicating the autochthonous transmission cycle in Brazil. The clinical profile of the disease in the mare, showing fast spontaneous healing of cutaneous lesions, may indicate that skin lesions related to L. martiniquensis infection in horses might be underdiagnosed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artur Augusto Velho Mendes Junior
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica em Dermatozoonoses em Animais Domésticos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | | | - Luciana de Freitas Campos Miranda
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica e Vigilância em Leishmanioses, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Adilson Benedito de Almeida
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica em Dermatozoonoses em Animais Domésticos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Lilian Motta Cantanhêde
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Pesquisa em Leishmanioses, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Aline Fagundes
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica e Vigilância em Leishmanioses, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Sandro Antônio Pereira
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica em Dermatozoonoses em Animais Domésticos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Rodrigo Caldas Menezes
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica em Dermatozoonoses em Animais Domésticos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Elisa Cupolillo
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Pesquisa em Leishmanioses, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
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de Albuquerque-Melo BC, Cysne-Finkelstein L, Gonçalves-Oliveira LF, Cascabulho CM, Henriques-Pons A, Pereira MCDS, Alves CR, Dias-Lopes G. Impact of collaborative actions of Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis subpopulations on the infection profile. Parasitology 2022; 149:1526-1535. [PMID: 35822537 PMCID: PMC11010534 DOI: 10.1017/s003118202200097x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
This study focuses on the role of the population structure of Leishmania spp. on the adaptive capacity of the parasite. Herein, we investigate the contribution of subpopulations of the L. (V.) braziliensis Thor strain (Thor03, Thor10 and Thor22) in the profile of murine macrophages infection. Infection assays were performed with binary combinations of these subpopulations at stationary phases. The initial interaction time showed major effects on the combination assays, as demonstrated by the significant increase in the infection rate at 5 h. Based on the endocytic index (EI), Thor10 (EI = 563.6) and Thor03 (EI = 497) showed a higher infection load compared to Thor22 (EI = 227.3). However, the EI decreased in Thor03 after 48 h (EI = 447) and 72 h (EI = 388.3) of infection, and showed changes in the infection level in all Thor10/Thor22 combinations. Assays with CellTrace CFSE-labelled Thor22 promastigotes indicated an increase (~1.5 fold) in infection by this subpopulation in the presence of Thor10 when compared to the infection profile of Thor03/Thor22 combinations in the same proportions. In addition, the potential of these subpopulations, alone or in binary combinations, to modulate the expression of cytokines and nitric oxide (NO) in vitro was investigated. Lower NO and tumour necrosis factor-α production levels were observed for all Thor10/Thor22 combinations at 24 h compared to these subpopulations alone. In contrast, Thor03/Thor22 combination assays increased IL-10 production at this time. Collectively, these results provide in vitro evidence on the potential of L. (V.) braziliensis population structure to play a relevant role in a host infection by this parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Léa Cysne-Finkelstein
- Laboratório de Imunoparasitologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Luiz Filipe Gonçalves-Oliveira
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Doenças Endêmicas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Cynthia Machado Cascabulho
- Laboratório de Inovação em Terapias, Ensino e Bioprodutos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Andrea Henriques-Pons
- Laboratório de Inovação em Terapias, Ensino e Bioprodutos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | | | - Carlos Roberto Alves
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Doenças Endêmicas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Geovane Dias-Lopes
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Doenças Endêmicas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
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Cutolo AA, Motoie G, Menz I, Pereira-Chioccola VL. Persistent cutaneous canine leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis in an area with predominance of Nyssomyia neivai in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE PARASITOLOGIA VETERINARIA 2021; 30:e007121. [PMID: 34550212 DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612021074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
American cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL) is a neglected zoonotic disease caused mainly by Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis, which is endemic throughout Brazil. Canine ACL cases were investigated in a rural area of Monte Mor, São Paulo, where a human ACL case had been confirmed. Dogs were evaluated through clinical and laboratory diagnosis including serology, cytological tissue preparations and PCR on skin lesions, lymph node and bone marrow samples. Entomological investigations on sandflies trapped in the surroundings of the study area were performed for 14 months. Nyssomyia neivai was the predominant phlebotomine species, comprising 94.65% of the captured specimens (832 out of 879). This species was the most abundant in all trapping sites, including human homes and dog shelters. Ny. whitmani, Migonemyia migonei, Pintomyia monticola, Evandromyia cortellezzii, Pi. fischeri and Expapilata firmatoi were also captured. Two of the three dogs examined were positive for anti-Leishmania IgG in ELISA using the antigen Fucose mannose ligand and skin samples were positive for L. (V.) braziliensis in PCR, but all the samples collected were negative for L. (L.) infantum. One of the dogs had a confirmed persistent infection for more than one year.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Antonio Cutolo
- Centro de Parasitologia e Micologia, Instituto Adolfo Lutz - IAL, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Gabriela Motoie
- Centro de Parasitologia e Micologia, Instituto Adolfo Lutz - IAL, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
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Phenotypical and genotypical differences among Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis isolates that caused different clinical frames in humans and dogs: A systematic review. Acta Trop 2021; 221:106018. [PMID: 34157292 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2021.106018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis is an important etiological agent of American cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL) in Brazil. The species causes a large spectrum of clinical manifestations in humans and dogs, ranging from cutaneous, cutaneous diffuse, mucocutaneous, and visceral involvement, however, the factors that drive the development of different disease forms by the same species are not yet fully known. In the present work, it was systematically reviewed the studies addressing phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of Leishmania (L.) amazonensis isolates causing cutaneous and visceral clinical frames in humans and dogs, comparing the results observed. For this, four research databases were searched for the following keywords: (Leishmania amazonensis AND visceral leishmaniasis) AND (tropism OR virulence OR visceralization OR adaptations OR mutation OR clinical presentation OR resistance OR survival OR wide spectrum). The results revealed that the complexity disease seems to involve the combination of genetic factors of the parasite (as modifications in molecules related to the virulence and metabolism) and also of the host's immune background and status. Nonetheless, the exact mechanism that leads to different clinical manifestations between strains of the same species is still uncertain and future studies must be developed to better elucidate this phenomenon.
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Torrico MC, Fernández-Arévalo A, Ballart C, Solano M, Rojas E, Ariza E, Tebar S, Lozano D, Abras A, Gascón J, Picado A, Muñoz C, Torrico F, Gállego M. Tegumentary leishmaniasis by Leishmania braziliensis complex in Cochabamba, Bolivia including the presence of L. braziliensis outlier: Tegumentary leishmaniasis in Cochabamba, Bolivia. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 69:2242-2255. [PMID: 34232559 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Revised: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is caused by protozoans of the Leishmania genus, which includes more than 20 species capable of infecting humans worldwide. In the Americas, the most widespread specie is L. braziliensis, present in 18 countries including Bolivia. The taxonomic position of the L. braziliensis complex has been a subject of controversy, complicated further by the recent identification of a particular subpopulation named L. braziliensis atypical or outlier. The aim of this study was to carry out a systematic analysis of the L. braziliensis complex in Bolivia and to describe the associated clinical characteristics. Forty-one strains were analyzed by sequencing an amplified 1245 bp fragment of the hsp70 gene, which allowed its identification as: 24 (59%) L. braziliensis, 16 (39%) L. braziliensis outlier, and one (2%) L. peruviana. In a dendrogram constructed, L. braziliensis and L. peruviana are grouped in the same cluster, whilst L. braziliensis outlier appears in a separate branch. Sequence alignment allowed the identification of five non-polymorphic nucleotide positions (288, 297, 642, 993, and 1213) that discriminate L. braziliensis and L. peruviana from L. braziliensis outlier. Moreover, nucleotide positions 51 and 561 enable L. peruviana to be discriminated from the other two taxa. A greater diversity was observed in L. braziliensis outlier than in L. braziliensis-L. peruviana. The 41 strains came from 32 patients with tegumentary leishmaniasis, among which 22 patients (69%) presented cutaneous lesions (11 caused by L. braziliensis and 11 by L. braziliensis outlier) and 10 patients (31%) mucocutaneous lesions (eight caused by L. braziliensis, one by L. braziliensis outlier, and one by L. peruviana). Nine patients (28%) simultaneously provided two isolates, each from a separate lesion, and in each case the same genotype was identified in both. Treatment failure was observed in six patients infected with L. braziliensis and one patient with L. peruviana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Cruz Torrico
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Mayor de San Simón, Cochabamba, Bolivia.,Fundación CEADES y Medio Ambiente, Cochabamba, Bolivia.,Secció de Parasitología, Departament de Biologia, Sanitat i Medi Ambient, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Fernández-Arévalo
- Secció de Parasitología, Departament de Biologia, Sanitat i Medi Ambient, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut de Recerca Biomèdica Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Ballart
- Secció de Parasitología, Departament de Biologia, Sanitat i Medi Ambient, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Instituto de Salud Global de Barcelona (ISGlobal), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marco Solano
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Mayor de San Simón, Cochabamba, Bolivia
| | - Ernesto Rojas
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Mayor de San Simón, Cochabamba, Bolivia
| | - Eva Ariza
- Secció de Parasitología, Departament de Biologia, Sanitat i Medi Ambient, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut de Recerca Biomèdica Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Silvia Tebar
- Secció de Parasitología, Departament de Biologia, Sanitat i Medi Ambient, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Daniel Lozano
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Mayor de San Simón, Cochabamba, Bolivia.,Fundación CEADES y Medio Ambiente, Cochabamba, Bolivia
| | - Alba Abras
- Secció de Parasitología, Departament de Biologia, Sanitat i Medi Ambient, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut de Recerca Biomèdica Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain.,Laboratori d'Ictiologia Genètica, Departament de Biologia, Universitat de Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Joaquim Gascón
- Instituto de Salud Global de Barcelona (ISGlobal), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Albert Picado
- Instituto de Salud Global de Barcelona (ISGlobal), Barcelona, Spain.,Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics (FIND), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Carmen Muñoz
- Institut de Recerca Biomèdica Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain.,Servei de Microbiologia, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Departament de Genètica i Microbiologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Faustino Torrico
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Mayor de San Simón, Cochabamba, Bolivia.,Fundación CEADES y Medio Ambiente, Cochabamba, Bolivia
| | - Montserrat Gállego
- Secció de Parasitología, Departament de Biologia, Sanitat i Medi Ambient, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Instituto de Salud Global de Barcelona (ISGlobal), Barcelona, Spain
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Ducharme O, Simon S, Ginouves M, Prévot G, Couppie P, Demar M, Blaizot R. Leishmania naiffi and lainsoni in French Guiana: Clinical features and phylogenetic variability. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008380. [PMID: 32797078 PMCID: PMC7449503 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In French Guiana, five species are associated with Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (CL). Though infections with Leishmania guyanensis, L. (V.) braziliensis and L. (L.) amazonensis have been extensively described, there are few available clinical and genetic data on L. (V.) lainsoni and L. (V.) naiffi. We determined the clinical and epidemiological features of all cases of CL due to L. (V.) naiffi and L. (V.) lainsoni diagnosed in French Guiana between 2003 and 2019. Phylogenetic analysis was performed by sequencing a portion of HSP70 and cyt b genes. Five cases of L. naiffi and 25 cases of L. lainsoni were reported. Patients infected by L. (V.) lainsoni were usually infected on gold camps, mostly along the Maroni river (60%), while L. naiffi was observed in French patients infected on the coast (100%). A high number of pediatric cases (n = 5; 20%) was observed for L. (V.) lainsoni. A mild clinical course was observed for all cases of L. (V.) naiffi. HSP70 and cyt b partial nucleotide sequence analysis revealed different geographical clusters within L. (V.) naiffi and L. (V.) lainsoni but no association were found between phylogenetic and clinical features. Our data suggest distinct socio-epidemiological features for these two Leishmania species. Patients seem to get infected with L. (V.) naiffi during leisure activities in anthropized coastal areas, while L. (V.) lainsoni shares common features with L. (V.) guyanensis and braziliensis and seems to be acquired during professional activities in primary forest regions. Phylogenetic analysis has provided information on the intraspecific genetic variability of L. (V.) naiffi and L. (V.) lainsoni and how these genotypes are distributed at the geographic level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Océane Ducharme
- Service de Dermatologie, Hôpital Andrée Rosemon, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Stéphane Simon
- Equipe EA3593, Ecosystèmes Amazoniens et Pathologie Tropicale, Université de la Guyane, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Marine Ginouves
- Equipe EA3593, Ecosystèmes Amazoniens et Pathologie Tropicale, Université de la Guyane, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Ghislaine Prévot
- Equipe EA3593, Ecosystèmes Amazoniens et Pathologie Tropicale, Université de la Guyane, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Pierre Couppie
- Service de Dermatologie, Hôpital Andrée Rosemon, Cayenne, French Guiana
- Equipe EA3593, Ecosystèmes Amazoniens et Pathologie Tropicale, Université de la Guyane, Cayenne, French Guiana
- Centre National de Référence des Leishmanioses, laboratoire associé, Hôpital Andrée Rosemon, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Magalie Demar
- Equipe EA3593, Ecosystèmes Amazoniens et Pathologie Tropicale, Université de la Guyane, Cayenne, French Guiana
- Centre National de Référence des Leishmanioses, laboratoire associé, Hôpital Andrée Rosemon, Cayenne, French Guiana
- Laboratoire Hospitalo-Universitaire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Hôpital Andrée Rosemon, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Romain Blaizot
- Service de Dermatologie, Hôpital Andrée Rosemon, Cayenne, French Guiana
- Equipe EA3593, Ecosystèmes Amazoniens et Pathologie Tropicale, Université de la Guyane, Cayenne, French Guiana
- Centre National de Référence des Leishmanioses, laboratoire associé, Hôpital Andrée Rosemon, Cayenne, French Guiana
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Costa-Val APD, Coura FM, Barbieri JDM, Diniz L, Sampaio A, Reis JKPD, Bueno BL, Gontijo CMF. Serological study of feline leishmaniasis and molecular detection of Leishmania infantum and Leishmania braziliensis in cats (Felis catus). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 29:e003520. [PMID: 32520088 DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612020023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Blood samples and swabs from ocular conjunctiva and mouth were obtained from 64 cats. Of 64 serum samples, 19 were positive for Leishmania antibodies by ELISA (29.80%). Eight cats were positive by PCR (12.5%) in swab samples from mouth and/or ocular mucosa. Poor kappa agreement between serological and molecular results (k = 0.16) was obtained. From five positive PCR samples one was L. braziliensis and four were L. infantum. Phylogenetic analysis performed with the five isolates of Leishmania, showed that samples of L. infantum isolated from the cats were phylogenetically close to those isolated from domestic dogs in Brazil, while the L. braziliensis is very similar to the one described in humans in Venezuela. The study demonstrated that, despite high seropositivity for Leishmania in cats living in the study region, poor agreement between serological and molecular results indicate that positive serology is not indicative of Leishmania infection in cats. Parasite DNA can be detected in ocular conjunctiva and oral swabs from cats, indicating that such samples could be used for diagnosis. Results of phylogenetic analyzes show that L. infantum circulating in Brazil is capable of infecting different hosts, demonstrating the parasite's ability to overcome the interspecies barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriane Pimenta da Costa-Val
- Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia Veterinárias, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - UFMG, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Fernanda Morcatti Coura
- Departamento de Ciências Agrárias, Instituto Federal de Minas Gerais - IFMG, Campus Bambuí, Bambuí, MG, Brasil
| | - Jonata de Melo Barbieri
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - UFMG, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Luiza Diniz
- Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia Veterinárias, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - UFMG, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Agnes Sampaio
- Instituto Rene Rachou, Instituto René Rachou - Fiocruz Minas, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Jenner Karlisson Pimenta Dos Reis
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - UFMG, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Bruna Lopes Bueno
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - UFMG, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
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Gianchecchi E, Montomoli E. The enemy at home: leishmaniasis in the Mediterranean basin, Italy on the focus. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2020; 18:563-577. [DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2020.1751611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Emanuele Montomoli
- VisMederi S.r.l, Siena, Italy
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
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Miranda LDFC, Pacheco RDS, Pimentel MIF, Salgueiro MDM, da Silva AF, de Mello CX, Barros JHDS, Valete-Rosalino CM, Madeira MDF, Xavier SCDC, Schubach ADO. Geospatial analysis of tegumentary leishmaniasis in Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil from 2000 to 2015: Species typing and flow of travelers and migrants with leishmaniasis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007748. [PMID: 31730650 PMCID: PMC6857848 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We identified the species of Leishmania isolated from traveling and migrant patients attended in a reference center from 2000 to 2015, we performed the georeferencing of these species in Rio de Janeiro (RJ) state and we had knowledge about the human flows between the likely location of infection (LLI) and place of residence (PR) in RJ state, Brazil. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS This is a retrospective cross-sectional study including 171 patients diagnosed with ATL. Google Maps, OpenStreetMap, and Bing Maps were tools used to georeference LLI and PR. For etiological identification, we used isoenzyme electrophoresis, polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (molecular target hsp70C with restriction enzymes HaeIII and BstUI), and sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer of ribosomal DNA. ARCGIS software was used to create maps of the geographic distribution of Leishmania species in the state and municipality of RJ, together with flows between the LLI and PR. Isolates from 104 patients were identified as: L. (Viannia) braziliensis (80.8%), L. (V.) naiffi (7.7%), L. (V.) guyanensis (6.7%), L. (Leishmania) amazonensis (1%), and genetic variants of L. (V.) braziliensis (3.8%). The flow maps showed that the LLI included 4 countries, 19 Brazilian states, and 18 municipalities of RJ state. The Brazilian states with the highest density of cases were Amazonas (n = 32), Bahia (n = 18), and Ceará (n = 15). CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE This work is the first contribution to the knowledge of the routes of Leishmania species introduced in RJ state by migrants and travelers patients. L. (V.) braziliensis, L. (V.) guyanensis, L. (V.) naiffi, L. (L.) amazonensis, and genetic variants of L. (V.) braziliensis were identified in RJ state. To determine whether the autochthonous transmission of these imported species is possible it is necessary the adaptation of these species to environmental conditions as well as the presence of reservoirs and phlebotomine vectors in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana de Freitas Campos Miranda
- Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica e Vigilância em Leishmanioses, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Raquel da Silva Pacheco
- Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica e Vigilância em Leishmanioses, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Maria Inês Fernandes Pimentel
- Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica e Vigilância em Leishmanioses, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Mariza de Matos Salgueiro
- Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica e Vigilância em Leishmanioses, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Aline Fagundes da Silva
- Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica e Vigilância em Leishmanioses, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Cíntia Xavier de Mello
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Pesquisas Médicas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Claudia Maria Valete-Rosalino
- Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica e Vigilância em Leishmanioses, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Maria de Fátima Madeira
- Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica e Vigilância em Leishmanioses, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Armando de Oliveira Schubach
- Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica e Vigilância em Leishmanioses, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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S. L. Figueiredo de Sá B, Rezende AM, de Melo Neto OP, de Brito MEF, Brandão Filho SP. Identification of divergent Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis ecotypes derived from a geographically restricted area through whole genome analysis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007382. [PMID: 31170148 PMCID: PMC6581274 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmania braziliensis, the main etiological agent of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) in Latin America, is characterized by major differences in basic biology in comparison with better-known Leishmania species. It is also associated with a high phenotypic and possibly genetic diversity that need to be more adequately defined. Here we used whole genome sequences to evaluate the genetic diversity of ten L. braziliensis isolates from a CL endemic area from Northeastern Brazil, previously classified by Multi Locus Enzyme Electrophoresis (MLEE) into ten distinct zymodemes. These sequences were first mapped using the L. braziliensis M2904 reference genome followed by identification of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs). A substantial level of diversity was observed when compared with the reference genome, with SNP counts ranging from ~95,000 to ~131,000 for the different isolates. When the genome data was used to infer relationship between isolates, those belonging to zymodemes Z72/Z75, recovered from forested environments, were found to cluster separately from the others, generally associated with more urban environments. Among the remaining isolates, those from zymodemes Z74/Z106 were also found to form a separate group. Phylogenetic analyses were also performed using Multi-Locus Sequence Analysis from genes coding for four metabolic enzymes used for MLEE as well as the gene sequence coding for the Hsp70 heat shock protein. All 10 isolates were firmly identified as L. braziliensis, including the zymodeme Z26 isolate previously classified as Leishmania shawi, with the clustering into three groups confirmed. Aneuploidy was also investigated but found in general restricted to chromosome 31, with a single isolate, from zymodeme Z27, characterized by extra copies for other chromosomes. Noteworthy, both Z72 and Z75 isolates are characterized by a much reduced heterozygosity. Our data is consistent with the existence of distinct evolutionary groups in the restricted area sampled and a substantial genetic diversity within L. braziliensis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Antonio M. Rezende
- Department of Microbiology, Aggeu Magalhães Institute/FIOCRUZ, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
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El Hamouchi A, Ajaoud M, Arroub H, Charrel R, Lemrani M. Genetic diversity of Leishmania tropica in Morocco: does the dominance of one haplotype signify its fitness in both predominantly anthropophilic Phlebotomus sergenti and human beings? Transbound Emerg Dis 2018; 66:373-380. [PMID: 30281944 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Revised: 09/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
In Morocco, cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) caused by Leishmania tropica is endemic to locations where the predominantly anthropophilic blood-feeding Phlebotomus sergenti and humans co-perpetuate. The objective of this study was to explore whether the range of epidemiological features of CLcould be linked to the range of L. tropica genetic heterogeneity and to further explore the relationships between the genetic diversity of L. tropica in both P. sergenti and humans. L. tropica DNAwas extracted from dermal scarping smears of 125 CLpatients. Genetic polymorphisms were analyzed by sequencing the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) 1 and 5.8S rDNAgene. Nucleotide diversity (π), haplotype diversity (Hd) and Tajima's D test for neutrality, as well as overall and pairwise FSTvalues, were calculated using Arlequin ver 3.5 software. Out of the 125 amplified DNAsequences, 93 were completely sequenced and 13 L. tropica haplotypes were identified, which confirmed the significant genetic heterogeneity of L. tropica in Morocco. The most common haplotype included 74 out of 93 sequences; this haplotype is not only widely represented but was also detected in P. sergenti, which is known to be the most abundant species in the studied foci. Considering the negative value calculated using Tajima's D index, we briefly discussed the hypothesis that the L. tropica common haplotype propagation could be a sign of its fitness in P. sergenti and human hosts. Furthermore, analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) shows significant correlations between intraspecific variants of L. tropica and patients' geographic origins. The long-term goals of the present pilot study are to further explore the relationships between the genetic diversity of L. tropica in human and P. sergenti populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adil El Hamouchi
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Vector-Borne-Diseases, Institut Pasteur du Maroc, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Malika Ajaoud
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Vector-Borne-Diseases, Institut Pasteur du Maroc, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Hassan Arroub
- Laboratory of Management and Valorization of Natural Resources, FST, Sultan Moulay Slimane University, Beni Mellal, Morocco
| | - Rémi Charrel
- IRD French Institute of Research for Development, EHESP French School of Public Health, EPV UMR_D 190 "Emergence des Pathologies Virales" & IHU Méditerranée Infection, APHM Public Hospitals of Marseille, Aix Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Meryem Lemrani
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Vector-Borne-Diseases, Institut Pasteur du Maroc, Casablanca, Morocco
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[Molecular typing of Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis and species of the subgenus Viannia associated with cutaneous and mucosal leishmaniasis in Colombia: A concordance study]. BIOMEDICA 2018; 38:86-95. [PMID: 29668138 DOI: 10.7705/biomedica.v38i0.3632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Revised: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Multilocus enzyme electrophoresis (MLEE) is the reference standard for the characterization of Leishmania species. The test is restricted to specialized laboratories due to its technical complexity, cost, and time required to obtain results. Polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) is used to identify Leishmania species. OBJECTIVE To establish the concordance between the two tests as identifying methods for circulating species in Colombia. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 96 isolates from patients with cutaneous or mucosal leishmaniasis were selected and identified by MLEE and PCR-RFLP with miniexon and hsp70 as the molecular targets, which were used sequentially. Restriction enzymes HaeIII and BccI were similarly applied. Cohen's kappa coefficient and the 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated. RESULTS The kappa coefficient and the 95% CI between MLEE and PCR-RFLP displayed "very good" concordance with a coefficient of 0.98 (CI95%: 0.98 to 1.00). The identified species were Leishmania Viannia braziliensis, Leishmania Viannia panamensis, Leishmania Viannia guyanensis and Leishmania Leishmania amazonensis. A total of 80 of the 96 isolates were sequenced and the results obtained by PCR-RFLP were confirmed. CONCLUSION Due to the concordance obtained between tests results with the amplification of the genes miniexon and hsp70, PCR-RFLP is proposed as an alternative for identifying circulating Leishmania species in Colombia.
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Espiau B, Vilhena V, Cuvillier A, Barral A, Merlin G. Phenotypic diversity and selection maintain Leishmania amazonensis infectivity in BALB/c mouse model. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2017; 112:44-52. [PMID: 28076468 PMCID: PMC5225529 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760160280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmania are protozoan parasites that show remarkable diversity, as revealed by the various clinical forms of leishmaniasis, which can range from mild skin lesions to severe metastatic cutaneous/mucosal lesions. The exact nature and extent of Leishmania phenotypic diversity in establishing infection is not fully understood. In order to try to understand some aspects of this diversity, we subcutaneously infected BALB/c mice with first and second generation subclones of a L. amazonensis strain isolated from a patient (BA125) and examined in vivo lesion growth rate and antimony susceptibility. In vivo fast-, medium- and slow-growing subclones were obtained; moreover, fast-growing subclones could generate slow-growing subclones and inversely, revealing the continuous generation of diversity after passage into mice. No antimony-resistant subclone appeared, probably a rare occurrence. By tagging subclone cells with a L. amazonensis genomic cosmid library, we found that only a very small number of founding cells could produce lesions. Leishmania clones transfected with in vivo selected individual cosmids were also diverse in terms of lesion growth rate, revealing the cosmid-independent intrinsic characteristics of each clone. Our results suggest that only a few of the infecting parasites are able to grow and produce lesions; later, within the cell mixture of each lesion, there coexist several parasite populations with different potentialities to grow lesions during the next infection round. This may reflect a sort of programmed heterogeneity of individual parasites, favoring the survival of some individuals in various environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoît Espiau
- Université de Bordeaux, Laboratoire de Génomique Fonctionnelle des Trypanosomatidés, Bordeaux, France.,LabEx Corail, Papetoai, Moorea, Polynésie Française
| | - Virginia Vilhena
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Salvador, BA, Brasil.,Faculdade Anhanguera de Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brasil
| | - Armelle Cuvillier
- Université de Bordeaux, Laboratoire de Génomique Fonctionnelle des Trypanosomatidés, Bordeaux, France.,B Cell Design, Limoges, France
| | - Aldina Barral
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Salvador, BA, Brasil.,Instituto de Investigação em Imunologia, Salvador, BA, Brasil
| | - Gilles Merlin
- Université de Bordeaux, Laboratoire de Génomique Fonctionnelle des Trypanosomatidés, Bordeaux, France.,Instituto de Investigação em Imunologia, Salvador, BA, Brasil
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Identification and Biological Characterization of Leishmania (Viannia) guyanensis Isolated from a Patient with Tegumentary Leishmaniasis in Goiás, a Nonendemic Area for This Species in Brazil. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:350764. [PMID: 26583102 PMCID: PMC4637049 DOI: 10.1155/2015/350764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to characterize clinical field isolates of Leishmania spp. obtained from patients with American Tegumentary Leishmaniasis (ATL) who live in Goiás state, Brazil. The presumed areas of infection were in Goiás, Tocantins, and Pará states. Three isolates of parasites were identified as L. (Viannia) braziliensis and one as L. (V.) guyanensis. The in vitro growth profiles were found to be similar for all parasites. Nevertheless, in C57BL/6 mice, L. (V.) guyanensis infection was better controlled than L. (V.) braziliensis. Yet in C57BL/6 mice deficient in interferon gamma, L. (V.) guyanensis lesions developed faster than those caused by L. (V.) braziliensis isolates. In BALB/c mice, the development of lesions was similar for isolates from both species; however, on the 11th week of infection, amastigotes could not be observed in macrophages from L. (V.) guyanensis-infected mice. Thus, L. (V.) guyanensis can be circulating in Goiás, a state where autochthonous cases of this species had not yet been reported. Considering the difficulties to differentiate L. (V.) guyanensis from L. (V.) braziliensis at the molecular, morphological, and clinical (human and murine models) levels, the presence of L. (V.) guyanensis infections is possibly underestimated in several regions of Brazil.
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Ferreira LT, Gomes AHDS, Pereira-Chioccola VL. GENOTYPE CHARACTERIZATION OF Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis ISOLATED FROM HUMAN AND CANINE BIOPSIES WITH AMERICAN CUTANEOUS LEISHMANIASIS. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2015. [PMID: 26200968 PMCID: PMC4544252 DOI: 10.1590/s0036-46652015000300013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: American tegumentary leishmaniasis (ATL) can be caused by Leishmania
(Viannia) braziliensis complex. The evolution of ATL initially results
in lesions and can develop into disseminated or diffuse forms. The genetic
diversity of L. (V.) braziliensis in some endemic areas of Brazil
has been poorly studied, such as in the state of São Paulo. This study analyzed
the genetic diversity of L. (V.) braziliensis isolates collected
from patients and dogs with LTA from the state of São Paulo. Methods: Leishmaniasis diagnosis was determined by PCR. The 132 biopsies were collected in
different regions of Sao Paulo State, Brazil (36 municipalities). The genetic
characterization of L. (V.) braziliensis isolates was tested by
RFLP-PCR using DNA extracted from biopsies. The primer set amplified a specific
region of Leishmania internal transcribed spacers of the
ribosomal DNA locus. Results: Of the 132 samples, 52 (40%) were completely genotyped by RFLP-PCR (44 from human
patients and eight from dogs). The results showed nine distinct patterns. The
majority of the genotyped samples were from Sorocaba (30), and the others were
distributed among 14 other municipalities. The first pattern was more frequent (29
samples), followed by pattern 2 (nine samples) and pattern 3 (three samples).
Patterns 4, 6, 7, 8 and 9 were composed of two samples each and pattern 5 of one
sample. Conclusion: These results suggest that polymorphic strains of L. (V.)
braziliensis circulate in the state of São Paulo. These data agree
with studies from other regions of Brazil, showing great variability among the
natural populations of endemic foci.
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Yazidi R, Bettaieb J, Ghawar W, Jaouadi K, Châabane S, Zaatour A, Ben Salah A. RAPD-PCR reveals genetic polymorphism among Leishmania major strains from Tunisian patients. BMC Infect Dis 2015; 15:269. [PMID: 26170197 PMCID: PMC4501292 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-015-1010-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania (L.) major is endemoepidemic in the Center and South of Tunisia. The clinical course of the disease varies widely among different patients and geographic regions. Although genetic diversity in L. major parasites has been suggested as a potential factor influencing their pathogenic variability, little information on genetic polymorphism among L. major strains is available in the literature. This work aimed to estimate the genetic variability within different isolates of L. major. Methods Our sample comprised 39 isolates (confirmed as L. major by restriction fragment length polymorphism typing) from patients experiencing the same clinical manifestations but living in different regions of Tunisia where L. major is endemic. Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) PCR marker polymorphism was estimated by calculating Nei and Li’s genetic distances and by an analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA). Results Analysis of the genetic diversity among the isolates revealed a high level of polymorphism (43 %) among them. AMOVA indicated that the highest variability (99 %) existed within the study regions. Conclusions Our results revealed a heterogeneous genetic profile for L. major with similar clinical manifestations occurring within the different geographical regions. Additional L. major isolates from patients, insect vectors, and reservoir hosts from different endemic foci should be collected for further analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rihab Yazidi
- Department of Medical Epidemiology, Laboratory of Transmission, Control and Immunobiology of Infections (LR11IPT02), Pasteur Institute of Tunis, 13 Place Pasteur BP-74, Tunis, Belvedere, 1002, Tunisia.
| | - Jihene Bettaieb
- Department of Medical Epidemiology, Laboratory of Transmission, Control and Immunobiology of Infections (LR11IPT02), Pasteur Institute of Tunis, 13 Place Pasteur BP-74, Tunis, Belvedere, 1002, Tunisia.
| | - Wissem Ghawar
- Department of Medical Epidemiology, Laboratory of Transmission, Control and Immunobiology of Infections (LR11IPT02), Pasteur Institute of Tunis, 13 Place Pasteur BP-74, Tunis, Belvedere, 1002, Tunisia.
| | - Kaouther Jaouadi
- Department of Medical Epidemiology, Laboratory of Transmission, Control and Immunobiology of Infections (LR11IPT02), Pasteur Institute of Tunis, 13 Place Pasteur BP-74, Tunis, Belvedere, 1002, Tunisia.
| | - Sana Châabane
- Department of Medical Epidemiology, Laboratory of Transmission, Control and Immunobiology of Infections (LR11IPT02), Pasteur Institute of Tunis, 13 Place Pasteur BP-74, Tunis, Belvedere, 1002, Tunisia.
| | - Amor Zaatour
- Department of Medical Epidemiology, Laboratory of Transmission, Control and Immunobiology of Infections (LR11IPT02), Pasteur Institute of Tunis, 13 Place Pasteur BP-74, Tunis, Belvedere, 1002, Tunisia.
| | - Afif Ben Salah
- Department of Medical Epidemiology, Laboratory of Transmission, Control and Immunobiology of Infections (LR11IPT02), Pasteur Institute of Tunis, 13 Place Pasteur BP-74, Tunis, Belvedere, 1002, Tunisia.
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Doudi M, Karami M, Eslami G, Setorki M. A Study of Genetic Polymorphism of Crithidia in Isfahan, Iran. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.17795/zjrms971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Thrall PH, Oakeshott JG, Fitt G, Southerton S, Burdon JJ, Sheppard A, Russell RJ, Zalucki M, Heino M, Ford Denison R. Evolution in agriculture: the application of evolutionary approaches to the management of biotic interactions in agro-ecosystems. Evol Appl 2015; 4:200-15. [PMID: 25567968 PMCID: PMC3352559 DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-4571.2010.00179.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2010] [Accepted: 11/30/2010] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Anthropogenic impacts increasingly drive ecological and evolutionary processes at many spatio-temporal scales, demanding greater capacity to predict and manage their consequences. This is particularly true for agro-ecosystems, which not only comprise a significant proportion of land use, but which also involve conflicting imperatives to expand or intensify production while simultaneously reducing environmental impacts. These imperatives reinforce the likelihood of further major changes in agriculture over the next 30–40 years. Key transformations include genetic technologies as well as changes in land use. The use of evolutionary principles is not new in agriculture (e.g. crop breeding, domestication of animals, management of selection for pest resistance), but given land-use trends and other transformative processes in production landscapes, ecological and evolutionary research in agro-ecosystems must consider such issues in a broader systems context. Here, we focus on biotic interactions involving pests and pathogens as exemplars of situations where integration of agronomic, ecological and evolutionary perspectives has practical value. Although their presence in agro-ecosystems may be new, many traits involved in these associations evolved in natural settings. We advocate the use of predictive frameworks based on evolutionary models as pre-emptive management tools and identify some specific research opportunities to facilitate this. We conclude with a brief discussion of multidisciplinary approaches in applied evolutionary problems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gary Fitt
- CSIRO Ecosystem Sciences Indooroopilly, Qld, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | - Myron Zalucki
- The University of Queensland, School of Integrative Biology Qld, Australia
| | - Mikko Heino
- Department of Biology, University of Bergen Bergen, Norway
| | - R Ford Denison
- University of Minnesota, Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior St. Paul, MN, USA
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Phylogenetic relationships of Leishmania species based on trypanosomatid barcode (SSU rDNA) and gGAPDH genes: Taxonomic revision of Leishmania (L.) infantum chagasi in South America. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2014; 25:44-51. [PMID: 24747606 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2014.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2013] [Revised: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Phylogenetic studies on trypanosomatid barcode using V7V8 SSU rRNA and gGAPDH gene sequences have provided support for redefining some trypanosomatid species and positioning new isolates. The genus Leishmania is a slow evolving monophyletic group and including important human pathogens. The phylogenetic relationships of this genus have been determined by the natural history of its vertebrate hosts, vector specificity, clinical manifestations, geographical distribution and molecular approaches using different markers. Thus, in an attempt to better understand the phylogenetic relationships of Leishmania species, we performed phylogenetic analysis on trypanosomatid barcode using V7V8 SSU rRNA and gGAPDH gene sequences among a large number of Leishmania species and also several Brazilian visceral Leishmania infantum chagasi isolates obtained from dogs and humans. Our phylogenetic analysis strongly suggested that Leishmania hertigi and Leishmania equatoriensis should be taxonomically revised so as to include them in the genus Endotrypanum; and supported ancient divergence of Leishmania enriettii. This, together with recent data in the literature, throws light on the discussion about the evolutionary southern supercontinent hypothesis for the origin of Leishmania ssp. and validates L. infantum chagasi from Brazil, thus clearly differentiating it from L. infantum, for the first time.
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Truppel JH, Otomura F, Teodoro U, Massafera R, da Costa-Ribeiro MCV, Catarino CM, Dalagrana L, Costa Ferreira MEM, Thomaz-Soccol V. Can equids be a reservoir of Leishmania braziliensis in endemic areas? PLoS One 2014; 9:e93731. [PMID: 24721908 PMCID: PMC3983081 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0093731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2013] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we detected Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis infection in equids living in endemic regions of cutaneous leishmaniasis. To determine the role of these animals in the Leishmania cycle, we used two approaches: serological and molecular methods. Antibodies to the parasite were assayed using the Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). Blood samples were collected and tested by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and the positive products were sequenced. The results showed that 11.0% (25/227) of the equids were seropositive for Leishmania sp, and 16.3% (37/227) were PCR positive. Antibodies were detected in 20 horses, 3 donkeys, and 2 mules, and the parasite DNA was detected in 30 horses, 5 donkeys, and 2 mules. Sequencing the amplified DNA revealed 100% similarity with sequences for Viannia complex, corroborating the results of PCR for L. braziliensis. Our results show that equids are infected with L. braziliensis, which could be food sources for phlebotomines in the peridomiciliary environment and consequently play a role in the cutaneous leishmaniasis cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessé Henrique Truppel
- Center for Zoonoses Control, Department of Health Surveillance, Municipal Health Department, Araucária, Paraná, Brazil
- Post-Graduation Program in Microbiology, Parasitology and Pathology, Department of Pathology, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Flavio Otomura
- Post-Graduation Program in Health Sciences, Maringá State University (UEM), Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Ueslei Teodoro
- Post-Graduation Program in Health Sciences, Maringá State University (UEM), Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Rubens Massafera
- Surveillance Service of Health, Ministry of Health, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - Magda Clara Vieira da Costa-Ribeiro
- Post-Graduation Program in Microbiology, Parasitology and Pathology, Department of Pathology, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Carolina Motter Catarino
- Post-Graduation Program in Microbiology, Parasitology and Pathology, Department of Pathology, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Luana Dalagrana
- Post-Graduation Program in Microbiology, Parasitology and Pathology, Department of Pathology, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | | | - Vanete Thomaz-Soccol
- Post-Graduation Program in Microbiology, Parasitology and Pathology, Department of Pathology, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Mirzaie F, Eslami G, Yosefi MH, Pestehchian N. Molecular identification of Leishmania isolates obtained from patients suspected as having cutaneous leishmaniasis referred to reference laboratories from Yazd province in central Iran. Adv Biomed Res 2013; 2:92. [PMID: 24524036 PMCID: PMC3908692 DOI: 10.4103/2277-9175.122525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2012] [Accepted: 02/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) continues to be an increasing public health problem in Iran. The dominant etiologic agents of CL in the Old World are Leishmania major and Leishmania tropica. One of the important endemic foci of CL in Iran is Yazd. Recently, previous studies showed the equal prevalence of L. major and L. tropica as the agents of cutaneous leishmaniasis in this area. This prompted us to identify the genotype of L. major isolates obtained from patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis. Materials and Methods: After completing a clinical/epidemiologic data questionnaire for 218 patients with suspected skin lesions, scraping samples were collected, and each specimen was examined using both direct microscopy and molecular assay of polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). Results: Results showed that of the 218 samples, Leishman body was observed in 77 by direct smear and 104 by PCR assay. Molecular assay indicated 50 cases as L. major, 52 cases as L. tropica, and two cases as unknown. Molecular characterization of L. major isolates showed four patterns, named LmA1, LmA2, LmA3, and LmA4. Conclusion: Our study is the first report for molecular characterization of L. major from one of the important central province of Iran that could affect the control strategies in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzaneh Mirzaie
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran ; Research Centre of Molecular Science and Biotechnology, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Daneshjoo Blv, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Gilda Eslami
- Research Centre of Molecular Science and Biotechnology, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Daneshjoo Blv, Isfahan, Iran ; Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Yosefi
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Nader Pestehchian
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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Torres DC, Ribeiro-Alves M, Romero GAS, Dávila AMR, Cupolillo E. Assessment of drug resistance related genes as candidate markers for treatment outcome prediction of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Brazil. Acta Trop 2013; 126:132-41. [PMID: 23416123 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2013.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2012] [Revised: 01/28/2013] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The great public health problem posed by leishmaniasis has substantially worsened in recent years by the emergence of clinical failure. In Brazil, the poor prognosis observed for patients infected by Leishmania braziliensis (Lb) or L. guyanensis (Lg) may be related to parasite drug resistance. In the present study, 19 Lb and 29 Lg isolates were obtained from infected patients with different treatment outcomes. Translated amino acid sequence polymorphisms from four described antimony resistance related genes (AQP1, hsp70, MRPA and TRYR) were tested as candidate markers for antimonial treatment failure prediction. Possibly due to the low intraspecific variability observed in Lg samples, none of the prediction models had good prognosis values. Most strikingly, one mutation (T579A) found in hsp70 of Lb samples could predict 75% of the antimonial treatment failure clinical cases. Moreover, a multiple logistic regression model showed that the change from adenine to guanine at position 1735 of the hsp70 gene, which is responsible for the T579A mutation, significantly increased the chance of Lb clinical isolates to be associated with treatment failure (OR=7.29; CI 95%=[1.17, 45.25]; p=0.0331). The use of molecular markers to predict treatment outcome presents practical and economic advantages as it allows the development of rapid assays to monitor the emergence of drug resistant parasites that can be clinically applied to aid the prognosis of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davi Coe Torres
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Leishmaniose/Coleção de Leishmania do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC) - Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Neves LO, Talhari AC, Gadelha EPN, Silva Júnior RMD, Guerra JADO, Ferreira LCDL, Talhari S. Estudo clínico randomizado comparando antimoniato de meglumina, pentamidina e anfotericina B para o tratamento da leishmaniose cutânea ocasionada por Leishmania guyanensis. An Bras Dermatol 2011; 86:1092-101. [DOI: 10.1590/s0365-05962011000600005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2010] [Accepted: 12/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
FUNDAMENTOS: O tratamento da leishmaniose tegumentar americana (LTA) ainda constitui desafio, pois a maioria dos medicamentos é injetável e têm-se poucos ensaios clínicos randomizados comparando a eficácia das drogas. Além disso, é provável que as espécies de Leishmania tenham influência nas respostas terapêuticas. OBJETIVOS: Avaliar e comparar a eficácia e a segurança dos esquemas de tratamento na LTA, ocasionada por Leishmania (Viannia) guyanensis. MÉTODOS: 185 pacientes foram selecionados, conforme critérios de elegibilidade, e distribuídos, aleatoriamente, em 3 grupos - 2 com 74 enfermos e outro com 37 - que receberam, respectivamente, antimoniato de meglumina, isotionato de pentamidina e anfotericina B em doses, períodos e vias de administração padronizados. Os enfermos foram reexaminados um, dois e seis meses após o final dos tratamentos. RESULTADOS: Não houve diferença entre os grupos terapêuticos em relação ao sexo, idade, número ou local das lesões. A análise por intenção de tratar (ITT) mostrou eficácias de 58,1% para a pentamidina e 55,5% para o antimoniato (p=0,857). O grupo da anfotericina B foi analisado separadamente, pois 28 (75,7%) pacientes negaram-se a continuar no estudo após a randomização. Eventos adversos leves ou moderados foram relatados por 74 (40%) pacientes, principalmente artralgia (20,3%), para o grupo do antimoniato, e dor (35,1%) ou enduração (10,8%) no local das injeções para a pentamidina. CONCLUSÕES: A pentamidina tem eficácia similar ao antimonial pentavalente para o tratamento da LTA ocasionada por L. guyanensis. Face aos baixos resultados de eficácia apresentados por ambas as drogas, necessita-se, com urgência, investigar novas opções terapêuticas para esta enfermidade.
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Rocha MN, Margonari C, Presot IM, Soares RP. Evaluation of 4 polymerase chain reaction protocols for cultured Leishmania spp. typing. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2011; 68:401-9. [PMID: 20926219 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2010.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2010] [Revised: 08/02/2010] [Accepted: 08/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a disease caused by the protozoan Leishmania resulting in a variety of clinical manifestations, from self-healing skin lesions to fatal visceral disease. The development of polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based techniques has made species identification easier, faster, and less labor intensive. The main targets for PCR amplification include kinetoplastid DNA (kDNA), miniexon, and conserved regions such as the internal transcribed spacer. The objective of this work was to evaluate 4 different PCR techniques designed to type Leishmania using laboratory strains. Parasites were subjected to 4 PCR procedures using specific Leishmania primers for miniexon (designated A1 and A2) and kDNA (designated B1 and B2, C1 and C2, and D1, D2 and D3). Discrimination between some species and the 2 main subgenera Leishmania and Viannia was achieved. Unweighted pair group method analysis resulted in the expected clustering of the 2 species from the subgenus Leishmania. However, some species in the subgenus Viannia could not be distinguished, representing a continued challenge for PCR-based protocols. Results are discussed in terms of advantages, limitations, and reproducibility of these 4 PCR-based techniques in the taxonomy of Leishmania.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcele Neves Rocha
- Laboratory of Medical Entomology, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz/FIOCRUZ, 30190-002 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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Mucosal Leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis and Leishmania (Viannia) guyanensis in the Brazilian Amazon. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2011; 5:e980. [PMID: 21408116 PMCID: PMC3050903 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0000980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2010] [Accepted: 02/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis is a parasite recognized as the most important etiologic agent of mucosal leishmaniasis (ML) in the New World. In Amazonia, seven different species of Leishmania, etiologic agents of human Cutaneous Leishmaniasis, have been described. Isolated cases of ML have been described for several different species of Leishmania: L. (V.) panamensis, L. (V.) guyanensis and L. (L.) amazonensis. Methodology Leishmania species were characterized by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of tissues taken from mucosal biopsies of Amazonian patients who were diagnosed with ML and treated at the Tropical Medicine Foundation of Amazonas (FMTAM) in Manaus, Amazonas state, Brazil. Samples were obtained retrospectively from the pathology laboratory and prospectively from patients attending the aforementioned tertiary care unit. Results This study reports 46 cases of ML along with their geographical origin, 30 cases caused by L. (V.) braziliensis and 16 cases by L. (V.) guyanensis. This is the first record of ML cases in 16 different municipalities in the state of Amazonas and of simultaneous detection of both species in 4 municipalities of this state. It is also the first record of ML caused by L. (V.) guyanensis in the states of Pará, Acre, and Rondônia and cases of ML caused by L. (V.) braziliensis in the state of Rondônia. Conclusions/Significance L. (V.) braziliensis is the predominant species that causes ML in the Amazon region. However, contrary to previous studies, L. (V.) guyanensis is also a significant causative agent of ML within the region. The clinical and epidemiological expression of ML in the Manaus region is similar to the rest of the country, although the majority of ML cases are found south of the Amazon River.
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Characterization of Leishmania spp. causing cutaneous leishmaniasis in Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil. Parasitol Res 2010; 108:671-7. [PMID: 21072540 PMCID: PMC3040821 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-010-2139-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2010] [Accepted: 09/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
In the State of Amazonas, American tegumentary leishmaniasis is endemic and presents a wide spectrum of clinical variability due to the large diversity of circulating species in the region. Isolates from patients in Manaus and its metropolitan region were characterized using monoclonal antibodies and isoenzymes belonging to four species of the parasite: Leishmania (Viannia) guyanensis, 73% (153/209); Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis, 14% (30/209); Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis, 8% (17/209); and Leishmania (Viannia) naiffii, 4% (9/209). The most prevalent species was L. (V.) guyanensis. The principal finding of this study was the important quantity of infections involving more than one parasite species, representing 14% (29/209) of the total. The findings obtained in this work regarding the parasite are further highlighted by the fact that these isolates were obtained from clinical samples collected from single lesions.
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Dorval MEC, Alves TP, Cristaldo G, Rocha HCD, Alves MA, Oshiro ET, Oliveira AGD, Brazil RP, Galati EAB, Cunha RVD. Sand fly captures with Disney traps in area of occurrence of Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, mid-western Brazil. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2010; 43:491-5. [DOI: 10.1590/s0037-86822010000500003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2010] [Accepted: 07/21/2010] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: The work was conducted to study phlebotomine fauna (Diptera: Psychodidae) and aspects of American cutaneous leishmaniasis transmission in a forested area where Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis occurs, situated in the municipality of Bela Vista, State of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. METHODS: The captures were conducted with modified Disney traps, using hamster (Mesocricetus auratus) as bait, from May 2004 to January 2006. RESULTS: Ten species of phlebotomine sandflies were captured: Brumptomyia avellari, Brumptomyia brumpti, Bichromomyia flaviscutellata, Evandromyia bourrouli, Evandromyia lenti, Lutzomyia longipalpis, Psathyromyia campograndensis, Psathyromyia punctigeniculata, Psathyromyia shannoni and Sciopemyia sordellii. The two predominant species were Ev bourrouli (57.3%) and Bi flaviscutellata (41.4%), present at all sampling sites. Two of the 36 hamsters used as bait presented natural infection with Leishmania. The parasite was identified as Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis. CONCLUSIONS: Analysis of the results revealed the efficiency of Disney traps for capturing Bichromomyia flaviscutellata and the simultaneous presence of both vector and the Leishmania species transmitted by the same can be considered a predictive factor of the occurrence of leishmaniasis outbreaks for the human population that occupies the location.
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Matta NE, Cysne-Finkelstein L, Machado GMC, Da-Cruz AM, Leon L. Differences in the antigenic profile and infectivity of murine macrophages of Leishmania (Viannia) parasites. J Parasitol 2010; 96:509-15. [PMID: 20557195 DOI: 10.1645/ge-2241.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The antigenic profile and infectivity were compared between 3 recent Leishmania (Viannia) isolates from the Amazonian region (Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazonia [INPA] strains) and 3 World Health Organization (WHO) reference species (Leishmania guyanensis, Leishmania braziliensis, and Leishmania naiffi). Differences were observed in the peak and extent of promastigote growth. The WHO reference strains exhibited significantly higher exponential growth as promastigotes than INPA strains. In the immunoblot analyses, the INPA strains revealed several specific peptide fragments, as well as the greatest recognition frequencies by sera from Leishmania sp.-infected patients; among the latter, antigens derived from L. naiffi were the most frequently recognized. In vitro infection was carried out using mice peritoneal macrophages; all strains were able to enter the macrophages, but only L. amazonensis was able to reproduce. A striking observation was that L. naiffi exhibited the longest survival time inside the macrophages. Our data strongly suggest the application of recently isolated parasites as sources of antigen for diagnosis procedures. Moreover, L. naiffi species possesses several characteristics relevant for its use as a source of novel antigens to be explored in the design of diagnostic tools and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nubia E Matta
- Departamento de Biología, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia.
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Torres DC, Adaui V, Ribeiro-Alves M, Romero GAS, Arévalo J, Cupolillo E, Dujardin JC. Targeted gene expression profiling in Leishmania braziliensis and Leishmania guyanensis parasites isolated from Brazilian patients with different antimonial treatment outcomes. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2010; 10:727-33. [PMID: 20478409 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2010.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2009] [Revised: 05/06/2010] [Accepted: 05/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In Brazil, cutaneous leishmaniasis represents a serious public health problem, and chemotherapy is an important element of the clinical management of this disease. However, treatment efficacy is variable, a phenomenon that might be due to host and parasite (e.g., drug resistance) factors. To better understand the possible contribution of parasite factors to this phenomenon, we characterised 12 Leishmania braziliensis (LB) and 25 Leishmania guyanensis (LG) isolates collected from patients experiencing different antimonial treatment outcomes. For each isolate, promastigote cultures were grown in duplicate and were harvested at the late-log and stationary phases of growth. The RNA expression profiles of six genes encoding proteins with roles in antimony metabolism (AQP1, MRPA, GSH1, GSH2, TRYR and TDR1) were assessed by means of real-time quantitative PCR. Molecular data were compared to the clinical phenotypes. Within LB, we did not find statistically significant differences in the expression levels of the examined genes among isolates from patients with different treatment outcomes. In LG, GSH1 (encoding gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase, gamma-GCS) was overexpressed in therapeutic failure isolates regardless of the growth curve phase. This finding reveals the predictive potential of promastigote expression curves for the prognosis of cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by LG in Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davi Coe Torres
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Leishmaniose, Coleção de Leishmania do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz IOC, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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da Silva LA, de Sousa CDS, da Graça GC, Porrozzi R, Cupolillo E. Sequence analysis and PCR-RFLP profiling of the hsp70 gene as a valuable tool for identifying Leishmania species associated with human leishmaniasis in Brazil. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2009; 10:77-83. [PMID: 19913112 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2009.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2009] [Revised: 10/25/2009] [Accepted: 11/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Since the first report of the genus Leishmania, many species have been described. In Brazil, human leishmaniasis has been associated with eight Leishmania species, of which seven are responsible for cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL). In some endemic areas, CL is associated with only one species; however, in other areas, such as the Amazon, the etiology of CL can be assigned to many species. The multitude of highly similar Leishmania species in Brazil makes it difficult to develop an appropriate method of typing them. Most Leishmania species were first described based on epidemiological and biological characteristics, and these were later corroborated by Multilocus Enzyme Electrophoresis (MLEE), the gold standard technique for identifying Leishmania species. In an attempt to overcome the limitations of MLEE, many PCR-based methods have been developed and used for parasite identification. In the present study, we analyzed the sequence of the hsp70 gene in Leishmania species associated with human leishmaniasis in Brazil. This analysis led to the identification of restriction enzymes that could be used for PCR-RFLP-based identification. The results obtained were in complete agreement with those obtained by MLEE, suggesting that PCR-RFLP analysis of hsp70 could soon replace MLEE for routine Leishmania typing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Alves da Silva
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Leishmaniose, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Av. Brasil 4365, Manguinhos, 21045-900 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Brito MEF, Andrade MS, Mendonça MG, Silva CJ, Almeida EL, Lima BS, Félix SM, Abath FGC, da Graça GC, Porrozzi R, Ishikawa EA, Shaw JJ, Cupolillo E, Brandão-Filho SP. Species diversity of Leishmania (Viannia) parasites circulating in an endemic area for cutaneous leishmaniasis located in the Atlantic rainforest region of northeastern Brazil. Trop Med Int Health 2009; 14:1278-86. [PMID: 19708899 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3156.2009.02361.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To identify the aetiological agents of cutaneous leishmaniasis and to investigate the genetic polymorphism of Leishmania (Viannia) parasites circulating in an area with endemic cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) in the Atlantic rainforest region of northeastern Brazil. METHODS Leishmania spp. isolates came from three sources: (i) patients diagnosed clinically and parasitologically with CL based on primary lesions, secondary lesions, clinical recidiva, mucocutaneous leishmaniasis and scars; (ii) sentinel hamsters, sylvatic or synanthropic small rodents; and (iii) the sand fly species Lutzomyia whitmani. Isolates were characterised using monoclonal antibodies, multilocus enzyme electrophoresis (MLEE) and polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism of the internal transcribed spacer region rDNA locus. RESULTS Seventy-seven isolates were obtained and characterised. All isolates were identified as Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis serodeme 1 based on reactivity to monoclonal antibodies. MLEE identified 10 zymodemes circulating in the study region. Most isolates were classified as zymodemes closely related to L. (V.) braziliensis, but five isolates were classified as Leishmania (Viannia) shawi. All but three of the identified zymodemes have so far been observed only in the study region. Enzootic transmission and multiclonal infection were observed. CONCLUSIONS Our results confirm that transmission cycle complexity and the co-existence of two or more species in the same area can affect the level of genetic polymorphism in a natural Leishmania population. Although it is not possible to make inferences as to the modes of genetic exchange, one can speculate that some of the zymodemes specific to the region are hybrids of L. (V.) braziliensis and L. (V.) shawi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Edileuza F Brito
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Recife-PE CEP 50670-420, Brazil
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Development of a multilocus microsatellite typing approach for discriminating strains of Leishmania (Viannia) species. J Clin Microbiol 2009; 47:2818-25. [PMID: 19587302 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00645-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A multilocus microsatellite typing (MLMT) approach based on the analysis of 15 independent loci has been developed for the discrimination of strains belonging to different Viannia species. Thirteen microsatellite loci were isolated de novo from microsatellite-enriched libraries for both Leishmania braziliensis and L. guyanensis. Two previously identified markers, AC01 and AC16, were modified and added to our marker set. Markers were designed to contain simple dinucleotide repeats flanked by the minimal possible number of nucleotides in order to allow variations in repeat numbers to be scored as size variations of the PCR products. The 15 markers in total were amplified for almost all of the strains of Viannia tested; one marker did not amplify from the two L. peruviana strains included in the study. When 30 strains of L. braziliensis, 21 strains of L. guyanensis, and 2 strains of L. peruviana were tested for polymorphisms, all strains except two strains of L. guyanensis had individual MLMT types. Distance-based analysis identified three main clusters. All strains except one strain of L. guyanensis grouped together. Two clusters consisted of strains of L. braziliensis according to their geographical origins. The two strains of L. peruviana grouped together with strains of L. braziliensis from Peru and the adjacent Brazilian state of Acre. MLMT has proven capable of individualizing strains even from the same areas of endemicity and of detecting genetic structures at different levels. MLMT is thus applicable for epidemiological and population genetic studies of strains within the subgenus Viannia.
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van der Meide WF, Sabajo LOA, Jensema AJ, Peekel I, Faber WR, Schallig HDFH, Fat RFMLA. Evaluation of treatment with pentamidine for cutaneous leishmaniasis in Suriname. Int J Dermatol 2009; 48:52-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-4632.2009.03883.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Llanos-Cuentas A, Tulliano G, Araujo-Castillo R, Miranda-Verastegui C, Santamaria-Castrellon G, Ramirez L, Lazo M, De Doncker S, Boelaert M, Robays J, Dujardin JC, Arevalo J, Chappuis F. Clinical and Parasite Species Risk Factors for Pentavalent Antimonial Treatment Failure in Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Peru. Clin Infect Dis 2008; 46:223-31. [DOI: 10.1086/524042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Abstract
Skin ulcers are a commonly encountered problem at departments of tropical dermatology in the Western world. Furthermore, the general dermatologist is likely to be consulted more often for imported chronic skin ulcers because of the ever-increasing travel to and from tropical countries. The most common cause of chronic ulceration throughout the world is probably pyoderma. However, in some parts of the world, cutaneous leishmaniasis is one of the most prevalent causes. Mycobacterium ulcerans is an important cause of chronic ulcers in West Africa. Bacterial infections include pyoderma, mycobacterial infections, diphtheria, and anthrax. Pyoderma is caused by Staphylococcus aureus and/or beta-hemolytic streptococci group A. This condition is a common cause of ulcerative skin lesions in tropical countries and is often encountered as a secondary infection in travelers. The diagnosis is often made on clinical grounds. Antibacterial treatment for pyoderma should preferably be based on culture outcome. Floxacillin is generally active against S. aureus and beta-hemolytic streptococci. Infection with Mycobacterium ulcerans, M. marinum, and M. tuberculosis may cause ulcers. Buruli ulcers, which are caused by M. ulcerans, are endemic in foci in West Africa and have been reported as an imported disease in the Western world. Treatment is generally surgical, although a combination of rifampin (rifampicin) and streptomycin may be effective in the early stage. M. marinum causes occasional ulcerating lesions in humans. Treatment regimens consist of combinations containing clarithromycin, rifampin, or ethambutol. Cutaneous tuberculosis is rare in travelers but may be encountered in immigrants from developing countries. Treatment is with multiple drug regimens consisting of isoniazid, ethambutol, pyrazinamide, and rifampin. Cutaneous diphtheria is still endemic in many tropical countries. Cutaneous diphtheria ulcers are nonspecific and erythromycin and penicillin are both effective antibacterials. Antitoxin should be administered intramuscularly in suspected cases. Anthrax is caused by spore-forming Bacillus anthracis. This infection is still endemic in many tropical countries. Eschar formation, which sloughs and leaves behind a shallow ulcer at the site of inoculation, characterizes cutaneous anthrax. Penicillin and doxycycline are effective antibacterials. Cutaneous leishmaniasis is caused by different species belonging to the genus Leishmania. The disorder is one of the ten most frequent causes of skin diseases in travelers returning from (sub)tropical countries. The clinical picture is diverse, ranging from a painless papule or nodule to an ulcer with or without a scab. Treatment depends on the clinical manifestations and the species involved.Sporotrichosis, chromo(blasto)mycosis, and mycetoma are the most common mycoses that may be accompanied by ulceration. Infections are restricted to certain regions and often result from direct penetration of the fungus into the skin. Anti-mycotic treatment depends on the microorganism involved. The most common causes of infectious skin ulceration encountered in patients from tropical countries who present at a department of tropical dermatology are reviewed in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jim E Zeegelaar
- Department of Dermatology, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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Bañuls AL, Hide M, Prugnolle F. Leishmania and the leishmaniases: a parasite genetic update and advances in taxonomy, epidemiology and pathogenicity in humans. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2007; 64:1-109. [PMID: 17499100 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-308x(06)64001-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Leishmaniases remain a major public health problem today despite the vast amount of research conducted on Leishmania pathogens. The biological model is genetically and ecologically complex. This paper explores the advances in Leishmania genetics and reviews population structure, taxonomy, epidemiology and pathogenicity. Current knowledge of Leishmania genetics is placed in the context of natural populations. Various studies have described a clonal structure for Leishmania but recombination, pseudo-recombination and other genetic processes have also been reported. The impact of these different models on epidemiology and the medical aspects of leishmaniases is considered from an evolutionary point of view. The role of these parasites in the expression of pathogenicity in humans is also explored. It is important to ascertain whether genetic variability of the parasites is related to the different clinical expressions of leishmaniasis. The review aims to put current knowledge of Leishmania and the leishmaniases in perspective and to underline priority questions which 'leishmaniacs' must answer in various domains: epidemiology, population genetics, taxonomy and pathogenicity. It concludes by presenting a number of feasible ways of responding to these questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Laure Bañuls
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, UMR CNRS/IRD 2724, Génétique et Evolution des Maladies Infectieuses, IRD Montpellier, 911 avenue Agropolis, 34394 Montpellier cedex 5, France
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38
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Abstract
A leishmaniose tegumentar americana é doença infecciosa da pele e mucosa, cujo agente etiológico é um protozoário do gênero Leishmania. Seu tratamento é desafio porque as drogas disponíveis apresentam elevada toxicidade, e nenhuma delas é bastante eficaz. A recidiva, a falha terapêutica em pacientes imunodeprimidos e a resistência ao tratamento são fatores que motivam a busca de uma droga ideal.
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Giudice A, Camada I, Leopoldo PTG, Pereira JMB, Riley LW, Wilson ME, Ho JL, de Jesus AR, Carvalho EM, Almeida RP. Resistance of Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis and Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis to nitric oxide correlates with disease severity in Tegumentary Leishmaniasis. BMC Infect Dis 2007; 7:7. [PMID: 17316450 PMCID: PMC1810296 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-7-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2006] [Accepted: 02/22/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Nitric oxide (NO•) plays a pivotal role as a leishmanicidal agent in mouse macrophages. NO• resistant Escherichia coli and Mycobacterium tuberculosis have been associated with a severe outcome of these diseases. Methods In this study we evaluated the in vitro toxicity of nitric oxide for the promastigote stages of Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis and Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis parasites, and the infectivity of the amastigote stage for human macrophages. Parasites were isolated from patients with cutaneous, mucosal or disseminated leishmaniasis, and NO• resistance was correlated with clinical presentation. Results Seventeen isolates of L. (L.) amazonensis or L. (V.) braziliensis promastigotes were killed by up to 8 mM of more of NaNO2 (pH 5.0) and therefore were defined as nitric oxide-susceptible. In contrast, eleven isolates that survived exposure to 16 mM NaNO2 were defined as nitric oxide-resistant. Patients infected with nitric oxide-resistant Leishmania had significantly larger lesions than patients infected with nitric oxide-susceptible isolates. Furthermore, nitric oxide-resistant L. (L.) amazonensis and L. (V.) braziliensis multiplied significantly better in human macrophages than nitric oxide-susceptible isolates. Conclusion These data suggest that nitric oxide-resistance of Leishmania isolates confers a survival benefit for the parasites inside the macrophage, and possibly exacerbates the clinical course of human leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Giudice
- Serviço de Imunologia, Hospital Universitário Prof. Edgard Santos, Instituto de Investigação em Imunologia (iii), Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Ilza Camada
- Serviço de Imunologia, Hospital Universitário Prof. Edgard Santos, Instituto de Investigação em Imunologia (iii), Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Paulo TG Leopoldo
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Júlia MB Pereira
- Serviço de Imunologia, Hospital Universitário Prof. Edgard Santos, Instituto de Investigação em Imunologia (iii), Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Lee W Riley
- Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Mary E Wilson
- Department of Internal Medicine, Microbiology, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - John L Ho
- Department of Medicine, Division of International Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Amelia Ribeiro de Jesus
- Serviço de Imunologia, Hospital Universitário Prof. Edgard Santos, Instituto de Investigação em Imunologia (iii), Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Edgar M Carvalho
- Serviço de Imunologia, Hospital Universitário Prof. Edgard Santos, Instituto de Investigação em Imunologia (iii), Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Roque P Almeida
- Serviço de Imunologia, Hospital Universitário Prof. Edgard Santos, Instituto de Investigação em Imunologia (iii), Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
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Rotureau B. Are New World leishmaniases becoming anthroponoses? Med Hypotheses 2006; 67:1235-41. [PMID: 16797861 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2006.02.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2006] [Accepted: 02/24/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In the New World, leishmaniases are originally wild exoanthropic zoonoses developing in sylvatic ecotopes. For a long time, Leishmania parasites have shown a remarkable plasticity to face modifications in their environment. Now, both geographical extension and numerical increase of leishmaniasis cases in the New World are giving cause for concern. These circumstances might have been provoked by the simple invasion of zoonotic foci by humans. However, dramatic evolutionary mechanisms are also at work in the New World: (i) the reduction of biodiversity associated with anthropogenic environmental changes (deforestation and urbanization); and (ii) the subsequent adaptations and interactions of new vectors and reservoir hosts at the interface with humans. This paper considers that these processes could result in new pathogenic complexes tending to synanthropic zoonoses, if not anthroponoses. Increasing man-made risk factors could thus possibly make leishmaniases a growing public health concern in the New World.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brice Rotureau
- Laboratoire Hospitalo-universitaire de Parasitologie et Mycologie Médicale, Equipe EA 3593, Unité de Formation et de Recherche en Médecine de l'Université des Antilles et de la Guyane, Campus Saint-Denis, BP 718, 97336 Cayenne, French Guiana
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41
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Rotureau B, Ravel C, Couppié P, Pratlong F, Nacher M, Dedet JP, Carme B. Use of PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis to identify the main new world Leishmania species and analyze their taxonomic properties and polymorphism by application of the assay to clinical samples. J Clin Microbiol 2006; 44:459-67. [PMID: 16455899 PMCID: PMC1392689 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.44.2.459-467.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
At least 13 characterized Leishmania species are known to infect humans in South America. Five of these parasites are transmitted in the sylvatic ecotopes of the whole French Guianan territory and responsible for cutaneous leishmaniasis. For the diagnosis of cutaneous leishmaniasis, restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analyses have shown promising results. Thus, the end of the small subunit and internal transcribed spacer 1 of the rRNA genes were sequenced and targeted by PCR-RFLP analysis in the 10 main New World (NW) Leishmania species from the two subgenera. Then, the procedure was tested on 40 samples from patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis, and its results were compared with those of conventional methods. (i) The results of this simple genus-specific method were in agreement with those of previous isoenzyme analyses. (ii) This method distinguished the most medically relevant Leishmania species with only one enzyme (RsaI). (iii) This method could be performed directly on human biopsy specimens (sensitivity of 85.7%). Performing NW Leishmania species typing rapidly and easily in the field constitutes a very valuable improvement for detection of Leishmania spp. Revealing great diversity with several enzymes, this method could also be useful for taxonomic, ecological, and epidemiological studies in space and time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brice Rotureau
- Laboratoire Hospitalo-universitaire de Parasitologie et Mycologie Médicale, Equipe EA 3593, UFR de Médecine de l'Université des Antilles et de la Guyane, Campus Saint-Denis, BP 718, 97336 Cayenne, Guyane Française
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42
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Rotureau B, Ravel C, Nacher M, Couppié P, Curtet I, Dedet JP, Carme B. Molecular epidemiology of Leishmania (Viannia) guyanensis in French Guiana. J Clin Microbiol 2006; 44:468-73. [PMID: 16455900 PMCID: PMC1392701 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.44.2.468-473.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Little information is available about the genetic variability of Leishmania populations and the possible correlations with ecoepidemiological features of leishmaniases. The present study was carried out in French Guiana, a country where cutaneous leishmaniases (CL) are endemic over the whole territory. The genetic polymorphism of a nuclear sequence encompassing the end of the ribosomal small subunit and the internal transcribed spacer 1 of 265 isolates from patients with CL was examined by restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. Genotypes based on the fingerprinting phenetic integration were compared to epidemiological, clinical, and geographical data. In agreement with previous reports, five different Leishmania species were identified, but Leishmania (Viannia) guyanensis represented 95.8% of the samples. Two distinct L. (V.) guyanensis populations were found to originate in two ecologically characterized regions. Higher lesional parasite densities and the need for additional treatments were significantly linked to genotype group I. Parasites of genotype group II were more likely to cause chronic and disseminated cutaneous forms in patients. L. (V.) guyanensis was previously said not to be very polymorphic; however, the present analysis resulted in a significant degree of discrimination among L. (V.) guyanensis isolates from diverse ecological areas and with different clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brice Rotureau
- Laboratoire Hospitalo-universitaire de Parasitologie et Mycologie Médicale, Equipe EA 3593, UFR de Médecine de l'Université des Antilles et de la Guyane, Campus Saint-Denis, BP 718, 97336 Cayenne, Guyane Française
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43
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Meneses CRV, Cupolillo E, Monteiro F, Rangel EF. Micro-geographical variation among male populations of the sandfly, Lutzomyia (Nyssomyia) intermedia, from an endemic area of American cutaneous leishmaniasis in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY 2005; 19:38-47. [PMID: 15752175 DOI: 10.1111/j.0269-283x.2005.00535.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The genetic relationships among male Lutzomyia (Nyssomyia) intermedia (Lutz & Neiva) (Diptera: Psychodidae) from three populations from the same endemic area of American cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL) in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, were compared. The sandflies were collected in three ecologically different habitats: domestic, extra-domestic and sylvatic over a total range of 800 m. Three molecular markers were employed to assess population variation. Based on MLEE markers, it could not be concluded that the three populations do not belong to the same gene pool (F(st) = 0.005). No within-population departure from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium was detected (P < 0.05) and they presented the same level of gene variation. The number of migrants (Nm) indicated that at least 50 individuals per generation migrated between the three habitats. RAPD-PCR markers revealed that, except for the primer five, all were polymorphic. Phenetic analysis of the genotypes showed the presence of two principal clusters corresponding to: (1) domestic plus extra-domestic and (2) sylvatic. Unique genotypes were observed in each population. The sylvatic population was the most polymorphic, showing the largest number of genotypes and low level of similarity between them. Three mtDNA gene markers were studied by SSCP analysis. The most frequent haplotype for each marker ranged in frequency from 60 to 87% and individuals with unique haplotypes varied from 1 to 5%. Interestingly, the SSCP analysis showed a low level of polymorphism within populations. The disagreement between the different molecular markers observed and the hypothesis that L. intermedia could be participating in the transmission cycle of Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis in environments ranging from the interior of human dwellings to the forest, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R V Meneses
- Departamento de Entomologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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44
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Indiani de Oliveira C, Teixeira MJ, Teixeira CR, Ramos de Jesus J, Bomura Rosato A, Santa da Silva J, Brodskyn C, Barral-Netto M, Barral A. Leishmania braziliensis isolates differing at the genome level display distinctive features in BALB/c mice. Microbes Infect 2005; 6:977-84. [PMID: 15345228 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2004.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2004] [Accepted: 05/13/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Leishmania braziliensis is the species responsible for the majority of cases of human cutaneous leishmaniasis in Brazil. In the present study, L. braziliensis isolates from two different geographic areas in Brazil were studied by RAPD, using arbitrary primers. We also evaluated other biological features of these two isolates. We compared (a) the clinical features they initiate or not once delivered subcutaneously as stationary-phase promastigotes in the footpad of BALB/c mice; (b) the parasite load in both the footpad and the draining lymph node; (c) the cytokines present in the supernatant of cultures of the cell suspensions from the draining lymph nodes; and (d) the cell types present at the site of parasite delivery. The results show that the L. braziliensis strain from Ceará (H3227) is genotypically different from the L. braziliensis strain from Bahia (BA788). H3227-parasitized mice developed detectable lesions, whereas BA788-parasitized mice did not. Fifteen days post parasite inoculation there was an increase in the numbers of macrophages and lymphocytes in the footpads, whatever the parasite inoculum. Parasite load at the inoculation site--namely the footpad--did not differ significantly; in draining lymph nodes, however, it increased over the period under study. Early after parasite inoculation, the cells recovered from the draining lymph nodes of BA788-parasitized mice produced higher levels of IFN-gamma, a feature coupled to a higher number of NK cells. Later, after the parasite inoculation, there was an increased content of IL-12p70 and IL-10 in the supernatant of cells recovered from the lymph nodes of H3227-parasitized mice. This comparative analysis points out that L. braziliensis isolates differing in their genomic profiles do establish different parasitic processes in BALB/c mice.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cells, Cultured
- Cytokines/analysis
- DNA Fingerprinting
- DNA, Protozoan/analysis
- DNA, Protozoan/isolation & purification
- Disease Models, Animal
- Genome, Protozoan
- Interferon-gamma/analysis
- Interleukin-10/analysis
- Interleukin-12/analysis
- Killer Cells, Natural
- Leishmania braziliensis/genetics
- Leishmania braziliensis/isolation & purification
- Leishmania braziliensis/pathogenicity
- Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous/immunology
- Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous/parasitology
- Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous/pathology
- Lymph Nodes/parasitology
- Lymph Nodes/pathology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Polymorphism, Genetic
- Protein Subunits/analysis
- Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA Technique
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Indiani de Oliveira
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rua Waldemar Falcão, 121, Salvador, BA 40295-001, Brazil
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45
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Teva A, Porrozzi R, Cupolillo E, Pirmez C, Oliveira-Neto MP, Grimaldi G. Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis-induced chronic granulomatous cutaneous lesions affecting the nasal mucosa in the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) model. Parasitology 2004; 127:437-47. [PMID: 14653533 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182003004037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The present studies on infections with Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis in rhesus macaques were made to characterize the evolution of different parasite strains and the immune responses they elicited in this experimental host. A standardized inoculum of promastigotes was injected intradermally either above the eyelid or on the forearm of each monkey. Sixteen infected monkeys developed longstanding infections which lasted until the end of the observation period (33 months). The time required for lesion development was very variable, not only for the isolates showing molecular differences but also for individual animals in groups infected with the same parasite strain. The inocula produced lesions of variable severity, ranging from localized cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) with a tendency to spontaneous healing to non-healing disease. One infected animal developed persistent metastatic skin and mucosal lesions. Anti-Leishmania antibodies and parasite-specific T-cell responses were induced by the experimental infections. As the granulomatous inflammatory response found at the lesions in L. (V.) braziliensis-infected M. mulatta was similar to that in patients with CL, this primate model could be useful for studying the pathophysiology and immunoregulatory events associated with disease evolution, as well as for the evaluation of new drugs or candidate vaccines.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Protozoan/blood
- DNA, Protozoan/chemistry
- DNA, Protozoan/genetics
- Disease Models, Animal
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- Female
- Genetic Variation
- Genotype
- Granuloma/immunology
- Granuloma/parasitology
- Granuloma/pathology
- Histocytochemistry
- Hypersensitivity, Delayed/immunology
- Hypersensitivity, Delayed/parasitology
- Hypersensitivity, Delayed/pathology
- Interferon-gamma/blood
- Leishmania braziliensis/genetics
- Leishmania braziliensis/immunology
- Leishmaniasis, Mucocutaneous/immunology
- Leishmaniasis, Mucocutaneous/parasitology
- Leishmaniasis, Mucocutaneous/pathology
- Macaca mulatta
- Male
- Nasal Mucosa/immunology
- Nasal Mucosa/parasitology
- Nasal Mucosa/pathology
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
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Affiliation(s)
- A Teva
- Department of Immunology, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro RJ, CEP 21045-900, Brazil
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46
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Falqueto A, Sessa PA, Ferreira AL, Vieira VP, Santos CB, Varejão JB, Cupolillo E, Porrozzi R, Carvalho-Paes LE, Grimaldi Júnior G. Epidemiological and clinical features of Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis American cutaneous and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis in the State of Espírito Santo, Brazil. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2003; 98:1003-10. [PMID: 15049080 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762003000800004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Between 1985 and 2000, epidemiological surveys of the American tegumentary leishmaniasis (ATL) were carried out in several rural and urban communities in Espírito Santo, Brazil. A total of 100 stocks of Leishmania (comprising isolates from both human and canine hosts with ATL) were identified by two methods of molecular characterization, using specific monoclonal antibodies and multilocus enzyme electrophoresis. Parasite isolates from 19 municipalities were found to belong to the same zymodeme and serodeme type as of the Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis reference strain. In contrast, our genotyping studies have shown intra-specific variation among these parasites (comparisons of the variability of the internal transcribed spacers between the small and large subunits of the rRNA genes of the 22 stocks studied revealed at least 11 genotypes). Two main clusters of L. (V.) braziliensis genotypes were observed, representing parasites collected from different endemic regions in the state, where transmission reflects distinct eco-epidemiological features. Infection with this pathogen was associated with the characteristic disease forms, but neither the clinical outcome nor the response to treatment could be related to the genetic polymorphism of the isolates, as defined by using the proposed methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Falqueto
- Unidade de Medicina Tropical, Departamento de Patologia, Centro Biomédico, UFES, Vitória, ES, Brasil
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47
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Cupolillo E, Brahim LR, Toaldo CB, de Oliveira-Neto MP, de Brito MEF, Falqueto A, de Farias Naiff M, Grimaldi G. Genetic polymorphism and molecular epidemiology of Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis from different hosts and geographic areas in Brazil. J Clin Microbiol 2003; 41:3126-32. [PMID: 12843052 PMCID: PMC165365 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.41.7.3126-3132.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerical zymotaxonomy and variability of the internal transcribed spacers (ITS) between the small and large subunits of the rRNA genes were used to examine strain variation and relationships in natural populations of Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis. A total of 101 strains from distinct hosts and Brazilian geographic regions were assigned to 15 zymodemes clustered in two major genetic groups. The great number of isolates (48.5%) placed in zymodeme IOC/Z-27 were collected on the Atlantic coast. The high molecular diversity found in populations in the Amazon Basin was related to the great number of sandfly vector(s) in that region. The results of the restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of the ITS depicted considerable intraspecific variation. Genotypic groups A, B, and C contained 39, 40, and 22 isolates, which were divided into 16, 10, and 15 genotypes, respectively. The genetic polymorphism observed demonstrates the degree of diversity of L. (V.) braziliensis strains from different regions where they are endemic. The results reinforce the clonal theory for Leishmania parasites showing the genetic diversity of this pathogen and an association of L. (V.) braziliensis genotypes with specific transmission cycles, probably reflecting an adaptation of different clones to the vector species involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Cupolillo
- Laboratório de Pesquisas em Leishmaniose-Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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48
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Castilho TM, Shaw JJ, Floeter-Winter LM. New PCR assay using glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase for identification of Leishmania species. J Clin Microbiol 2003; 41:540-6. [PMID: 12574243 PMCID: PMC149696 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.41.2.540-546.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2002] [Revised: 09/03/2002] [Accepted: 10/28/2002] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) is one of the multilocus enzymes used to identify Leishmania by zymodeme analysis. The polymorphic pattern revealed by partial characterization of the gene encoding G6PD generated molecular markers useful in the identification of different Leishmania species by PCR. Initially degenerate oligonucleotides were designed on the basis of data on the conserved active center described for other organisms. Primers for reverse transcription-PCR experiments, designed from the nucleotide sequence of the PCR product, enabled us to characterize the 5' and 3' untranslated regions and the G6PD open reading frame of reference strains of Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis, Leishmania (Viannia) guyanensis, Leishmania (Leishmania) mexicana, and Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis. Sets of paired primers were designed and used in PCR assays to discriminate between the parasites responsible for tegumentar leishmaniasis of the subgenera Leishmania (Leishmania) and Leishmania (Viannia) and to distinguish L. (Viannia) braziliensis from others organisms of the subgenus Leishmania (Viannia). No amplification products were detected for the DNA of Crithidia fasciculata, Trypanosoma cruzi, or Leishmania (Sauroleishmania) tarentolae or DNA from a healthy human control. The tests proved to be specific and were sensitive enough to detect parasites in human biopsy specimens. The successful discrimination of L. (Viannia) braziliensis from other parasites of the subgenus Leishmania (Viannia) opens the way to epidemiological studies in areas where more than one species of the subgenus Leishmania (Viannia) exist, such as Amazonia, as well as follow-up studies after chemotherapy and assessment of clinical prognoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago M Castilho
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Chicharro C, Morales MA, Serra T, Ares M, Salas A, Alvar J. Molecular epidemiology of Leishmania infantum on the island of Majorca: a comparison of phenotypic and genotypic tools. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2002; 96 Suppl 1:S93-9. [PMID: 12055859 DOI: 10.1016/s0035-9203(02)90058-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In the Mediterranean basin, Leishmania infantum is the causative agent of both visceral and cutaneous leishmaniasis, and is an important opportunistic parasite in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The commonest method used to study the variability of Leishmania spp. is isoenzyme analysis. In addition to this, we employed 3 assays based on the polymerase chain reaction (PCR): random amplified polymorphic deoxyribonucleic acid (RAPD), intergenic region typing (IRT), based on the amplification of ribosomal ribonucleic acid internal transcribed spacers and restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). We used 54 L. infantum stocks isolated from HIV co-infected patients, 38 isolated from dogs, 3 isolated from immunocompetent patients and 3 isolated from 1826 sand files in the island of Majorca (Spain), a closed ecological niche. Zymodemes MON-1 (70%), MON-24 (11%) and MON-34 (18%) were found among the human isolates, and MON-1 (95%) and MON-108 (5%) among those from dogs. RAPD and IRT could not discriminate among the strains as they all gave the same pattern, even when different zymodemes were examined. In contrast, PCR-RFLP was able to distinguish the strains and, furthermore, a dendrogram (unweighted pair group method with arithmetic average [UPGMA]) was constructed from the genetic distances derived from RFLP data. The Leishmania isolates from HIV-infected subjects formed a single cluster, supporting the existence of an artificial anthroponotic cycle previously proposed by our group, in which syringes have been substituted for sand flies, and in which certain clones have been spread among intravenous drug users. This contrasts with the clusters representing a zoonotic cycle, involving dogs, sand flies and both immunocompetent and immunocompromised humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Chicharro
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Leishmaniasis, Servicio de Parasitología, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Mahadahonda, Madrid, Spain
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Oliveira-Neto MP, Mattos M, Pirmez C, Fernandes O, Gonçalves-Costa SC, Souza CF, Grimaldi G. Mucosal leishmaniasis ("espundia") responsive to low dose of N-methyl glucamine (Glucantime) in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2000; 42:321-5. [PMID: 11136518 DOI: 10.1590/s0036-46652000000600004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Response to treatment with antimonial drugs varies considerably depending on the parasite strain involved, immune status of the patient and clinical form of the disease. Therapeutic regimens with this first line drug have been frequently modified both, in dose and duration of therapy. A regimen of 20 mg/kg/day of pentavalent antimony (Sb5+) during four weeks without an upper limit on the daily dose is currently recommended for mucosal disease ("espundia"). Side-effects with this dose are more marked in elderly patients, more commonly affected by this form of leishmaniasis. According to our experience, leishmaniasis in Rio de Janeiro responds well to antimony and, in cutaneous disease, high cure rates are obtained with 5 mg/kg/day of Sb5+ during 30 to 45-days. In this study a high rate of cure (91.4%) employing this dose was achieved in 36 patients with mild disease in this same geographic region. Side-effects were reduced and no antimony refractoriness was noted with subsequent use of larger dose in patients that failed to respond to initial schedule.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Oliveira-Neto
- Hospital Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.
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