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Khulmanee T, Thita T, Kritsiriwutinan K, Boonyuen U, Saai A, Inkabjan K, Chakrabarti R, Rathod PK, Krudsood S, Mungthin M, Patrapuvich R. Low Genetic Diversity of Plasmodium vivax Circumsporozoite Surface Protein in Clinical Isolates from Southern Thailand. Trop Med Infect Dis 2024; 9:94. [PMID: 38787027 PMCID: PMC11125738 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed9050094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 04/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The genetic diversity within the circumsporozoite surface protein (PvCSP) of Plasmodium vivax, the predominant malaria species in Thailand, is primarily observed in the northwestern region along the Thailand-Myanmar border. However, as P. vivax cases shift to southern provinces, particularly Yala Province near the Thailand-Malaysia border, PvCSP diversity remains understudied. Between 2018 and 2020, 89 P. vivax isolates were collected in Yala Province, a significant malaria hotspot. Employing polymerase chain reaction amplification, restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP), and DNA sequencing, the gene encoding PvCSP (Pvcsp) was analyzed. All Yala P. vivax isolates belonged to the VK210 type, distinct from strains in the western region near the Myanmar border. The central repeat region of Pvcsp revealed two common peptide repeat motifs-GDRADGQPA and GDRAAGQPA-across all southern isolates. Sequence analysis identified two subtypes, with S1 more prevalent (92%) than S2 (8%). This study underscores the limited diversity of VK210 variants of P. vivax populations in southern Thailand. These baseline findings facilitate monitoring for potential new parasite variants, aiding in the future control and management of P. vivax in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tachin Khulmanee
- Drug Research Unit for Malaria, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Thanyapit Thita
- Drug Research Unit for Malaria, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | | | - Usa Boonyuen
- Department of Molecular Tropical Medicine and Genetics, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | | | | | - Rimi Chakrabarti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | | | - Srivicha Krudsood
- Clinical Malaria Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Mathirut Mungthin
- Department of Parasitology, Phramongkutklao College of Medicine, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Rapatbhorn Patrapuvich
- Drug Research Unit for Malaria, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
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2
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Zeleke G, Duchateau L, Yewhalaw D, Suleman S, Devreese M. In-vitro susceptibility and ex-vivo evaluation of macrocyclic lactone endectocides sub-lethal concentrations against Plasmodium vivax oocyst development in Anopheles arabiensis. Malar J 2024; 23:26. [PMID: 38238768 PMCID: PMC10797976 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-024-04845-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Asymptomatic malaria transmission has become a public health concern across malaria-endemic Africa including Ethiopia. Specifically, Plasmodium vivax is more efficient at transmitting earlier in the infection and at lower densities than Plasmodium falciparum. Consequently, a greater proportion of individuals infected with P. vivax can transmit without detectable gametocytaemia. Mass treatment of livestock with macrocyclic lactones (MLs), e.g., ivermectin and doramectin, was suggested as a complementary malaria vector tool because of their insecticidal effects. However, the effects of MLs on P. vivax in Anopheles arabiensis has not yet been fully explored. Hence, comparative in-vitro susceptibility and ex-vivo studies were conducted to evaluate the effects of ivermectin, doramectin and moxidectin sub-lethal concentrations on P. vivax oocyst development in An. arabiensis. METHODS The 7-day sub-lethal concentrations of 25% (LC25) and 5% (LC5) were determined from in-vitro susceptibility tests on female An. arabiensis in Hemotek® membrane feeding assay. Next, an ex-vivo study was conducted using P. vivax gametocytes infected patient's blood spiked with the LC25 and LC5 of the MLs. At 7-days post-feeding, each mosquito was dissected under a dissection stereo microscope, stained with 0.5% (w/v) mercurochrome solution, and examined for the presence of P. vivax oocysts. Statistical analysis was based on a generalized mixed model with binomially distributed error terms. RESULTS A 7-day lethal concentration of 25% (LC25, in ng/mL) of 7.1 (95% CI: [6.3;8.0]), 20.0 (95%CI:[17.8;22.5]) and 794.3 (95%CI:[716.4;1516.3]) were obtained for ivermectin, doramectin and moxidectin, respectively. Similarly, a lethal concentration of 5% (LC5, in ng/mL) of 0.6 (95% CI: [0.5;0.7]), 1.8 (95% CI:[1.6;2.0]) and 53.7 (95% CI:[ 48.4;102.5]) were obtained respectively for ivermectin, doramectin and moxidectin. The oocyst prevalence in treatment and control groups did not differ significantly (p > 0.05) from each other. Therefore, no direct effect of ML endectocides on P. vivax infection in An. arabiensis mosquitoes was observed at the sub-lethal concentration (LC25 and LC5). CONCLUSIONS The effects of ivermectin and doramectin on malaria parasite is more likely via indirect effects, particularly by reducing the vectors lifespan and causing mortality before completing the parasite's sporogony cycle or reducing their vector capacity as it affects the locomotor activity of the mosquito.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemechu Zeleke
- Department of Pathobiology, Pharmacology and Zoological Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, Merelbeke, Belgium
- Jimma University Laboratory of Drug Quality (JuLaDQ), and School of Pharmacy, Institute of Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Luc Duchateau
- Biometrics Research Center, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Delenasaw Yewhalaw
- School of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Institute of Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Sultan Suleman
- Jimma University Laboratory of Drug Quality (JuLaDQ), and School of Pharmacy, Institute of Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Mathias Devreese
- Department of Pathobiology, Pharmacology and Zoological Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, Merelbeke, Belgium.
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Alves ACDJ, Feio dos Santos AC, Peres JMV, Nascimento JMDS, Barbosa DRL, Figueiredo JV, Viana GMR, Póvoa MM. Morphological atypia and molecular profile of Plasmodium vivax: Findings from an outbreak in the Brazilian Amazon. Parasite 2023; 30:38. [PMID: 37772844 PMCID: PMC10540677 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2023039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to perform morphological and molecular analyses of parasites isolated from the blood of malaria-infected individuals during an outbreak in the Microregion of Cametá, State of Pará, Brazilian Amazon. A total of 260 positive samples were identified by microscopy as Plasmodium vivax; however, in three samples, forms considered unusual for the species were found and defined as morphological atypia of P. vivax. Single P. vivax infection was confirmed by qPCR in all samples. Among 256 genotyped samples, the VK247 genotype alone was identified in 255 samples, and the VK210 genotype was found in only one. The study showed that this malaria outbreak was caused by the etiological agent P. vivax, and for the first time, morphological atypia was described in isolates circulating in Brazil. Likewise, for the first time, the VK247 genotype was detected predominantly in single infections in an area of the State of Pará, which may suggest a greater circulation of the genotype in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Caroline de Jesus Alves
- Graduate Program in Biology of Infectious and Parasitic Agents, Federal University of Pará Rua Augusto Corrêa, 01 Belém Pará Brazil
- Laboratory of Malaria Entomology, Parasitology Section, Evandro Chagas Institute Rodovia BR 316, Km 7 Ananindeua Pará Brazil
| | - Ana Cecília Feio dos Santos
- Graduate Program in Biology of Infectious and Parasitic Agents, Federal University of Pará Rua Augusto Corrêa, 01 Belém Pará Brazil
- Laboratory of Malaria Entomology, Parasitology Section, Evandro Chagas Institute Rodovia BR 316, Km 7 Ananindeua Pará Brazil
| | - José Mário Veloso Peres
- Laboratory of Basic Research in Malaria, Parasitology Section, Evandro Chagas Institute Rodovia BR 316, Km 7 Ananindeua Pará Brazil
| | - José Maria de Souza Nascimento
- Laboratory of Basic Research in Malaria, Parasitology Section, Evandro Chagas Institute Rodovia BR 316, Km 7 Ananindeua Pará Brazil
| | - Danielle Regina Lima Barbosa
- Laboratory of Malaria Entomology, Parasitology Section, Evandro Chagas Institute Rodovia BR 316, Km 7 Ananindeua Pará Brazil
| | - Juliana Vasconcelos Figueiredo
- Multiprofessional Residency Program in Animal Reproduction, Federal Rural University of the Amazon Avenida Presidente Tancredo Neves, 2501 Belém Pará Brazil
| | - Giselle Maria Rachid Viana
- Graduate Program in Biology of Infectious and Parasitic Agents, Federal University of Pará Rua Augusto Corrêa, 01 Belém Pará Brazil
- Laboratory of Basic Research in Malaria, Parasitology Section, Evandro Chagas Institute Rodovia BR 316, Km 7 Ananindeua Pará Brazil
| | - Marinete Marins Póvoa
- Graduate Program in Biology of Infectious and Parasitic Agents, Federal University of Pará Rua Augusto Corrêa, 01 Belém Pará Brazil
- Laboratory of Malaria Entomology, Parasitology Section, Evandro Chagas Institute Rodovia BR 316, Km 7 Ananindeua Pará Brazil
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4
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Abate A, Hassen J, Dembele L, Menard D, Golassa L. Differential transmissibility to Anopheles arabiensis of Plasmodium vivax gametocytes in patients with diverse Duffy blood group genotypes. Malar J 2023; 22:136. [PMID: 37098534 PMCID: PMC10131423 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-023-04570-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Measuring risk of malaria transmission is complex, especially in case of Plasmodium vivax. This may be overcome using membrane feeding assays in the field where P. vivax is endemic. However, mosquito-feeding assays are affected by a number of human, parasite and mosquito factors. Here, this study identified the contributions of Duffy blood group status of P. vivax-infected patients as a risk of parasite transmission to mosquitoes. METHODS A membrane feeding assay was conducted on a total of 44 conveniently recruited P. vivax infected patients in Adama city and its surroundings in East Shewa Zone, Oromia region, Ethiopia from October, 2019 to January, 2021. The assay was performed in Adama City administration. Mosquito infection rates were determined by midgut dissections at seven to 8 days post-infection. Duffy genotyping was defined for each of the 44 P. vivax infected patients. RESULTS The infection rate of Anopheles mosquitoes was 32.6% (296/907) with 77.3% proportion of infectious participants (34/44). Infectiousness of participants to Anopheles mosquitoes appeared to be higher among individuals with homozygous Duffy positive blood group (TCT/TCT) than heterozygous (TCT/CCT), but the difference was not statistically significant. The mean oocyst density was significantly higher among mosquitoes fed on blood of participants with FY*B/FY*BES than other genotypes (P = 0.001). CONCLUSION Duffy antigen polymorphisms appears to contribute to transmissibility difference of P. vivax gametocytes to Anopheles mosquitoes, but further studies are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andargie Abate
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
- College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia.
| | - Jifar Hassen
- School of Applied Natural Science, Adama Science and Technology University, Adama, Ethiopia
| | - Laurent Dembele
- Malaria Research and Training Centre (MRTC), Université des Sciences, des Techniques et des Technologies de Bamako (USTTB), Bamako, Mali
| | - Didier Menard
- Institut Pasteur, Malaria Genetics and Resistance Unit, Université Paris Cité, INSERM U1201, 75015, Paris, France
- Federation of Translational Medicine, Institute of Parasitology and Tropical Diseases, University of Strasbourg, UR7292 Dynamics of Host-Pathogen Interactions, 67000, Strasbourg, France
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Medical Mycology, Strasbourg University Hospital, Strasbourg, France
| | - Lemu Golassa
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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5
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Jalei AA, Chaijaroenkul W, Na-Bangchang K. Genetic Diversity of Plasmodium vivax Field Isolates from the Thai–Myanmar Border during the Period of 2006–2016. Trop Med Infect Dis 2023; 8:tropicalmed8040210. [PMID: 37104336 PMCID: PMC10143293 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed8040210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
High levels of genetic variants of Plasmodium vivax have previously been reported in Thailand. Circumsporozoite surface protein (CSP), merozoite surface protein (MSP), and microsatellite markers were used to determine the genetic polymorphisms of P. vivax. This study aimed to investigate the molecular epidemiology of P. vivax populations at the Thai–Myanmar border by genotyping the PvCSP, PvMSP-3α, and PvMSP-3β genes. Four hundred and forty P. vivax clinical isolates were collected from the Mae Sot and Sai Yok districts from 2006–2007 and 2014–2016. Polymerase chain reaction with restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) was used to investigate the genetic polymorphisms of the target genes. Based on PCR band size variations, 14 different PvCSP alleles were identified: eight for VK210 and six for VK247. The VK210 genotype was the dominant variant during both sample collection periods. Based on PCR genotyping, three distinct types (A, B, and C) for both PvMSP-3α and PvMSP-3β were observed. Following RFLP, 28 and 14 allelic variants of PvMSP-3α and 36 and 20 allelic variants of PvMSP-3β with varying frequencies were identified during the first and second periods, respectively. High genetic variants of PvMSP-3 and PvCSP were found in the study area. PvMSP-3β exhibited a higher level of genetic diversity and multiple-genotype infection versus PvMSP-3α.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdifatah Abdullahi Jalei
- Chulabhorn International College of Medicine, Rangsit Campus, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani 12121, Thailand
| | - Wanna Chaijaroenkul
- Drug Discovery and Development Center, Rangsit Campus, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani 12121, Thailand
| | - Kesara Na-Bangchang
- Chulabhorn International College of Medicine, Rangsit Campus, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani 12121, Thailand
- Drug Discovery and Development Center, Rangsit Campus, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani 12121, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Pharmacology and Molecular Biology of Malaria and Cholangiocarcinoma, Chulabhorn International College of Medicine, Rangsit Campus, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani 12121, Thailand
- Correspondence: or
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6
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Singh L, Singh K. Ivermectin: A Promising Therapeutic for Fighting Malaria. Current Status and Perspective. J Med Chem 2021; 64:9711-9731. [PMID: 34242031 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Finding new chemotherapeutic interventions to treat malaria through repurposing of time-tested drugs and rigorous design of new drugs using tools of rational drug design remains one of the most sought strategies at the disposal of medicinal chemists. Ivermectin, a semisynthetic derivative of avermectin B1, is among the efficacious drugs used in mass drug administration drives employed against onchocerciasis, lymphatic filariasis, and several other parasitic diseases in humans. In this review, we present the prowess of ivermectin, a potent endectocide, in the control of malaria through vector control to reduce parasite transmission combined with efficacious chemoprevention to reduce malaria-related fatalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lovepreet Singh
- Department of Chemistry, UGC Centre for Advanced Studies-II, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar-143 005, India
| | - Kamaljit Singh
- Department of Chemistry, UGC Centre for Advanced Studies-II, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar-143 005, India
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7
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Soares IF, López-Camacho C, Rodrigues-da-Silva RN, da Silva Matos A, de Oliveira Baptista B, Totino PRR, de Souza RM, Harrison K, Gimenez AM, de Freitas EO, Kim YC, Oliveira-Ferreira J, Daniel-Ribeiro CT, Reyes-Sandoval A, Pratt-Riccio LR, Lima-Junior JDC. Recombinant Plasmodium vivax circumsporozoite surface protein allelic variants: antibody recognition by individuals from three communities in the Brazilian Amazon. Sci Rep 2020; 10:14020. [PMID: 32820195 PMCID: PMC7441389 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-70893-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Circumsporozoite protein (CSP) variants of P. vivax, besides having variations in the protein repetitive portion, can differ from each other in aspects such as geographical distribution, intensity of transmission, vectorial competence and immune response. Such aspects must be considered to P. vivax vaccine development. Therefore, we evaluated the immunogenicity of novel recombinant proteins corresponding to each of the three P. vivax allelic variants (VK210, VK247 and P. vivax-like) and of the C-terminal region (shared by all PvCSP variants) in naturally malaria-exposed populations of Brazilian Amazon. Our results demonstrated that PvCSP-VK210 was the major target of humoral immune response in studied population, presenting higher frequency and magnitude of IgG response. The IgG subclass profile showed a prevalence of cytophilic antibodies (IgG1 and IgG3), that seem to have an essential role in protective immune response. Differently of PvCSP allelic variants, antibodies elicited against C-terminal region of protein did not correlate with epidemiological parameters, bringing additional evidence that humoral response against this protein region is not essential to protective immunity. Taken together, these findings increase the knowledge on serological response to distinct PvCSP allelic variants and may contribute to the development of a global and effective P. vivax vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabela Ferreira Soares
- Laboratório de Imunoparasitologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - César López-Camacho
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, The Jenner Institute, The Henry Wellcome Building for Molecular Physiology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Rodrigo Nunes Rodrigues-da-Silva
- Laboratório de Tecnologia em Anticorpos Monoclonais, Instituto de Tecnologia de Imunobiológicos, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ada da Silva Matos
- Laboratório de Imunoparasitologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Paulo Renato Rivas Totino
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Malária, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Medeiros de Souza
- Centro de Pesquisa em Doenças Infecciosas, Centro Multidisciplinar, Campus Floresta, Universidade Federal do Acre, Rio Branco, Brazil
| | - Kate Harrison
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, The Jenner Institute, The Henry Wellcome Building for Molecular Physiology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Alba Marina Gimenez
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, The Jenner Institute, The Henry Wellcome Building for Molecular Physiology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Elisângela Oliveira de Freitas
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, The Jenner Institute, The Henry Wellcome Building for Molecular Physiology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Young Chan Kim
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, The Jenner Institute, The Henry Wellcome Building for Molecular Physiology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Joseli Oliveira-Ferreira
- Laboratório de Imunoparasitologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Cláudio Tadeu Daniel-Ribeiro
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Malária, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Centro de Pesquisa, Diagnóstico e Treinamento em Malária, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Arturo Reyes-Sandoval
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, The Jenner Institute, The Henry Wellcome Building for Molecular Physiology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Lilian Rose Pratt-Riccio
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Malária, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Josué da Costa Lima-Junior
- Laboratório de Imunoparasitologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
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Araújo MDS, Andrade AO, Dos Santos NAC, Castro RB, Pereira DB, Rodrigues MMDS, Costa GDS, Júnior AMP, Carvalho LPC, de Medeiros JF, Pereira-da-Silva LH. First Observation of Experimental Plasmodium vivax Infection of Three Malaria Vectors from the Brazilian Amazon. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2020; 20:517-523. [PMID: 32255759 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2019.2527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Although malaria is endemic to the Amazon region, little is known about the susceptibility of potential parasite vectors in Brazil. Assessing the vector susceptibility of Anopheles mosquitoes will increase our understanding of parasite-vector interactions and aid the design of vector control strategies. This study assessed the susceptibility of three Anopheles species to midgut infection by Plasmodium vivax, the predominant malaria species in Rondônia State, Brazil. Blood from P. vivax infected patients was fed to Anopheles aquasalis, Anopheles darlingi, and Anopheles deaneorum mosquitoes using a membrane feeding assay (MFA). Gametocytemia was estimated by microscopic examination of blood smears and oocyst prevalence, and infection intensity was assessed. The presence of oocysts was determined by microscopy, and the infection rates and infection intensity were determined for all species. Data from six MFAs showed that An. darlingi and An. deaneorum exhibited the highest infection rates (97% and 90%, respectively) and developed a similar median number of P. vivax oocysts (142 and 123, respectively), while An. aquasalis exhibited the smallest infection rates (77%) and the median number of oocysts (88). Established laboratory colonies of An. darlingi and An. deaneorum and susceptibility to plasmodial infection would be beneficial for modeling P. vivax vector-parasite interactions in Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maisa da Silva Araújo
- Laboratório de Entomologia, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz Rondônia, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brasil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Experimental, Fundação Universidade Federal de Rondônia, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brasil.,Instituto Nacional de Epidemiologia da Amazônia Ocidental-INCT/EpiAmo, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz Rondônia, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brasil
| | - Alice Oliveira Andrade
- Laboratório de Entomologia, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz Rondônia, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brasil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Experimental, Fundação Universidade Federal de Rondônia, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brasil
| | - Najara Akira Costa Dos Santos
- Laboratório de Entomologia, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz Rondônia, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brasil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Experimental, Fundação Universidade Federal de Rondônia, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brasil
| | - Raphael Brum Castro
- Laboratório de Entomologia, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz Rondônia, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brasil
| | - Dhélio Batista Pereira
- Ambulatório de Malária, Centro de Pesquisa em Medicina Tropical, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brasil
| | | | - Glaucilene da Silva Costa
- Laboratório de Entomologia, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz Rondônia, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brasil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Experimental, Fundação Universidade Federal de Rondônia, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brasil
| | - Antonio Marques Pereira Júnior
- Laboratório de Entomologia, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz Rondônia, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brasil.,Instituto Nacional de Epidemiologia da Amazônia Ocidental-INCT/EpiAmo, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz Rondônia, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brasil
| | - Luís Paulo Costa Carvalho
- Laboratório de Entomologia, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz Rondônia, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brasil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Experimental, Fundação Universidade Federal de Rondônia, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brasil
| | - Jansen Fernandes de Medeiros
- Laboratório de Entomologia, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz Rondônia, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brasil.,Instituto Nacional de Epidemiologia da Amazônia Ocidental-INCT/EpiAmo, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz Rondônia, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brasil
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9
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González-Cerón L, Rodríguez MH, Ovilla-Muñoz MT, Santillán-Valenzuela F, Hernández-Ávila JE, Rodríguez MC, Martínez-Barnetche J, Villarreal-Treviño C. Ookinete-Specific Genes and 18S SSU rRNA Evidenced in Plasmodium vivax Selection and Adaptation by Sympatric Vectors. Front Genet 2020; 10:1362. [PMID: 32153625 PMCID: PMC7047961 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.01362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
In the southern Pacific coast of Chiapas, Mexico (SM), the two most abundant vector species, Nyssorhynchus albimanus and Anopheles pseudopunctipennis, were susceptible to different Plasmodium vivax Pvs25/28 haplotypes. To broaden our understanding of the existing P. vivax in the area, genes encoding proteins relevant for ookinete development and the 18S rRNA were studied. P. vivax infectivity (percentage of infected mosquitoes and oocyst numbers) was evaluated by simultaneously feeding infected blood samples from patients to Ny. albimanus and An. pseudopunctipennis female mosquitoes. Three infectivity patterns were identified: one group of parasites were more infective to An. pseudopunctipennis than to Ny. albimanus, another group was more infective to Ny. albimanus, while a third group infected both vectors similarly. In 29 parasite isolates, the molecular variations of ookinete-specific genes and the 18S rRNA-type S were analyzed. Using concatenated sequences, phylogenetic trees, and Structure analysis, parasite clustering within SM isolates and between these and those from other geographical origins were investigated. A ML phylogenetic tree resolved two parasite lineages: PvSM-A and PvSM-B. They were associated to a different 18S rRNA variant. PvSM-A parasites had 18S rRNA variant rV2 and correspond to parasites causing high oocyst infection in Ny. albimanus. A new ML tree and Structure analysis, both comprising global sequences, showed PvSM-A clustered with Latin American parasites. Meanwhile, all isolates of PvSM-B had 18S rRNA variant rV1 and remained as unique genetic cluster comprising two subgroups: PvSM-Ba, producing high infection in An. pseudopunctipennis, and PvSM-Bb, causing similar oocyst infection in both vector species. PvSM-A parasites were genetically similar to parasites from South America. Meanwhile, PvSM-B were exclusive to southern Mexico and share ancestry with Asian parasites. The results suggest that these lineages evolved separately, likely by geographic and vector restriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilia González-Cerón
- Regional Center of Research in Public Health, National Institute of Public Health, Ministry of Health, Tapachula, Mexico
| | - Mario H Rodríguez
- Vector Borne Diseases, Center for Research on Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Public Health, Ministry of Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Marbella T Ovilla-Muñoz
- Chronic Infections and Cancer, Center for Research on Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Public Health, Ministry of Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Frida Santillán-Valenzuela
- Regional Center of Research in Public Health, National Institute of Public Health, Ministry of Health, Tapachula, Mexico
| | - Juan E Hernández-Ávila
- Center of Information for Public Health Decisions, National Institute of Public Health, Ministry of Health, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - María Carmen Rodríguez
- Vector Borne Diseases, Center for Research on Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Public Health, Ministry of Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Jesús Martínez-Barnetche
- Chronic Infections and Cancer, Center for Research on Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Public Health, Ministry of Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Cuauhtémoc Villarreal-Treviño
- Regional Center of Research in Public Health, National Institute of Public Health, Ministry of Health, Tapachula, Mexico
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10
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Pratt-Riccio LR, Baptista BDO, Torres VR, Bianco-Junior C, Perce-Da-Silva DDS, Riccio EKP, Lima-Junior JDC, Totino PRR, Cassiano GC, Storti-Melo LM, Machado RLD, de Oliveira-Ferreira J, Banic DM, Carvalho LJDM, Daniel-Ribeiro CT. Chloroquine and mefloquine resistance profiles are not related to the circumsporozoite protein (CSP) VK210 subtypes in field isolates of Plasmodium vivax from Manaus, Brazilian Amazon. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2019; 114:e190054. [PMID: 31411308 PMCID: PMC6690721 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760190054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The central repetitive region (CRR) of the Plasmodium vivax circumsporozoite surface protein (CSP) is composed of a repetitive sequence that is characterised by three variants: VK210, VK247 and P. vivax-like. The most important challenge in the treatment of P. vivax infection is the possibility of differential response based on the parasite genotype. OBJECTIVES To characterise the CSP variants in P. vivax isolates from individuals residing in a malaria-endemic region in Brazil and to profile these variants based on sensitivity to chloroquine and mefloquine. METHODS The CSP variants were determined by sequencing and the sensitivity of the P. vivax isolates to chloroquine and mefloquine was determined by Deli-test. FINDINGS Although five different allele sizes were amplified, the sequencing results showed that all of the isolates belonged to the VK210 variant. However, we observed substantial genetic diversity in the CRR, resulting in the identification of 10 different VK210 subtypes. The frequency of isolates that were resistant to chloroquine and mefloquine was 11.8 and 23.8%, respectively. However, we did not observe any difference in the frequency of the resistant isolates belonging to the VK210 subtypes. MAIN CONCLUSION The VK210 variant is the most frequently observed in the studied region and there is significant genetic variability in the CRR of the P. vivax CSP. Moreover, the antimalarial drug sensitivity profiles of the isolates does not seem to be related to the VK210 subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilian Rose Pratt-Riccio
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Pesquisa em Malária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.,Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Centro de Pesquisa, Diagnóstico e Treinamento em Malária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Bárbara de Oliveira Baptista
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Pesquisa em Malária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.,Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Centro de Pesquisa, Diagnóstico e Treinamento em Malária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Vanessa Rodrigues Torres
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Pesquisa em Malária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.,Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Centro de Pesquisa, Diagnóstico e Treinamento em Malária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Cesare Bianco-Junior
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Pesquisa em Malária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.,Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Centro de Pesquisa, Diagnóstico e Treinamento em Malária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Daiana de Souza Perce-Da-Silva
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Pesquisa em Malária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.,Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Centro de Pesquisa, Diagnóstico e Treinamento em Malária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Evelyn Kety Pratt Riccio
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Pesquisa em Malária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.,Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Centro de Pesquisa, Diagnóstico e Treinamento em Malária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Josué da Costa Lima-Junior
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Imunoparasitologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Paulo Renato Rivas Totino
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Pesquisa em Malária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.,Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Centro de Pesquisa, Diagnóstico e Treinamento em Malária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Gustavo Capatti Cassiano
- Universidade de Campinas, Departamento de Genética, Evolução e Bioagentes, Laboratório de Doenças Tropicais, Campinas, SP, Brasil
| | - Luciane Moreno Storti-Melo
- Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Departamento de Biologia, Aracaju, SE, Brasil
| | - Ricardo Luiz Dantas Machado
- Universidade Federal Fluminense, Instituto Biomédico, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Niterói, RJ, Brasil
| | - Joseli de Oliveira-Ferreira
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Imunoparasitologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Dalma Maria Banic
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Imunologia Clínica, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Leonardo José de Moura Carvalho
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Pesquisa em Malária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.,Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Centro de Pesquisa, Diagnóstico e Treinamento em Malária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Cláudio Tadeu Daniel-Ribeiro
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Pesquisa em Malária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.,Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Centro de Pesquisa, Diagnóstico e Treinamento em Malária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
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11
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Araujo MDS, Andrade AO, Santos NACD, Pereira DB, Costa GDS, Paulo PFMD, Rios CT, Moreno M, Pereira-da-Silva LH, Medeiros JFD. Brazil's first free-mating laboratory colony of Nyssorhynchus darlingi. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2019; 52:e20190159. [PMID: 31340377 DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0159-2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The lack of highly-productive Nyssorhynchus darlingi laboratory colonies limits some studies. We report the first well-established laboratory colony of Ny. darlingi in Brazil. METHODS Mosquitoes were collected from Porto Velho and were reared at the Laboratory of Fiocruz/RO. After induced mating by light stimulation in the F1 to F6, the subsequent generations were free mating. Larvae were reared in distilled water and fed daily until pupation. RESULTS In 11 generations, the colony produced a high number of pupae after the F5 generation. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate the potential for permanently establishing Ny. darlingi colonies for research purposes in Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maisa da Silva Araujo
- Laboratório de Entomologia, Fiocruz Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, Brasil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Experimental, Fundação Universidade Federal de Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, Brasil.,Instituto Nacional de Epidemiologia da Amazônia Ocidental, Fiocruz Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, Brasil
| | - Alice Oliveira Andrade
- Laboratório de Entomologia, Fiocruz Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, Brasil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Experimental, Fundação Universidade Federal de Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, Brasil
| | - Najara Akira Costa Dos Santos
- Laboratório de Entomologia, Fiocruz Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, Brasil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Experimental, Fundação Universidade Federal de Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, Brasil
| | - Dhélio Batista Pereira
- Ambulatório de Malária, Centro de Pesquisa em Medicina Tropical, Porto Velho, RO, Brasil
| | - Glaucilene da Silva Costa
- Laboratório de Entomologia, Fiocruz Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, Brasil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Experimental, Fundação Universidade Federal de Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, Brasil
| | | | - Carlos Tong Rios
- Laboratorio ICEMR-Amazonia, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú
| | - Marta Moreno
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America.,Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Jansen Fernandes de Medeiros
- Laboratório de Entomologia, Fiocruz Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, Brasil.,Instituto Nacional de Epidemiologia da Amazônia Ocidental, Fiocruz Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, Brasil
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12
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VK210 and VK247 genotypes of Plasmodium vivax in anopheline mosquitoes from Brazilian Amazon. Sci Rep 2019; 9:9391. [PMID: 31253819 PMCID: PMC6599022 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-45809-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium vivax sporozoites are differenced by circumsporozoite protein. Studies on the circulation of P. vivax VK210 and P. vivax VK247 in anopheline mosquitoes are important to verify the adaptability of these parasites on mosquitoes in different locations and periods. This study aimed to describe and compare the distribution of these genotypes in anopheline mosquitoes from four states of the Brazilian Amazon. Epidemiological databases about CSP infections on mosquitoes from Pará (2000–2015), Amapá (2000–2010), Roraima (2000–2003 and 2009–2011) and Acre States (2012–2015) were used for analysis. A total of 895 specimens were found infected mainly by P. vivax VK210. We showed that the distribution of P. vivax VK247 changed over time in the main malaria vectors on the Brazilian Amazon. We note that A. darlingi was abundant in certain localities while A. albitarsis s.l. in anothers, which highlights the importance of entomological studies for the control of human malaria.
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13
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Santana RAG, Oliveira MC, Cabral I, Junior RCAS, de Sousa DRT, Ferreira L, Lacerda MVG, Monteiro WM, Abrantes P, Guerra MDGVB, Silveira H. Anopheles aquasalis transcriptome reveals autophagic responses to Plasmodium vivax midgut invasion. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:261. [PMID: 31126324 PMCID: PMC6534896 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3506-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Elimination of malaria depends on mastering transmission and understanding the biological basis of Plasmodium infection in the vector. The first mosquito organ to interact with the parasite is the midgut and its transcriptomic characterization during infection can reveal effective antiplasmodial responses able to limit the survival of the parasite. The vector response to Plasmodium vivax is not fully characterized, and its specificities when compared with other malaria parasites can be of fundamental interest for specific control measures. Methods Experimental infections were performed using a membrane-feeding device. Three groups were used: P. vivax-blood-fed, blood-fed on inactivated gametocytes, and unfed mosquitoes. Twenty-four hours after feeding, the mosquitoes were dissected and the midgut collected for transcriptomic analysis using RNAseq. Nine cDNA libraries were generated and sequenced on an Illumina HiSeq2500. Readings were checked for quality control and analysed using the Trinity platform for de novo transcriptome assembly. Transcript quantification was performed and the transcriptome was functionally annotated. Differential expression gene analysis was carried out. The role of the identified mechanisms was further explored using functional approaches. Results Forty-nine genes were identified as being differentially expressed with P. vivax infection: 34 were upregulated and 15 were downregulated. Half of the P. vivax-related differentially expressed genes could be related to autophagy; therefore, the effect of the known inhibitor (wortmannin) and activator (spermidine) was tested on the infection outcome. Autophagic activation significantly reduced the intensity and prevalence of infection. This was associated with transcription alterations of the autophagy regulating genes Beclin, DRAM and Apg8. Conclusions Our data indicate that P. vivax invasion of An. aquasalis midgut epithelium triggers an autophagic response and its activation reduces infection. This suggests a novel mechanism that mosquitoes can use to fight Plasmodium infection. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13071-019-3506-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Amélia Gonçalves Santana
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas/Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Maurício Costa Oliveira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas/Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Iria Cabral
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas/Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Rubens Celso Andrade Silva Junior
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas/Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Débora Raysa Teixeira de Sousa
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas/Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Lucas Ferreira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas/Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Marcus Vinícius Guimarães Lacerda
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas/Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil.,Instituto Leônidas & Maria Deane, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Wuelton Marcelo Monteiro
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas/Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Abrantes
- Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Global Health and Tropical Medicine, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Maria das Graças Vale Barbosa Guerra
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas/Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Henrique Silveira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas/Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil. .,Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Global Health and Tropical Medicine, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.
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14
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Martins-Campos KM, Kuehn A, Almeida A, Duarte APM, Sampaio VS, Rodriguez ÍC, da Silva SGM, Ríos-Velásquez CM, Lima JBP, Pimenta PFP, Bassat Q, Müller I, Lacerda M, Monteiro WM, Barbosa Guerra MDGV. Infection of Anopheles aquasalis from symptomatic and asymptomatic Plasmodium vivax infections in Manaus, western Brazilian Amazon. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:288. [PMID: 29728152 PMCID: PMC5935932 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-2749-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Asymptomatic individuals are one of the major challenges for malaria elimination programs in endemic areas. In the absence of clinical symptoms and with a lower parasite density they constitute silent reservoirs considered important for maintaining transmission of human malaria. Studies from Brazil have shown that infected individuals may carry these parasites for long periods. Results Patients were selected from three periurban endemic areas of the city of Manaus, in the western Brazilian Amazon. Symptomatic and asymptomatic patients with positive thick blood smear and quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) positive for Plasmodium vivax were invited to participate in the study. A standardised pvs25 gene amplification by qPCR was used for P. vivax gametocytes detection. Anopheles aquasalis were fed using membrane feeding assays (MFA) containing blood from malaria patients. Parasitemia of 42 symptomatic and 25 asymptomatic individuals was determined by microscopic examination of blood smears and qPCR. Parasitemia density and gametocyte density were assessed as determinants of infection rates and oocysts densities. A strong correlation between gametocyte densities (microscopy and molecular techniques) and mosquito infectivity (P < 0.001) and oocysts median numbers (P < 0.05) was found in both groups. The ability to infect mosquitoes was higher in the symptomatic group (41%), but infectivity in the asymptomatic group was also seen (1.42%). Conclusions Although their infectivity to mosquitoes is relatively low, given the high prevalence of P. vivax asymptomatic carriers they are likely to play and important role in malaria transmission in the city of Manaus. The role of asymptomatic infections therefore needs to be considered in future malaria elimination programs in Brazil. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13071-018-2749-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keillen M Martins-Campos
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Escola Superior de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil.,Departamento de Ensino e Pesquisa, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Andrea Kuehn
- Departamento de Ensino e Pesquisa, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil.,ISGlobal, Barcelona Centre for International Health Research (CRESIB), Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anne Almeida
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Escola Superior de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil.,Departamento de Ensino e Pesquisa, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula M Duarte
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Escola Superior de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil.,Departamento de Ensino e Pesquisa, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil
| | | | - Íria C Rodriguez
- Departamento de Ensino e Pesquisa, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Sara G M da Silva
- Departamento de Ensino e Pesquisa, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil
| | | | | | - Paulo Filemon Paolucci Pimenta
- Departamento de Ensino e Pesquisa, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil.,Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fiocruz, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Quique Bassat
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Centre for International Health Research (CRESIB), Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ivo Müller
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Centre for International Health Research (CRESIB), Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, Australia
| | - Marcus Lacerda
- Departamento de Ensino e Pesquisa, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil.,Instituto de Pesquisas Leônidas & Maria Deane, Fiocruz, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Wuelton M Monteiro
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Escola Superior de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil.,Departamento de Ensino e Pesquisa, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Maria das Graças V Barbosa Guerra
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Escola Superior de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil. .,Departamento de Ensino e Pesquisa, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil.
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15
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Promising approach to reducing Malaria transmission by ivermectin: Sporontocidal effect against Plasmodium vivax in the South American vectors Anopheles aquasalis and Anopheles darlingi. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006221. [PMID: 29444080 PMCID: PMC5828505 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The mosquito resistance to the insecticides threatens malaria control efforts, potentially becoming a major public health issue. Alternative methods like ivermectin (IVM) administration to humans has been suggested as a possible vector control to reduce Plasmodium transmission. Anopheles aquasalis and Anopheles darlingi are competent vectors for Plasmodium vivax, and they have been responsible for various malaria outbreaks in the coast of Brazil and the Amazon Region of South America. Methods To determine the IVM susceptibility against P. vivax in An. aquasalis and An. darlingi, ivermectin were mixed in P. vivax infected blood: (1) Powdered IVM at four concentrations (0, 5, 10, 20 or 40 ng/mL). (2) Plasma (0 hours, 4 hours, 1 day, 5, 10 and 14 days) was collected from healthy volunteers after to administer a single oral dose of IVM (200 μg/kg) (3) Mosquitoes infected with P. vivax and after 4 days was provided with IVM plasma collected 4 hours post-treatment (4) P. vivax-infected patients were treated with various combinations of IVM, chloroquine, and primaquine and plasma or whole blood was collected at 4 hours. Seven days after the infective blood meal, mosquitoes were dissected to evaluate oocyst presence. Additionally, the ex vivo effects of IVM against asexual blood-stage P. vivax was evaluated. Results IVM significantly reduced the prevalence of An. aquasalis that developed oocysts in 10 to 40 ng/mL pIVM concentrations and plasma 4 hours, 1 day and 5 days. In An. darlingi to 4 hours and 1 day. The An. aquasalis mortality was expressively increased in pIVM (40ng/mL) and plasma 4 hours, 1, 5 10 and 14 days post-intake drug and in An. darlingi only to 4 hours and 1 day. The double fed meal with mIVM by the mosquitoes has a considerable impact on the proportion of infected mosquitoes for 7 days post-feeding. The oocyst infection prevalence and intensity were notably reduced when mosquitoes ingested blood from P. vivax patients that ingested IVM+CQ, PQ+CQ and IVM+PQ+CQ. P. vivax asexual development was considerably inhibited by mIVM at four-fold dilutions. Conclusion In conclusion, whole blood spiked with IVM reduced the infection rate of P. vivax in An. aquasalis and An. darlingi, and increased the mortality of mosquitoes. Plasma from healthy volunteers after IVM administration affect asexual P. vivax development. These findings support that ivermectin may be used to decrease P. vivax transmission. Malaria is one of the most important infectious diseases in the world with hundreds of millions of new cases every year. The disease is caused by parasites of the genus Plasmodium where Plasmodium vivax represent most of the cases in the Americas. Current strategies to combat malaria transmission are being implemented; however, widespread insecticide resistance in vectors threatens the effectiveness of vector control programs. Ivermectin (IVM) has arisen as a new potential tool to be added to these programs as it has mosquito-lethal and sporontocidal properties making it a promising transmission reduction drug. Plasmodium vivax was drawn from patients, mixed with powdered IVM and metabolized IVM in plasma collected from healthy volunteers receiving IVM, and fed to mosquitoes via membrane feeding. Powdered and metabolized IVM interrupt P. vivax transmission, reducing oocyst infection and intensity rate of two South American malaria vectors An. aquasalis and An. darlingi. We also demonstrate the effect of IVM on asexual stages development of P. vivax, providing evidence that IVM may affect different parasite life cycle stages. Our findings place IVM as a strong candidate for malaria transmission reducing interventions.
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Balabaskaran Nina P, Mohanty AK, Ballav S, Vernekar S, Bhinge S, D'souza M, Walke J, Manoharan SK, Mascarenhas A, Gomes E, Chery L, Valecha N, Kumar A, Rathod PK. Dynamics of Plasmodium vivax sporogony in wild Anopheles stephensi in a malaria-endemic region of Western India. Malar J 2017; 16:284. [PMID: 28693607 PMCID: PMC5504555 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-017-1931-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In global efforts to track mosquito infectivity and parasite elimination, controlled mosquito-feeding experiments can help in understanding the dynamics of parasite development in vectors. Anopheles stephensi is often accepted as the major urban malaria vector that transmits Plasmodium in Goa and elsewhere in South Asia. However, much needs to be learned about the interactions of Plasmodium vivax with An. stephensi. As a component of the US NIH International Center of Excellence for Malaria Research (ICEMR) for Malaria Evolution in South Asia (MESA), a series of membrane-feeding experiments with wild An. stephensi and P. vivax were carried out to better understand this vector-parasite interaction. Methods Wild An. stephensi larvae and pupae were collected from curing water in construction sites in the city of Ponda, Goa, India. The larvae and pupae were reared at the MESA ICEMR insectary within the National Institute of Malaria Research (NIMR) field unit in Goa until they emerged into adult mosquitoes. Blood for membrane-feeding experiments was obtained from malaria patients at the local Goa Medical College and Hospital who volunteered for the study. Parasites were counted by Miller reticule technique and correlation between gametocytaemia/parasitaemia and successful mosquito infection was studied. Results A weak but significant correlation was found between patient blood gametocytaemia/parasitaemia and mosquito oocyst load. No correlation was observed between gametocytaemia/parasitaemia and oocyst infection rates, and between gametocyte sex ratio and oocyst load. When it came to development of the parasite in the mosquito, a strong positive correlation was observed between oocyst midgut levels and sporozoite infection rates, and between oocyst levels and salivary gland sporozoite loads. Kinetic studies showed that sporozoites appeared in the salivary gland as early as day 7, post-infection. Conclusions This is the first study in India to carry out membrane-feeding experiments with wild An. stephensi and P. vivax. A wide range of mosquito infection loads and infection rates were observed, pointing to a strong interplay between parasite, vector and human factors. Most of the present observations are in agreement with feeding experiments conducted with P. vivax elsewhere in the world. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12936-017-1931-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ajeet Kumar Mohanty
- National Institute of Malaria Research, Field Unit, Campal, Goa, 403001, India
| | - Shuvankar Ballav
- National Institute of Malaria Research, Field Unit, Campal, Goa, 403001, India
| | - Smita Vernekar
- National Institute of Malaria Research, Field Unit, Campal, Goa, 403001, India
| | - Sushma Bhinge
- National Institute of Malaria Research, Field Unit, Campal, Goa, 403001, India
| | - Maria D'souza
- National Institute of Malaria Research, Field Unit, Campal, Goa, 403001, India
| | - Jayashree Walke
- Departments of Chemistry and of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.,Goa Medical College and Hospital, Bambolim, Goa, 403202, India
| | - Suresh Kumar Manoharan
- Departments of Chemistry and of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.,Goa Medical College and Hospital, Bambolim, Goa, 403202, India
| | - Anjali Mascarenhas
- Departments of Chemistry and of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.,Goa Medical College and Hospital, Bambolim, Goa, 403202, India
| | - Edwin Gomes
- Goa Medical College and Hospital, Bambolim, Goa, 403202, India
| | - Laura Chery
- Departments of Chemistry and of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Neena Valecha
- National Institute of Malaria Research (ICMR), Sector 8, Dwarka, New Delhi, 110077, India
| | - Ashwani Kumar
- National Institute of Malaria Research, Field Unit, Campal, Goa, 403001, India
| | - Pradipsinh K Rathod
- Departments of Chemistry and of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
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Lázaro Silva Inácio C, Hilário Tavares da Silva J, César de Melo Freire R, Antonaci Gama R, Brisola Marcondes C, de Fátima Freire de Melo Ximenes M. Checklist of Mosquito Species (Diptera: Culicidae) in the Rio Grande do Norte State, Brazil-Contribution of Entomological Surveillance. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2017; 54:763-773. [PMID: 28399203 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjw236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The distribution of mosquito species in Rio Grande do Norte state, Brazil, was compiled from published data mid-2016 and a review of specimens deposited in the entomological collection of the Entomology Laboratory of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte. The existing records exist for 40 of the 167 municipalities in the state. The specimens in the Entomology Laboratory were collected using Shannon traps and by active search for immature individuals and from aquatic habitats using standard methods, in preserved Atlantic Forest and Caatinga remnants, located in urban and rural areas of the state. In total were recorded 76 species distributed into 25 subgenera, 15 genera, nine tribes, and two subfamilies, in addition to 15 new species records for the state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cássio Lázaro Silva Inácio
- Laboratory of Entomology, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 59.078-970, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil (; ; ; ; )
| | - José Hilário Tavares da Silva
- Laboratory of Entomology, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 59.078-970, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil (; ; ; ; )
| | - Renato César de Melo Freire
- Laboratory of Entomology, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 59.078-970, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil (; ; ; ; )
| | - Renata Antonaci Gama
- Laboratory of Entomology, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 59.078-970, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil (; ; ; ; )
| | - Carlos Brisola Marcondes
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Center of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, 88040-900, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Maria de Fátima Freire de Melo Ximenes
- Laboratory of Entomology, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 59.078-970, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil (; ; ; ; )
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Plasmodium yoelii nigeriensis (N67) Is a Robust Animal Model to Study Malaria Transmission by South American Anopheline Mosquitoes. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0167178. [PMID: 27911924 PMCID: PMC5135088 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria is endemic in the American continent and the Amazonian rainforest is the region with the highest risk of transmission. However, the lack of suitable experimental models to infect malaria vectors from the Americas has limited the progress to understand the biology of transmission in this region. Anopheles aquasalis, a major vector in coastal areas of South America, was found to be highly refractory to infection with two strains of Plasmodium falciparum (NF54 and 7G8) and with Plasmodium berghei (mouse malaria), even when the microbiota was eliminated with antibiotics and oxidative stress was reduced with uric acid. In contrast, An. aquasalis females treated with antibiotics and uric acid are susceptible to infection with a second murine parasite, Plasmodium yoelii nigeriensis N67 (PyN67). Anopheles albimanus, one of the main malaria vectors in Central America, Southern Mexico and the Caribbean, was more susceptible to infection with PyN67 than An. aquasalis, even in the absence of any pre-treatment, but was still less susceptible than Anopheles stephensi. Disruption of the complement-like system in An. albimanus significantly enhanced PyN67 infection, indicating that the mosquito immune system is mounting effective antiplasmodial responses. PyN67 has the ability to infect a broad range of anophelines and is an excellent model to study malaria transmission by South American vectors.
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Gomes MDSM, Vieira JLF, Cassiano GC, Musset L, Legrand E, Nacher M, Couto VSCD, Machado RLD, Couto ÁARD. EVALUATION OF CIRCUMSPOROZOITE PROTEIN OF Plasmodium vivax TO ESTIMATE ITS PREVALENCE IN OIAPOQUE , AMAPÁ STATE, BRAZIL, BORDERING FRENCH GUIANA. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2016; 58:72. [PMID: 27680177 PMCID: PMC5048643 DOI: 10.1590/s1678-9946201658072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Malaria is a major health problem for people who live on the border between Brazil
and French Guiana. Here we discuss Plasmodium vivax distribution
pattern in the town of Oiapoque, Amapá State using the
circumsporozoite (CS) gene as a marker. Ninety-one peripheral blood samples from
P. vivax patients have been studied. Of these, 64 individuals
were from the municipality of Oiapoque (Amapá
State, Brazil) and 27 patients from French Guiana (August to December 2011). DNA
extraction was performed, and a fragment of the P. vivax CS gene was
subsequently analyzed using PCR/RFLP. The VK210 genotype was the most common in both
countries (48.36% in Brazil and 14.28% in French Guiana), followed by the P.
vivax-like (1.10% in both Brazil and French Guiana) and VK247 (1.10% only
in Brazil) in single infections. We were able to detect all three CS genotypes
simultaneously in mixed infections. There were no statistically significant
differences either regarding infection site or parasitaemia among individuals with
different genotypes. These results suggest that the same genotypes circulating in
French Guiana are found in the municipality of Oiapoque in Brazil.
These findings suggest that there may be a dispersion of parasitic populations
occurring between the two countries. Most likely, this distribution is associated
with prolonged and/or more complex transmission patterns of these genotypes in
Brazil, bordering French Guiana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarete do Socorro Mendonça Gomes
- Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública do Amapá. Amapá State, Brazil. E-mail: .,Universidade Federal do Pará. Belém, Pará State, Brazil. E-mails: ; ; ;
| | | | - Gustavo Capatti Cassiano
- Universidade Estadual Paulista, Instituto de Biociências, Letras e Ciências Exatas. São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo State, Brazil. E-mails: ;
| | - Lise Musset
- Laboratoire de parasitologie, Centre National de référence du Paludisme, Institut Pasteur de la Guyane. Cayenne, French Guiana. E-mails: ;
| | - Eric Legrand
- Laboratoire de parasitologie, Centre National de référence du Paludisme, Institut Pasteur de la Guyane. Cayenne, French Guiana. E-mails: ;
| | - Mathieu Nacher
- Université des Antilles et de la Guyane. Cayenne, French Guiana. E-mail:
| | | | - Ricardo Luiz Dantas Machado
- Universidade Federal do Pará. Belém, Pará State, Brazil. E-mails: ; ; ; .,Universidade Estadual Paulista, Instituto de Biociências, Letras e Ciências Exatas. São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo State, Brazil. E-mails: ; .,Instituto Evandro Chagas. Ananindeua, Pará State, Brazil. E-mail:
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Proteomics reveals major components of oogenesis in the reproductive tract of sugar-fed Anopheles aquasalis. Parasitol Res 2016; 115:1977-89. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-016-4940-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Talha AA, Pirahmadi S, Mehrizi AA, Djadid ND, Nour BYM, Zakeri S. Molecular genetic analysis of Plasmodium vivax isolates from Eastern and Central Sudan using pvcsp and pvmsp-3α genes as molecular markers. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2015; 32:12-22. [PMID: 25721363 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2015.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2014] [Revised: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In Sudan, Plasmodium vivax accounts for approximately 5-10% of malaria cases. This study was carried out to determine the genetic diversity of P. vivax population from Sudan by analyzing the polymorphism of P. vivax csp (pvcsp) and pvmsp-3α genes. Blood samples (n=76) were taken from suspected malaria cases from 2012-2013 in three health centers of Eastern and Central Sudan. Parasite detection was performed by microscopy and molecular techniques, and genotyping of both genes was performed by PCR-RFLP followed by DNA sequence for only pvcsp gene (n=30). Based on microscopy analysis, 76 (%100) patients were infected with P. vivax, whereas nested-PCR results showed that 86.8% (n=66), 3.9% (n=3), and 3.9% (n=3) of tested samples had P. vivax as well as Plasmodium falciparum mono- and mixed infections, respectively. Four out of 76 samples had no results in molecular diagnosis. All sequenced samples were found to be of VK210 (100%) genotype with six distinct amino acid haplotypes, and 210A (66.7%) was the most prevalent haplotype. The Sudanese isolates displayed variations in the peptide repeat motifs (PRMs) ranging from 17 to 19 with GDRADGQPA (PRM1), GDRAAGQPA (PRM2) and DDRAAGQPA (PRM3). Also, 54 polymorphic sites with 56 mutations were found in repeat and post-repeat regions of the pvcsp and the overall nucleotide diversity (π) was 0.02149±0.00539. A negative value of dN-dS (-0.0344) was found that suggested a significant purifying selection of Sudanese pvcsp, (Z test, P<0.05). Regarding pvmsp-3α, three types were detected: types A (94.6%, 52/55), type C (3.6%, 2/55), and type B (1.8%, 1/55). No multiclonal infections were detected, and RFLP analysis identified 13 (Hha I, A1-A11, B1, and C1) and 16 (Alu I, A1-A14, B1, and C1) distinct allelic forms. In conclusion, genetic investigation among Sudanese P. vivax isolates indicated that this antigen showed limited antigenic diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albadawi Abdelbagi Talha
- Department of Parasitology, Blue Nile National Institute for Communicable Diseases, University of Gezira, P.O. Box 20, Wad Medani, Sudan; Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences, University of Gezira, P.O. Box 20, Wad Medani, Sudan
| | - Sekineh Pirahmadi
- Malaria and Vector Research Group (MVRG), Biotechnology Research Center (BRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Pasteur Avenue, P.O. Box 1316943551, Tehran, Iran
| | - Akram Abouie Mehrizi
- Malaria and Vector Research Group (MVRG), Biotechnology Research Center (BRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Pasteur Avenue, P.O. Box 1316943551, Tehran, Iran
| | - Navid Dinparast Djadid
- Malaria and Vector Research Group (MVRG), Biotechnology Research Center (BRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Pasteur Avenue, P.O. Box 1316943551, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bakri Y M Nour
- Department of Parasitology, Blue Nile National Institute for Communicable Diseases, University of Gezira, P.O. Box 20, Wad Medani, Sudan; Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences, University of Gezira, P.O. Box 20, Wad Medani, Sudan
| | - Sedigheh Zakeri
- Malaria and Vector Research Group (MVRG), Biotechnology Research Center (BRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Pasteur Avenue, P.O. Box 1316943551, Tehran, Iran.
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22
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Pimenta PFP, Orfano AS, Bahia AC, Duarte APM, Ríos-Velásquez CM, Melo FF, Pessoa FAC, Oliveira GA, Campos KMM, Villegas LM, Rodrigues NB, Nacif-Pimenta R, Simões RC, Monteiro WM, Amino R, Traub-Cseko YM, Lima JBP, Barbosa MGV, Lacerda MVG, Tadei WP, Secundino NFC. An overview of malaria transmission from the perspective of Amazon Anopheles vectors. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2015; 110:23-47. [PMID: 25742262 PMCID: PMC4371216 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760140266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In the Americas, areas with a high risk of malaria transmission are mainly located in the Amazon Forest, which extends across nine countries. One keystone step to understanding the Plasmodium life cycle in Anopheles species from the Amazon Region is to obtain experimentally infected mosquito vectors. Several attempts to colonise Anopheles species have been conducted, but with only short-lived success or no success at all. In this review, we review the literature on malaria transmission from the perspective of its Amazon vectors. Currently, it is possible to develop experimental Plasmodium vivax infection of the colonised and field-captured vectors in laboratories located close to Amazonian endemic areas. We are also reviewing studies related to the immune response to P. vivax infection of Anopheles aquasalis, a coastal mosquito species. Finally, we discuss the importance of the modulation of Plasmodium infection by the vector microbiota and also consider the anopheline genomes. The establishment of experimental mosquito infections with Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium yoelii and Plasmodium berghei parasites that could provide interesting models for studying malaria in the Amazonian scenario is important. Understanding the molecular mechanisms involved in the development of the parasites in New World vectors is crucial in order to better determine the interaction process and vectorial competence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo FP Pimenta
- Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou-Fiocruz, Belo Horizonte, MG,
Brasil
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, AM,
Brasil
| | | | - Ana C Bahia
- Instituto Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Ana PM Duarte
- Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou-Fiocruz, Belo Horizonte, MG,
Brasil
| | | | - Fabrício F Melo
- Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou-Fiocruz, Belo Horizonte, MG,
Brasil
| | | | | | - Keillen MM Campos
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, AM,
Brasil
| | | | | | | | - Rejane C Simões
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, AM, Brasil
| | - Wuelton M Monteiro
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, AM,
Brasil
| | - Rogerio Amino
- Unité de Biologie et Génétique du Paludisme, Institut Pasteur, Paris,
France
| | | | - José BP Lima
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, AM,
Brasil
- Instituto Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Maria GV Barbosa
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, AM,
Brasil
| | - Marcus VG Lacerda
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, AM,
Brasil
- Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane-Fiocruz, Manaus, AM, Brasil
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Differing Patterns of Selection and Geospatial Genetic Diversity within Two Leading Plasmodium vivax Candidate Vaccine Antigens. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014; 8:e2796. [PMID: 24743266 PMCID: PMC3990511 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
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Rios-Velásquez CM, Martins-Campos KM, Simões RC, Izzo T, dos Santos EV, Pessoa FAC, Lima JBP, Monteiro WM, Secundino NFC, Lacerda MVG, Tadei WP, Pimenta PFP. Experimental Plasmodium vivax infection of key Anopheles species from the Brazilian Amazon. Malar J 2013; 12:460. [PMID: 24359307 PMCID: PMC3878095 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-12-460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Anopheles darlingi is the major malaria vector in countries located in the Amazon region. Anopheles aquasalis and Anopheles albitarsis s.l. are also proven vectors in this region. Anopheles nuneztovari s.l. and Anopheles triannulatus s.l. were found infected with Plasmodium vivax; however, their status as vectors is not yet well defined. Knowledge of susceptibility of Amazon anopheline populations to Plasmodium infection is necessary to better understand their vector capacity. Laboratory colonization of An. darlingi, the main Amazon vector, has proven to be difficult and presently An. aquasalis is the only available autonomous colony. Methods Larvae of An. darlingi, An. albitarsis s.l., An. nuneztovari s.l. and An. triannulatus s.l. were collected in the field and reared until adult stage. Adults of An. aquasalis were obtained from a well-established colony. Mosquitoes were blood-fed using a membrane-feeding device containing infected blood from malarial patients. The infection of the distinct Anopheles species was evaluated by the impact variance of the following parameters: (a) parasitaemia density; (b) blood serum inactivation of the infective bloodmeal; (c) influence of gametocyte number on infection rates and number of oocysts. The goal of this work was to compare the susceptibility to P. vivax of four field-collected Anopheles species with colonized An. aquasalis. Results All Anopheles species tested were susceptible to P. vivax infection, nevertheless the proportion of infected mosquitoes and the infection intensity measured by oocyst number varied significantly among species. Inactivation of the blood serum prior to mosquito feeding increased infection rates in An. darlingi and An. triannulatus s.l., but was diminished in An. albitarsis s.l. and An. aquasalis. There was a positive correlation between gametocyte density and the infection rate in all tests (Z = −8.37; p < 0.001) but varied among the mosquito species. Anopheles albitarsis s.l., An. aquasalis and An. nuneztovari s.l. had higher infection rates than An. darlingi. Conclusion All field-collected Anopheles species, as well as colonized An. aquasalis are susceptible to experimental P. vivax infections by membrane feeding assays. Anopheles darlingi, An. albitarsis s.l. and An. aquasalis are very susceptible to P. vivax infection. However, colonized An. aquasalis mosquitoes showed the higher infection intensity represented by infection rate and oocyst numbers. This study is the first to characterize experimental development of Plasmodium infections in Amazon Anopheles vectors and also to endorse that P. vivax infection of colonized An. aquasalis is a feasible laboratory model.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Paulo F P Pimenta
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr, Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, AM, Brazil.
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Gholizadeh S, Zakeri S, Djadid ND. Genotyping Plasmodium vivax isolates infecting Anopheles stephensi, an Asian main malaria vector. Exp Parasitol 2013; 134:48-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2013.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2012] [Revised: 12/24/2012] [Accepted: 01/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Battle KE, Gething PW, Elyazar IRF, Moyes CL, Sinka ME, Howes RE, Guerra CA, Price RN, Baird KJ, Hay SI. The global public health significance of Plasmodium vivax. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2013. [PMID: 23199486 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-397900-1.00001-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Plasmodium vivax occurs globally and thrives in both temperate and tropical climates. Here, we review the evidence of the biological limits of its contemporary distribution and the global population at risk (PAR) of the disease within endemic countries. We also review the most recent evidence for the endemic level of transmission within its range and discuss the implications for burden of disease assessments. Finally, the evidence-base for defining the contemporary distribution and PAR of P. vivax are discussed alongside a description of the vectors of human malaria within the limits of risk. This information along with recent data documenting the severe morbid and fatal consequences of P. vivax infection indicates that the public health significance of P. vivax is likely to have been seriously underestimated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine E Battle
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, UK
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Dias S, Wickramarachchi T, Sahabandu I, Escalante AA, Udagama PV. Population genetic structure of the Plasmodium vivax circumsporozoite protein (Pvcsp) in Sri Lanka. Gene 2013; 518:381-7. [PMID: 23333606 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2013.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2012] [Revised: 01/03/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Molecular methods elucidate evolutionary and ecological processes in parasites, where interaction between hosts and parasites enlighten the evolution of parasite lifestyles and host defenses. Population genetics of Plasmodium vivax parasites accurately describe transmission dynamics of the parasites and evaluation of malaria control measures. As a first generation vaccine candidate against malaria, the Circumsporozoite Protein (CSP) has demonstrated significant potential in P. falciparum. Extensive polymorphism hinders the development of a potent malaria vaccine. Hence, the genetic diversity of Pvcsp was investigated for the first time in 60 Sri Lankan clinical isolates by obtaining the nucleotide sequence of the central repeat (CR) domain and examining the polymorphism of the peptide repeat motifs (PRMs), the genetic diversity indices and phylogenetic relationships. PCR amplicons determined size polymorphism of 610, 700 and 710 bp in Pvcsp of Sri Lanka where all amino acid sequences obtained were of the VK210 variant, consisting variable repeats of 4 different PRMs. The two most abundant PRMs of the CR domain, GDRADGQPA and GDRAAGQPA consisted ~2-4 repeats, while GNRAAGQPA was unique to the island. Though, different nucleotide sequences termed repeat allotypes (RATs) were observed for each PRM, these were synonymous contributing to a less polymorphic CR domain. The genetic diversity of Pvcsp in Sri Lanka was due to the number of repetitive peptide repeat motifs, point mutations, and intragenic recombination. The 19 amino acid haplotypes defined were exclusive to Sri Lanka, whereas the 194 Pvcsp sequences of global isolates generated 57 more distinct a.a. haplotypes of the VK210 variant. Strikingly, the CR domain of both VK210 and VK247 variants was under purifying selection interpreting the scarcity of CSP non-synonymous polymorphisms. Insights to the distribution of RATs in the CR region with geographic clustering of the P. vivax VK210 variant were revealed. The cladogram reiterated this unique geographic clustering of local (VK210) and global isolates (VK210 and VK247), which was further validated by the elevated fixation index values of the VK210 variant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajani Dias
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of Colombo, Colombo 03, Sri Lanka
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Cassiano GC, Storti-Melo LM, Póvoa MM, Galardo AKR, Rossit ARB, Machado RLD. Development of PCR-RFLP assay for the discrimination of Plasmodium species and variants of P. vivax (VK210, VK247 and P. vivax-like) in Anopheles mosquitoes. Acta Trop 2011; 118:118-22. [PMID: 21420375 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2011.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2010] [Revised: 02/18/2011] [Accepted: 02/22/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The identification of Plasmodium species in Anopheles mosquitoes is an integral component of malaria control programs. We developed a new assay to identify Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium malariae, and Plasmodium vivax variants. Specific primers were designed to hybridize to CS gene-specific regions. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) were used to distinguish the P. vivax variants VK210, VK247, and P. vivax-like. The new PCR-RFLP assay revealed good agreement when compared with a nested PCR using artificially infected Anopheles mosquitoes. This sensitive PCR-RFLP method can be useful when detection of Plasmodium species and P. vivax variants is required and may be employed to improve the understanding of malaria transmission dynamics by Anopheles species.
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Henry-Halldin CN, Sepe D, Susapu M, McNamara DT, Bockarie M, King CL, Zimmerman PA. High-throughput molecular diagnosis of circumsporozoite variants VK210 and VK247 detects complex Plasmodium vivax infections in malaria endemic populations in Papua New Guinea. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2010; 11:391-8. [PMID: 21147267 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2010.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2010] [Revised: 10/11/2010] [Accepted: 11/24/2010] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Malaria is endemic in lowland and coastal regions of Papua New Guinea (PNG), and is caused by Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium malariae and Plasmodium ovale. Infection by P. vivax is attributed to distinct strains, VK210 and VK247, which differ in the sequence of the circumsporozoite protein (pvcsp). Here, based upon sequence polymorphisms in pvcsp, we developed a post-PCR ligation detection reaction-fluorescent microsphere assay (LDR-FMA) to distinguish these P. vivax strains. This diagnostic assay was designed to detect the presence of both VK210 and VK247 P. vivax strains simultaneously in a high-throughput 96-well format. Using this assay, we analyzed human blood samples from the Wosera (n=703) and Mugil (n=986) regions to evaluate the prevalence of these P. vivax strains. VK210 and VK247 strains were found in both study sites. In the Wosera, single infections with VK210 strain were observed to be most common (41.7%), followed by mixed-strain (36.8%) and VK247 single-strain infections (21.5%). Similarly, in Mugil, VK210 single-strain infections were most common (51.6%), followed by mixed-strain (34.4%) and VK247 single-strain infections (14%). These results suggest that the distribution of P. vivax infections was similar between the two study sites. Interestingly, we observed a non-random distribution of these two P. vivax strains, as mixed-strain infections were significantly more prevalent than expected in both study sites (Wosera and Mugil χ(2)p-value<0.001). Additionally, DNA sequence analysis of a subset of P. vivax infections showed that no individual pvcsp alleles were shared between the two study sites. Overall, our results illustrate that PNG malaria-endemic regions harbor a complex mixture of P. vivax strains, and emphasize the importance of malaria control strategies that would be effective against a highly diverse parasite population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cara N Henry-Halldin
- Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University, Wolstein Research Building, Room 4-125, 2103 Cornell Rd., Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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Gutiérrez LA, Gómez GF, González JJ, Castro MI, Luckhart S, Conn JE, Correa MM. Microgeographic genetic variation of the malaria vector Anopheles darlingi root (Diptera: Culicidae) from Cordoba and Antioquia, Colombia. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2010; 83:38-47. [PMID: 20595475 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.2010.09-0381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Anopheles darlingi is an important vector of Plasmodium spp. in several malaria-endemic regions of Colombia. This study was conducted to test genetic variation of An. darlingi at a microgeographic scale (approximately 100 km) from localities in Córdoba and Antioquia states, in western Colombia, to better understand the potential contribution of population genetics to local malaria control programs. Microsatellite loci: nuclear white and cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) gene sequences were analyzed. The northern white gene lineage was exclusively distributed in Córdoba and Antioquia and shared COI haplotypes were highly represented in mosquitoes from both states. COI analyses showed these An. darlingi are genetically closer to Central American populations than southern South American populations. Overall microsatellites and COI analysis showed low to moderate genetic differentiation among populations in northwestern Colombia. Given the existence of high gene flow between An. darlingi populations of Córdoba and Antioquia, integrated vector control strategies could be developed in this region of Colombia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina A Gutiérrez
- Grupo de Microbiología Molecular, Escuela de Microbiología, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
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Souza-Neiras WC, Storti-Melo LM, Cassiano GC, Couto VSCA, Couto AARA, Soares IS, Carvalho LH, Cunha MG, Póvoa MM, Herrera S, Herrera MA, Rossit ARM, Carareto CMA, Machado RLD. Plasmodium vivax circumsporozoite genotypes: a limited variation or new subspecies with major biological consequences? Malar J 2010; 9:178. [PMID: 20573199 PMCID: PMC2908638 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-9-178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2009] [Accepted: 06/23/2010] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Plasmodium vivax circumsporozoite variants have been identified in several geographical areas. The real implication of the genetic variation in this region of the P. vivax genome has been questioned for a long time. Although previous studies have observed significant association between VK210 and the Duffy blood group, we present here that evidences of this variation are limited to the CSP central portion. Methods The phylogenetic analyses were accomplished starting from the amplification of conserved domains of 18 SSU RNAr and Cyt B. The antibodies responses against the CSP peptides, MSP-1, AMA-1 and DBP were detected by ELISA, in plasma samples of individuals infected with two P. vivax CS genotypes: VK210 and P. vivax-like. Results These analyses of the two markers demonstrate high similarity among the P. vivax CS genotypes and surprisingly showed diversity equal to zero between VK210 and P. vivax-like, positioning these CS genotypes in the same clade. A high frequency IgG antibody against the N- and C-terminal regions of the P. vivax CSP was found as compared to the immune response to the R- and V- repetitive regions (p = 0.0005, Fisher's Exact test). This difference was more pronounced when the P. vivax-like variant was present in the infection (p = 0.003, Fisher's Exact test). A high frequency of antibody response against MSP-1 and AMA-1 peptides was observed for all P. vivax CS genotypes in comparison to the same frequency for DBP. Conclusions This results target that the differences among the P. vivax CS variants are restrict to the central repeated region of the protein, mostly nucleotide variation with important serological consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanessa C Souza-Neiras
- Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio Mesquita Filho, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo State, Brazil.
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Storti-Melo LM, de Souza-Neiras WC, Cassiano GC, Joazeiro AC, Fontes CJ, Bonini-Domingos CR, D’Almeida Couto ÁA, Povoa MM, de Mattos LC, Cavasini CE, Rossit AR, Machado RL. Plasmodium vivax circumsporozoite variants and Duffy blood group genotypes in the Brazilian Amazon region. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2009; 103:672-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trstmh.2008.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2008] [Revised: 07/28/2008] [Accepted: 07/28/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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Joy DA, Gonzalez-Ceron L, Carlton JM, Gueye A, Fay M, McCutchan TF, Su XZ. Local adaptation and vector-mediated population structure in Plasmodium vivax malaria. Mol Biol Evol 2008; 25:1245-52. [PMID: 18385220 PMCID: PMC2386084 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msn073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium vivax in southern Mexico exhibits different infectivities to 2 local mosquito vectors, Anopheles pseudopunctipennis and Anopheles albimanus. Previous work has tied these differences in mosquito infectivity to variation in the central repeat motif of the malaria parasite's circumsporozoite (csp) gene, but subsequent studies have questioned this view. Here we present evidence that P. vivax in southern Mexico comprised 3 genetic populations whose distributions largely mirror those of the 2 mosquito vectors. Additionally, laboratory colony feeding experiments indicate that parasite populations are most compatible with sympatric mosquito species. Our results suggest that reciprocal selection between malaria parasites and mosquito vectors has led to local adaptation of the parasite. Adaptation to local vectors may play an important role in generating population structure in Plasmodium. A better understanding of coevolutionary dynamics between sympatric mosquitoes and parasites will facilitate the identification of molecular mechanisms relevant to disease transmission in nature and provide crucial information for malaria control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deirdre A Joy
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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Alves RT, Póvoa MM, Goldman IF, Cavasini CE, Rossit ARB, Machado RLD. A new polymerase chain reaction/restriction fragment length polymorphism protocol for Plasmodium vivax circumsporozoite protein genotype (VK210, VK247, and P. vivax-like) determination. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2007; 59:415-9. [PMID: 17916421 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2007.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2007] [Revised: 06/26/2007] [Accepted: 06/27/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
For the molecular diagnosis of Plasmodium vivax variants (VK210, VK247, and P. vivax-like) using DNA amplification procedures in the laboratory, the choice of rapid and inexpensive identification products of the 3 different genotypes is an important prerequisite. We report here the standardization of a new polymerase chain reaction/restriction fragment length polymorphism technique to identify the 3 described P. vivax circumsporozoite protein (CSP) variants using amplification of the central immunodominant region of the CSP gene of this protozoan. The simplicity, specificity, and sensitivity of the system described here is important to determine the prevalence and the distribution of infection with these P. vivax genotypes in endemic and nonendemic malaria areas, enabling a better understanding of their phylogeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Tomé Alves
- Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, 15054-000 São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo State, Brazil
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de Souza-Neiras WC, de Melo LMS, Machado RLD. The genetic diversity of Plasmodium vivax: a review. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2007; 102:245-54. [PMID: 17568928 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762007000300002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2007] [Accepted: 05/08/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The genetic diversity of Plasmodium vivax has been investigated in several malaria-endemic areas, including the Brazilian Amazon region, where this is currently the most prevalent species causing malaria in humans. This review summarizes current views on the use of molecular markers to examine P. vivax populations, with a focus on studies performed in Brazilian research laboratories. We emphasize the importance of phylogenetic studies on this parasite and discuss the perspectives created by our increasing understanding of genetic diversity and population structure of this parasite for the development of new control strategies, including vaccines, and more effective drugs for the treatment of P. vivax malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanessa Christina de Souza-Neiras
- Departamento de Biologia, Instituto de Biociências, Letras e Ciências Exatas, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Súo José do Rio Preto, SP, Brasil.
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