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Ferrarezi JVS, Owatari MS, Martins MA, de Souza Sá L, Dutra SAP, de Oliveira HM, Soligo T, Martins ML, Mouriño JLP. Effects of a multi-strain Bacillus probiotic on the intestinal microbiome, haemato-immunology, and growth performance of Nile tilapia. Vet Res Commun 2024; 48:2357-2368. [PMID: 38775898 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-024-10412-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
The study evaluated dietary supplementation with a feed additive composed of multi-strain Bacillus for Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus. In vitro and in vivo assays employing culture-based microbiological methods and metagenomics were performed. Additionally, the study assessed the haemato-immunology, intestinal microbiome, and growth performance of the animals. For this, 30 juvenile Nile tilapia were used in the in vitro assay and 180 (60 + 120) in the in vivo assays. In the in vitro assay, we found evidence of adhesion of the probiotic bacteria to the intestinal mucus of fish, corroborated in the 15-day in vivo assay, in which the count of B. licheniformis was significantly higher in fish fed with probiotic when compared to fish of the control group. Furthermore, in the 50-day in vivo trial, a metagenomic analysis provided evidence for the modulation of the intestine microbiome of Nile tilapia by dietary supplementation of the probiotic. In addition, there was an increase in species richness, higher abundance of potentially probiotic autochthonous species and a lower abundance of Aeromonas sp. when the animals were fed the supplemented diet. Finally, no significant differences were observed in growth performance and haemato-immunological analyses, suggesting no harm to fish health when the product was supplemented for 15 and 50 days. The in vitro results indicate that the multi-strain probiotics were able to adhere to the intestinal mucus of Nile tilapia. Additionally, a modulation of the intestinal microbiome was evidenced in the in vivo assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Victor Safadi Ferrarezi
- AQUOS-Aquatic Organisms Health Laboratory, Aquaculture Department, Center of Agrarian Sciences (CCA), Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Rodovia Admar Gonzaga, 1346, CEP 88034-000, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Marco Shizuo Owatari
- AQUOS-Aquatic Organisms Health Laboratory, Aquaculture Department, Center of Agrarian Sciences (CCA), Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Rodovia Admar Gonzaga, 1346, CEP 88034-000, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil.
| | - Mateus Aranha Martins
- LCM - Marine Shrimp Laboratory, Aquaculture Department, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Serv. Beco dos Coroas, 503, CEP 88061-600, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Lúvia de Souza Sá
- AQUOS-Aquatic Organisms Health Laboratory, Aquaculture Department, Center of Agrarian Sciences (CCA), Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Rodovia Admar Gonzaga, 1346, CEP 88034-000, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Scheila Anelise Pereira Dutra
- LCM - Marine Shrimp Laboratory, Aquaculture Department, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Serv. Beco dos Coroas, 503, CEP 88061-600, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Hugo Mendes de Oliveira
- AQUOS-Aquatic Organisms Health Laboratory, Aquaculture Department, Center of Agrarian Sciences (CCA), Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Rodovia Admar Gonzaga, 1346, CEP 88034-000, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Thiago Soligo
- DSM - Nutritional Products Costa Rica, Industrial Park Z, Santo Domingo de Heredia, 40301, Heredia, Costa Rica
| | - Maurício Laterça Martins
- AQUOS-Aquatic Organisms Health Laboratory, Aquaculture Department, Center of Agrarian Sciences (CCA), Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Rodovia Admar Gonzaga, 1346, CEP 88034-000, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - José Luiz Pedreira Mouriño
- AQUOS-Aquatic Organisms Health Laboratory, Aquaculture Department, Center of Agrarian Sciences (CCA), Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Rodovia Admar Gonzaga, 1346, CEP 88034-000, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
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Costa DS, Dutra SAP, Pereira IL, Cardoso L, de Medeiros PB, Riofrio LVP, Libanori MCM, Soligo TA, Yamashita E, Pereira UDP, Mourinõ JLP, Martins ML. Hematoimmunological responses of juvenile Nile tilapia ( Oreochromis niloticus) receiving the dietary supplementation of immunomodulators and different levels of vitamins after challenge with physical stress. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE 2024; 46:e001124. [PMID: 39070261 PMCID: PMC11277980 DOI: 10.29374/2527-2179.bjvm001124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024] Open
Abstract
In this study, we analyzed the hematoimmunological effects of dietary supplementation with immunomodulators (β-glucans + nucleotides) and different levels of vitamins on Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) after exposure to physical stress. The following four diet treatments were used: diets with indicated vitamin levels (Vitind), diets with Vitind + immunomodulator (Vitind + Immune), diets with high vitamin content (Vithigh), and those with Vithigh + immunomodulator (Vithigh + Immune). The experiment included 560 fish in 28 tanks (20 fish tank-1), with seven replicates per treatment. After 60 days of supplementation, the water temperature was set at 20 °C, and complete biometrics were performed. The animals were then subjected to physical stress with temperature oscillations of 20 ºC to 30 ºC/30 ºC to 20 ºC/20 ºC to 30 ºC. Hematoimmunological data from 140 animals were collected post-stress. Antimicrobial titer and total plasma protein levels were significantly higher in fish not receiving immunomodulator-supplemented diets (2.88 ± 0.43 log2 and 26.81 ± 4.01 mg∙mL-1, respectively) than in those that did. Conversely, the agglutination titer increased in fish fed with lower vitamin levels (3.33 ± 0.66 log2) compared to those with higher vitamin levels. Increased immunoglobulin levels were observed in fish fed diets co-supplemented with vitamins and immunomodulators, revealing an interaction between immunomodulators and dietary vitamin levels. In summary, the inclusion of immunomodulators in the diet enhanced the animals' resistance to physical stress and improved hematoimmunological parameters. Additionally, a high vitamin content in the diet did not modulate the immune responses in the animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domickson Silva Costa
- Fisheries engineer, AQUOS-Aquatic Organisms Health Laboratory, Aquaculture Department, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, SC, Brazil.
| | | | - Iracema Lima Pereira
- Fisheries engineer, AQUOS-Aquatic Organisms Health Laboratory, Aquaculture Department, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, SC, Brazil.
| | - Lucas Cardoso
- Aquaculture engineer, AQUOS-Aquatic Organisms Health Laboratory, Aquaculture Department, UFSC, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil.
| | - Paula Brando de Medeiros
- Aquaculture engineer, AQUOS-Aquatic Organisms Health Laboratory, Aquaculture Department, UFSC, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil.
| | | | - Maria Clara Miguel Libanori
- Veterinarian, AQUOS-Aquatic Organisms Health Laboratory, Aquaculture Department, UFSC, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil.
| | | | - Eduardo Yamashita
- Zootechnist, DSM-Nutritional Products, Brazil S.A, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Ulisses de Pádua Pereira
- Veterinarian, LABBEP- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Laboratory of Bacteriology in Fish, UEL, Londrina, PR, Brazil.
| | - José Luiz Pedreira Mourinõ
- Zootechnist, AQUOS-Aquatic Organisms Health Laboratory, Aquaculture Department, UFSC, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil.
| | - Maurício Laterça Martins
- Biologist, AQUOS-Aquatic Organisms Health Laboratory, Aquaculture Department, UFSC, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil.
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Silva VF, Tedesco M, Fontes ST, Owatari MS, Gatto YMG, Ferreira MB, Santos PCD, Costa GAC, Palmieri AF, Santos GGD, Saldaña-Serrano M, Bainy ACD, Martins ML, Mouriño JLP. Effects of supplementation with different zinc-based products on the growth and health of Nile tilapia. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 149:109534. [PMID: 38575040 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2024.109534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Zinc is one of the essential microelements for the metabolism of animals. Zinc nanoparticles may have higher bioavailability due to their low specific surface area, facilitating absorption by fish. The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of supplementation with different zinc-based products on the growth and health of Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus. Zinc, in different sizes (nanoparticles or bulk) and forms (inorganic or organic), were used as a supplement in the tilapia diet at a dose of 15 mg kg feed-1 for 60 days. At the end of the feeding trial, production performance, hemato-immunological parameters, activity of antioxidant system enzymes, exposure to Streptococcus agalactiae and zinc concentration in the muscle were examined. After the bacterial challenge, the mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) significantly increased in the fish treated with organic zinc, inorganic nano zinc, and organic nano zinc, while in the control group (inorganic zinc), MCHC remained unchanged. Regarding defense cells, dietary inorganic nano zinc increased the number of basophils (1.50 ± 1.10) compared to organic zinc (0.80 ± 0.90). Lymphocyte count increased after the challenge only in the organic zinc treatments (bulk and nanoparticles). Neutrophils decreased in the control (inorganic zinc) (2.20 ± 1.70) and inorganic nano zinc (2.60 ± 2.70) treatments after the challenge. When compared before and after the bacterial challenge, the plasma antimicrobial titer significantly increased after the bacterial challenge in all treatments. No significant differences were observed for total proteins, enzymes (SOD and CAT), cumulative survival and zinc deposition on fillet. In conclusion, organic zinc in nanoparticles or bulk size increased Nile tilapia innate defense during bacterial infection. However, the other parameters evaluated were not affected by zinc particle size or form (organic or inorganic), indicating that further evaluations should be conducted with organic zinc in nanoparticles or bulk size in the tilapia diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitor Fernandes Silva
- AQUOS - Aquatic Organisms Health Laboratory, Department of Aquaculture, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Marília Tedesco
- AQUOS - Aquatic Organisms Health Laboratory, Department of Aquaculture, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Silvia Terra Fontes
- AQUOS - Aquatic Organisms Health Laboratory, Department of Aquaculture, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Marco Shizuo Owatari
- AQUOS - Aquatic Organisms Health Laboratory, Department of Aquaculture, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil.
| | - Yuri Malaquias Gauglitz Gatto
- AQUOS - Aquatic Organisms Health Laboratory, Department of Aquaculture, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Matheus Berlofa Ferreira
- AQUOS - Aquatic Organisms Health Laboratory, Department of Aquaculture, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Paola Capistrano Dos Santos
- AQUOS - Aquatic Organisms Health Laboratory, Department of Aquaculture, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Antonio Cuzma Costa
- AQUOS - Aquatic Organisms Health Laboratory, Department of Aquaculture, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Adriano Faria Palmieri
- AQUOS - Aquatic Organisms Health Laboratory, Department of Aquaculture, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Gracienhe Gomes Dos Santos
- AQUOS - Aquatic Organisms Health Laboratory, Department of Aquaculture, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Miguel Saldaña-Serrano
- Laboratory of Biomarkers of Aquatic Contamination and Immunochemistry-LABCAI, Federal University of Santa Catarina, UFSC, Florianópolis, SC, 88037-000, Brazil
| | - Afonso Celso Dias Bainy
- Laboratory of Biomarkers of Aquatic Contamination and Immunochemistry-LABCAI, Federal University of Santa Catarina, UFSC, Florianópolis, SC, 88037-000, Brazil
| | - Maurício Laterça Martins
- AQUOS - Aquatic Organisms Health Laboratory, Department of Aquaculture, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - José Luiz Pedreira Mouriño
- AQUOS - Aquatic Organisms Health Laboratory, Department of Aquaculture, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
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Amrullah A, Wahidah W, Ardiansyah A, Indrayani I. Transfer of maternal immunity using a polyvalent vaccine and offspring protection in Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. F1000Res 2023; 10:966. [PMID: 37767359 PMCID: PMC10521061 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.52932.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Vaccination is an effective and alternative means of disease prevention, however, it cannot be conducted on the offspring of fish. For this process to take place, the transfer of maternal immunity should be implemented. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of transferring immunity from the broodstock to the offspring using a polyvalent vaccine against Aeromonas hydrophila, Streptococcus agalactiae, and Pseudomonas fluorescens in Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. Methods Nile tilapia broodstock with an average weight of 203g (±SD 23) was reared in spawning ponds until mass spawning and harvested one week post-spawning for vaccination. After being vaccinated according to the treatment, each fish broodstock was reared in 3x3 m cages installed in an earthen pond with a density of 20 broodstock, consisting of 15 females and 5 males. The vaccine used was a formalin-killed whole-cell vaccine at a density of 10 10 cfu/mL injected intramuscularly ( i.m.) at a dose of 0.4 mL/kg fish. Nile tilapia was injected with a vaccine used as a treatment. Example include A. hydrophila monovalent (MA) , S. agalactiae monovalent (MS) , P. fluorescens monovalent (MP), A. hydrophila and S. agalactiae bivalent (BAS) , A. hydrophila and P. fluorescens bivalent (BAP), P. fluorescens and S. agalactiae bivalent (BPS), and A. hydrophila, S. agalactiae, and P. fluorescens polyvalent vaccines (PAPS). While the control was fish that were injected with a PBS solution. The broodstock's immune response was observed on the 7 th, 14 th, 21 st, and 28 th days, while the immune response and challenge test on the offspring was conducted on the 10 th, 20 th, 30 th, and 40 th day during the post-hatching period. The parameters observed consisted of total leukocytes, phagocytic activity, antibody titer, lysozyme, and relative survival percentage (RPS). Result The application of PAPS in broodstock could significantly induce the best immune response and immunity to multiple diseases compared to other treatments. The RPS of the PAPS was also higher than the other types of vaccines. This showed that the transfer of immunity from the broodstock to the Nile tilapia offspring could protect it against bacterial diseases such as A. hydrophila, S. agalactiae, and P. fluorescens. Conclusion The application of polyvalent vaccine A. hydrophila, S. agalactiae, P. fluorescens vaccines increased the broodstock's immune response and it was transferred to their offsprings. Polyvalent vaccines derived from maternal immunity can protect offspring from disease up to 30 days of age. They were able to produce tilapia seeds that are immune to diseases caused by A. hydrophila, S. agalactiae, and P. fluorescens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrullah Amrullah
- Aquaculture, Pangkep State Polytechnic of Agriculture, Pangkep, South Sulawesi, 90655, Indonesia
| | - Wahidah Wahidah
- Aquaculture, Pangkep State Polytechnic of Agriculture, Pangkep, South Sulawesi, 90655, Indonesia
| | - Ardiansyah Ardiansyah
- Aquaculture, Pangkep State Polytechnic of Agriculture, Pangkep, South Sulawesi, 90655, Indonesia
| | - Indrayani Indrayani
- Agricultural Technology Education, Makassar State University, Makassar, South Sulawesi, Indonesia
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Rivas AV, dos Santos AGV, de Souza AB, Bueno Junior G, de Souza GF, de Souza EM, de Carvalho Nunes L, Viana KF. Bivalent Vaccine against Streptococcus agalactiae and Aeromonas hydrophila in Nile Tilapia ( Oreochromis niloticus): A Laboratory-Phase and Large-Scale Study. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3338. [PMID: 37958093 PMCID: PMC10650067 DOI: 10.3390/ani13213338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the main factors limiting tilapia's production is the occurrence of infections caused by Aeromonas and Streptococcus species. This work intended to evaluate a bivalent vaccine against A. hydrophila and S. agalactiae by intraperitoneal (i.p) administration in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) in Brazil. The study was carried out in two phases: one in the laboratory, on a small scale, and from the results obtained, the study was expanded to a large scale in a production system in cages. The vaccine proved to be safe and effective in laboratory tests, with a vaccine efficacy (VE) of 93.66%. However, in large-scale tests with 12,000 tilapias, the VE was 59.14%, with a better food conversion ratio (1.54 kg) in the vaccinated group compared to the control group (1.27 kg). These results corroborate the efficiency of this tested vaccine; however, they indicate the need for field tests to attest to real protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Açucena Veleh Rivas
- Vaccine Development Technology Laboratory, Latin American Institute of Life and Nature Sciences, Federal University of Latin American Integration, Foz do Iguaçu 85870-650, Brazil; (A.V.R.); (A.G.V.d.S.); (A.B.d.S.); (G.B.J.)
| | - Angelo Gabriel Vidal dos Santos
- Vaccine Development Technology Laboratory, Latin American Institute of Life and Nature Sciences, Federal University of Latin American Integration, Foz do Iguaçu 85870-650, Brazil; (A.V.R.); (A.G.V.d.S.); (A.B.d.S.); (G.B.J.)
| | - Adrieli Barboza de Souza
- Vaccine Development Technology Laboratory, Latin American Institute of Life and Nature Sciences, Federal University of Latin American Integration, Foz do Iguaçu 85870-650, Brazil; (A.V.R.); (A.G.V.d.S.); (A.B.d.S.); (G.B.J.)
| | - Gilson Bueno Junior
- Vaccine Development Technology Laboratory, Latin American Institute of Life and Nature Sciences, Federal University of Latin American Integration, Foz do Iguaçu 85870-650, Brazil; (A.V.R.); (A.G.V.d.S.); (A.B.d.S.); (G.B.J.)
| | | | | | - Louisiane de Carvalho Nunes
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Agricultural Sciences and Engineer Center, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Alegre 29500-000, Brazil;
| | - Kelvinson Fernandes Viana
- Vaccine Development Technology Laboratory, Latin American Institute of Life and Nature Sciences, Federal University of Latin American Integration, Foz do Iguaçu 85870-650, Brazil; (A.V.R.); (A.G.V.d.S.); (A.B.d.S.); (G.B.J.)
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da Silva VG, Favero LM, Mainardi RM, Ferrari NA, Chideroli RT, Di Santis GW, de Souza FP, da Costa AR, Gonçalves DD, Nuez-Ortin WG, Isern-Subich MM, de Oliveira-Junior AG, Lopera-Barrero NM, Pereira UDP. Effect of an organic acid blend in Nile tilapia growth performance, immunity, gut microbiota, and resistance to challenge against francisellosis. Res Vet Sci 2023; 159:214-224. [PMID: 37167686 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2023.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Organic acids (OAs) are a class of feed additives that have prophylactic and inhibitory properties against pathogenic bacteria. In this study, we investigated growth performance, innate immune response, gut microbiota, and disease resistance against Francisella orientalis F1 in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fed different doses of Bacti-nil®Aqua, a blend of short- and medium-chain OAs. For 21 days, 680 juvenile tilapias were fed a control diet or diets supplemented with a 0.3% (D3) or 0.5% (D5) OA blend. The feed conversion rate of fish fed the 0.5% enriched diet was considerably lower (p < 0.05) than that of the fish fed the basal diet. Lysozyme and serum bactericidal activities were significantly elevated following OA administration. After infection, no differences in the diversity and composition of gut microbiota were observed between the groups. After the bacterial challenge, the mortality was significantly lower in group D5 (p < 0.01). The diet supplemented with Bacti-nil®Aqua (Adisseo) improved the immune response and resistance of tilapia juveniles against F. orientalis infection. Thus, this OA blend could serve as a feed additive with good activity against F. orientalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Gomes da Silva
- Laboratory of Fish Bacteriology, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Mantovani Favero
- Laboratory of Fish Bacteriology, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Raffaella Menegheti Mainardi
- Laboratory of Fish Bacteriology, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Natália Amoroso Ferrari
- Laboratory of Fish Bacteriology, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Roberta Torres Chideroli
- Laboratory of Fish Bacteriology, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Giovana Wingeter Di Santis
- Laboratory of Fish Bacteriology, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | | | - Arthur Roberto da Costa
- Laboratory of Fish Bacteriology, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Daniela Dib Gonçalves
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Paranaense University, Umuarama, PR, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Ulisses de Pádua Pereira
- Laboratory of Fish Bacteriology, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil.
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Mamun M, Nasren S, Abhiman P, Rathore S, Rakesh K, Sowndarya N, Ramesh K, Shankar K. Evaluation of feed utilization, immune response and disease resistance in striped catfish, Pangasianodon hypophthalmus (Sauvage 1878) fed with a novel Aeromonas hydrophila biofilm vaccine. FISH AND SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY REPORTS 2022; 3:100070. [PMID: 36419597 PMCID: PMC9680056 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsirep.2022.100070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Striped catfish, Pangasianodon hypophthalmus was immunized with Biofilm (BF) and Free cell (FC) of Aeromonas hydrophila vaccine at 1010 CFU g-1 for 20 days and monitored for growth parameters, immune responses and disease resistance up to 60 day post vaccination (dpv). Pangasius catfish in the BF vaccinated group had considerably higher growth and feed utilization than the FC vaccinated and unvaccinated groups (p < 0.05). Biofilm vaccinated group showed a significant increase (p < 0.05) in the mean weight gain (46.91 ± 0.59) than the FC (35.94 ± 0.21) and unvaccinated group (34.92 ± 0.35). The vaccinated fishes were challenged with A. hydrophila at 107 CFU/ml. Significant higher relative percentage survival (RPS) was recorded with BF (84.21 ± 1.49%) compared to that with FC (33.33 ± 1.21%). Polyclonal antibody-based ELISA was used to quantify the antibody titre. BF vaccinated group showed significantly higher antibody titer compared to other treatments (p < 0.05). Moreover, higher haematological parameters recorded in the present study were differentially stimulated by the oral administration of A. hydrophila biofilm vaccine. The mean total protein, albumin, and globulin levels of the BF vaccine groups were significantly higher (p < 0.05) than the mean total protein, albumin, and globulin contents of the unvaccinated group. Furthermore, biochemical stress parameters (SGPT, SGOT) in the vaccinated groups showed an incremental trend in the early days of the experimental period. However, the values were significantly lower (p < 0.05) in the biofilm group on 20 dpv onwards indicating improved health condition. Vaccinated BF fishes showed gut associated lymphoid tissues (GALT) within the laminar propria of mid gut. But in FC group fishes showed less aggregation of lymphoid cells. The unvaccinated control fish had no lymphoid cell aggregation in their intestines. The findings of the current research suggested that biofilm vaccine has the capability to be one of the potential oral vaccines in striped catfish against A. hydrophila infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- M.A.A. Mamun
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Health Management, Department of Aquaculture, College of Fisheries (KVAFSU), Mangalore 575002, India
- Department of Fish Health Management, Faculty of Fisheries, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet 3100, Bangladesh
| | - S. Nasren
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Health Management, Department of Aquaculture, College of Fisheries (KVAFSU), Mangalore 575002, India
- Department of Fish Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Fisheries, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet 3100, Bangladesh
| | - P.B. Abhiman
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Health Management, Department of Aquaculture, College of Fisheries (KVAFSU), Mangalore 575002, India
| | - S.S. Rathore
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Health Management, Department of Aquaculture, College of Fisheries (KVAFSU), Mangalore 575002, India
| | - K. Rakesh
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Health Management, Department of Aquaculture, College of Fisheries (KVAFSU), Mangalore 575002, India
| | - N.S. Sowndarya
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Health Management, Department of Aquaculture, College of Fisheries (KVAFSU), Mangalore 575002, India
| | - K.S. Ramesh
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Health Management, Department of Aquaculture, College of Fisheries (KVAFSU), Mangalore 575002, India
| | - K.M. Shankar
- Veterinary College, Shimoga, Ex-Dean, College of Fisheries (KVAFSU), Mangalore 575002, India
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de Moraes AV, Owatari MS, da Silva E, de Oliveira Pereira M, Piola M, Ramos C, Farias DR, Schleder DD, Jesus GFA, Jatobá A. Effects of Microencapsulated probiotics-supplemented diet on growth, non-specific immunity, intestinal health and resistance of juvenile Nile tilapia challenged with Aeromonas hydrophila. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2022.115286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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9
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Alves Jesus GF, Owatari MS, Pereira SA, Silva BC, Syracuse NM, Lopes GR, Addam K, Cardoso L, Pedreira Mouriño JL, Martins ML. Effects of sodium butyrate and Lippia origanoides essential oil blend on growth, intestinal microbiota, histology, and haemato-immunological response of Nile tilapia. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 117:62-69. [PMID: 34280520 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2021.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to verify the effects of dietary supplementation with sodium butyrate and Lippia origanoides, combined and isolated, on the health and zootechnical performance of Nile tilapia juveniles Oreochromis niloticus. A total of 120 fish (5.38 ± 0.65 g) were randomly distributed in 12 experimental units and fed different experimental diets for 30 days, namely: commercial diet without supplementation (Unsupplemented); commercial diet supplemented with 0.5% sodium butyrate (Butyrate); commercial diet supplemented with 0.125% L. origanoides (Lippia) and commercial diet supplemented with a mixture of 0.5% sodium butyrate and 0.125% L. origanoides (Butyrate + Lippia). After preparing the experimental diets there was an increase in the pH of diet Butyrate when compared to the other diets. After 30 days the fish supplemented with Butyrate + Lippia showed reduction significate in the mean corpuscular haemoglobin, concentration of total heterotrophic bacteria in the intestine, and lymphocyte infiltrates in the liver. Besides that, the supplementation with Butyrate + Lippia promoted an increased number of intestinal villi compared to the fish Unsupplemented ones. Additionally, fish fed a diet containing only Lippia presented an increase in the villus perimeter in the posterior region of the gut and in the red blood cell number. Animals supplemented only with sodium butyrate demonstrated increased lactic acid bacterium in the gut and macrosteatosis in the liver, besides decreased melanomacrophages in the spleen. The use of sodium butyrate associated with essential oil had positive effects on the intestinal microbiota, intestinal structure, liver, and spleen integrity, suggesting a greater efficiency of the compounds when used together in the nutrition of Nile tilapia juveniles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Fernandes Alves Jesus
- AQUOS - Aquatic Organisms Health Laboratory, Aquaculture Department, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Rod. Admar Gonzaga 1346. CEP 88040-900, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Marco Shizuo Owatari
- AQUOS - Aquatic Organisms Health Laboratory, Aquaculture Department, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Rod. Admar Gonzaga 1346. CEP 88040-900, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil.
| | - Scheila Anelise Pereira
- AQUOS - Aquatic Organisms Health Laboratory, Aquaculture Department, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Rod. Admar Gonzaga 1346. CEP 88040-900, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Bruno Corrêa Silva
- EPAGRI - Company of Agricultural Research and Rural Extension of Santa Catarina, Rod. Antônio Heil, 6800. CEP 88318-112, Itajaí, SC, Brazil
| | - Nicholas Milis Syracuse
- AQUOS - Aquatic Organisms Health Laboratory, Aquaculture Department, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Rod. Admar Gonzaga 1346. CEP 88040-900, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Ruschel Lopes
- AQUOS - Aquatic Organisms Health Laboratory, Aquaculture Department, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Rod. Admar Gonzaga 1346. CEP 88040-900, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Kennya Addam
- AQUOS - Aquatic Organisms Health Laboratory, Aquaculture Department, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Rod. Admar Gonzaga 1346. CEP 88040-900, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Lucas Cardoso
- AQUOS - Aquatic Organisms Health Laboratory, Aquaculture Department, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Rod. Admar Gonzaga 1346. CEP 88040-900, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - José Luiz Pedreira Mouriño
- AQUOS - Aquatic Organisms Health Laboratory, Aquaculture Department, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Rod. Admar Gonzaga 1346. CEP 88040-900, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Maurício Laterça Martins
- AQUOS - Aquatic Organisms Health Laboratory, Aquaculture Department, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Rod. Admar Gonzaga 1346. CEP 88040-900, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
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10
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Maulu S, Hasimuna OJ, Mphande J, Munang'andu HM. Prevention and Control of Streptococcosis in Tilapia Culture: A Systematic Review. JOURNAL OF AQUATIC ANIMAL HEALTH 2021; 33:162-177. [PMID: 34121243 DOI: 10.1002/aah.10132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Tilapia culture is a very promising industry within the aquaculture sector. However, disease outbreaks have continued to threaten the industry, causing serious economic losses among the producers. Streptococcosis has become the major bacterial disease affecting tilapia production in most regions of the world. To combat the disease and minimize its economic impact on fish producers, numerous preventive and control measures have been developed and reported over the years. This paper aims to systematically review the measures that could be used to manage the disease outbreaks and maintain fish health based on previously published scientific studies. Although numerous measures currently available have been highlighted, it is far better for the producers to maximize the preventive measures for management to be economically feasible. Among the currently available preventive measures, the use of vaccines has been shown to have the most promise, while the use of herbs has been demonstrated to be a more sustainable and economically affordable control measure. However, there are still a number of important gaps in existing literature that require further investigation. Overall, significant progress has been made in preventing and controlling streptococcosis in tilapia although, no single effective measure has been identified. Therefore, a combination of these measures may provide a more effective result.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahya Maulu
- Centre for Innovative Approach Zambia, Lusaka Central Business Area, Post Office Box 30135, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Oliver J Hasimuna
- Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock, National Aquaculture Research and Development Centre, Post Office Box 22797, Mwekera, Kitwe, Zambia
- Department of Zoology and Aquatic Sciences, Copperbelt University, Post Office Box 21692, Kitwe, Zambia
| | - Joseph Mphande
- Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock, Department of Fisheries, Post Office Box 70416, Ndola, Zambia
| | - Hetron M Munang'andu
- Section of Aquatic Medicine and Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Biosciences, Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Adamstuen Campus, Post Office Box 369, Oslo, 0102, Norway
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11
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Ramos-Espinoza FC, Cueva-Quiroz VA, Yunis-Aguinaga J, Alvarez-Rubio NC, Paganoti de Mello N, Engrácia de Moraes JR. Efficacy of two adjuvants administrated with a novel hydrogen peroxide-inactivated vaccine against Streptococcus agalactiae in Nile tilapia fingerlings. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 105:350-358. [PMID: 32717322 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.07.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Streptococcus agalactiae is considered the main bacterial pathogen in cultured Nile tilapia. Formaldehyde-inactivated vaccines are the most accepted method for prevention and control of the disease. However, alternative inactivation methods for S. agalactiae vaccines have not been fully explored. Recently, we developed a hydrogen peroxide-inactivated vaccine against S. agalactiae with moderate efficacy, with the possibility to improve vaccine efficacy by adding adjuvants. The current study compared the efficacy of aluminum hydroxide and Freund's incomplete adjuvant (FIA) incorporated into a novel hydrogen peroxide-inactivated intraperitoneal vaccine against S. agalactiae for Nile tilapia fingerlings. The relative percentage survival (RPS) for aluminum hydroxide-adjuvanted vaccine (59.3%), and FIA-adjuvanted vaccine (77.8%) were higher than the vaccine without adjuvant (40.7%). In addition, fish immunized with aluminum hydroxide-adjuvanted vaccine had significantly higher levels of specific antibodies than control fish at 4 weeks post vaccination (wpv). Blood lymphocytes counts showed a decrease in vaccinated groups when compared to control fish, suggesting white cells migration to the tissues where antigen presentation is ongoing. Fish that received FIA-adjuvanted vaccine exhibited persistence of adjuvant deposits on intraperitoneal surfaces for at least 4 wpv that may be related to its superior performance compared to aluminum hydroxide adjuvanted vaccine, which did not evidence any type of deposit at any sampling times. The results observed in this study demonstrate that hydrogen peroxide-inactivated vaccine administered with either aluminum hydroxide or FIA induce optimal levels of protection, with a superior performance for FIA vaccine, which could be a good alternative to conventional formaldehyde-inactivated vaccines against S. agalactiae, due to its shorter manufacture time, and less toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Carlos Ramos-Espinoza
- Aquaculture Center of Unesp (Caunesp), Sao Paulo State University (Unesp). Via Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane, km 05, 14884-900, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Victor Alexander Cueva-Quiroz
- Aquaculture Center of Unesp (Caunesp), Sao Paulo State University (Unesp). Via Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane, km 05, 14884-900, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Jefferson Yunis-Aguinaga
- Aquaculture Center of Unesp (Caunesp), Sao Paulo State University (Unesp). Via Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane, km 05, 14884-900, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil; Aquatic Pathobiology Laboratory, Sea Institute of Peru (IMARPE), Esquina Gamarra y GeneralValle s/n, Chucuito, Callao, Peru
| | - Norquis Caled Alvarez-Rubio
- Aquaculture Center of Unesp (Caunesp), Sao Paulo State University (Unesp). Via Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane, km 05, 14884-900, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Nicoli Paganoti de Mello
- Aquaculture Center of Unesp (Caunesp), Sao Paulo State University (Unesp). Via Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane, km 05, 14884-900, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Julieta Rodini Engrácia de Moraes
- Aquaculture Center of Unesp (Caunesp), Sao Paulo State University (Unesp). Via Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane, km 05, 14884-900, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil; Department of Veterinary Pathology, School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences (FCAV), Unesp, Via Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane, km 05, 14884-900, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil.
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12
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Shirajum Monir M, Yusoff SM, Mohamad A, Ina-Salwany MY. Vaccination of Tilapia against Motile Aeromonas Septicemia: A Review. JOURNAL OF AQUATIC ANIMAL HEALTH 2020; 32:65-76. [PMID: 32331001 DOI: 10.1002/aah.10099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The production of tilapia Oreochromis spp. is rapidly growing throughout the world, but atypical motile aeromonad septicemia (MAS) is a current threat to the tilapia farming industry. The etiological agent of this disease is usually Aeromonas hydrophila. Mortality rates due to MAS are frequently high, resulting in a devastating negative impact on this industry worldwide; therefore, proper control measures regarding both prevention and treatment are necessary. Although vaccines against MAS for tilapia are available, their effectiveness is entirely dependent on the specific strain of problematic bacteria. Until now, whole-cell inactivated A. hydrophila vaccines for tilapia have exhibited the highest level of protection over live attenuated and recombinant vaccines. Among the various vaccine administration systems, only intraperitoneal (i.p.) injections of the A. hydrophila vaccine into tilapia were found to provide prominent immune protection. Vaccine efficacy was primarily measured by using the i.p. injection challenge model and estimating the relative percent survival of the immunized tilapia. Freund's incomplete adjuvant showed to be the most effective for tilapia MAS vaccines. In this review, multiple factors that directly or indirectly influence the efficacy of MAS vaccines for tilapia (adjuvants, challenge models, immunization doses and duration, and size of vaccinated fish) are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Shirajum Monir
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Sabri Mohd Yusoff
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Aslah Mohamad
- Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - M Y Ina-Salwany
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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13
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de Souza FP, de Lima ECS, Urrea-Rojas AM, Suphoronski SA, Facimoto CT, Bezerra Júnior JDS, de Oliveira TES, Pereira UDP, Santis GWD, de Oliveira CAL, Lopera-Barrero NM. Effects of dietary supplementation with a microalga (Schizochytrium sp.) on the hemato-immunological, and intestinal histological parameters and gut microbiota of Nile tilapia in net cages. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0226977. [PMID: 31896132 PMCID: PMC6940142 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0226977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Nutritional improvements in intensive aquaculture production systems is necessary for the reduction of stress, maximum utilization of nutritional components, and expression of the genetic potential of fish. The objective of this study was to evaluate the hemato-immunological, and histological parameters and gut microbiota of Nile tilapia fed with the microalga Schizochytrium sp. Males of Nile tilapia were distributed among eight net cages (6 m3), and fed for 105 days with two diets: control (CON), without Schizochytrium sp., and supplemented (SUP), with 1.2% Schizochytrium sp. in the diet. The final weight, mortality, hematocrit, total erythrocyte count (RBC), hemoglobin, hematimetric indices, white blood cell count (WBC), total protein, and serum lysozyme were measured. Alterations in intestinal morphology were evaluated. The gut microbiota was evaluated with next-generation sequencing. No significant differences (p>0.05) were found in the final weight and mortality between diets. Regarding the hematological parameters, a difference (p<0.05) was detected only in RBC, with there being lower values in the SUP, although this group also showed a tendency toward having an increased mean corpuscular hemoglobin level. There were no differences (p>0.05) in total protein and serum lysozyme concentrations or in WBCs between diets, except for lymphocytes, which presented lower values (p<0.05) in the SUP, suggesting immunomodulation by the polyunsaturated fatty acids present in the microalga. There was no difference (p>0.05) in the intestinal morphology between diets. Metagenomic data indicated greater richness (represented by the Chao index) and a higher abundance of the bacterial phylum Firmicutes in the gut microbiota of the tilapia fed with the SUP diet, demonstrating that the digestion and use of the components of the microalga could influence the microbial community. The results indicated that the microalga had modulatory effects on blood cells and the intestinal microbiota, without affecting the structure and integrity of the intestinal villi.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - César Toshio Facimoto
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Parana, Brazil
| | | | | | - Ulisses de Pádua Pereira
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Parana, Brazil
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14
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Owatari MS, Jesus GFA, Cardoso L, Lehmann NB, Martins ML, Mouriño JLP. Can histology and haematology explain inapparent Streptococcus agalactiae infections and asymptomatic mortalities on Nile tilapia farms? Res Vet Sci 2019; 129:13-20. [PMID: 31901532 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2019.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to characterise possible histopathological and haemato-immunological changes after subclinical infection by S. agalactiae S13 serotype Ib. One hundred juveniles of Nile tilapia with average weight of 45 g were distributed in ten 90 L experimental units. After the acclimation period 25 fish were euthanised, and fragments of liver, spleen and posterior mid-intestine tissue were sampled to verify the integrity of the organs and blood samples taken to check the haematological profile. Fifty animals were used to verify the optimal dosage for the challenge. The remaining 25 fish were infected with S. agalactiae S13. After 96 h, tissue fragments from the liver, spleen and posterior mid-intestine and blood samples were collected. The analyses revealed that, 96 h after contagion, S. agalactiae S13 serotype Ib caused subclinical lesions in the liver and spleen that are not commonly described as pathognomonic, in addition to haematological alterations. These results allow a better understanding of sudden recurrent mortalities in Brazilian tilapia farms, since the serotype Ib of S. agalactiae causes inapparent infections and can remain lodged in internal organs and cause irreversible lesions and haemato-immunological alterations, therefore compromising physiological functions vital for the health of fish without revealing external clinical signs in the animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Shizuo Owatari
- AQUOS - Aquatic Organisms Health Laboratory, Aquaculture Department, Federal University of Santa Catarina (CCA, UFSC), Rodovia Admar Gonzaga 1346, 88040-900 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil.
| | - Gabriel Fernandes Alves Jesus
- AQUOS - Aquatic Organisms Health Laboratory, Aquaculture Department, Federal University of Santa Catarina (CCA, UFSC), Rodovia Admar Gonzaga 1346, 88040-900 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Lucas Cardoso
- AQUOS - Aquatic Organisms Health Laboratory, Aquaculture Department, Federal University of Santa Catarina (CCA, UFSC), Rodovia Admar Gonzaga 1346, 88040-900 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Nicollas Breda Lehmann
- AQUOS - Aquatic Organisms Health Laboratory, Aquaculture Department, Federal University of Santa Catarina (CCA, UFSC), Rodovia Admar Gonzaga 1346, 88040-900 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Maurício Laterça Martins
- AQUOS - Aquatic Organisms Health Laboratory, Aquaculture Department, Federal University of Santa Catarina (CCA, UFSC), Rodovia Admar Gonzaga 1346, 88040-900 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - José Luiz Pedreira Mouriño
- AQUOS - Aquatic Organisms Health Laboratory, Aquaculture Department, Federal University of Santa Catarina (CCA, UFSC), Rodovia Admar Gonzaga 1346, 88040-900 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
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15
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Yamashita MM, Ferrarezi JV, Pereira GDV, Bandeira G, Côrrea da Silva B, Pereira SA, Martins ML, Pedreira Mouriño JL. Autochthonous vs allochthonous probiotic strains to Rhamdia quelen. Microb Pathog 2019; 139:103897. [PMID: 31786258 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2019.103897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Revised: 11/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to obtain an autochthonous probiotic candidate strain from the silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen) intestinal tract, comparing its in vivo performance with an allochthonous probiotic isolated from another fish, Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), in a growth performance assay. The study was divided in two parts: in vitro and in vivo assay followed by challenge with A. hydrophila. In the in vitro assay, the species-specific isolated strain Lactococcus lactis presented characteristics such as: absence of hemolysis, antagonism to bacterial pathogens isolated from freshwater fish, and considerable speed of duplication. In the in vivo trial, both fish supplemented with autochthonous or allochthonous strains presented an increase the final concentration of lactic acid bacteria in the intestinal tract of the fish after 60 days of dietary supplementation reaching concentrations of 1 × 107 CFU g-1 and 4 × 107 UFC.g-1, respectively. In addition, the autochthonous strain increased the mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) of the treated animals, but no significant differences were observed in the other hemato-immunological and zootechnical parameters between treatments. After challenge with Aeromonas hydrophila, only animals that received autochthonous probiotic supplementation showed an increase in the serum total immunoglobulin concentration, but not enough to observe a significant difference in the survival rate between the treatments. Dietary supplementation of the probiotic allochthonous strain did not demonstrate any effects superior to those of the isolated autochthonous strain. Although the autochthonous strain did not present significant improvements in the other parameters evaluated in this study, it was able to inhibit bacterial pathogens in vitro, to increase the final concentration of LAB's and the amount of immunoglobulin after experimental challenge, demonstrating probiotic potential. This study demonstrated for the first time the isolation and in vivo use of an autochthonous probiotic strain isolated from silver catfish, as well as its comparative evaluation with the performance of allochthonous probiotic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Maia Yamashita
- AQUOS - Aquatic Organisms Health Laboratory, Aquaculture Department, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Rod. Admar Gonzaga 1346, 88040-900, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil.
| | - José Victor Ferrarezi
- AQUOS - Aquatic Organisms Health Laboratory, Aquaculture Department, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Rod. Admar Gonzaga 1346, 88040-900, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Gabriella do Vale Pereira
- Aquatic Animal Nutrition and Health Research Group, School of Biological and Marine Sciences, Plymouth University, Plymouth, UK
| | - Guerino Bandeira
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Bruno Côrrea da Silva
- EPAGRI - Company of Agricultural Research and Rural Extension of Santa Catarina, Rod. Antônio Hell, 6800, 88318-112, Itajaí, SC, Brazil
| | - Scheila Anelise Pereira
- AQUOS - Aquatic Organisms Health Laboratory, Aquaculture Department, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Rod. Admar Gonzaga 1346, 88040-900, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Maurício Laterça Martins
- AQUOS - Aquatic Organisms Health Laboratory, Aquaculture Department, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Rod. Admar Gonzaga 1346, 88040-900, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - José Luiz Pedreira Mouriño
- AQUOS - Aquatic Organisms Health Laboratory, Aquaculture Department, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Rod. Admar Gonzaga 1346, 88040-900, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
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16
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Abu-Elala NM, Samir A, Wasfy M, Elsayed M. Efficacy of Injectable and Immersion Polyvalent Vaccine against Streptococcal Infections in Broodstock and Offspring of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 88:293-300. [PMID: 30807857 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.02.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
A vaccine against streptococcosis, lactococcosis and enterococcosis in tilapia was formulated, ME-VAC Aqua Strept, as a polyvalent inactivated vaccine containing Streptococcus agalactiae, S. iniae, Lactococcus garvieae and Enterococcus faecalis along with a nano-particulate adjuvant. Use of ME-VAC Aqua Strept by injection or immersion resulted in an improved non-specific and adaptive immunity of broodstock and offspring. Intra-peritoneal vaccination of tilapia broodstock increased the total leukocyte count, phagocytosis, lysozyme activity, antibody titer, number of seeds/vaccinated broodstock, seeds quality and survival rates. Also, immersion mass vaccination of tilapia larvae provided a long period of protection up to three months, with a relative percent of survivability (RPS) not less than 60% at this time. To our knowledge, this vaccine may be the first to offer a combined protection against streptococcosis, lactococcosis and enterococcosis in tilapia. The results support the use of this vaccine as an effective tool for disease control and well-being of fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nermeen M Abu-Elala
- Department of Fish Diseases and Management, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, 12211, Egypt.
| | - Ahmed Samir
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, 12211, Egypt.
| | - Momtaz Wasfy
- Middle East for Veterinary Vaccines Company, Second Industrial Area, ElSalihya El-Gededa, El-Sharkia, 44671, Egypt.
| | - Magdy Elsayed
- Department of Infectious Disease, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt. Middle East for Veterinary Vaccines Company, Second Industrial Area, ElSalihya El-Gededa, El-Sharkia, 44671, Egypt.
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17
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Owatari MS, Alves Jesus GF, Brum A, Pereira SA, Lehmann NB, de Pádua Pereira U, Martins ML, Pedreira Mouriño JL. Sylimarin as hepatic protector and immunomodulator in Nile tilapia during Streptococcus agalactiae infection. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 82:565-572. [PMID: 30176337 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.08.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the use of silymarin, an extract obtained from the milk thistle (Silybum marianum) and its effects as a possible hepatoprotector in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Silymarin was used as feed additive to the diet at a concentration of 0.1% (1 kg per ton of dry ration) with the commercial product named Di-Heptarine S® (16% silymarin phosphatide). A total of 90 juvenile tilapia with approximately 45 days old and mean weight of 0.72 ± 0.04 g were distributed in two groups, one fed with a diet with the hepatoprotector and the other without the additive. At the end of the assay (55 days after feeding), samples of blood were collected for hematological, immunological, histological (liver, spleen and intestine) and enzymatic analysis such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione S-transferase (GST). After 55 days all fish were challenged with Streptococcus agalactiae serotype Ib to verify the sylimarin effects on the immunological parameters and its protection effect while challenged. During the challenge period another biological material sample was collected for hematological, immunological and histopathological analysis (liver, spleen and intestine). Before the challenge, an increase on the count of thrombocyte was found in the supplemented fish. In the liver, dilation of the sinusoids was observed in unsupplemented fish while supplemented fish the alteration was less severe. No significant alteration was found in SOD, CAT and GST between the groups. Histological changes after the challenge were provoked by bacterial toxins as a result of inflammatory processes. Periacinar degeneration was less intense in unsupplemented fish when compared to supplemented fish. On the other hand, eosinophilic and lymphocytic infiltrate did occur in unsupplemented fish differently from supplemented fish which did not show the alteration. The survival was 28% higher in silymarin supplemented fish when compared to unsupplemented fish that presented no survival. Silymarin supplementation in the diet provided a hepatoprotective and immunomodulatory effect on Nile tilapia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Shizuo Owatari
- AQUOS - Aquatic Organisms Health Laboratory, Aquaculture Department, Federal University of Santa Catarina (CCA, UFSC), Rodovia Admar Gonzaga 1346, 88040-900, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil.
| | - Gabriel Fernandes Alves Jesus
- AQUOS - Aquatic Organisms Health Laboratory, Aquaculture Department, Federal University of Santa Catarina (CCA, UFSC), Rodovia Admar Gonzaga 1346, 88040-900, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Aline Brum
- AQUOS - Aquatic Organisms Health Laboratory, Aquaculture Department, Federal University of Santa Catarina (CCA, UFSC), Rodovia Admar Gonzaga 1346, 88040-900, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Scheila Anelise Pereira
- AQUOS - Aquatic Organisms Health Laboratory, Aquaculture Department, Federal University of Santa Catarina (CCA, UFSC), Rodovia Admar Gonzaga 1346, 88040-900, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Nicollas Breda Lehmann
- AQUOS - Aquatic Organisms Health Laboratory, Aquaculture Department, Federal University of Santa Catarina (CCA, UFSC), Rodovia Admar Gonzaga 1346, 88040-900, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Ulisses de Pádua Pereira
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Laboratory of Bacteriology in Fish (LABBEP), Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Maurício Laterça Martins
- AQUOS - Aquatic Organisms Health Laboratory, Aquaculture Department, Federal University of Santa Catarina (CCA, UFSC), Rodovia Admar Gonzaga 1346, 88040-900, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - José Luiz Pedreira Mouriño
- AQUOS - Aquatic Organisms Health Laboratory, Aquaculture Department, Federal University of Santa Catarina (CCA, UFSC), Rodovia Admar Gonzaga 1346, 88040-900, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
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18
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Guerra-Santos B, López-Olmeda JF, Pereira DSP, Ruiz CE, Sánchez-Vázquez FJ, Esteban MÁ, Cerqueira RB, Fortes-Silva R. Daily rhythms after vaccination on specific and non-specific responses in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Chronobiol Int 2018; 35:1305-1318. [DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2018.1477791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bartira Guerra-Santos
- Department of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Campus Salvador, Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Bahia, Brazil
| | - José Fernando López-Olmeda
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Denise Soledade Peixoto Pereira
- Laboratory of Feeding Behavior and Fish Nutrition (AquaUFRB), Faculty of Fish Engineering (NEPA), Center of Agricultural Sciences, Environmental and Biological (CCAAB), Campus Cruz das Almas, Federal University of Bahia (UFRB), Bahia, Brazil
| | - Cristóbal Espinossa Ruiz
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier Sánchez-Vázquez
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - María Ángeles Esteban
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Robson Bahia Cerqueira
- Laboratory of Feeding Behavior and Fish Nutrition (AquaUFRB), Faculty of Fish Engineering (NEPA), Center of Agricultural Sciences, Environmental and Biological (CCAAB), Campus Cruz das Almas, Federal University of Bahia (UFRB), Bahia, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Fortes-Silva
- Laboratory of Feeding Behavior and Fish Nutrition (AquaUFRB), Faculty of Fish Engineering (NEPA), Center of Agricultural Sciences, Environmental and Biological (CCAAB), Campus Cruz das Almas, Federal University of Bahia (UFRB), Bahia, Brazil
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19
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Ismail MS, Siti-Zahrah A, Syafiq MRM, Amal MNA, Firdaus-Nawi M, Zamri-Saad M. Feed-based vaccination regime against streptococcosis in red tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus x Oreochromis mossambicus. BMC Vet Res 2016; 12:194. [PMID: 27608936 PMCID: PMC5016990 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-016-0834-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Streptococcosis is an important disease of tilapia throughout the world. In Malaysia, streptococcosis outbreak was commonly reported during the 3-month period of high water temperature between April and July. This study describes the duration of protection following single and double booster dose regimes against streptococcosis in tilapia using a feed-based vaccine containing formalin-killed Streptococcus agalactiae. A total of 510 tilapias of 120 ± 10 g were selected and divided into 3 groups. Fish of Group 1 were vaccinated at weeks 0 and 2 (single booster group) while fish of Group 2 were vaccinated at weeks 0, 2 and 6 (double booster group) with a feed-based vaccine against streptococcosis. Fish of Group 3 was not vaccinated. Serum samples were collected weekly to determine the antibody level while samples of eye, brain and kidney were collected for bacterial isolation. At week 10, all fish were challenged with live S. agalactiae and the survival rate was determined. RESULTS Both vaccinated groups showed significant (p < 0.05) increase in the antibody levels following the first booster dose, which lasted until week 6. Group 2 showed consistent high level of antibody following the second booster dose at week 6 and remained high until week 12. Challenge trial at week 10 resulted in 45 %, 70 % and 0 % rate of survival for Groups 1, 2 and 3, respectively. CONCLUSION Double booster regime is most suitable to be applied for feed-based vaccination against streptococcosis prior to the start of the hot season.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Ismail
- Department of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosis, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - A Siti-Zahrah
- National Fish Research and Disease Diagnosis, Fisheries Research Institute, 11960, Batu Maung, Penang, Malaysia
| | - M R M Syafiq
- National Fish Research and Disease Diagnosis, Fisheries Research Institute, 11960, Batu Maung, Penang, Malaysia
| | - M N A Amal
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - M Firdaus-Nawi
- Department of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosis, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - M Zamri-Saad
- Department of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosis, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Malaysia. .,Present address: Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Malaysia.
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20
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Metochis C, Crampton VO, Ruohonen K, Bell JG, Adams A, Thompson KD. The effects of increasing dietary levels of amino acid-supplemented soy protein concentrate and constant dietary supplementation of phosphorus on growth, composition and immune responses of juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2016; 42:807-829. [PMID: 26781956 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-015-0177-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Diets with 50 (SPC50), 65 (SPC65) and 80 % (SPC80) substitution of prime fish meal (FM) with soy protein concentrate (SPC) were evaluated against a commercial type control feed with 35 % FM replacement with SPC. Increases in dietary SPC were combined with appropriate increases in methionine, lysine and threonine supplementation, whereas added phosphorus was constant among treatments. Diets were administered to quadruplicate groups of 29 g juvenile Atlantic salmon were exposed to constant light, for 97 days. On Day 63 salmon were subjected to vaccination. Significant weight reductions in SPC65 and SPC80 compared with SPC35 salmon were observed by Day 97. Linear reductions in body cross-sectional ash, Ca/P ratios, and Ca, P, Mn and Zn were observed at Days 63 (prior vaccination) and 97 (34 days post-vaccination), while Mg presented a decrease at Day 63, in salmon fed increasing dietary SPC. Significant reductions in Zn, Ca, P and Ca/P ratios persisted in SPC65 and SPC80 compared with SPC35 salmon at Day 97. Significant haematocrit reductions in SPC50, SPC65 and SPC80 salmon were observed at Days 63, 70 and 97. Enhanced plasma haemolytic activity, increased total IgM, and a rise in thrombocytes were demonstrated in SPC50 and SPC65 salmon on Day 97, while increased lysozyme activity was demonstrated for these groups on Days 63, 70 and 97. Leucocyte and lymphocyte counts revealed enhanced immunostimulation in salmon fed with increasing dietary SPC at Day 97. High SPC inclusion diets did not compromise the immune responses of salmon, while SPC50 diet also supported good growth without compromising elemental concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Metochis
- Institute of Aquaculture, School of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, Scotland, UK.
| | | | | | - J G Bell
- Institute of Aquaculture, School of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, Scotland, UK
| | - A Adams
- Institute of Aquaculture, School of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, Scotland, UK
| | - K D Thompson
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, UK
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Daneshvar E, Ardestani MY, Dorafshan S, Martins ML. Hematological parameters of Iranian cichlid Iranocichla hormuzensis: Coad, 1982 (Perciformes) in Mehran river. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2012; 84:943-9. [PMID: 22935922 DOI: 10.1590/s0001-37652012005000054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2011] [Accepted: 04/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study describes the hematological parameters in Iranocichla hormuzensis, an Iranian freshwater cichlid important as ornamental and food fish. Forty fish were captured with seine net at Mehran river Hormozgan province, Iran. Blood was used to determine the total counts of red blood cells (RBC) and white blood cells (WBC), hematocrit, mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) and morphometric data of erythrocytes. The Iranian fish showed lower RBC and WBC values than the other cichlids (Oreochromis niloticus, O. aureus, O. mossambicus, O. hybrid, Cichlasoma dimerus and Cichla monoculus). Hematocrit did not vary among the species, but MCV, MCH and MCHC in I. hormuzensis were higher than those for O. niloticus, O. aureus, O. hybrid, C. dimerus and C. monoculus. These differences may be related to different life habit of fish. This study suggests that I. hormuzensis is well acclimated to the environment being the first report for its hematology. It is also suggested high efficiency in oxygen transportation, and an efficient inflow of oxygen by the gills, indicating the welfare of fish on this environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Daneshvar
- Department of Natural Resources, Fisheries Division, Isfahan University of Technology, Iran
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Martins ML, Xu DH, Shoemaker CA, Klesius PH. Temperature effects on immune response and hematological parameters of channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus vaccinated with live theronts of Ichthyophthirius multifiliis. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 31:774-780. [PMID: 21791246 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2011.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2011] [Revised: 06/20/2011] [Accepted: 07/09/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated the influence of temperature on the immune responses and hematological parameters in channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus immunized via intraperitoneal injection with live theronts of Ichthyophthirius multifiliis. Fish were distributed in 18 aquaria and received 9 treatments: 4 groups of fish were vaccinated with live theronts and maintained at constant temperature 15 °C, 20 °C, 25 °C and 30 °C; 3 groups of fish vaccinated and subjected to cycling temperature regime from 15-25 °C, 20-25 °C and 20-30 °C, changed 5 °C each day; 2 groups of fish were not vaccinated and served as controls at 25 °C, one with Ich challenge and the other without challenge. Non vaccinated fish and those vaccinated at 15 °C or 15-25 °C did not show anti-Ich antibodies in the serum 14 and 21 days post-immunization. The antibody levels were significantly higher from fish vaccinated at 25 °C, 30 °C, 20-25 °C and 20-30 °C compared to fish at 15 °C, 20 °C and 15-25 °C both 14 and 21 days post-immunization. At constant water temperature, fish vaccinated at 15 °C showed significantly higher mortality rate (67.8%, P < 0.05) than those vaccinated at 20 °C, 25 °C, and 30 °C (0-10.7% mortalities). At cycling water temperature, fish vaccinated at 15-25 °C showed significantly higher mortality rate (67.8%) than those vaccinated at 20-25 °C and 20-30 °C (P < 0.05). Twenty days after immunization fish vaccinated at 30 °C and 20-30 °C showed significant increase in the red blood cells, white blood cells, thrombocytes and monocytes. Six days after challenge with I. multifiliis theronts the fish showed decreased white blood cells, thrombocytes and monocytes. This study suggests that vaccinated catfish were severely impacted by low temperature, either at 15 °C constant temperature or at 15-25 °C cycling temperature. The fish showed no anti-Ich antibodies and suffered high mortality similar to non vaccinated control fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Martins
- AQUOS - Aquatic Organisms Health Laboratory, Aquaculture Department, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Rod. Admar Gonzaga 1346, 88040-900 Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil.
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