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Quero-Calero CD, Abellán-Aynés O, Manonelles P, Ortega E. The Consumption of a Synbiotic Does Not Affect the Immune, Inflammatory, and Sympathovagal Parameters in Athletes and Sedentary Individuals: A Triple-Blinded, Randomized, Place-bo-Controlled Pilot Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19063421. [PMID: 35329107 PMCID: PMC8954949 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19063421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
This investigation aimed to identify the effect of a synbiotic in athletes and sedentary people, and their potential varying responses regarding the immune system, autonomic regulation and body composition. Twenty-seven participants were involved in the protocol: 14 sedentary and 13 semi-professional soccer players. Both groups were randomly divided into an experimental and control group. A synbiotic (Gasteel Plus®, Heel España S.A.U.) comprising a blend of probiotic strains, including Bifidobacterium lactis CBP-001010, Lactobacillus rhamnosus CNCM I-4036, and Bifidobacterium longum ES1, was administered to the experimental group, and a placebo was given to the control group for 30 days. Heart rate variability, body composition, and immune/inflammatory cytokines were determined. Statistically significant differences were observed between sedentary individuals and athletes in heart rate variability but not between the experimental and control groups. A difference between the athletic and sedentary group is observed with the influence of training on the effects of the synbiotic on the levels of fat mass and body-fold sum. No significant differences were shown in cytokines after the protocol study. No changes occur with the synbiotic treatment between the athlete and sedentary groups, while no negative effect was produced. Further research will be necessary to see chronic effects in the analyzed biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Daniela Quero-Calero
- Faculty of Sport, Catholic University of Murcia, 30107 Murcia, Spain;
- International Chair of Sports Medicine, Catholic University of Murcia, 30107 Murcia, Spain;
| | - Oriol Abellán-Aynés
- Faculty of Sport, Catholic University of Murcia, 30107 Murcia, Spain;
- International Chair of Sports Medicine, Catholic University of Murcia, 30107 Murcia, Spain;
- Correspondence:
| | - Pedro Manonelles
- International Chair of Sports Medicine, Catholic University of Murcia, 30107 Murcia, Spain;
| | - Eduardo Ortega
- Grupo de Investigación en Inmunofisiología, Instituto Universitario de Investigación Biosanitaria de Extremadura (INUBE), University of Extremadura, 06006 Badajo, Spain;
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Agorrody G, Peclat TR, Peluso G, Gonano LA, Santos L, van Schooten W, Chini CCS, Escande C, Chini EN, Contreras P. Benefits in cardiac function by CD38 suppression: Improvement in NAD + levels, exercise capacity, heart rate variability and protection against catecholamine induced ventricular arrhythmias. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2022; 166:11-22. [PMID: 35114253 PMCID: PMC9035106 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2022.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
CD38 enzymatic activity regulates NAD+ and cADPR levels in mammalian tissues, and therefore has a prominent role in cellular metabolism and calcium homeostasis. Consequently, it is reasonable to hypothesize about its involvement in cardiovascular physiology as well as in heart related pathological conditions. AIM To investigate the role of CD38 in cardiovascular performance, and its involvement in cardiac electrophysiology and calcium-handling. METHODS AND RESULTS When submitted to a treadmill exhaustion test, a way of evaluating cardiovascular performance, adult male CD38KO mice showed better exercise capacity. This benefit was also obtained in genetically modified mice with catalytically inactive (CI) CD38 and in WT mice treated with antibody 68 (Ab68) which blocks CD38 activity. Hearts from these 3 groups (CD38KO, CD38CI and Ab68) showed increased NAD+ levels. When CD38KO mice were treated with FK866 which inhibits NAD+ biosynthesis, exercise capacity as well as NAD+ in heart tissue decreased to WT levels. Electrocardiograms of conscious unrestrained CD38KO and CD38CI mice showed lower basal heart rates and higher heart rate variability than WT mice. Although inactivation of CD38 in mice resulted in increased SERCA2a expression in the heart, the frequency of spontaneous calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum under stressful conditions (high extracellular calcium concentration) was lower in CD38KO ventricular myocytes. When mice were challenged with caffeine-epinephrine, CD38KO mice had a lower incidence of bidirectional ventricular tachycardia when compared to WT ones. CONCLUSION CD38 inhibition improves exercise performance by regulating NAD+ homeostasis. CD38 is involved in cardiovascular function since its genetic ablation decreases basal heart rate, increases heart rate variability and alters calcium handling in a way that protects mice from developing catecholamine induced ventricular arrhythmias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Agorrody
- Departamento de Fisiopatología, Hospital de Clínicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo 11600, Uruguay; Laboratorio de Fisiología Cardiovascular, Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo 11800, Uruguay
| | - Thais R Peclat
- Signal Transduction and Molecular Nutrition Laboratory, Kogod Aging Center, Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Gonzalo Peluso
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Cardiovascular, Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo 11800, Uruguay
| | - Luis A Gonano
- Centro de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Horacio Cingolani, CONICET La Plata, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata 1900, Argentina
| | - Leonardo Santos
- Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases and Aging, INDICyO Program, Institut Pasteur Montevideo, Montevideo 11400, Uruguay
| | | | - Claudia C S Chini
- Signal Transduction and Molecular Nutrition Laboratory, Kogod Aging Center, Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Carlos Escande
- Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases and Aging, INDICyO Program, Institut Pasteur Montevideo, Montevideo 11400, Uruguay
| | - Eduardo N Chini
- Signal Transduction and Molecular Nutrition Laboratory, Kogod Aging Center, Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Paola Contreras
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Cardiovascular, Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo 11800, Uruguay; Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases and Aging, INDICyO Program, Institut Pasteur Montevideo, Montevideo 11400, Uruguay.
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Araújo MK, Barros RCM, Menezes Junior ADS. PHYSICAL TRAINING IN ATHLETES: ANALYSIS OF CARDIAC AUTONOMIC MODULATION. REV BRAS MED ESPORTE 2021. [DOI: 10.1590/1517-8692202127012020_0004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Introduction Cardiac autonomic modulation (CAM) is a result of the balance between the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems. This interaction results in heart rate variation (HRV), analyzed by specific electrocardiographic parameters. These parameters are modified by the practice of physical activity, indicating better cardiac conditioning. Objectives To evaluate the cardiac autonomic modulation of athletes of the XXVIII Ecological Walk at two separate times during their period of physical training. Also, to link the practice of physical activity with stress reduction in these individuals. Methods 24-hour Holter exams were performed at two times (before and after a 2-month period of non-standard physical training), and the results were analyzed using the software programs Epi-Info 7 and BioEstat 5.0. Inferential analysis was performed by the nonparametric Shapiro-Wilk test. Statistical significance was assigned to p values less than 0.05, with 95% confidence interval (95% CI). Results The sample was mostly male (n = 14; 77.78%), with a mean age of 49.55 years. No individual trained for less than 60 days; most (47.06%) trained for 151-200 days, with walking being the predominant modality (64.71%). No statistically significant difference was found in the parameters HRV pNN50 (p = 0.18), rMSSD (p = 0.14) or HF (p = 0.117) after the evaluated training period. Conclusions Participants who are longtime sportsmen and physically active showed parasympathetic saturation, therefore, they did not show significant changes in HRV. Also, low levels of stress were observed in those who practiced physical activity. Level of evidence II; Prognosis Study.
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LaMonte MJ, Larson JC, Manson JE, Bellettiere J, Lewis CE, LaCroix AZ, Bea JW, Johnson KC, Klein L, Noel CA, Stefanick ML, Wactawski-Wende J, Eaton CB. Association of Sedentary Time and Incident Heart Failure Hospitalization in Postmenopausal Women. Circ Heart Fail 2020; 13:e007508. [PMID: 33228398 PMCID: PMC7738397 DOI: 10.1161/circheartfailure.120.007508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The 2018 US Physical Activity Guidelines recommend reducing sedentary behavior (SB) for cardiovascular health. SB's role in heart failure (HF) is unclear. METHODS We studied 80 982 women in the Women's Health Initiative Observational Study, aged 50 to 79 years, who were without known HF and reported ability to walk ≥1 block unassisted at baseline. Mean follow-up was 9 years for physician-adjudicated incident HF hospitalization (1402 cases). SB was assessed repeatedly by questionnaire. Time-varying total SB was categorized according to awake time spent sitting or lying down (≤6.5, 6.6-9.5, >9.5 h/d); sitting time (≤4.5, 4.6-8.5, >8.5 h/d) was also evaluated. Hazard ratios and 95% CI were estimated using Cox regression. RESULTS Controlling for age, race/ethnicity, education, income, smoking, alcohol, menopausal hormone therapy, and hysterectomy status, higher HF risk was observed across incremental tertiles of time-varying total SB (hazard ratios [95% CI], 1.00 [referent], 1.15 [1.01-1.31], 1.42 [1.25-1.61], trend P<0.001) and sitting time (1.00 [referent], 1.14 [1.01-1.28], 1.54 [1.34-1.78], trend P<0.001). The inverse trends remained significant after further controlling for comorbidities including time-varying myocardial infarction and coronary revascularization (hazard ratios: SB, 1.00, 1.11, 1.27; sitting, 1.00, 1.09, 1.37, trend P<0.001 each) and for baseline physical activity (hazard ratios: SB 1.00, 1.10, 1.24; sitting 1.00, 1.08, 1.33, trend P<0.001 each). Associations with SB exposures were not different according to categories of baseline age, race/ethnicity, body mass index, physical activity, physical functioning, diabetes, hypertension, or coronary heart disease. CONCLUSIONS SB was associated with increased risk of incident HF hospitalization in postmenopausal women. Targeted efforts to reduce SB could enhance HF prevention in later life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. LaMonte
- University at Buffalo, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, Buffalo, NY
| | | | - JoAnn E. Manson
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - John Bellettiere
- University of California San Diego, Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, San Diego, CA
| | - Cora E. Lewis
- University of Alabama Birmingham, Department of Epidemiology, Birmingham, AL
| | - Andrea Z. LaCroix
- University of California San Diego, Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, San Diego, CA
| | | | | | - Liviu Klein
- University of California San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA
| | - Corinna A. Noel
- Brown University Warren Alpert School of Medicine, and School of Public Health, Providence, RI
| | - Marcia L. Stefanick
- Stanford University School of Medicine and Prevention Research Center, Palo Alto, CA
| | - Jean Wactawski-Wende
- University at Buffalo, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, Buffalo, NY
| | - Charles B. Eaton
- Brown University Warren Alpert School of Medicine, and School of Public Health, Providence, RI
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Role of Type and Volume of Recreational Physical Activity on Heart Rate Variability in Men. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17082719. [PMID: 32326463 PMCID: PMC7215788 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17082719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of recreational aerobic physical activity (PA) type and volume on heart rate variability (HRV) in Arab men. This was a retrospective, cross-sectional study, and included men (n = 75, age = 37.6 ± 7.1 years, body mass index (BMI) = 26.7 ± 3.1 kg/m2) who were members of a walking group, cycling group, or were inactive controls. Monthly distances from the past three months were obtained from walking and cycling groups, and the volume of PA was classified into three subgroups (high, moderate, low). HRV was measured using a computerized electrocardiographic data acquisition device. R–R interval recordings were performed while participants rested in a motionless supine position. RR intervals were recorded for 15 minutes, and a five-minute segment with minimal ectopic beats and artifacts was selected for HRV analysis. Time-domain parameters included the mean R–R interval, standard deviation of the mean R–R interval (SDNN), and root-mean-squared difference of successive RR intervals (RMSSD). The frequency-domain parameters included high-frequency power (HF), low-frequency power (LF), and LF to HF ratio (LF/HF). Results showed that there were no significant differences between walking, cycling, and control groups for all HRV parameters. Time-domain analyses based on PA volume showed that age-adjusted SDNN for the high-active group was greater than the low-active group (P = 0.03), and RMSSD for the moderate-active group was greater than the control group (P = 0.009). For the frequency domain, LF for the high-active group was greater than the low-active and control groups (P = 0.006), and HF for the moderate-active group was greater than the low-active group (P = 0.04). These data indicate that walking >150 km per month, or cycling >100 km per month at a speed >20 km/h may be necessary to derive cardiac autonomic benefits from PA among Arab men.
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Fractal correlations and linear analyses of heart rate variability in healthy young people with different levels of physical activity. Cardiol Young 2019; 29:1236-1242. [PMID: 31475643 DOI: 10.1017/s1047951119001793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Changes in cardiac autonomic regulation, expressed by increased sympathetic activity and decreased heart rate variability, have an important relationship with the onset of lethal cardiac phenomena. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the cardiac autonomic behaviour in young people according to their level of physical activity. Through the International Physical Activity Questionnaire, 55 healthy young non-smokers with no history of previous diseases and whose parents did not suffer from metabolic syndrome were assessed and divided into groups: sedentary (n=12), insufficiently active (n=16), active (n=14), and very active (n=13). We collected respiratory rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure at rest, and body mass index. Subjects remained supine at rest, and without mental stress for 15 minutes in a controlled environment. Using a cardiofrequency meter (Polar® RS800CX), data were analysed in the time domain, frequency domain, and detrended fluctuation analysis. For the sedentary group, the mean RR and rMSSD were significantly lower, and the insufficiently active group showed higher means, but significantly only for rMSSD. The insufficiently active group showed in the detrended fluctuation analysis that α2 was significantly lower compared with the sedentary, active, and very active groups. We conclude that young, healthy, sedentary individuals present an increased heart rate and that insufficiently active individuals present a decreased fractal correlation and increased parasympathetic activity.
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Hammoud S, Karam R, Mourad R, Saad I, Kurdi M. Stress and Heart Rate Variability during University Final Examination among Lebanese Students. Behav Sci (Basel) 2018; 9:bs9010003. [PMID: 30591634 PMCID: PMC6358958 DOI: 10.3390/bs9010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Real-life stressors, such as university examination, cause an increase in sympathetic activity of the nervous system innervating the heart, and thus an increase in heart rate (HR). Our study aimed to detect changes in heart rate variability (HRV) during different stages of an exam in a group of 90 healthy university students (30 males and 60 females), over 4 h of monitoring divided into 1 h before, 2 h during, and 1 h after the examination. HRV was significantly highest after the exam, indicating release from stress, as compared to before and during the examination when stress was observable. Undergraduate students in different academic years did not differ in terms of stress, indicating the absence of adaptation to exam procedures. However, HR and R-R interval after the exam showed significant difference between first year undergraduate studies and first year of a graduate program, indicating a higher degree of confidence in graduate students. Results also suggest that HRV in females is significantly lower than that in males before and after examination, despite men having greater sympathetic input. In conclusion, the results of our novel study assessing stress in real-time examination show important gender differences, and lack of adaptation with academic study year.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabah Hammoud
- Laboratory of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Section 1, Lebanese University, Rafic Hariri Educational Campus, P.O. Box 6573/14 Hadath, Lebanon.
| | - Rita Karam
- Laboratory of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Section 1, Lebanese University, Rafic Hariri Educational Campus, P.O. Box 6573/14 Hadath, Lebanon.
| | - Rabih Mourad
- Laboratory of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Section 1, Lebanese University, Rafic Hariri Educational Campus, P.O. Box 6573/14 Hadath, Lebanon.
| | - Iman Saad
- Laboratory of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Section 1, Lebanese University, Rafic Hariri Educational Campus, P.O. Box 6573/14 Hadath, Lebanon.
| | - Mazen Kurdi
- Laboratory of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Section 1, Lebanese University, Rafic Hariri Educational Campus, P.O. Box 6573/14 Hadath, Lebanon.
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Sardeli AV, Gáspari AF, Santos WMD, Moraes DFG, Gadelha VB, Santos LDC, Ferreira MLV, Prudêncio SMDJ, Bonfante ILP, Rodrigues B, Cavaglieri CR, Fernhall B, Chacon-Mikahil MPT. Time-course of health-related adaptations in response to combined training in hypertensive elderly: immune and autonomic modulation interactions. MOTRIZ: REVISTA DE EDUCACAO FISICA 2018. [DOI: 10.1590/s1980-6574201800040007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda V. Sardeli
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Brazil; Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Brazil
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Cardiac Autonomic Profile of Soccer, Field Hockey and Basketball Players: A Comparative Study. Asian J Sports Med 2018. [DOI: 10.5812/asjsm.62492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Küçük M, Karadeniz C, Ozdemir R, Meşe T. Prolonged T-wave peak-end interval in Down syndrome patients with congenitally normal hearts. Pediatr Int 2018; 60:513-516. [PMID: 29575354 DOI: 10.1111/ped.13567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Revised: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heterogeneity of ventricular repolarization has been assessed using the QT dispersion in Down syndrome (DS) patients with congenitally normal hearts. Novel repolarization indexes, that is, T-wave peak-end (Tp-e) interval and Tp-e/QT ratio, however, have not previously been evaluated in these patients. The aim of this study was therefore to evaluate the Tp-e interval and Tp-e/QT ratio in DS patients without congenital heart defects. METHODS Tp-e interval, Tp-e dispersion, and Tp-e/QT ratio were compared between 160 DS patients and 110 age- and sex-matched healthy controls on 12-lead surface electrocardiogram. RESULTS Heart rate, Tp-e interval, Tp-e dispersion, Tp-e/QT and Tp-e/QTc ratios were significantly higher in the DS group than the control group. CONCLUSION Myocardial repolarization indexes in DS patients with congenitally normal hearts were found to be prolonged compared with those in normal controls. Further evaluation is warranted to elucidate the relationship between prolonged repolarization indexes and arrhythmic events in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Küçük
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Dr Behcet Uz Children's Hospital, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Cem Karadeniz
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Dr Behcet Uz Children's Hospital, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Rahmi Ozdemir
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Dr Behcet Uz Children's Hospital, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Timur Meşe
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Dr Behcet Uz Children's Hospital, Izmir, Turkey
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Estévez-Báez M, Carricarte-Naranjo C, Jas-García JD, Rodríguez-Ríos E, Machado C, Montes-Brown J, Leisman G, Schiavi A, Machado-García A, Luaces CS, Pié EA. Influence of Heart Rate, Age, and Gender on Heart Rate Variability in Adolescents and Young Adults. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1133:19-33. [PMID: 30414070 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2018_292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Key autonomic functions are in continuous development during adolescence which can be assessed using the heart rate variability (HRV). However, the influence of different demographic and physiological factors on HRV indices has not been fully explored in adolescents. In this study we aimed to assess the effect of age, gender, and heart rate on HRV indices in two age groups of healthy adolescents (age ranges, 13-16 and 17-20 years) and two groups of healthy young adults (21-24 and 25-30 years). We addressed the issue using 5-min ECG recordings performed in the sitting position in 255 male and female participants. Time, frequency, and informational domains of HRV were calculated. Changes in HRV indices were assessed using a multiple linear regression model to adjust for the effects of heart rate, age, and gender. We found that heart rate produced more significant effects on HRV indices than age or gender. There was a progressive reduction in HRV with increasing age. Sympathetic influence increased with age and parasympathetic influence progressively decreased with age. The influence of gender was manifest only in younger adolescents and young adults. In conclusion, age, gender, and particularly heart rate have a substantial influence on HRV indices, which ought to be considered to avoid biases in the study of the autonomic nervous system development. The lack of the gender-related effects on HRV indices in late adolescence could be related to non-completely achieved maturity of the autonomic mechanisms, which deserves further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Estévez-Báez
- Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Ministry of Health, Havana, Cuba
| | | | | | | | - Calixto Machado
- Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Ministry of Health, Havana, Cuba
| | - Julio Montes-Brown
- Department of Medicine & Health Science, University of Sonora, Hermosillo, Mexico
| | - Gerry Leisman
- Faculty of Social Welfare and Health Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel. .,National Institute for Brain and Rehabilitation Sciences, Nazareth, Israel. .,Faculty 'Manuel Fajardo', University of the Medical Sciences, Havana, Cuba.
| | - Adam Schiavi
- Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Neurosciences Critical Care Division, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | | | - Eduardo Arrufat Pié
- Institute of Basic and Preclinical Sciences "Victoria de Girón", Havana, Cuba
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Utzinger ML. Enhancing Heart Rate Variability. Integr Med (Encinitas) 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-35868-2.00096-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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13
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May R, McBerty V, Zaky A, Gianotti M. Vigorous physical activity predicts higher heart rate variability among younger adults. J Physiol Anthropol 2017; 36:24. [PMID: 28615045 PMCID: PMC5471673 DOI: 10.1186/s40101-017-0140-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Baseline heart rate variability (HRV) is linked to prospective cardiovascular health. We tested intensity and duration of weekly physical activity as predictors of heart rate variability in young adults. Time and frequency domain indices of HRV were calculated based on 5-min resting electrocardiograms collected from 82 undergraduate students. Hours per week of both moderate and vigorous activity were estimated using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire. In regression analyses, hours of vigorous physical activity, but not moderate activity, significantly predicted greater time domain and frequency domain indices of heart rate variability. Adjusted for weekly frequency, greater daily duration of vigorous activity failed to predict HRV indices. CONCLUSIONS Future studies should test direct measurements of vigorous activity patterns as predictors of autonomic function in young adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard May
- Biology Program, Southern Oregon University, 1250 Siskiyou Boulevard, Ashland, OR, 97520, USA.
| | - Victoria McBerty
- Biology Program, Southern Oregon University, 1250 Siskiyou Boulevard, Ashland, OR, 97520, USA
| | - Adam Zaky
- Biology Program, Southern Oregon University, 1250 Siskiyou Boulevard, Ashland, OR, 97520, USA
| | - Melino Gianotti
- Biology Program, Southern Oregon University, 1250 Siskiyou Boulevard, Ashland, OR, 97520, USA
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Shastry N, Mirajkar AM, Moodithaya SS, Halahalli HN. Resting heart rate variability and cardiorespiratory fitness in healthy young adults. INDIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SPECIALITIES 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.injms.2016.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Torterolo P, Castro-Zaballa S, Cavelli M, Velasquez N, Brando V, Falconi A, Chase MH, Migliaro ER. Heart rate variability during carbachol-induced REM sleep and cataplexy. Behav Brain Res 2015; 291:72-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2015.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Revised: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Cairoli E, Danese N, Teliz M, Bruzzone MJ, Ferreira J, Rebella M, Cayota A. Cumulative dose of hydroxychloroquine is associated with a decrease of resting heart rate in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: a pilot study. Lupus 2015; 24:1204-9. [DOI: 10.1177/0961203315580870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Introduction The use of hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) offers a wide range of benefits. However, there are evidence in favour of cardiotoxicity, including heart conduction disturbances and congestive heart failure. Objective To determine the effects of HCQ in the resting heart rate (RHR) of SLE patients. Patients and methods Included were patients with non active SLE, with a sedentary lifestyle and treated with HCQ. Excluded were patients on beta blocker treatment, trained patients, pacemaker´s users and patients with clinical or analytical evidence of anemia, renal disease, obstructive pulmonary disease, obesity, uncontrolled thyroid disease, fever or current infection. Standard 12-lead electrocardiogram was performed in the resting condition (supine decubitus and orthostatic position). Comparison between groups was performed using Mann–Whitney U test. A multiple linear regression was performed. A p value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results 42 patients were included. Patients were divided in two groups based on the cumulative dose of HCQ (CD-HCQ), considering 365 g as cut-off. There were 24 patients with low-HCQ (<365 g) and 18 patients with high-HCQ (>365 g). Non significant differences were found in age, sex, prednisone dose or SLEDAI. The mean RHR was 73 ± 6 beats/min in the low-HCQ and 65 ± 7 beats/min in the high-HCQ, with a significant decrease of 11% ( p = 0.003). In multiple linear regressions, there were non significant association between the decrease of RHR and prednisone dose, age, SLEDAI or TSH, but there was significant association between RHR and CD-HCQ ( p = 0.024) and RHR and time of exposure to HCQ ( p = 0.029). Conclusion CD-HCQ higher than 365 g was associated with a significant decrease (11%) in RHR in non-active SLE patients, although a larger prospective study is required to allow more definitive conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Cairoli
- Unidad de Enfermedades Autoinmunes Sistémicas, Clínica Médica ‘C’, Prof. Dr. Juan Alonso Bao, Hospital de Clínicas, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - N Danese
- Unidad de Enfermedades Autoinmunes Sistémicas, Clínica Médica ‘C’, Prof. Dr. Juan Alonso Bao, Hospital de Clínicas, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - M Teliz
- Unidad de Enfermedades Autoinmunes Sistémicas, Clínica Médica ‘C’, Prof. Dr. Juan Alonso Bao, Hospital de Clínicas, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - M J Bruzzone
- Unidad de Enfermedades Autoinmunes Sistémicas, Clínica Médica ‘C’, Prof. Dr. Juan Alonso Bao, Hospital de Clínicas, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - J Ferreira
- Unidad de Enfermedades Autoinmunes Sistémicas, Clínica Médica ‘C’, Prof. Dr. Juan Alonso Bao, Hospital de Clínicas, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - M Rebella
- Unidad de Enfermedades Autoinmunes Sistémicas, Clínica Médica ‘C’, Prof. Dr. Juan Alonso Bao, Hospital de Clínicas, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - A Cayota
- Departamento Básico de Medicina, Hospital de Clínicas, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
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Increased P-wave and QT dispersions necessitate long-term follow-up evaluation of Down syndrome patients with congenitally normal hearts. Pediatr Cardiol 2014; 35:1344-8. [PMID: 24859169 DOI: 10.1007/s00246-014-0934-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Reports state that Down syndrome (DS) patients with congenitally normal hearts might experience the development of cardiac abnormalities such as cardiac autonomic dysfunction, valvular lesions, bradycardia, and atrioventricular block. However, the presence of any difference in terms of P-wave dispersion (PWd) and QT dispersion (QTd) was not evaluated previously. This study prospectively investigated 100 DS patients with structurally normal hearts and 100 age- and sex-matched healthy control subjects. Standard 12-lead electrocardiograms were used to assess and compare P-wave and QT durations together with PWd and QTd. The median age of the DS patients and control subjects was 48 months. Heart rates and P-wave and QT dispersions were significantly greater in the DS group than in the control group (113 ± 22.9 vs 98.8 ± 16.6 bpm, p < 0.001; 31.3 ± 9.5 vs 24 ± 8.6 ms, p < 0.001; and 46.6 ± 15.9 vs 26 ± 9.1 ms, p < 0.001, respectively). A positive correlation was found between PWd and age in the DS patients (p < 0.05; r = 0.2). All children with DS should be followed up carefully with electrocardiography in terms of increased P-wave and QT dispersions even in the absence of concomitant congenital heart disease for management of susceptibility to arryhthmias.
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Cipryan L, Litschmannova M. Intra-session stability of short-term heart rate variability measurement: gender and total spectral power influence. JOURNAL OF HUMAN SPORT AND EXERCISE 2014. [DOI: 10.4100/jhse.2014.91.08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Dutra SGV, Pereira APM, Tezini GCSV, Mazon JH, Martins-Pinge MC, Souza HCD. Cardiac autonomic modulation is determined by gender and is independent of aerobic physical capacity in healthy subjects. PLoS One 2013; 8:e77092. [PMID: 24098577 PMCID: PMC3789672 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0077092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aerobic physical capacity plays an important role in reducing morbidity and mortality rates in subjects with cardiovascular diseases. This action is often related to an improvement in the autonomic modulation of heart rate variability (HRV). However, controversies remain regarding the effects of physical training on cardiac autonomic control in healthy subjects. Therefore, our objective was to investigate whether aerobic capacity interferes with the autonomic modulation of HRV and whether gender differences exist. METHODS Healthy men and women (N=96) were divided into groups according to aerobic capacity: low (VO2: 22-38 ml/kg(-1) min(-1)), moderate (VO2: 38-48 ml/kg(-1) min(-1)) and high (VO2 >48 ml/kg(-1) min(-1).) We evaluated the hemodynamic parameters and body composition. The autonomic modulation of HRV was investigated using spectral analysis. This procedure decomposes the heart rate oscillatory signal into frequency bands: low frequency (LF=0.04-0.15Hz) is mainly related to sympathetic modulation, and high frequency (HF=0.15-0.5Hz) corresponds to vagal modulation. RESULTS Aerobic capacity, regardless of gender, determined lower values of body fat percentage, blood pressure and heart rate. In turn, the spectral analysis of HRV showed that this parameter did not differ when aerobic capacity was considered. However, when the genders were compared, women had lower LF values and higher HF values than the respective groups of men. CONCLUSION The results suggest that aerobic physical capacity does not interfere with HRV modulation; however, the cardiac modulatory balance differs between genders and is characterized by a greater influence of the autonomic vagal component in women and by the sympathetic component in men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina G. V. Dutra
- Department of Biomechanics, Medicine and Rehabilitation, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula M. Pereira
- Department of Biomechanics, Medicine and Rehabilitation, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Geisa C. S. V. Tezini
- Department of Biomechanics, Medicine and Rehabilitation, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José H. Mazon
- Department of Biomechanics, Medicine and Rehabilitation, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marli C. Martins-Pinge
- Department of Physiological Sciences, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Hugo C. D. Souza
- Department of Biomechanics, Medicine and Rehabilitation, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
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Guerra ZF, Peçanha T, Moreira DN, Silva LP, Laterza MC, Nakamura FY, Lima JRP. Effects of load and type of physical training on resting and postexercise cardiac autonomic control. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging 2013; 34:114-20. [DOI: 10.1111/cpf.12072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 07/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zaqueline F. Guerra
- Laboratory of Motor Assessment; Faculty of Physical Education and Sports; Federal University of Juiz de Fora; Juiz de Fora Brazil
| | - Tiago Peçanha
- Laboratory of Motor Assessment; Faculty of Physical Education and Sports; Federal University of Juiz de Fora; Juiz de Fora Brazil
| | - Débora N. Moreira
- Laboratory of Motor Assessment; Faculty of Physical Education and Sports; Federal University of Juiz de Fora; Juiz de Fora Brazil
| | - Lilian P. Silva
- Faculty of Physiotherapy; Federal University of Juiz de Fora; Juiz de Fora Brazil
| | - Mateus C. Laterza
- Laboratory of Motor Assessment; Faculty of Physical Education and Sports; Federal University of Juiz de Fora; Juiz de Fora Brazil
| | - Fábio Y. Nakamura
- Department of Physical Education; State University of Londrina; Londrina Brazil
| | - Jorge R. P. Lima
- Laboratory of Motor Assessment; Faculty of Physical Education and Sports; Federal University of Juiz de Fora; Juiz de Fora Brazil
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Cipryan L, Litschmannova M. Intra-day and inter-day reliability of heart rate variability measurement. J Sports Sci 2012; 31:150-8. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2012.721931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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22
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Corrales MM, Torres BDLC, Esquivel AG, Salazar MAG, Naranjo Orellana J. Normal values of heart rate variability at rest in a young, healthy and active Mexican population. Health (London) 2012. [DOI: 10.4236/health.2012.47060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Manuel Gonçalves E. Stress prevention by modulation of autonomic nervous system (heart rate variability): A preliminary study using transcranial direct current stimulation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.4236/ojpsych.2012.22016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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24
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Enhancing Heart Rate Variability. Integr Med (Encinitas) 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4377-1793-8.00078-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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25
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Mazon J, Gastaldi A, Di Sacco T, Cozza I, Dutra S, Souza H. Effects of training periodization on cardiac autonomic modulation and endogenous stress markers in volleyball players. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2011; 23:114-20. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2011.01357.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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26
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NUSSINOVITCH UDI, ELISHKEVITZ KERENPOLITI, KAMINER KEREN, NUSSINOVITCH MOSHE, SEGEV SHLOMO, VOLOVITZ BENJAMIN, NUSSINOVITCH NAOMI. The Efficiency of 10-Second Resting Heart Rate for the Evaluation of Short-Term Heart Rate Variability Indices. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2011; 34:1498-502. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-8159.2011.03178.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Mendonca GV, Pereira FD, Fernhall B. Cardiac autonomic function during submaximal treadmill exercise in adults with Down syndrome. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2011; 32:532-539. [PMID: 21236635 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2010.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2010] [Accepted: 12/20/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
This study determined whether the cardiac autonomic function of adults with Down syndrome (DS) differs from that of nondisabled persons during submaximal dynamic exercise. Thirteen participants with DS and 12 nondisabled individuals performed maximal and submaximal treadmill tests with metabolic and heart rate (HR) measurements. Spectral analysis of HR variability was performed on the last 256 consecutive R-R intervals obtained under the following conditions: (1) rest, (2) submaximal treadmill exercise (at constant relative intensity below the ventilatory threshold) and (3) recovery. Participants with DS presented lower chronotropic response than those without DS to peak and submaximal exercise (p<0.05). Nevertheless, the fractional utilization of peak HR during treadmill walking was similar between groups (∼60% peak HR). Even though there were no between-group differences at rest or during recovery, the participants with DS showed a higher LF/HF ratio during exercise (p<0.05). Similarly, the LF power of participants with DS during exercise was greater than that of nondisabled participants (p<0.05). In contrast, both groups exhibited similar HF power at each physiological condition. In conclusion, these findings suggest that adults with DS demonstrate appropriate vagal withdrawal, but heightened sympathetic modulation of HR variability at ∼60% of their peak HR. Despite this, the absolute change in HR from rest to exercise was attenuated in these individuals compared to persons without disabilities. This indicates that DS may be associated with poor cardiac responsiveness to changes in autonomic modulation during exercise at intensities below the ventilatory threshold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goncalo V Mendonca
- Center of Human Performance (CIPER), Faculty of Human Kinetics, Technical University of Lisbon, Portugal.
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Nunan D, Sandercock GRH, Brodie DA. A quantitative systematic review of normal values for short-term heart rate variability in healthy adults. PACING AND CLINICAL ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY: PACE 2011; 33:1407-17. [PMID: 20663071 DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-8159.2010.02841.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 426] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Heart rate variability (HRV) is a known risk factor for mortality in both healthy and patient populations. There are currently no normative data for short-term measures of HRV. A thorough review of short-term HRV data published since 1996 was therefore performed. Data from studies published after the 1996 Task Force report (i.e., between January 1997 and September 2008) and reporting short-term measures of HRV obtained in normally healthy individuals were collated and factors underlying discrepant values were identified. Forty-four studies met the pre-set inclusion criteria involving 21,438 participants. Values for short-term HRV measures from the literature were lower than Task Force norms. A degree of homogeneity for common measures of HRV in healthy adults was shown across studies. A number of studies demonstrate large interindividual variations (up to 260,000%), particularly for spectral measures. A number of methodological discrepancies underlined disparate values. These include a systematic failure within the literature (a) to recognize the importance of RR data recognition/editing procedures and (b) to question disparate HRV values observed in normally healthy individuals. A need for large-scale population studies and a review of the Task Force recommendations for short-term HRV that covers the full-age spectrum were identified. Data presented should be used to quantify reference ranges for short-term measures of HRV in healthy adult populations but should be undertaken with reference to methodological factors underlying disparate values. Recommendations for the measurement of HRV require updating to include current technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Nunan
- Division of Public Health and Primary Health Care, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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Yu S, Katoh T, Makino H, Mimuno S, Sato S. Age and Heart Rate Variability After Soccer Games. Res Sports Med 2010; 18:263-9. [DOI: 10.1080/15438627.2010.508704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuchun Yu
- a Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care , Hamamatsu University School of Medicine
| | - Takasumi Katoh
- a Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care , Hamamatsu University School of Medicine
| | - Hiroshi Makino
- a Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care , Hamamatsu University School of Medicine
| | - Soichiro Mimuno
- a Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care , Hamamatsu University School of Medicine
| | - Shigehito Sato
- a Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care , Hamamatsu University School of Medicine
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30
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Shiogai Y, Stefanovska A, McClintock P. Nonlinear dynamics of cardiovascular ageing. PHYSICS REPORTS 2010; 488:51-110. [PMID: 20396667 PMCID: PMC2853263 DOI: 10.1016/j.physrep.2009.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/24/2009] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The application of methods drawn from nonlinear and stochastic dynamics to the analysis of cardiovascular time series is reviewed, with particular reference to the identification of changes associated with ageing. The natural variability of the heart rate (HRV) is considered in detail, including the respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) corresponding to modulation of the instantaneous cardiac frequency by the rhythm of respiration. HRV has been intensively studied using traditional spectral analyses, e.g. by Fourier transform or autoregressive methods, and, because of its complexity, has been used as a paradigm for testing several proposed new methods of complexity analysis. These methods are reviewed. The application of time-frequency methods to HRV is considered, including in particular the wavelet transform which can resolve the time-dependent spectral content of HRV. Attention is focused on the cardio-respiratory interaction by introduction of the respiratory frequency variability signal (RFV), which can be acquired simultaneously with HRV by use of a respiratory effort transducer. Current methods for the analysis of interacting oscillators are reviewed and applied to cardio-respiratory data, including those for the quantification of synchronization and direction of coupling. These reveal the effect of ageing on the cardio-respiratory interaction through changes in the mutual modulation of the instantaneous cardiac and respiratory frequencies. Analyses of blood flow signals recorded with laser Doppler flowmetry are reviewed and related to the current understanding of how endothelial-dependent oscillations evolve with age: the inner lining of the vessels (the endothelium) is shown to be of crucial importance to the emerging picture. It is concluded that analyses of the complex and nonlinear dynamics of the cardiovascular system can illuminate the mechanisms of blood circulation, and that the heart, the lungs and the vascular system function as a single entity in dynamical terms. Clear evidence is found for dynamical ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y. Shiogai
- Physics Department, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YB, UK
| | - A. Stefanovska
- Physics Department, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YB, UK
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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31
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The influence of age on heart rate variability during morning wakefulness. Clin Auton Res 2009; 20:175-82. [PMID: 19756828 DOI: 10.1007/s10286-009-0027-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2009] [Accepted: 08/12/2009] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Early morning wakefulness is associated with a peak in cardiac events. The influence of ageing on cardiac regulation during this time is unknown. This cross-sectional study of healthy men and women (n = 40, 20-30 and >60 years) investigated the effect of age on heart rate variability (HRV) during morning versus evening wakefulness and sleep. METHODS Stable electrocardiogram data during each wake period and sleep stage was analysed using power spectral analysis. HRV measurements were assessed using two (young, older) by two (male, female) ANOVAs with repeated measures on wake/sleep stage. RESULTS Young adults experienced increased low-frequency power and low-frequency/high-frequency ratios during morning wakefulness versus slow wave sleep (p < 0.01). Older adults did not show any variation in any HRV variables across wake and sleep stages. All effects were independent of gender. INTERPRETATION Older adults did not experience increased sympathetic dominance during morning wakefulness; thus in the older population, fluctuations in autonomic control, indicated by HRV measurements, are unlikely to account for increased occurrence of cardiac events at this time.
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Enhancing Heart Rate Variability. Integr Med (Encinitas) 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4160-2954-0.50100-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Sandercock GRH, Brodie DA. The use of heart rate variability measures to assess autonomic control during exercise. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2006; 16:302-13. [PMID: 16774653 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2006.00556.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Heart rate variability (HRV) is a non-invasive indicator of cardiac autonomic modulation at rest. During rhythmic exercise, global HRV decreases as a function of exercise intensity. Measures reflecting sympathovagal interactions at rest do not behave as expected during exercise. This makes interpretation of HRV measures difficult, especially at higher exercise intensities. This problem is further confounded by the occurrence of non-neural oscillations in the high-frequency band due to increased respiratory effort. Alternative data treatments, such as coarse graining spectral analysis (CGSA), have demonstrated expected changes in autonomic function during exercise with some success. The separation of harmonic from fractal and/or chaotic components of HRV and study of the latter during exercise have provided further insight into cardioregulatory control. However, more research is needed. Some cross-sectional differences between HRV in athletes and controls during exercise are evident and data suggest longitudinal changes may be possible. Standard spectral HRV analysis should not be applied to exercise conditions. The use of CGSA and non-linear analyses show much promise in this area. Until further validation of these measures is carried out and clarification of the physiological meaning of such measures occurs, HRV data regarding altered autonomic control during exercise should be treated with caution.
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Affiliation(s)
- G R H Sandercock
- School of Health and Human Sciences, London Metropolitan University, London, UK.
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Beckers F, Verheyden B, Aubert AE. Aging and nonlinear heart rate control in a healthy population. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2005; 290:H2560-70. [PMID: 16373585 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00903.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In recent years more studies are using nonlinear dynamics to describe cardiovascular control. Because of the large dispersion of physiological data, it is important to have large studies with both male and female participants to establish a range of physiological healthy values. This study investigated the effect of gender and age on nonlinear indexes. Nonlinear scaling properties were studied by using 1/f slope (where f is frequency), fractal dimension, and detrended fluctuation analysis short- and long-term correlations (DFAalpha(1) and DFAalpha(2), respectively). Nonlinear complexity was described with correlation dimension (CD), Lyapunov exponent (LE), and approximate entropy (ApEn). The population consisted of 135 women and 141 men (age, 18-71 yr). Twenty-four hour ECG recordings were obtained by using Holter monitoring. The recordings were split into daytime (8 AM-9 PM) and nighttime (11 PM-6 AM). A day-night variation was present in all nonlinear heart rate variability (HRV) indexes, except for the CD in the female population. During the night the percentage of CD values of surrogate data files differing from the CD value of the original data increased. All nonlinear indexes were significantly correlated with age. Deeper analysis per age category of 10 yr showed a stabilization in the age decline of the fractal dimension and ApEn at the age of > or =40 yr. The vagal pathways seemed to be more involved in the generation of nonlinear fluctuations. Higher nonlinear behavior was evident during the night. No clear difference between men and women was found in the nonlinear indexes. Nonlinear indexes decline with age. This can be related to the concept of decreasing autonomic modulation with advancing age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Beckers
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, School of Medicine, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, UZ Gasthuisberg O-N, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
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Brunetto AF, Roseguini BT, Silva BM, Hirai DM, Guedes DP. Effects of gender and aerobic fitness on cardiac autonomic responses to head-up tilt in healthy adolescents. Pediatr Cardiol 2005; 26:418-24. [PMID: 16374693 DOI: 10.1007/s00246-004-0808-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular autonomic responses to orthostatic challenges are affected by gender and cardiorespiratory fitness in adults. However, little is know about the effects of these factors in healthy adolescents. We studied 41 adolescents (20 boys and 21 girls) aged 12-17 years, divided into aerobic fitness tertiles based on the results of a maximal treadmill exercise test. Cardiac autonomic modulation was assessed by heart rate variability (HRV) analysis of 5-minute RR interval recordings before and after 70 degrees head-up tilt maneuver. HRV was analyzed by time (TD) and frequency domain (FD) methods. TD was analyzed by standard deviation of the RR intervals and the root mean square of successive differences of RR intervals. The power spectral components were studied at low (LF) and high (HF) frequencies and as the LF/HF ratio. We did not find any differences in TD and FD measures before and after tilt in either gender or fitness groups, except for a higher heart rate response for boys. These results suggests that cardiac autonomic responses to head-up tilt in healthy adolescents are not affected by gender or aerobic fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- A F Brunetto
- Laboratorio de Pesquisa em Fisioterapia Pulmonar, Departamento de Fisioterapia, Hospital Universitario Regional do Norte do Parana, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, PR, Brasil.
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Martinelli FS, Chacon-Mikahil MPT, Martins LEB, Lima-Filho EC, Golfetti R, Paschoal MA, Gallo-Junior L. Heart rate variability in athletes and nonathletes at rest and during head-up tilt. Braz J Med Biol Res 2005; 38:639-47. [PMID: 15962191 DOI: 10.1590/s0100-879x2005000400019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to determine if autonomic heart rate modulation, indicated by heart rate variability (HRV), differs during supine rest and head-up tilt (HUT) when sedentary and endurance-trained cyclists are compared. Eleven sedentary young men (S) and 10 trained cyclists (C) were studied. The volunteers were submitted to a dynamic ECG Holter to calculate HRV at rest and during a 70 masculine HUT. The major aerobic capacity of athletes was expressed by higher values of VO2 at anaerobic threshold and peak conditions (P < 0.05). At rest the athletes had lower heart rates (P < 0.05) and higher values in the time domain of HRV compared with controls (SD of normal RR interval, SDNN, medians): 59.1 ms (S) vs 89.9 ms (C), P < 0.05. During tilt athletes also had higher values in the time domain of HRV compared with controls (SDNN, medians): 55.7 ms (S) vs 69.7 ms (C), P < 0.05. No differences in power spectral components of HRV at rest or during HUT were detected between groups. Based on the analysis of data by the frequency domain method, we conclude that in athletes the resting bradycardia seems to be much more related to changes in intrinsic mechanisms than to modifications in autonomic control. Also, HUT caused comparable changes in sympathetic and parasympathetic modulation of the sinus node in both groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- F S Martinelli
- Laboratório de Fisiologia do Exercício, Faculdade de Educação Física, Universidade Estadual de Campinas,
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Buchheit M, Simon C, Piquard F, Ehrhart J, Brandenberger G. Effects of increased training load on vagal-related indexes of heart rate variability: a novel sleep approach. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2004; 287:H2813-8. [PMID: 15308479 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00490.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
There is little doubt that moderate training improves cardiac vagal activity and thus has a cardioprotective effect against lethal arrhythmias. Our purpose was to learn whether a higher training load would further increase this beneficial effect. Cardiac autonomic control was inferred from heart rate variability (HRV) and analyzed in three groups of young subjects (24.5 ± 3.0 yr) with different training states in a period free of stressful stimuli or overload. HRV was analyzed in 5-min segments during slow-wave sleep (SWS, a parasympathetic state that offers high electrocardiographic stationarity) and compared with data collected during quiet waking periods in the morning. Sleep parameters, fatigue, and stress levels checked by questionnaire were identical for all three groups with no signs of overtraining in the highly trained (HT) participants. During SWS, a significant ( P < 0.05) increase in absolute and normalized vagal-related HRV indexes was observed in moderately trained (MT) individuals compared with sedentary (Sed) subjects; this increase did not persist in HT athletes. During waking periods, most of the absolute HRV indexes indistinctly increased in MT individuals compared with controls ( P < 0.05) but did not increase in HT athletes. Normalized spectral HRV indexes did not change significantly among the three groups. Heart rate was similar for MT and Sed subjects but was significantly ( P < 0.05) lower in HT athletes under both recording conditions. These results indicate that SWS discriminates the state of sympathovagal balance better than waking periods. A moderate training load is sufficient to increase vagal-related HRV indexes. However, in HT individuals, despite lower heart rate, vagal-related HRV indexes return to Sed values even in the absence of competition, fatigue, or overload.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Buchheit
- Universite Louis Pasteur, Laboratoire des Régulations Physiologiques et des Rythmes Biologiques chez l'Homme, 4 rue Kirschleger, 67085 Strasbourg Cedex, France.
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Pontet J, Contreras P, Curbelo A, Medina J, Noveri S, Bentancourt S, Migliaro ER. Heart rate variability as early marker of multiple organ dysfunction syndrome in septic patients. J Crit Care 2004; 18:156-63. [PMID: 14595568 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrc.2003.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine whether measuring heart rate variability (HRV) in a group of septic patients without multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) made it possible to predict which of them would later develop this syndrome. MATERIAL AND METHODS We studied 46 septic patients without MODS at the time of admission to an intensive care unit (ICU). During the first 24 hours of admission, a 10-minute electrocardiogram (ECG) was performed and 8 HRV indexes were calculated off-line. Eleven patients later developed MODS (MODS group) during their ICU stay, and 28 did not (non-MODS group). Seven patients were excluded. RESULTS Although Acute Physiological and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE II) scores were similar for both groups, most HRV indices on admission were reduced significantly in the MODS group. Compared with a subset from the non-MODS group (control group, n = 11) paired by age, the MODS group had significantly lower low-frequency spectral components (LF, P =.0128) and mean squared successive differences of R-R intervals (rMSSD) (P =.0473) values. Multivariable logistic regression identified LF as the best predictor of MODS and received operating characteristic (ROC) curves established its cut-off point at 18 ms(2). Mortality rates were 63.6% for the MODS group and 0% for the non-MODS group (P <.0001). CONCLUSIONS Reduction of HRV on ICU admission may be useful in identifying septic patients at risk for development of MODS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio Pontet
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Cardiovascular, Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Montevideo, Uruguay.
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Abstract
This review examines the influence on heart rate variability (HRV) indices in athletes from training status, different types of exercise training, sex and ageing, presented from both cross-sectional and longitudinal studies. The predictability of HRV in over-training, athletic condition and athletic performance is also included. Finally, some recommendations concerning the application of HRV methods in athletes are made.The cardiovascular system is mostly controlled by autonomic regulation through the activity of sympathetic and parasympathetic pathways of the autonomic nervous system. Analysis of HRV permits insight in this control mechanism. It can easily be determined from ECG recordings, resulting in time series (RR-intervals) that are usually analysed in time and frequency domains. As a first approach, it can be assumed that power in different frequency bands corresponds to activity of sympathetic (0.04-0.15 Hz) and parasympathetic (0.15-0.4 Hz) nerves. However, other mechanisms (and feedback loops) are also at work, especially in the low frequency band. During dynamic exercise, it is generally assumed that heart rate increases due to both a parasympathetic withdrawal and an augmented sympathetic activity. However, because some authors disagree with the former statement and the fact that during exercise there is also a technical problem related to the non-stationary signals, a critical look at interpretation of results is needed. It is strongly suggested that, when presenting reports on HRV studies related to exercise physiology in general or concerned with athletes, a detailed description should be provided on analysis methods, as well as concerning population, and training schedule, intensity and duration. Most studies concern relatively small numbers of study participants, diminishing the power of statistics. Therefore, multicentre studies would be preferable. In order to further develop this fascinating research field, we advocate prospective, randomised, controlled, long-term studies using validated measurement methods. Finally, there is a strong need for basic research on the nature of the control and regulating mechanism exerted by the autonomic nervous system on cardiovascular function in athletes, preferably with a multidisciplinary approach between cardiologists, exercise physiologists, pulmonary physiologists, coaches and biomedical engineers.
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Affiliation(s)
- André E Aubert
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, School of Medicine, K.U. Leuven, University Hospital Gasthuisberg O/N, Leuven, Belgium.
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Migliaro ER, Canetti R, Contreras P, Hakas M. Heart rate variability: short-term studies are as useful as holter to differentiate diabetic patients from healthy subjects. Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol 2004; 8:313-20. [PMID: 14516288 PMCID: PMC7313231 DOI: 10.1046/j.1542-474x.2003.08409.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The definitive incorporation of heart rate variability (HRV) as a clinical tool depends on the development of more confident techniques of measurement. The length of the studies is a critical issue. Whereas Holter studies allow the monitorization at different hours and activities, short-term recordings allow the control of environmental conditions. Recording length is also strongly related to the procedure of analysis; for instance, some time-domain indexes are strongly affected by the duration of the study. Meanwhile, spectral analyses require stationary conditions, only achieved in short-term studies. Our main goal was to determine if HRV indexes obtained from short-term analyses were as useful as those from Holter monitoring for diagnosis of reduced HRV in diabetes. METHODS We studied two groups: one with impaired HRV (15 diabetic patients) and another with normal HRV (15 healthy subjects). HRV indexes obtained from 24-hour Holter recordings (SDNN, rMSSD, and the power of LF and HF bands), were correlated with analog indexes obtained from 10-minute digital acquired studies within each group. Besides, we compared the diabetic and control groups using the indexes obtained with both methodologies. RESULTS The correlation was high (0.70<or=r <or= 0.85, P <or= 0.0032) in the diabetic group, but was poor in the control group. HRV values were significantly lower in the diabetic group either for 24-hour or short-term studies (P <or= 0.0113). CONCLUSION We conclude that short-term studies are at least as powerful as Holter to differentiate the diabetic group (impaired HRV) from the control group.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rafael Canetti
- Departamento de Control, Instituto de Ingeniería Eléctrica, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | | | - Michel Hakas
- Departamento de Control, Instituto de Ingeniería Eléctrica, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
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