Estado nutricional e níveis de hemoglobina em crianças Aruak e Karibe: povos indígenas do Alto Xingu, Brasil Central, 2001-2002

Low prevalence of anemia among Shuar communities of Amazonian Ecuador

OBJECTIVE

Anemia is an important global health challenge. We investigate anemia prevalence among Indigenous Shuar of Ecuador to expand our understanding of population-level variation, and to test hypotheses about how anemia variation is related to age, sex, and market integration.

METHODS

Hemoglobin levels were measured in a total sample of 1650 Shuar participants (ages 6 months to 86 years) from 46 communities between 2008 and 2017 to compare anemia prevalence across regions characterized by different levels of market integration.

RESULTS

Shuar anemia rates among children under 15 years (12.2%), adult women (10.5%), and adult men (5.3%) were less than half of those previously documented in other neo-tropical Indigenous populations. Anemia prevalence did not vary between more traditional and market integrated communities (OR = 0.47, p = .52). However, anemia was negatively associated with body mass index (OR = 0.47, p = .002).

CONCLUSIONS

Compared to other South American Indigenous populations, anemia prevalence is relatively low among Shuar of Ecuador and invariant with market integration. Understanding this pattern can provide valuable insights into anemia prevention among at-risk populations.

Food diversity among indigenous children from two municipalities of the Brazilian Western Amazon

Our aim was to explore the feeding practices of indigenous children younger than two years old, living in Cruzeiro do Sul and Mâncio Lima, in Acre, Brazil. A cross-sectional study was conducted with indigenous children of the Katukina (Cruzeiro do Sul), Nukini, Nawa and Poyanawa (Mâncio Lima) ethnicities in October 2013. We used a structured questionnaire on the food consumption of the day before the collection, based on the food indicators proposed by the Ministry of Health. A total of 94 children (50% Katukina, 27% Poyanawa, 13% Nukini, and 10% Nawa) were studied. Among children under 6 months of age, although the majority was breastfed, 42.1% drank water, 15.8%, savory food, and 11.1%, local cuisine. In the age groups of 6 to 12 months and 13 to 23 months, a high consumption of ultra-processed foods was identified (52.6% and 28.6% respectively), while the consumption of complementary food was insufficient (33% of fruits and 25% of savory food between 6 and 13 months, and 41.2% of fruits and 19.6% of savory food between 13 and 23 months). The feeding profile of these indigenous children was inadequate for their age, revealing a concerning situation for this population.

Nutritional status of children under 5 years of age in Brazil: evidence of nutritional epidemiological polarisation

The objective of this study was to evaluate the nutritional status of children under 5 years of age in Brazil in 2009 and its association with social and demographic factors. Data from the Household Budget Survey (Pesquisa de Orçamento Familiar - POF 2008-2009) were used, in which the nutritional profile was evaluated according to the weight-for-age (W/A), height-for-age (H/A) and weight-for-height (W/H) indices (n = 14,569). The association was estimated by applying the Pearson association test, a logistic regression and a correspondence analysis. The correspondence analysis showed a higher association of thinness with children in the North and Northeast regions, in families with lower levels of income and in those of black colour/race. Overweight and obesity had a stronger relationship with children living in the South, Southeast and Central-West, in males, in those from urban areas, in those of Caucasian colour/race, in those aged 3 years and in those from families with intermediate income ranges. Overweight and obesity showed a heterogeneous spatial distribution amongst Brazilian states. A nutritional epidemiological polarisation that presents a major challenge for public health is indicated: we must reduce nutritional deficiencies and promote healthy eating habits from childhood to improve the nutritional and epidemiological profiles and mortality of the population.

[Anemia in indigenous women and children in Brazil: a systematic review]

Iron-deficiency anemia can be considered the most important nutritional deficiency in Brazil. The scope of this article was to conduct a systematic review of the literature in order to describe the frequency of anemia in indigenous women and children in Brazil, and gather information on associated factors. A search of the PubMed, Scopus and Lilacs databases was conducted. Seventeen studies were selected. The rates of prevalence of anemia ranged from 23.1%-74.6%; 42.9%-92.3% and 29.6%-84%, for children aged 6 to 119 months, 6 to 23 months and 6 to 59 months, respectively. Two studies were conducted with women of childbearing age and rates of 67% were found among the Suruí and 16.1% among the Xukuru of Ororubá. The majority of authors attribute the prevalence of anemia to inadequate sanitary conditions, diets deficient in iron and essential micronutrients and a lack of access to basic health services. The findings highlight the importance of anemia among the indigenous peoples studied, which has been reflected by a substantial increase in research over the last twenty years.

The use of massive transfusion protocol for trauma and non-trauma patients in a civilian setting: what can be done better?

INTRODUCTION

Massive transfusion protocol (MTP) is increasingly used in civilian trauma cases to achieve better haemostatic resuscitation in patients requiring massive blood transfusions (MTs), with improved survival outcomes. However, in non-trauma patients, evidence for MTP is lacking. This study aims to assess the outcomes of a newly established MTP in a civilian setting, for both trauma and non-trauma patients, in an acute surgical care unit.

METHODS

A retrospective cohort analysis was performed on 46 patients for whom MTP was activated in Changi General Hospital, Singapore. The patients were categorised into trauma and non-trauma groups. Assessment of Blood Consumption (ABC) score was used to identify MTP trauma patients and analyse over-activation rates.

RESULTS

Only 39.1% of all cases with MTP activation eventually received MTs; 39.8% of the MTs were for non-trauma patients. Mean fresh frozen plasma to packed red blood cells (pRBC) ratio achieved with MTP was 0.741, while mean platelet to pRBC ratio was 0.213. The 24-hour mortality rate for all patients who received an MT upon MTP activation was 33.3% (trauma vs. non-trauma group: 45.5% vs. 14.3%). The ABC scoring system used for trauma patients had a sensitivity and specificity of 81.8% and 41.2%, respectively.

CONCLUSION

MTP may be used for both trauma and non-trauma patients in acute care surgery. Scoring systems to predict the need for an MT, improved compliance to predefined transfusion ratios and regular reviews of the MTP are necessary to optimise MTPs and to improve the outcomes of patients receiving MTs.

Anemia e níveis de hemoglobina em crianças indígenas Xavante, Brasil Central

RESUMO: Objetivo: Avaliar a prevalência de anemia, os níveis médios de hemoglobina e os principais fatores nutricionais, demográficos e socioeconômicos associados em crianças Xavante, em Mato Grosso, Brasil. Métodos: Realizou-se inquérito em duas comunidades indígenas Xavante na Terra Indígena Pimentel Barbosa visando avaliar todas as crianças com menos de dez anos. Foram coletados dados de concentração de hemoglobina, antropometria e aspectos socioeconômicos/demográficos por meio de avaliação clínica e questionário estruturado. Utilizaram-se os pontos de corte recomendados pela Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) para a classificação de anemia. Análises de regressão linear com hemoglobina como desfecho e regressão de Poisson com variância robusta com presença ou não de anemia como desfechos foram realizadas (intervalo de confiança de 95% -IC95%). Resultados: Os menores valores médios de hemoglobina ocorreram nas crianças com menos de dois anos, sem diferença significativa entre os sexos. A anemia atingiu 50,8% das crianças, prevalecendo aquelas com menos de dois anos 2 anos (77,8%). A idade associou-se inversamente à ocorrência de anemia (razão de prevalência - RP - ajustada = 0,60; IC95% 0,38 - 0,95) e os valores médios de hemoglobina aumentaram significativamente conforme o incremento da idade. Os maiores valores de escores z de estatura-para-idade reduziam em 1,8 vez a chance de ter anemia (RP ajustada = 0,59; IC95% 0,34 - 1,00). A presença de outra criança com anemia no domicílio aumentou em 52,9% a probabilidade de ocorrência de anemia (RP ajustada = 1,89; IC95% 1,16 - 3,09). Conclusão: Elevados níveis de anemia nas crianças Xavante sinalizam a disparidade entre esses indígenas e a população brasileira geral. Os resultados sugerem que a anemia é determinada por relações complexas e variáveis entre fatores socioeconômicos, sociodemográficos e biológicos.

Aleitamento materno em crianças indígenas de dois municípios da Amazônia Ocidental Brasileira

Resumo Objetivo Analisar o aleitamento materno de crianças indígenas de zero a dois anos e os fatores associados ao desmame. Métodos Estudo transversal realizado com 94 crianças e 91 mulheres indígenas. Os dados foram coletados nos domicílios, com aplicação de um instrumento construído especificamente para o estudo. Para a análise foi utilizada a regressão logística. Resultados Estavam em aleitamento materno 60,6% das crianças. Em menores de seis meses o AME esteve presente em 35% das crianças. A única associação do desmame precoce com as variáveis foi a etnia, em que a chance de desmame precoce entre as etnias Poyanawa, Nawa e Nukini, foi 3,7 vezes maior em relação a etnia Katukina. Conclusão As prevalências de AM encontram-se aquém das recomendações da OMS. Somente a variável etnia mostrou-se associada ao desmame precoce. Esses dados mostram a necessidade de implementações de programas de incentivo ao AM entre os indígenas.

[Management, operations, and menus in Kaingáng indigenous schools participating in the National School Nutrition Program in Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil.]

Few studies have focused on the National School Nutrition Program (PNAE) in indigenous schools in Brazil. The current study describes the program's operations, management, and menus in 35 Kaingáng indigenous schools in Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. A cross-sectional study design was used to obtain information on the program through questionnaires submitted to the Regional Educational Offices (CRE) and to the schools. The menus suggested to the schools by the regional offices were obtained. There were no Centers for Indigenous Education in the regional offices. All the assistant principals were indigenous, 26 schools (74.6%) practiced local management of the meal program, and 34 (97.1%) reported purchasing food from local markets. Most cooks (63.9%) had temporary work contracts with the schools and 65.7% were indigenous. Low offerings of veges, milk and dairy products were observed in around 60% of the menus, and legumes and fruits low in around 80%. It points out the need for more studies about the indigenous PNAE and intends to support public policies in health, food and nutrition for the national indigenous school .

Saúde e povos indígenas no Brasil: reflexões a partir do I Inquérito Nacional de Saúde e Nutrição Indígena

A configuração atual da saúde dos povos indígenas no Brasil resulta de complexa trajetória histórica, responsável por grandes atrasos para os indígenas em relação aos avanços sociais verificados no país ao longo das últimas décadas, particularmente nos campos da saúde, educação, habitação e saneamento. O principal foco dessa contribuição é rever sinteticamente uma seleção dos principais resultados do I Inquérito Nacional de Saúde e Nutrição Indígena, realizado entre 2008-2009, e que visitou 113 aldeias em todo o país, tendo entrevistado 6.692 mulheres e 6.128 crianças. Dentre os resultados, é dado destaque às deficientes condições de saneamento verificadas nas aldeias, à elevada prevalência de desnutrição crônica, anemia, diarreia e infecções respiratórias agudas na criança, e à emergência de doenças crônicas não transmissíveis na mulher. O cenário delineado a partir do Inquérito impõe urgente revisão crítica da política de saúde indígena, com vistas a melhor atender às necessidades de saúde do segmento indígena da população brasileira.

Prevalência de anemia e sua associação com aspectos sociodemográficos e antropométricos em crianças de Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brasil

É reconhecida a alta prevalência da deficiência de ferro na população, mas ainda não existem estudos suficientes que expliquem os motivos deste problema em nível local e nacional. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a prevalência de anemia e sua relação com aspectos sociodemográficos e antropométricos de crianças residentes no município de Vitória, ES. Trata-se de um estudo transversal realizado com indivíduos de 12 a 72 meses, cujos dados foram coletados em Unidades Básicas de Saúde e envolveu a dosagem de hemoglobina, aferição de peso e estatura, além de aplicação, aos responsáveis legais, de questionário semiestruturado com informações sociodemográficas. Foram avaliadas 980 crianças, 51,1% do sexo feminino e mediana de idade de 46,00 (IC95%: 45,52-48,09) meses. Constatou-se 37% de anemia, sendo 11,4 (IC95%: 11,15-11,36) g/dL o valor mediano de hemoglobina. A estatura/idade da criança (p = 0,049) e o número de pessoas na família (p < 0,001) apresentaram-se como determinantes da anemia, e a idade como fator protetor desta carência (p = 0,010). A elevada prevalência de anemia e sua forte relação com dados sociodemográficos e antropométricos sugerem a necessidade de políticas públicas mais efetivas do que apenas a fortificação e a suplementação de alimentos.

Prevalence of anemia and associated factors among indigenous children in Brazil: results from the First National Survey of Indigenous People's Health and Nutrition

BACKGROUND

Anemia is the most prevalent nutritional deficiency globally, affecting about a quarter of the world population. In Brazil, about one-fifth of children under five years of age are anemic. Previous case studies indicate prevalence rates much higher among indigenous peoples in the country. The First National Survey of Indigenous People's Health and Nutrition in Brazil, conducted in 2008-2009, was the first survey based on a nationwide representative sample to study the prevalence of anemia and associated factors among indigenous children in Brazil.

METHODS

The survey assessed the health and nutritional status of indigenous children < 5 years of age based on a representative sample of major Brazilian geopolitical regions. A stratified probabilistic sampling was carried out for indigenous villages. Within villages, children < 5 years of age in sampled households were included in the study. Prevalence rates of anemia were calculated for independent variables and hierarchical multivariate analysis were conducted to assess associations.

RESULTS

Evaluation of hemoglobin levels was conducted for 5,397 children (88.1% of the total sample). The overall prevalence of anemia was 51.2%. Higher risk of presenting anemia was documented for boys, lower maternal schooling, lower household socioeconomic status, poorer sanitary conditions, presence of maternal anemia, and anthropometric deficits. Regional differences were observed, with the highest rate being observed in the North.

CONCLUSIONS

The prevalence rates of anemia in indigenous children were approximately double than those reported for non-indigenous Brazilian children in the same age group. Similarly notable differences in the occurrence of anemia in indigenous and non-indigenous children have been reported for other countries. Deeper knowledge about the etiology of anemia in indigenous children in Brazil is essential to its proper treatment and prevention.

Nutritional status of indigenous children: findings from the First National Survey of Indigenous People's Health and Nutrition in Brazil

INTRODUCTION

The prevalence of undernutrition, which is closely associated with socioeconomic and sanitation conditions, is often higher among indigenous than non-indigenous children in many countries. In Brazil, in spite of overall reductions in the prevalence of undernutrition in recent decades, the nutritional situation of indigenous children remains worrying. The First National Survey of Indigenous People's Health and Nutrition in Brazil, conducted in 2008-2009, was the first study to evaluate a nationwide representative sample of indigenous peoples. This paper presents findings from this study on the nutritional status of indigenous children < 5 years of age in Brazil.

METHODS

A multi-stage sampling was employed to obtain a representative sample of the indigenous population residing in villages in four Brazilian regions (North, Northeast, Central-West, and Southeast/South). Initially, a stratified probabilistic sampling was carried out for indigenous villages located in these regions. Households in sampled villages were selected by census or systematic sampling depending on the village population. The survey evaluated the health and nutritional status of children < 5 years, in addition to interviewing mothers or caretakers.

RESULTS

Height and weight measurements were taken of 6,050 and 6,075 children, respectively. Prevalence rates of stunting, underweight, and wasting were 25.7%, 5.9%, and 1.3%, respectively. Even after controlling for confounding, the prevalence rates of underweight and stunting were higher among children in the North region, in low socioeconomic status households, in households with poorer sanitary conditions, with anemic mothers, with low birthweight, and who were hospitalized during the prior 6 months. A protective effect of breastfeeding for underweight was observed for children under 12 months.

CONCLUSIONS

The elevated rate of stunting observed in indigenous children approximates that of non-indigenous Brazilians four decades ago, before major health reforms greatly reduced its occurrence nationwide. Prevalence rates of undernutrition were associated with socioeconomic variables including income, household goods, schooling, and access to sanitation services, among other variables. Providing important baseline data for future comparison, these findings further suggest the relevance of social, economic, and environmental factors at different scales (local, regional, and national) for the nutritional status of indigenous peoples.

The First National Survey of Indigenous People's Health and Nutrition in Brazil: rationale, methodology, and overview of results

Background

Although case studies indicate that indigenous peoples in Brazil often suffer from higher morbidity and mortality rates than the national population, they were not included systematically in any previous national health survey. Reported here for the first time, the First National Survey of Indigenous People’s Health and Nutrition in Brazil was conducted in 2008–2009 to obtain baseline information based on a nationwide representative sample. This paper presents the study’s rationale, design and methods, and selected results.

Methods

The survey sought to characterize nutritional status and other health measures in indigenous children less than 5 years of age and indigenous women from 14 to 49 years of age on the basis of a survey employing a representative probabilistic sample of the indigenous population residing in villages in Brazil, according to four major regions (North, Northeast, Central-West, and South/Southeast). Interviews, clinical measurements, and secondary data collection in the field addressed the major topics: nutritional status, prevalence of hypertension and diabetes mellitus in women, child hospitalization, prevalence of tuberculosis and malaria in women, access to health services and programs, and characteristics of the domestic economy and diet.

Results

The study obtained data for 113 villages (91.9% of the planned sample), 5,305 households (93.5%), 6,692 women (101.3%), and 6,128 children (93.1%). Multiple household variables followed a pattern of greater economic autonomy and lower socioeconomic status in the North as compared to other regions. For non-pregnant women, elevated prevalence rates were encountered for overweight (30.3%), obesity (15.8%), anemia (32.7%), and hypertension (13.2%). Among children, elevated prevalence rates were observed for height-for-age deficit (25.7%), anemia (51.2%), hospitalizations during the prior 12 months (19.3%), and diarrhea during the prior week (23.6%).

Conclusions

The clinical-epidemiological parameters evaluated for indigenous women point to the accentuated occurrence of nutrition transition in all regions of Brazil. Many outcomes also reflected a pattern whereby indigenous women’s and children’s health indicators were worse than those documented for the national Brazilian population, with important regional variations. Observed disparities in health indicators underscore that basic healthcare and sanitation services are not yet as widely available in Brazil’s indigenous communities as they are in the rest of the country.

Anemia em crianças indígenas da etnia Karapotó

OBJETIVOS: identificar a prevalência e fatores associados à anemia em crianças indígenas Karapotó. MÉTODOS: estudo transversal em que foi realizada dosagem de hemoglobina com fotômetro portátil Hemocue, coletadas medidas de peso e estatura e dados socioeconômicos de 99 crianças de 6 a 59 meses da etnia karapotó. Foi analisada a associação entre a prevalência de anemia e variáveis referentes às crianças, às mães e às famílias utilizando teste qui-quadrado ou teste exato de Fisher. RESULTADOS: a prevalência de anemia nas crianças foi de 57,6%, as prevalências de baixa estatura para idade, baixo peso para estatura e baixo peso para idade entre as crianças foram de 15,6%, 3,0% e 2,0%, respectivamente. A ocorrência de anemia associou-se à menor idade da criança, a um menor tempo de estudo materno, a um maior número de membros da família, à menor posse de itens de consumo e à moradia fora da aldeia (desaldeados). CONSLUSÕES: os resultados evidenciam que a anemia é um grave problema de saúde entre as crianças Karapotó, principalmente naquelas desaldeadas, coexistindo com problemas como sobrepeso e déficit estatural.

Nutritional status and growth of indigenous Xavante children, Central Brazil

BACKGROUND

The aim of this study was to characterize the nutritional status of Xavante Indian children less than 10 years of age in Central Brazil and to evaluate the hypothesis of an association between child nutrition and socioeconomic differentiation in this population.

METHODS

A cross-sectional study was conducted in July 2006 that included all children under the age of 10 from the Xavante village Pimentel Barbosa in Mato Grosso, Brazil. The data collected included weight, height, and sociodemographic information. Sociodemographic data were used to generate two indices ("income" and "wealth") and to determine the proportion of adults in each household. Descriptive analyses were performed for weight-for-age (W/A), height-for-age (H/A), and weight-for-height (W/H) using the NCHS and the WHO growth references. Univariate and multivariate analyses were conducted using H/A and W/A as a response variables.

RESULTS

Of a total of 246 children under the age of ten residing in the village, 232 (94.3%) were evaluated. Following the NCHS reference, 5.6% of children under the age of ten presented low W/A and 14.7% presented low H/A. Among children under the age of five, deficit percentages for weight and height were 4.5% and 29.9%, respectively, following the WHO curves. Among children < 2 years of age, H/A index variability was found to be directly related to child's age and inversely related to the proportion of adults in the household. Maternal BMI was positively associated with growth for children from 2 to 4 years of age, explaining 11.5% of the z-score variability for the H/A index. For children 5 years of age and older, the wealth index and maternal height were positively associated with H/A. No significant associations were found using W/A as the dependent variable.

CONCLUSION

This study demonstrated that undernutrition, in particular linear growth deficit, is a notable health issue for Xavante children. These findings contrast with the nutritional profile observed among Brazilian children nationally, which is characterized by a sharp decline in child undernutrition in recent decades, even in the poorest regions of the country. This discrepancy calls attention to the persistent health disparities that exist between indigenous and non-indigenous people in Brazil.