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Abbasi Q, Pourakbar L, Siavash Moghaddam S. Potential role of apple wood biochar in mitigating mercury toxicity in corn (Zea mays L.). ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 267:115619. [PMID: 37890246 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
Mercury (Hg) is a very toxic decomposition-resistant metal that can cause plant toxicity through bioaccumulation and oxidative damage. Biochar, derived from organic waste and agricultural garbage, is an on-site modification technique that can improve soil health in heavy metals-polluted regions. The present experiment was designed to explore the role of apple biochar in the management of mercury toxicity in corn (Zea mays cv. 'PL535'). Different levels of biochar derived from apple wood (0%, 2.5%, 5.0%, and 7.5% w/w) along with different Hg concentrations (0, 20, 40, and 60 mg/L) were used in the experiment that was based on a completely randomized design. Based on the results, HgCl2 at all rates reduced root and shoot dry weight and length, tolerance index, chlorophyll a and b content, the Hill reaction, and dissolved proteins and increased shoot and root Hg content (up to 72.57 and 717.56 times, respectively), cell death (up to 58.36%), MDA level (up to 47.82%), H2O2 (up to 66.33%), dissolved sugars, and proline. The results regarding enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants revealed increases in total phenol and flavonoids content (up to 71.27% and 86.71%, respectively), DPPH free radical scavenging percentage, and catalase (CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activity (up to 185.93% and 176.87%, respectively), in corn leaves with the increase in the Hg rate applied to the culture medium. The application of biochar to the substrate of the Hg-treated corns reduced Hg bioavailability, thereby reducing Hg accumulation in the roots (up to 76.88%) and shoots (up to 71.79%). It also reduced the adverse effect of Hg on the plants by increasing their shoot and root dry weight, photosynthesizing pigments, Hill reaction, and APX activity and reducing cell death, H2O2 content, and MDA content. The results reflected the capability of apple wood biochar at all rates in reducing Hg bioavailability and increasing Hg fixation in Hg-polluted soils. However, it was most effective at the rate of 7.5%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qahreman Abbasi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran.
| | - Latifeh Pourakbar
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran.
| | - Sina Siavash Moghaddam
- Department of Plant Production and Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran.
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Anand S, Singh A, Kumar V. Recent advancements in cadmium-microbe interactive relations and their application for environmental remediation: a mechanistic overview. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:17009-17038. [PMID: 36622611 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-25065-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The toxic and persistent nature of cadmium (Cd) in the environment has become a matter of concern with its drastic increase in the concentrations over past few decades. Among the various techniques, the microbial remediation has been accepted as an effective decontamination tool for environmental applications, which is sustainable over a period of time. The Cd decontamination potential of the microbes depends on various internal and external factors that play a crucial role in selection of the microbes for application in a particular environment. Thus, it is important to understand the role of these factors for optimal application of the microbes. This study provides an insight into the mechanisms involved between the microbes and the environmental Cd. The study also briefly reviews the mathematical models that have been used to predict the remediation potential of the microbes and the kinetics involved during the process. A critical analysis of the recent advancements in the techniques for use of bacteria, fungi, and algal cells to remove Cd has been also presented in the manuscript.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saumya Anand
- Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad, Jharkhand, India, 826004
| | - Ankur Singh
- Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad, Jharkhand, India, 826004
| | - Vipin Kumar
- Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad, Jharkhand, India, 826004.
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Rahi AA, Younis U, Ahmed N, Ali MA, Fahad S, Sultan H, Zarei T, Danish S, Taban S, El Enshasy HA, Tamunaidu P, Alotaibi JM, Alharbi SA, Datta R. Toxicity of Cadmium and nickel in the context of applied activated carbon biochar for improvement in soil fertility. Saudi J Biol Sci 2022; 29:743-750. [PMID: 35197740 PMCID: PMC8847926 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxicity induced by heavy metals deteriorates soil fertility status. It also adversely affects the growth and yield of crops. These heavy metals become part of the food chain when crops are cultivated in areas where heavy metals are beyond threshold limits. Cadmium (Cd) and nickel (Ni) are considered the most notorious ones among different heavy metals. The high water solubility of Cd made it a potential toxin for plants and their consumers. Accumulation of Ni in plants, leaves, and fruits also deteriorates their quality and causes cancer in humans when such a Ni-contaminated diet is used regularly. Both Cd and Ni also compete with essential nutrients of plants, making the fertility status of soil poor. To overcome this problem, the use of activated carbon biochar can play a milestone role. In the recent past application of activated carbon biochar is gaining more and more attention. Biochar sorb the Cd and Ni and releases essential micronutrients that are part of its structure. Many micropores and high cation exchange capacity make it the most acceptable organic amendment to improve soil fertility and immobilize Cd and Ni. In addition to improving water and nutrients, soil better microbial proliferation enhances the soil rhizosphere ecosystem and nutrient cycling. This review has covered Cd and Ni harmful effects on crop yield and their immobilization by activated carbon biochar. The focus was made to elaborate on the positive effects of biochar on crop yield and soil health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashfaq Ahmad Rahi
- Pesticide Quality Control Laboratory, Multan, 60000 Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Uzma Younis
- Department of Botany, University of Central Punjab, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Niaz Ahmed
- Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Punjab Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Arif Ali
- Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Punjab Pakistan
| | - Shah Fahad
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresource, College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China.,Department of Agronomy, The University of Haripur, Haripur 22620, Pakistan
| | - Haider Sultan
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresource, College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Tayebeh Zarei
- Laboratory of Tropical and Mediterranean Symbioses, CIRAD, Montpellier, France
| | - Subhan Danish
- Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Punjab Pakistan.,Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresource, College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Süleyman Taban
- Department of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture, Ankara University, 06110 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Hesham Ali El Enshasy
- Institute of Bioproduct Development (IBD), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Skudai, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia.,School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Skudai, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia.,City of Scientific Research and Technology Applications (SRTA), New Burg Al-Arab, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Pramila Tamunaidu
- Malaysia-Japan Advanced Research Centre (MJARC), Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), 84600 Pagoh, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Jamal M Alotaibi
- Department of agricultural Extension and Rural society, College of food sciences and agriculture, King Saud University Riyadh, PO Box 2460, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sulaiman Ali Alharbi
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, PO Box -2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rahul Datta
- Department of Geology and Pedology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 3, 61300 Brno, Czech Republic
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Bauenova MO, Sadvakasova AK, Mustapayeva ZO, Kokociński M, Zayadan BK, Wojciechowicz MK, Balouch H, Akmukhanova NR, Alwasel S, Allakhverdiev SI. Potential of microalgae Parachlorella kessleri Bh-2 as bioremediation agent of heavy metals cadmium and chromium. ALGAL RES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2021.102463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Krayem M, Khatib SE, Hassan Y, Deluchat V, Labrousse P. In search for potential biomarkers of copper stress in aquatic plants. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2021; 239:105952. [PMID: 34488000 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2021.105952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Over the last few decades, the use of pesticides and discharge of industrial and domestic wastewater on water surfaces have increased. Especially, Copper (Cu) pollution in aquatic ecosystems could constitute a major health problem, not only for flora and fauna but also for humans. To cope with this challenge, environmental monitoring studies have sought to find Cu-specific biomarkers in terrestrial and aquatic flora and/or fauna. This review discusses the toxic effects caused by Cu on the growth and development of plants, with a special focus on aquatic plants. While copper is considered as an essential metal involved in vital mechanisms for plants, when in excess it becomes toxic and causes alterations on biomarkers: biochemical (oxidative stress, pigment content, phytochelatins, polyamines), physiological (photosynthesis, respiration, osmotic potential), and morphological. In addition, Cu has a detrimental effect on DNA and hormonal balance. An overview of Cu toxicity and detoxification in plants is provided, along with information regarding Cu bioaccumulation and transport. Awareness of the potential use of these reactions as specific biomarkers for copper contamination has indeed become essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maha Krayem
- LIU, Lebanese International University, Bekaa Campus, Al Khyara-West Bekaa, Lebanon; Université de Limoges, PEIRENE EA 7500, Limoges, France
| | - S El Khatib
- LIU, Lebanese International University, Bekaa Campus, Al Khyara-West Bekaa, Lebanon
| | - Yara Hassan
- LIU, Lebanese International University, Bekaa Campus, Al Khyara-West Bekaa, Lebanon
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Sharma P, Pandey AK, Udayan A, Kumar S. Role of microbial community and metal-binding proteins in phytoremediation of heavy metals from industrial wastewater. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 326:124750. [PMID: 33517048 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.124750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
This review illustrated the role of metal-binding proteins (MBPs) and microbial interaction in assisting the phytoremediation of industrial wastewater polluted with heavy metals. MBPs are used to increase the accumulation and tolerance of metals by microorganisms via binding protein synthesis. Microbes have various protection mechanisms to heavy metals stress like compartmentalization, exclusion, complexity rendering, and the synthesis of binding proteins. MBPs include phytochelatins, metallothioneins, Cd-binding peptides (CdBPs), cysteines (gcgcpcgcg) (CP), and histidines (ghhphg)2 (HP). In comparison with other physico-chemical methods, phytoremediation is an eco-friendly and safe method for the society. The present review concentrated on the efficiency of phytoremediation strategies for the use of MBPs and microbe-assisted approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Sharma
- CSIR-National Environmental and Engineering Research Institute (CSIR-NEERI), Nehru Marg, Nagpur 440 020, India
| | - Ashutosh Kumar Pandey
- CSIR-National Environmental and Engineering Research Institute (CSIR-NEERI), Nehru Marg, Nagpur 440 020, India
| | - Aswathy Udayan
- CSIR-National Environmental and Engineering Research Institute (CSIR-NEERI), Nehru Marg, Nagpur 440 020, India
| | - Sunil Kumar
- CSIR-National Environmental and Engineering Research Institute (CSIR-NEERI), Nehru Marg, Nagpur 440 020, India.
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Lara-Almazán N, Zarazúa-Ortega G, Ávila-Pérez P, Barrera-Díaz CE, Cedillo-Cruz A. Validation and uncertainty estimation of analytical method for quantification of phytochelatins in aquatic plants by UPLC-MS. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2021; 183:112643. [PMID: 33421889 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2020.112643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Phytochelatins (PCs) are peptides that play an important role in homeostasis and detoxification of heavy metal in plants. Furthermore, they have been proposed as earlier potential biomarkers of aquatic pollution by heavy metals. Nowadays, several researchers have reported on current methods for quantification of glutathione (GSH) and the PCs (phytochelatin 2, phytochelatin 3, phytochelatin 4) quantification in plants. However, no method has reported the uncertainty of the measurement, which helps to improve the accuracy and quality assurance in the PC quantification. In this work, a new methodology using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS) to measure with high precision and accuracy the PCs in aquatic plants, was validated. Selectivity, linearity, limit of detection, limit of quantification, precision, trueness and uncertainty estimation were examined as parts of the method validation. The described method shows excellent linearity in different ranges for all analytes with coefficients of determination higher than 0.99. The relative standard deviation for intra-day precision was <3% and for inter-day <10%. All LOD and LOQ analytes ranged from 0.02 to 0.08 μg ml-1, and from 0.03 to 0.09 μg ml-1, respectively. The recoveries varied from 61% to 89%. In order to obtain an interval of results with the highest confidence levels, the uncertainty associated with the measurements was evaluated. The calibration curve (>50%) and recovery (19-44%) were the most important contributors to the total uncertainty. The proposed method was applied to quantify GSH and PCs in the aquatic plants Lemna gibba L., Myriophyllum heterophyllum Michx., Arenaria paludicola and Hydrocotyle ranunculoides L. fil., showing statistical differences in the mass fraction of the analytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Lara-Almazán
- Faculty of Chemistry, Autonomous University of the State of Mexico, Toluca, Mexico; National Nuclear Forensic Research Laboratory (LANAFONU), National Institute for Nuclear Research, Ocoyoacac, Mexico
| | - Graciela Zarazúa-Ortega
- National Nuclear Forensic Research Laboratory (LANAFONU), National Institute for Nuclear Research, Ocoyoacac, Mexico.
| | - Pedro Ávila-Pérez
- Division of Graduate Studies, Technological Institute of Toluca, Toluca, Mexico
| | | | - Alberto Cedillo-Cruz
- National Nuclear Forensic Research Laboratory (LANAFONU), National Institute for Nuclear Research, Ocoyoacac, Mexico
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8
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Vilela LAF, de Oliveira EC. Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Remediation Potential of Soils Contaminated by Potentially Toxic Elements. Fungal Biol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-54422-5_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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9
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Nguyen TQ, Sesin V, Kisiala A, Emery RJN. Phytohormonal Roles in Plant Responses to Heavy Metal Stress: Implications for Using Macrophytes in Phytoremediation of Aquatic Ecosystems. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2021; 40:7-22. [PMID: 33074580 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Heavy metals can represent a threat to the health of aquatic ecosystems. Unlike organic chemicals, heavy metals cannot be eliminated by natural processes such as their degradation into less toxic compounds, and this creates unique challenges for their remediation from soil, water, and air. Phytoremediation, defined as the use of plants for the removal of environmental contaminants, has many benefits compared to other pollution-reducing methods. Phytoremediation is simple, efficient, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly because it can be carried out at the polluted site, which simplifies logistics and minimizes exposure to humans and wildlife. Macrophytes represent a unique tool to remediate diverse environmental media because they can accumulate heavy metals from contaminated sediment via roots, from water via submerged leaves, and from air via emergent shoots. In this review, a synopsis is presented about how plants, especially macrophytes, respond to heavy metal stress; and we propose potential roles that phytohormones can play in the alleviation of metal toxicity in the aquatic environment. We focus on the uptake, translocation, and accumulation mechanisms of heavy metals in organs of macrophytes and give examples of how phytohormones interact with plant defense systems under heavy metal exposure. We advocate for a more in-depth understanding of these processes to inform more effective metal remediation techniques from metal-polluted water bodies. Environ Toxicol Chem 2021;40:7-22. © 2020 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thien Q Nguyen
- Department of Biology, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada
| | - Verena Sesin
- Environmental and Life Sciences, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anna Kisiala
- Department of Biology, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada
| | - R J Neil Emery
- Department of Biology, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada
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Biosynthesis of inorganic nanomaterials using microbial cells and bacteriophages. Nat Rev Chem 2020; 4:638-656. [PMID: 37127973 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-020-00221-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Inorganic nanomaterials are widely used in chemical, electronics, photonics, energy and medical industries. Preparing a nanomaterial (NM) typically requires physical and/or chemical methods that involve harsh and environmentally hazardous conditions. Recently, wild-type and genetically engineered microorganisms have been harnessed for the biosynthesis of inorganic NMs under mild and environmentally friendly conditions. Microorganisms such as microalgae, fungi and bacteria, as well as bacteriophages, can be used as biofactories to produce single-element and multi-element inorganic NMs. This Review describes the emerging area of inorganic NM biosynthesis, emphasizing the mechanisms of inorganic-ion reduction and detoxification, while also highlighting the proteins and peptides involved. We show how analysing a Pourbaix diagram can help us devise strategies for the predictive biosynthesis of NMs with high producibility and crystallinity and also describe how to control the size and morphology of the product. Here, we survey biosynthetic inorganic NMs of 55 elements and their applications in catalysis, energy harvesting and storage, electronics, antimicrobials and biomedical therapy. Furthermore, a step-by-step flow chart is presented to aid the design and biosynthesis of inorganic NMs employing microbial cells. Future research in this area will add to the diversity of available inorganic NMs but should also address scalability and purity.
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Fu HL, Wang XS, Huang YY, Gong FY, Guo JJ, He CT, Yang ZY. Screening of the proteins related to the cultivar-dependent cadmium accumulation of Brassica parachinensis L. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 188:109858. [PMID: 31706236 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.109858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Cultivar-dependent cadmium (Cd) accumulation was principal in developing Cd-pollution safe cultivars (PSCs). Proteins related to different Cd accumulations of the low-Cd-accumulating (SJ19) and high-Cd-accumulating (CX4) cultivars were investigated by iTRAQ analysis. Higher Cd bioaccumulation factors and translocation factor in CX4 than in SJ19 were consistent with the cultivar-dependent Cd accumulations. The Cd uptake was promoted in CX4 due to its higher expression of Cd-binding proteins and the lower expression of Cd-efflux proteins in roots. What's more, significantly elevated thiol groups (PC2 and PC3) in CX4 under Cd stress might contribute to the high Cd accumulation in roots and the root-to-shoot translocation of Cd-PC complex. Up-regulated proteins involved in cellulose biosynthesis and pectin de-esterification in SJ19 enhanced the Cd sequestration of root cell walls, which was considered as the predominant strategy for reducing Cd accumulation in shoots. The present study provided novel insights in the cultivar-dependent Cd accumulation in shoots of B. parachinensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Ling Fu
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Xingang Xi Road 135, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Xue-Song Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Xingang Xi Road 135, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Ying-Ying Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Xingang Xi Road 135, Guangzhou, 510275, China; School of Safety and Environmental Engineering, Hunan Institute of Technology, Hengyang, 421002, China
| | - Fei-Yue Gong
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Xingang Xi Road 135, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Jing-Jie Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Xingang Xi Road 135, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Chun-Tao He
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Xingang Xi Road 135, Guangzhou, 510275, China.
| | - Zhong-Yi Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Xingang Xi Road 135, Guangzhou, 510275, China.
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Phytoremediation of Effluents Contaminated with Heavy Metals by Floating Aquatic Macrophytes Species. Biotechnol Bioeng 2019. [DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.83645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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13
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Filiz E, Saracoglu IA, Ozyigit II, Yalcin B. Comparative analyses of phytochelatin synthase (PCS) genes in higher plants. BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2018.1559096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ertugrul Filiz
- Department of Crop and Animal Production, Cilimli Vocational School, Duzce University, Duzce, Turkey
| | | | - Ibrahim Ilker Ozyigit
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Arts, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Kyrgyz-Turkish Manas University, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
| | - Bahattin Yalcin
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Arts, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Role of Phytochelatins (PCs), Metallothioneins (MTs), and Heavy Metal ATPase (HMA) Genes in Heavy Metal Tolerance. Fungal Biol 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-77386-5_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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15
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Zayneb C, Imen RH, Walid K, Grubb CD, Bassem K, Franck V, Hafedh M, Amine E. The phytochelatin synthase gene in date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.): Phylogeny, evolution and expression. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2017; 140:7-17. [PMID: 28231507 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Revised: 02/11/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We studied date palm phytochelatin synthase type I (PdPCS1), which catalyzes the cytosolic synthesis of phytochelatins (PCs), a heavy metal binding protein, in plant cells. The gene encoding PdPCS1 (Pdpcs) consists of 8 exons and 7 introns and encodes a protein of 528 amino acids. PCs gene history was studied using Notung phylogeny. During evolution, gene loss from several lineages was predicted including Proteobacteria, Bilateria and Brassicaceae. In addition, eleven gene duplication events appeared toward interior nodes of the reconciled tree and four gene duplication events appeared toward the external nodes. These latter sequences belong to species with a second copy of PCs suggesting that this gene evolved through subfunctionalization. Pdpcs1 gene expression was measured in seedling hypocotyls exposed to Cd, Cu and Cr using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). A Pdpcs1 overexpression was evidenced in P. dactylifera seedlings exposed to metals suggesting that 1-the Pdpcs1 gene is functional, 2-there is an implication of the enzyme in metal detoxification mechanisms. Additionally, the structure of PdPCS1 was predicted using its homologue from Nostoc (cyanobacterium, NsPCS) as a template in Discovery studio and PyMol software. These analyses allowed us to identify the phytochelatin synthase type I enzyme in date palm (PdPCS1) via recognition of key consensus amino acids involved in the catalytic mechanism, and to propose a hypothetical binding and catalytic site for an additional substrate binding cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaâbene Zayneb
- Laboratory of Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Sfax, BP 1171, 3000 Sfax, Tunisia; Laboratoire de Génie Civil et géo-Environnement, Université de Lille 1, F-59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Rekik Hakim Imen
- Laboratory of Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Sfax, BP 1171, 3000 Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Kriaa Walid
- Laboratory of Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Sfax, BP 1171, 3000 Sfax, Tunisia
| | - C Douglas Grubb
- Biorecycling Operations Research Laboratory, Des Moines, IA, USA
| | - Khemakhem Bassem
- Laboratory of Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Sfax, BP 1171, 3000 Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Vandenbulcke Franck
- Laboratoire de Génie Civil et géo-Environnement, Université de Lille 1, F-59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Mejdoub Hafedh
- Laboratory of Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Sfax, BP 1171, 3000 Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Elleuch Amine
- Laboratory of Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Sfax, BP 1171, 3000 Sfax, Tunisia.
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Phytochelatin 2 accumulates in roots of the seagrass Enhalus acoroides collected from sediment highly contaminated with lead. Biometals 2017; 30:249-260. [DOI: 10.1007/s10534-017-9998-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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17
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Ali S, Shahbaz M, Shahzad AN, Khan HAA, Anees M, Haider MS, Fatima A. Impact of copper toxicity on stone-head cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata) in hydroponics. PeerJ 2015; 3:e1119. [PMID: 26290787 PMCID: PMC4540024 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.1119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Arable soils are frequently subjected to contamination with copper as the consequence of imbalanced fertilization with manure and organic fertilizers and/or extensive use of copper-containing fungicides. In the present study, the exposure of stone-head cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata) to elevated Cu(2+) levels resulted in leaf chlorosis and lesser biomass yield at ≥2 µ M. Root nitrate content was not statistically affected by Cu(2+) levels, although it was substantially decreased at ≥5 µ M Cu(2+) in the shoot. The decrease in nitrate contents can be related to lower nitrate uptake rates because of growth inhibition by Cu-toxicity. Shoot sulfate content increased strongly at ≥2 µ M Cu(2+) indicating an increase in demand for sulfur under Cu stress. Furthermore, at ≥2 µM concentration, concentration of water-soluble non-protein thiol increased markedly in the roots and to a smaller level in the shoot. When exposed to elevated concentrations of Cu(2+) the improved sulfate and water-soluble non-protein thiols need further studies for the evaluation of their direct relation with the synthesis of metal-chelating compounds (i.e., phytochelatins).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajid Ali
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, University of the Punjab , Lahore , Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Shahbaz
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, University of the Punjab , Lahore , Pakistan ; Department of Biology, Colorado State University , Fort Collins, Colorado , USA
| | | | - Hafiz Azhar Ali Khan
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, University of the Punjab , Lahore , Pakistan
| | - Moazzam Anees
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, University of the Punjab , Lahore , Pakistan
| | | | - Ammara Fatima
- Department of Environmental Science, Lahore College for Women University , Lahore , Pakistan
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Zhang J, Zhang T, Lu Q, Cai S, Chu W, Qiu H, Xu T, Li F, Xu Q. Oxidative effects, nutrients and metabolic changes in aquatic macrophyte, Elodea nuttallii, following exposure to lanthanum. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2015; 115:159-165. [PMID: 25700094 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2015.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Revised: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the phytoremediation potential of Elodea nuttallii to remove rare earth metals from contaminated water. The laboratory experiments were designed to assess the responses induced by lanthanum (5-20mgL(-1)) in E. nuttallii over a period of 7 days. The results showed that most La (approximately 85%) was associated with the cell wall. The addition of La to the culture medium reduced the concentration of K, Ca, Cu, Mg, and Mn. However, O2(·-) levels increased with a concomitant increase in the malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration as the La concentration increased, which indicated that the cells were under oxidative stress. Significant reductions in the levels of chlorophyll (Chl) a, b, and carotenoids (Car) were observed in a concentration-dependent manner. However, the levels of reduced glutathione (GSH), total non-protein thiols (TNP-SH) and phytochelatins (PCs) increased for all La concentrations. The results suggested that La was toxic to E. nuttallii because it induced oxidative stress and disturbed mineral uptake. However, E. nuttallii was able to combat La induced damage via an immobilization mechanism, which involved the cell wall and the activation of non-enzymatic antioxidant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Tingting Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Qianqian Lu
- School of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Sanjuan Cai
- School of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Weiyue Chu
- School of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Han Qiu
- School of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Ting Xu
- School of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Feifei Li
- School of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Qinsong Xu
- School of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China.
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Anjum NA, Hasanuzzaman M, Hossain MA, Thangavel P, Roychoudhury A, Gill SS, Rodrigo MAM, Adam V, Fujita M, Kizek R, Duarte AC, Pereira E, Ahmad I. Jacks of metal/metalloid chelation trade in plants-an overview. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:192. [PMID: 25883598 PMCID: PMC4382971 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Varied environmental compartments including soils are being contaminated by a myriad toxic metal(loid)s (hereafter termed as "metal/s") mainly through anthropogenic activities. These metals may contaminate food chain and bring irreparable consequences in human. Plant-based approach (phytoremediation) stands second to none among bioremediation technologies meant for sustainable cleanup of soils/sites with metal-contamination. In turn, the capacity of plants to tolerate potential consequences caused by the extracted/accumulated metals decides the effectiveness and success of phytoremediation system. Chelation is among the potential mechanisms that largely govern metal-tolerance in plant cells by maintaining low concentrations of free metals in cytoplasm. Metal-chelation can be performed by compounds of both thiol origin (such as GSH, glutathione; PCs, phytochelatins; MTs, metallothioneins) and non-thiol origin (such as histidine, nicotianamine, organic acids). This paper presents an appraisal of recent reports on both thiol and non-thiol compounds in an effort to shed light on the significance of these compounds in plant-metal tolerance, as well as to provide scientific clues for the advancement of metal-phytoextraction strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naser A. Anjum
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies and Department of Chemistry, University of AveiroAveiro, Portugal
| | - Mirza Hasanuzzaman
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural UniversityDhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad A. Hossain
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Bangladesh Agricultural UniversityMymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Palaniswamy Thangavel
- Department of Environmental Science, School of Life Sciences, Periyar UniversitySalem, India
| | - Aryadeep Roychoudhury
- Post Graduate Department of Biotechnology, St. Xavier's College (Autonomous)Kolkata, India
| | - Sarvajeet S. Gill
- Stress Physiology and Molecular Biology Lab, Centre for Biotechnology, Maharshi Dayanand UniversityRohtak, India
| | - Miguel A. Merlos Rodrigo
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of TechnologyBrno, Czech Republic
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in BrnoBrno, Czech Republic
| | - Vojtěch Adam
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of TechnologyBrno, Czech Republic
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in BrnoBrno, Czech Republic
| | - Masayuki Fujita
- Laboratory of Plant Stress Responses, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa UniversityMiki-cho, Japan
| | - Rene Kizek
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of TechnologyBrno, Czech Republic
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in BrnoBrno, Czech Republic
| | - Armando C. Duarte
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies and Department of Chemistry, University of AveiroAveiro, Portugal
| | - Eduarda Pereira
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies and Department of Chemistry, University of AveiroAveiro, Portugal
| | - Iqbal Ahmad
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies and Department of Chemistry, University of AveiroAveiro, Portugal
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies and Department of Biology, University of AveiroAveiro, Portugal
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Emamverdian A, Ding Y, Mokhberdoran F, Xie Y. Heavy metal stress and some mechanisms of plant defense response. ScientificWorldJournal 2015; 2015:756120. [PMID: 25688377 PMCID: PMC4321847 DOI: 10.1155/2015/756120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 343] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Revised: 01/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Unprecedented bioaccumulation and biomagnification of heavy metals (HMs) in the environment have become a dilemma for all living organisms including plants. HMs at toxic levels have the capability to interact with several vital cellular biomolecules such as nuclear proteins and DNA, leading to excessive augmentation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). This would inflict serious morphological, metabolic, and physiological anomalies in plants ranging from chlorosis of shoot to lipid peroxidation and protein degradation. In response, plants are equipped with a repertoire of mechanisms to counteract heavy metal (HM) toxicity. The key elements of these are chelating metals by forming phytochelatins (PCs) or metallothioneins (MTs) metal complex at the intra- and intercellular level, which is followed by the removal of HM ions from sensitive sites or vacuolar sequestration of ligand-metal complex. Nonenzymatically synthesized compounds such as proline (Pro) are able to strengthen metal-detoxification capacity of intracellular antioxidant enzymes. Another important additive component of plant defense system is symbiotic association with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi. AM can effectively immobilize HMs and reduce their uptake by host plants via binding metal ions to hyphal cell wall and excreting several extracellular biomolecules. Additionally, AM fungi can enhance activities of antioxidant defense machinery of plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abolghassem Emamverdian
- Center of Modern Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
- College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Yulong Ding
- Center of Modern Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
- Bamboo Research Institute, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Farzad Mokhberdoran
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad Branch, Mashhad 9187147578, Iran
| | - Yinfeng Xie
- Center of Modern Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
- College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
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21
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Shen Y, Zhang S, Li S, Xu X, Jia Y, Gong G. Eucalyptus tolerance mechanisms to lanthanum and cerium: subcellular distribution, antioxidant system and thiol pools. CHEMOSPHERE 2014; 117:567-574. [PMID: 25303462 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Revised: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 09/07/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Guanglin 9 (Eucalyptus grandis × Eucalyptus urophlla) and Eucalyptus grandis 5 are two eucalyptus species which have been found to grow normally in soils contaminated with lanthanum and cerium, but the tolerance mechanisms are not clear yet. In this study, a pot experiment was conducted to investigate the tolerance mechanisms of the eucalyptus to lanthanum and cerium. Cell walls stored 45.40-63.44% of the metals under lanthanum or cerium stress. Peroxidase and catalase activities enhanced with increasing soil La or Ce concentrations up to 200 mg kg(-1), while there were no obvious changes in glutathione and ascorbate concentrations. Non-protein thiols concentrations increased with increasing treatment levels up to 200 mg kg(-1), and then decreased. Phytochelatins concentrations continued to increase under La or Ce stress. Therefore, the two eucalyptus species are La and Ce tolerant plants, and the tolerance mechanisms include cell wall deposition, antioxidant system response, and thiol compound synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yichang Shen
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment Protection of Sichuan Province, Wenjiang 611130, PR China; College of Resources and Environment, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang 611130, PR China
| | - Shirong Zhang
- College of Resources and Environment, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang 611130, PR China; Institute of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang 611130, PR China.
| | - Sen Li
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment Protection of Sichuan Province, Wenjiang 611130, PR China; College of Resources and Environment, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang 611130, PR China
| | - Xiaoxun Xu
- College of Resources and Environment, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang 611130, PR China
| | - Yongxia Jia
- College of Resources and Environment, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang 611130, PR China
| | - Guoshu Gong
- Agricultural College, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang 611130, PR China
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22
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Rocha ACS, Almeida CMR, Basto MCP, Vasconcelos MTSD. Antioxidant response of Phragmites australis to Cu and Cd contamination. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2014; 109:152-160. [PMID: 25193786 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2014.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Revised: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 06/20/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Metals are known to induce oxidative stress in plant cells. Antioxidant thiolic compounds are known to play an important role in plants׳ defence mechanisms against metal toxicity but, regarding salt marsh plants, their role is still very poorly understood. In this work, the involvement of non-protein thiols (NPT), such as cysteine (Cys), reduced glutathione (GSH), oxidised glutathione (GSSG) and total acid-soluble SH compounds (total thiols), in the tolerance mechanisms of the marsh plant Phragmites australis against Cu and Cd toxicity was assessed. Specimens of this plant, freshly harvested in an estuarine salt marsh, were exposed, for 7 days, to rhizosediment soaked with the respective elutriate contaminated with Cu (0, 10 and 100 mg/L) or Cd (0, 1, 10 mg/L). In terms of NPT production, Cu and Cd contamination induced different responses in P. australis. The content of Cys increased in plant tissue after plant exposure to Cu, whereas Cd contamination led to a decrease in GSSG levels. In general, metal contamination did not cause a significant variation on GSH levels. Both metals influenced, to some extent, the production of other thiolic compounds. Despite the accumulation of considerable amounts of Cu and Cd in belowground tissues, no visible toxicity signs were observed. So, antioxidant thiolic compounds were probably involved in the mechanisms used by P. australis to alleviate metal toxicity. As P. australis is considered suitable for phytostabilising metal-contaminated sediments, understanding its tolerance mechanisms to toxic metals is important to optimise the conditions for applying this plant in phytoremediation procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Cristina S Rocha
- CIIMAR/CIMAR and Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal.
| | - C Marisa R Almeida
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR/CIMAR), Universidade do Porto, Rua dos Bragas, 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal
| | - M Clara P Basto
- CIIMAR/CIMAR and Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - M Teresa S D Vasconcelos
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR/CIMAR), Universidade do Porto, Rua dos Bragas, 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal
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23
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Shahbaz M, Stuiver CEE, Posthumus FS, Parmar S, Hawkesford MJ, De Kok LJ. Copper toxicity in Chinese cabbage is not influenced by plant sulphur status, but affects sulphur metabolism-related gene expression and the suggested regulatory metabolites. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2014; 16:68-78. [PMID: 23648043 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2012] [Accepted: 01/23/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The toxicity of high copper (Cu) concentrations in the root environment of Chinese cabbage (Brassica pekinensis) was little influenced by the sulphur nutritional status of the plant. However, Cu toxicity removed the correlation between sulphur metabolism-related gene expression and the suggested regulatory metabolites. At high tissue Cu levels, there was no relation between sulphur metabolite levels viz. total sulphur, sulphate and water-soluble non-protein thiols, and the expression and activity of sulphate transporters and expression of APS reductase under sulphate-sufficient or-deprived conditions, in the presence or absence of H2 S. This indicated that the regulatory signal transduction pathway of sulphate transporters was overruled or by-passed upon exposure to elevated Cu concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Shahbaz
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Centre of Ecological and Evolutionary Studies, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - C E E Stuiver
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Centre of Ecological and Evolutionary Studies, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - F S Posthumus
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Centre of Ecological and Evolutionary Studies, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - S Parmar
- Plant Biology and Crop Science Department, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, UK
| | - M J Hawkesford
- Plant Biology and Crop Science Department, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, UK
| | - L J De Kok
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Centre of Ecological and Evolutionary Studies, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
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24
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Gupta DK, Huang HG, Nicoloso FT, Schetinger MR, Farias JG, Li TQ, Razafindrabe BHN, Aryal N, Inouhe M. Effect of Hg, As and Pb on biomass production, photosynthetic rate, nutrients uptake and phytochelatin induction in Pfaffia glomerata. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2013; 22:1403-12. [PMID: 24068651 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-013-1126-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Plantlets of Pfaffia glomerata (Spreng.) were exposed for 28 days to three different metal/metalloid (Hg, Pb and As) with different levels (Hg 1; As 25, 50, 100 and Pb 100 and 400 μM) to analyze the possible phytochelatin initiation and affects on growth and photosynthetic pigments vis-à-vis metal accumulation potential of plants. The plantlets showed significant Hg, As and Pb accumulation in roots (150, 1267.67 and 2129 μg g(-1) DW respectively); however, a low root to shoot metal translocation was observed. It was interesting to note that all tested macronutrient (Mg, K, Ca) was higher in shoots and just opposite in case of micronutrients (Cu, Fe, Zn), was recorded highest in roots. The growth of plantlets (analyzed in terms of length and dry weight) was negatively affected by various metal treatments. In addition, the level of photosynthetic pigments alters significantly in response to all metal/metalloid treatment. In response to all tested metal/metalloids in plants only As induced phytochelatins (PC2, PC3 and PC4) in roots, and in shoots, GSH was observed in all tested metal/metalloids. In conclusion, P. glomerata plantlets could not cooperatively induce phytochelatins under any of Hg and Pb levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- D K Gupta
- Department of Biology, University Federal de Santa Maria, Camobi, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil,
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25
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Ali H, Khan E, Sajad MA. Phytoremediation of heavy metals--concepts and applications. CHEMOSPHERE 2013; 91:869-81. [PMID: 23466085 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.01.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1342] [Impact Index Per Article: 122.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2012] [Revised: 01/17/2013] [Accepted: 01/24/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The mobilization of heavy metals by man through extraction from ores and processing for different applications has led to the release of these elements into the environment. Since heavy metals are nonbiodegradable, they accumulate in the environment and subsequently contaminate the food chain. This contamination poses a risk to environmental and human health. Some heavy metals are carcinogenic, mutagenic, teratogenic and endocrine disruptors while others cause neurological and behavioral changes especially in children. Thus remediation of heavy metal pollution deserves due attention. Different physical and chemical methods used for this purpose suffer from serious limitations like high cost, intensive labor, alteration of soil properties and disturbance of soil native microflora. In contrast, phytoremediation is a better solution to the problem. Phytoremediation is the use of plants and associated soil microbes to reduce the concentrations or toxic effects of contaminants in the environments. It is a relatively recent technology and is perceived as cost-effective, efficient, novel, eco-friendly, and solar-driven technology with good public acceptance. Phytoremediation is an area of active current research. New efficient metal hyperaccumulators are being explored for applications in phytoremediation and phytomining. Molecular tools are being used to better understand the mechanisms of metal uptake, translocation, sequestration and tolerance in plants. This review article comprehensively discusses the background, concepts and future trends in phytoremediation of heavy metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hazrat Ali
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Malakand, Chakdara 18800, Dir Lower, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.
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26
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Shukla D, Kesari R, Mishra S, Dwivedi S, Tripathi RD, Nath P, Trivedi PK. Expression of phytochelatin synthase from aquatic macrophyte Ceratophyllum demersum L. enhances cadmium and arsenic accumulation in tobacco. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2012; 31:1687-99. [PMID: 22614255 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-012-1283-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2012] [Revised: 04/27/2012] [Accepted: 05/03/2012] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Phytochelatin synthase (PCS), the key enzyme involved in heavy metal detoxification and accumulation has been used from various sources to develop transgenic plants for the purpose of phytoremediation. However, some of the earlier studies provided contradictory results. Most of the PCS genes were isolated from plants that are not potential metal accumulators. In this study, we have isolated PCS gene from Ceratophyllum demersum cv. L. (CdPCS1), a submerged rootless aquatic macrophyte, which is considered as potential accumulator of heavy metals. The CdPCS1 cDNA of 1,757 bp encodes a polypeptide of 501 amino acid residues and differs from other known PCS with respect to the presence of a number of cysteine residues known for their interaction with heavy metals. Complementation of cad1-3 mutant of Arabidopsis deficient in PC (phytochelatin) biosynthesis by CdPCS1 suggests its role in the synthesis of PCs. Transgenic tobacco plants expressing CdPCS1 showed several-fold increased PC content and precursor non-protein thiols with enhanced accumulation of cadmium (Cd) and arsenic (As) without significant decrease in plant growth. We conclude that CdPCS1 encodes functional PCS and may be part of metal detoxification mechanism of the heavy metal accumulating plant C. demersum. KEY MESSAGE Heterologous expression of PCS gene from C. demersum complements Arabidopsis cad1-3 mutant and leads to enhanced accumulation of Cd and As in transgenic tobacco.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devesh Shukla
- CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, 226 001, India
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27
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Saxena A, Saxena A. Bioaccumulation and glutathione-mediated detoxification of copper and cadmium in Sphagnum squarrosum Crome Samml. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2012; 184:4097-103. [PMID: 21845367 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-011-2246-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2010] [Accepted: 07/15/2011] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Physiological and biochemical responses, metal bioaccumulation and tolerance potential of Sphagnum squarrosum Crome Samml. to Cu and Cd were studied to determine its bioindication and bioremediation potential. Results suggest that glutathione treatment increases the metal accumulation potential and plays a definite role in heavy metal scavenging. High abundance of Sphagnum in metal-rich sites strongly suggests its high metal tolerance capabilities. This experiment demonstrates that S. squarrosum is able to accumulate and tolerate a high amount of metals and feasibility of its application as bioindicator and remediator test species of metal-contaminated environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuj Saxena
- Department of Botany, Sacred Heart Degree College, Sitapur, 261001, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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28
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Seth CS, Misra V, Chauhan LKS. Accumulation, detoxification, and genotoxicity of heavy metals in Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L.). INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOREMEDIATION 2012; 14:1-13. [PMID: 22567690 DOI: 10.1080/15226514.2011.555799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Plants of Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L.) were exposed to different concentrations (15, 30, 60, 120 microM) of (Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb) for 28 and 56 d for accumulation and detoxification studies. Metal accumulation in roots and shoots were analyzed and it was observed that roots accumulated a significant amount of Cd (1980 microg g(-1) dry weight), Cr (1540 microg g(-1) dry weight), Cu (1995 microg g(-1) dry weight), and Pb (2040 microg g(-1) dry weight) after 56 d of exposure, though in shoot this was 1110, 618, 795, and 409 microg g(-1) dry weight of Cd, Cr, Cu, and Pb, respectively. In order to assess detoxification mechanisms, non-protein thiols (NP-SH), glutathione (GSH) and phytochelatins (PCs) were analyzed in plants. An increase in the quantity of NP-SH (9.55), GSH (8.30), and PCs (1.25) micromol g(-1) FW were found at 15 microM of Cd, however, a gradual decline in quantity was observed from 15 microM of Cd onwards, after 56 d of exposure. For genotoxicity in plants, cytogenetic end-points such as mitotic index (MI), micronucleus formation (MN), mitotic aberrations (MA) and chromosome aberrations (CA) were examined in root meristem cells of B. juncea. Exposure of Cd revealed a significant (P < 0.05) inhibition of MI, induction of MA, CA, and MN in the root tips for 24 h. However, cells examined at 24 h post-exposure showed concentration-wise recovery in all the endpoints. The data revealed that Indian mustard could be used as a potential accumulator of Cd, Cr, Cu, and Pb due to a good tolerance mechanisms provided by combined/concerted action of NP-SH, GSH, and PCs. Also, exposure of Cd can cause genotoxic effects in B. juncea L. through chromosomal mutations, MA, and MN formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C S Seth
- Biotechnology Division, Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, (H.P.), India.
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Gill SS, Khan NA, Tuteja N. Cadmium at high dose perturbs growth, photosynthesis and nitrogen metabolism while at low dose it up regulates sulfur assimilation and antioxidant machinery in garden cress (Lepidium sativum L.). PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2012; 182:112-20. [PMID: 22118622 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2011.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2010] [Revised: 04/22/2011] [Accepted: 04/24/2011] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Metal contamination of soils has become a worldwide problem and great environmental threat, as these metals accumulate in soils and plants in excess, and enter the food chain. Increased cadmium (Cd) uptake from contaminated soils leads to altered plant metabolism and limits the crop productivity. The experimental crop, Lepidium sativum L. (Garden Cress, Family: Brassicaceae) is a medicinally and economically important plant. An experiment was conducted to examine the effect of different concentrations of Cd (0, 25, 50 or 100 mg kg(-1) soil) on the performance of L. sativum. Cd accumulation in roots and leaves (roots>leaves) increased with the increaseing Cd concentration in soil. High Cd concentration (100mg Cd kg(-1) soil) inhibited the leaf area and plant dry mass and significant decline in net photosynthetic rate (P(N)), stomatal conductance (gs), intercellular CO(2) (Ci), chlorophyll (Chl a, Chl b, total Chl) content, carbonic anhydrase (CA; E.C. 4.2.1.1) activity, nitrate reductase (NR; E.C. 1.6.6.1) activity and nitrogen (N) content was also observed. However, ATP-sulfurylase (ATP-S; EC. 2.7.7.4) activity, sulfur (S) content and activities of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD; E.C. 1.15.1.1); catalase (CAT; E.C. 1.11.1.6); ascorbate peroxidase (APX; E.C. 1.11.1.11) and glutathione reductase (GR; E.C. 1.6.4.2) and glutathione (GSH) content were increased. Specifically, the decrease in NR activity and N content showed that Cd affects N metabolism negatively; whereas, the increase in ATP-S activity and S content suggests the up-regulation of S assimilation pathway for possible Cd tolerance in coordination with enhanced activities of antioxidant enzymes and GSH. High Cd concentration (100mg Cd kg(-1) soil) perturbs the L. sativum growth by interfering with the photosynthetic machinery and disrupting the coordination between carbon, N and S metabolism. On the other hand, at low Cd concentration (25mg Cd kg(-1) soil) co-ordination of S and N metabolism complemented to the antioxidant machinery to protect the growth and photosynthesis of L. sativum plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarvajeet Singh Gill
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Division, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202 002, India.
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Heikal L, Aaronson PI, Ferro A, Nandi M, Martin GP, Dailey LA. S-nitrosophytochelatins: investigation of the bioactivity of an oligopeptide nitric oxide delivery system. Biomacromolecules 2011; 12:2103-13. [PMID: 21480633 DOI: 10.1021/bm200159h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates the in vitro bioactivity of S-nitrosophytochelatins (SNOPCs), oligopeptide analogues of S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO), and their mechanisms of nitric oxide (NO) delivery. SNOPCs were more potent than GSNO in inhibiting platelet aggregation and stimulating vasorelaxation. Their potency was related to the number of S-nitrosated moieties per mole compound. Transnitrosation reactions with cell membrane surface components were shown to be the primary mode of NO delivery to intracellular targets for SNOPCs, while delivery via γ-glutamyl transpeptidase was unique to GSNO. Due to rapid NO release, larger SNOPCs elicited a more transitory effect compared to smaller compounds. The duration of effect was influenced by compound molecular weight, NO release kinetics, ability to undergo transnitrosation, and incubation time with tissues. In summary, a new oligopeptide NO delivery system based on SNOPCs was shown to be biologically active and can be used to investigate the mechanisms of NO delivery to intracellular targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lamia Heikal
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, SE1 9NH, UK
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Chekmeneva E, Gusmão R, Díaz-Cruz JM, Ariño C, Esteban M. From cysteine to longer chain thiols: thermodynamic analysis of cadmium binding by phytochelatins and their fragments. Metallomics 2011; 3:838-46. [DOI: 10.1039/c1mt00028d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Stobiecka M, Coopersmith K, Hepel M. Resonance elastic light scattering (RELS) spectroscopy of fast non-Langmuirian ligand-exchange in glutathione-induced gold nanoparticle assembly. J Colloid Interface Sci 2010; 350:168-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2010.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2010] [Revised: 06/07/2010] [Accepted: 06/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Cross-adaptation of spring barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.) to environmental stress induced by heavy metals. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.2478/v10055-010-0001-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Pascual I, Azcona I, Aguirreolea J, Morales F, Corpas FJ, Palma JM, Rellán-Alvarez R, Sánchez-Díaz M. Growth, yield, and fruit quality of pepper plants amended with two sanitized sewage sludges. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2010; 58:6951-6959. [PMID: 20450196 DOI: 10.1021/jf100282f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Organic wastes such as sewage sludge have been successfully used to increase crop productivity of horticultural soils. Nevertheless, considerations of the impact of sludges on vegetable and fruit quality have received little attention. Therefore, the objective of the present work was to investigate the impact of two sanitized sewage sludges, autothermal thermophilic aerobic digestion (ATAD) and compost sludge, on the growth, yield, and fruit quality of pepper plants ( Capsicum annuum L. cv. Piquillo) grown in the greenhouse. Two doses of ATAD (15 and 30% v/v) and three of composted sludge (15, 30, and 45%) were applied to a peat-based potting mix. Unamended substrate was included as control. ATAD and composted sludge increased leaf, shoot, and root dry matter, as well as fruit yield, mainly due to a higher number of fruits per plant. There was no effect of sludge on fruit size (dry matter per fruit and diameter). The concentrations of Zn and Cu in fruit increased with the addition of sewage sludges. Nevertheless, the levels of these elements remained below toxic thresholds. Pepper fruits from sludge-amended plants maintained low concentrations of capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin, thus indicating low pungency level, in accordance with the regulations prescribed by the Control Board of "Lodosa Piquillo peppers" Origin Denomination. The application of sludges did not modify the concentration of vitamin C (ASC) in fruit, whereas the highest doses of composted sludge tended to increase the content of reduced (GSH) and oxidized (GSSG) glutathione, without change in the GSH/GSSG ratio. There were no effects of sludge on the transcript levels of enzymes involved in the synthesis of vitamin C, l-galactono-1,4-lactone dehydrogenase (GLDH) or in the ascorbate-glutathione cycle, ascorbate peroxidase (APX), monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDAR), and glutathione reductase (GR). Results suggest that the synthesis and degradation of ASC and GSH were compensated for in most of the treatments assayed. The application of sanitized sludges to pepper plants can improve pepper yield without loss of food nutritional quality, in terms of fruit size and vitamin C, glutathione, and capsaicinoid contents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Immaculada Pascual
- Dpto Biología Vegetal, Seccíon Biología Vegetal, Unidad Asociada al CSIC, EEAD, Zaragoza e ICVV, Logrono, Facultades de Ciencias y Farmacia, Universidad de Navarra, Irunlarrea 1, E-31008 Pamplona, Spain.
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Lakhdar A, Iannelli MA, Debez A, Massacci A, Jedidi N, Abdelly C. Effect of municipal solid waste compost and sewage sludge use on wheat (Triticum durum): growth, heavy metal accumulation, and antioxidant activity. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2010; 90:965-971. [PMID: 20355136 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.3904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inappropriate utilisation of biosolids may adversely impact agrosystem productivity. Here, we address the response of wheat (Triticum durum) to different doses (0, 40, 100, 200 and 300 t ha(-1)) of either municipal solid waste (MSW) compost or sewage sludge in a greenhouse pot experiment. Plant growth, heavy metal uptake, and antioxidant activity were considered. RESULTS Biomass production of treated plants was significantly enhanced at 40 t ha(-1) and 100 t ha(-1) of MSW compost (+48% and +78% relative to the control, respectively). At the same doses of sewage sludge, the increase was only 18%. Higher doses of both biosolids restricted significantly the plant growth, in concomitance with the significant accumulation of heavy metals (Ni2+, Pb2+, Cu2+ and Zn2+), especially in leaves. Leaf activities of antioxidant enzymes (ascorbate peroxidase, glutathione reductase, catalase and superoxide dismutase) were unchanged at 40 t ha(-1) MSW compost or sewage sludge, but were significantly stimulated at higher doses (200-300 t ha(-1)), together with higher leaf concentration of reduced glutathione. CONCLUSION This preliminary study suggests that a MSW supply at moderate doses (100 t ha(-1)) could be highly beneficial for wheat productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelbasset Lakhdar
- Laboratoire d'Adaptation des Plantes aux Stress Abiotiques, Centre de Biotechnologies, Technopole Borj Cedria, BP 901, Hammam Lif 2050, Tunisia.
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Martí MC, Camejo D, Fernández-García N, Rellán-Alvarez R, Marques S, Sevilla F, Jiménez A. Effect of oil refinery sludges on the growth and antioxidant system of alfalfa plants. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2009; 171:879-85. [PMID: 19596515 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.06.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2009] [Revised: 06/15/2009] [Accepted: 06/16/2009] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The refining process in the petrochemical industry generates oil refinery sludges, a potentially contaminating waste product, with a high content of hydrocarbons and heavy metals. Faster degradation of hydrocarbons has been reported in vegetated soils than in non-vegetated soils, but the impact of these contaminants on the plants physiology and on their antioxidant system is not well known. In this study, the effect of the addition of petroleum sludge to soil on the physiological parameters, nutrient contents, and oxidative and antioxidant status in alfalfa was investigated. An inhibition of alfalfa growth and an induction of oxidative stress, as indicated by an increase in protein oxidation, were found. Also, the superoxide dismutase isoenzymes, peroxidase, and those enzymes involved in the ascorbate-glutathione cycle showed significant activity increases, parallel to an enhancement of total homoglutathione, allowing plants being tolerant to this situation. This information is necessary to establish successful and sustainable plant-based remediation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Carmen Martí
- Department of Stress Biology and Plant Pathology, Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura (CEBAS-CSIC), E-30100 Murcia, Spain.
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Heikal L, Martin GP, Dailey LA. Characterisation of the decomposition behaviour of S-nitrosoglutathione and a new class of analogues: S-Nitrosophytochelatins. Nitric Oxide 2009; 20:157-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2008.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2008] [Revised: 10/16/2008] [Accepted: 11/12/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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38
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Seth CS, Kumar Chaturvedi P, Misra V. The role of phytochelatins and antioxidants in tolerance to Cd accumulation in Brassica juncea L. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2008; 71:76-85. [PMID: 18082263 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2007.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2006] [Revised: 09/21/2007] [Accepted: 10/13/2007] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
A hydroponics experiment using Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L.) was conducted to investigate the effect of different concentrations (10-160 microM) of cadmium (Cd) and a fixed concentration (500 microM) of ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid (EDTA) on Cd accumulation and its toxicity for 14 and 28 days (d). The results showed that Cd alone and Cd+EDTA increased total dry biomass production, photosynthetic pigments and total protein content of B. juncea up to 160 microM with respect to control for 14d (hormesis effect). Further, on treatment with Cd at 160 microM for 28d, dry biomass of root and shoot, total protein content and total chlorophyll decreased up to 73%, 58%, 67% and 53% respectively, while in the case of Cd+EDTA, the decrease in the above parameters was 38%, 50%, 57% and 46% with respect to their control. It was observed that the maximum Cd accumulation after 28d in the root and shoot was 1925 and 977 mg kg(-1) dry weight (dw), respectively, while in the case of Cd+EDTA it was 1013 and 2316 mg kg(-1)dw, respectively. Levels of phytochelatins (PCs), glutathione reductase (GR; EC 1.6.4.2), non-protein thiols (NP-SH) and glutathione (GSH) were monitored as plants primary and secondary metal detoxifying responses. Glutathione reductase showed three-fold increased activity for Cd and 2.2-fold for Cd+EDTA at 160 microM after 14d followed by decreased activity after 28d with respect to control. Maximum synthesis of PCs was found at 10 microM of Cd exposure followed by a gradual decline after 28d. This may be correlated with reduced level of GSH, probably due to reduced GR activity, resulting in enhanced oxidative stress as also proved by phenotypic changes in plants such as browning of roots and yellowing of leaves. Thus, the capacity of B. juncea to accumulate and tolerate high concentrations of Cd, through enhanced level of PCs, GSH, NP-SH and GR suggests its applicability for phytoremediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandra Shekhar Seth
- Ecotoxicology Section, Industrial Toxicology Research Centre, MG Marg, Lucknow, India
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39
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Norton GJ, Lou-Hing DE, Meharg AA, Price AH. Rice-arsenate interactions in hydroponics: whole genome transcriptional analysis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2008; 59:2267-76. [PMID: 18453530 PMCID: PMC2413274 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ern097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2007] [Revised: 02/05/2008] [Accepted: 03/07/2008] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Rice (Oryza sativa) varieties that are arsenate-tolerant (Bala) and -sensitive (Azucena) were used to conduct a transcriptome analysis of the response of rice seedlings to sodium arsenate (AsV) in hydroponic solution. RNA extracted from the roots of three replicate experiments of plants grown for 1 week in phosphate-free nutrient with or without 13.3 muM AsV was used to challenge the Affymetrix (52K) GeneChip Rice Genome array. A total of 576 probe sets were significantly up-regulated at least 2-fold in both varieties, whereas 622 were down-regulated. Ontological classification is presented. As expected, a large number of transcription factors, stress proteins, and transporters demonstrated differential expression. Striking is the lack of response of classic oxidative stress-responsive genes or phytochelatin synthases/synthatases. However, the large number of responses from genes involved in glutathione synthesis, metabolism, and transport suggests that glutathione conjugation and arsenate methylation may be important biochemical responses to arsenate challenge. In this report, no attempt is made to dissect differences in the response of the tolerant and sensitive variety, but analysis in a companion article will link gene expression to the known tolerance loci available in the BalaxAzucena mapping population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gareth J Norton
- Department of Plant and Soil Science, Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 3UU, UK.
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40
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Ernst WHO, Krauss GJ, Verkleij JAC, Wesenberg D. Interaction of heavy metals with the sulphur metabolism in angiosperms from an ecological point of view. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2008; 31:123-143. [PMID: 17999660 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2007.01746.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The metabolism of sulphur in angiosperms is reviewed under the aspect of exposure to ecologically relevant concentrations of sulphur, heavy metals and metalloids. Because of the inconsistent use of the term 'metal tolerance', in this review the degree of tolerance to arsenic and heavy metals is divided into three categories: hypotolerance, basal tolerance and hypertolerance. The composition of nutrient solutions applied to physiological experiments let see that the well-known interactions of calcium, sulphate and zinc supply with uptake of heavy metals, especially cadmium are insufficiently considered. Expression of genes involved in reductive sulphate assimilation pathway and enzyme activities are stimulated by cadmium and partially by copper, but nearly not by other heavy metals. The synthesis of the sulphur-rich compounds glucosinolates, metallothioneins and phytochelatins is affected in a metal-specific way. Phytochelatin levels are low in all metal(loid)-hypertolerant plant species growing in the natural environment on metal(loid)-enriched soils. If laboratory experiments mimic the natural environments, especially high Zn/Cd ratios and good sulphur supply, and chemical analyses are extended to more mineral elements than the single metal(loid) under investigation, a better understanding of the impact of metal(loid)s on the sulphur metabolism can be achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilfried H O Ernst
- Institute of Ecological Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan (10851081) HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Pawlik-Skowrońska B, Pirszel J, Brown MT. Concentrations of phytochelatins and glutathione found in natural assemblages of seaweeds depend on species and metal concentrations of the habitat. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2007; 83:190-9. [PMID: 17532484 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2007.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2006] [Revised: 04/12/2007] [Accepted: 04/14/2007] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of the metal-complexing thiol peptides, phytochelatins (PC) in natural populations of brown, red and green seaweeds (marine macroalgae) was studied. Concentrations of PCs and their precursor glutathione (GSH) were measured in seaweeds collected from locations in south-west England with different levels of contamination by trace metals, to evaluate their role under natural environmental conditions. The non-protein thiols were identified and quantified in seaweed extracts by HPLC and the molecular structures of PCs were confirmed by LC-ESIMS. The capacity for production of PCs of representative seaweeds under Cd and Zn exposure was also assessed, experimentally. The concentrations of metals/metalloids (As, Cu, Cd, Pb and Zn) accumulated by the seaweeds were determined by ICP-MS. For the first time, PCs are reported in native Phaeophyceae (Fucus spp.), Rhodophyceae (Solieria chordalis) and Chlorophyceae (Rhizoclonium tortuosum) but not in thalli of Ulva spp. and Codium fragile (Chlorophyceae). The concentrations of PCs in brown and red seaweeds correlated with the contamination history of sampling sites and total metal burden of thalli. The highest concentrations of metals (5.6-7.1micromolg(-1) DW), PCs (200-240nmolSHg(-1)DW) and GSH (1,550-3,960nmolSHg(-1)DW), and the longest PC chain lengths (PC(2-4)) were found in Fucus spp. collected from the most contaminated site. A combination of PC-production and maintenance of high concentrations of GSH allows Fucus spp. and R. tortuosum (2,000nmolGSHg(-1)DW) to thrive in highly contaminated environments whereas in Ulva spp. high concentrations of GSH (1,000-1,500nmolSHg(-1)DW) together with thick cells walls and a high polysaccharide content appear to be responsible for metal-resistance. The lack of production of PCs in these green macroalgae suggests lower intracellular metal accumulation rather than an inability for synthesizing PCs. The higher concentrations of Cu (approximately 3.4micromolg(-1)DW) found in thallus of S. chordalis, compared with the Fucus spp. (1.5-2.4micromolg(-1)DW) from the same site, may induce stronger oxidative stress and result in lower concentrations of reduced glutathione (648nmolSHg(-1)DW) and PCs (70nmolSHg(-1)DW). As a consequence S. chordalis at this site may have a lower resistance to metals and a more restricted distribution than the fucoids. Both fucoid species and the red seaweed Gracilaria gracilis, but not Ulva spp. or C. fragile, from low contaminated sites synthesized PCs under laboratory conditions when exposed to very high concentration of Cd. Our results clearly show that natural assemblages of seaweeds, belonging to disparate phylogenetic groups produce PCs when exposed to a mixture of metals in their environment. However, the involvement of thiol peptides in metal homeostasis, detoxification and resistance varies between seaweed species that are growing under the same environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Pawlik-Skowrońska
- Centre for Ecological Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Dziekanów Leśny, Experimental Station, Niecała 18, 20-080 Lublin, Poland.
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Almeida AAFD, Valle RR, Mielke MS, Gomes FP. Tolerance and prospection of phytoremediator woody species of Cd, Pb, Cu and Cr. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1590/s1677-04202007000200001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
High concentrations of Cd, Pb, Cu and Cr can cause harmful effects to the environment. These highly toxic pollutants constitute a risk for aquatic and terrestrial life. They are associated with diverse bioavailable geochemical fractions, like the water-soluble fraction and the exchangeable fraction, and non-available fractions like those associated with the crystalline net of clays and silica minerals. Depending upon their chemical and physical properties we can distinguish different mechanisms of metal toxicity in plants, such as production of reactive oxygen species from auto-oxidation, blocking and/or displacement of essential functional groups or metallic ions of biomolecules, changes in the permeability of cellular membranes, reactions of sulphydryl groups with cations, affinity for reactions with phosphate groups and active groups of ADP or ATP, substitution of essential ions, induction of chromosomal anomalies and decrease of the cellular division rate. However, some plant species have developed tolerance or resistance to these metals naturally. Such evolution of ecotypes is a classic example of local adaptation and microevolution, restricted to species with appropriate genetic variability. Phytoremediator woody species, with (i) high biomass production, (ii) a deep root system, (iii) high growth rate, (iv) high capacity to grow in impoverished soils, and (v) high capacity to allocate metals in the trunk, can be an alternative for the recovery of degraded soils due to excess of metallic elements. Phytoremediation using woody species presents advantageous characteristics as an economic and ecologically viable system, making it an appropriate, practical and successful technology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Raúl R. Valle
- Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Brasil; Centro de Pesquisas do Cacau, Brasil
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Sahi SV, Israr M, Srivastava AK, Gardea-Torresdey JL, Parsons JG. Accumulation, speciation and cellular localization of copper in Sesbania drummondii. CHEMOSPHERE 2007; 67:2257-66. [PMID: 17258269 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2006] [Revised: 12/01/2006] [Accepted: 12/05/2006] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Growth, accumulation and intracellular speciation and distribution of copper (Cu) in Sesbania drummondii was studied using scanning-electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) and extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS). The growth of seedlings was assessed in terms of biomass accumulation. The growth of the seedling was enhanced by 73.5% at a low Cu concentration (50 mg l-1) compared to the control treatment. Additionally, seedling growth was inhibited by 18% at 300 mg l-1 Cu with respect to the control. Copper concentration in roots and shoots was increased with increasing Cu concentration in the growth solution. The accumulation of Cu was found to be higher in roots than in the shoots. At a concentration of 300 mg l-1 Cu, the roots accumulated 27,440 mg Cu kg-1 dry weight (dw) while shoots accumulated 1282 mg Cu kg-1 dw. Seedlings were assessed for photosynthetic activity by measuring chlorophyll a fluorescence parameters: Fv/Fm and Fv/F0 values. Photosynthetic integrity was not affected by any of the Cu treatments. The X-ray absorption spectroscopic (XAS) studies showed that Cu was predominantly present as Cu(II) in Sesbania tissue. In addition, from the XAS studies it was shown that the Cu exists in a mixture of different coordination states consisting of Cu bound to sugars and small organic acids with some possible precipitated copper oxide. From the EXAFS studies, the coordination of Cu was determined to have four equatorial oxygen(nitrogen) ligands at 1.96 A and two axial oxygen ligands at 2.31 A. Scanning-electron microscopy studies revealed the distribution of Cu within the seedlings tissues, predominantly accumulated in the cortical and vascular (xylem) regions of root tissues. In the stem, most of the Cu was found within the xylem tissue. However, the deposition of Cu within the leaf tissues was in the parenchyma. The present study demonstrates the mechanisms employed by S. drummondii for Cu uptake and its biotransformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S V Sahi
- Department of Biology, Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, KY 42101, USA.
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Srivastava S, Mishra S, Tripathi RD, Dwivedi S, Trivedi PK, Tandon PK. Phytochelatins and antioxidant systems respond differentially during arsenite and arsenate stress in Hydrilla verticillata (L.f.) Royle. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2007; 41:2930-6. [PMID: 17533860 DOI: 10.1021/es062167j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Serious contamination of aquatic systems by arsenic (As) in different parts of the world calls for the development of an in situ cost-effective phytoremediation technology. In the present investigation, plants of Hydrilla verticillata (L.f.) Royle were exposed to various concentrations of arsenate (As(V)) (0-250 microM) and arsenite (AsIII) (0-25 microM) and analyzed for accumulation responses vis-à-vis biochemical changes. Total As accumulation was found to be higher in plants exposed to AsIII (315 microg g(-1) dw at 25 microM) compared to As(V) (205 microg g(-1) dw at 250 microM) after 7 d of treatment. Plants tolerated low concentrations of As(III) and As(V) by detoxifying the metalloid through augmented synthesis of thiols such as phytochelatins and through increased activity of antioxidant enzymes. While As(V) predominantly stimulated antioxidant enzyme activity, As(III) primarily caused enhanced levels of thiols. The maximum amount of As chelated by PCs was found to be about 39% in plants exposed to As(III) (at 10 microM) and 35% in As(V) exposed plants (at 50 microM) after 4 d. Only the respective highest concentrations of As(III) (25 microM) and As(V) (250 microM) proved toxic for normal plant growth after prolonged treatment. Thus, H. verticillata forms a promising candidate for the phytoremediation of As contaminated water.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Srivastava
- Ecotoxicology and Bioremediation Group, National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow-226001, India
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Mishra S, Srivastava S, Tripathi RD, Kumar R, Seth CS, Gupta DK. Lead detoxification by coontail (Ceratophyllum demersum L.) involves induction of phytochelatins and antioxidant system in response to its accumulation. CHEMOSPHERE 2006; 65:1027-39. [PMID: 16682069 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2005] [Revised: 02/27/2006] [Accepted: 03/18/2006] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Coontail (Ceratophyllum demersum L.) plants when exposed to various concentrations of Pb (1-100microM) for 1-7days, exhibited both phytotoxic and tolerance responses. The specific responses were function of concentration and duration. Plants accumulated 1748mugPbg(-1) dw after 7d which reflected its metal accumulation ability, however most of the metal (1222microgg(-1) dw, 70%) was accumulated after 1d exposure only. The toxic effect and oxidative stress caused by Pb were evident by the reduction in biomass and photosynthetic pigments and increase in malondialddehyde (MDA) content and electrical conductivity with increase in metal concentration and exposure duration. Morphological symptoms of senescence phenomena such as chlorosis and fragmentation of leaves were observed after 7d. The metal tolerance and detoxification strategy adopted by the plant was investigated with reference to antioxidant system and synthesis of phytochelatins. Protein and antioxidant enzymes viz., superoxide dismutase (SOD, EC 1.15.1.1), guaiacol peroxidase (GPX, EC 1.11.1.7) ascorbate peroxidase (APX, EC 1.11.1.11), catalase (CAT, EC 1.11.1.6) and glutathione reductase (GR, EC 1.6.4.2) showed induction at lower concentration and duration followed by decline. All enzymes except GPX showed maximum activity after 1d. An increase in cysteine, non-protein thiols (NP-SH) and glutathione (GSH) content was observed at moderate exposure conditions followed by decline. Phytochelatins (PC(2) and PC(3)) were synthesized to significant levels at 10 and 50microM Pb with concomitant decrease in GSH levels. Thus production of PCs seems important for the detoxification of metal, however it may lead to depletion of GSH and consequently oxidative stress. Results suggest that plants responded positively to moderate Pb concentrations and accumulated high amount of metal. Due to metal accumulation coupled with detoxification potential, the plant appears to have potential for its use as phytoremediator species in aquatic environments having moderate pollution of Pb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seema Mishra
- Ecotoxicology and Bioremediation Group, National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow 226001, India
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Gomes-Junior RA, Moldes CA, Delite FS, Gratão PL, Mazzafera P, Lea PJ, Azevedo RA. Nickel elicits a fast antioxidant response in Coffea arabica cells. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2006; 44:420-9. [PMID: 16806955 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2006.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2005] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The antioxidant responses of coffee (Coffea arabica L.) cell suspension cultures to nickel (Ni) were investigated. Ni was very rapidly accumulated in the cells and the accumulation could be directly correlated with the increase of NiCl(2) concentration in the medium. At 0.05 mM NiCl(2) growth was stimulated, but at 0.5 mM NiCl(2), the growth rate was reduced. An indication of alterations in the presence of reactive oxygen species was detected by an increase in lipid peroxidation at 0.5 mM NiCl(2). Catalase (CAT; EC 1.11.1.6), glutathione reductase (GR; EC 1.6.4.2), ascorbate peroxidase (APX; EC 1.11.1.11), guaiacol peroxidase (GOPX; EC 1.11.1.7) and superoxide dismutase (SOD; EC 1.15.1.1) activities were increased, particularly at earlier NiCl(2) exposure times and the activities were higher at 0.5 mM NiCl(2) for most of exposure times tested. Non-denaturing PAGE revealed one CAT isoenzyme, nine SOD isoenzymes and four GR isoenzymes. The SOD isoenzymes were differentially affected by NiCl(2) treatment and one GR isoenzyme was increased by NiCl(2). NiCl(2) at 0.05 mM did not induce lipid peroxidation and the main response appeared to be via the induction of SOD, CAT, GOPX and APX activities for the removal of the reactive oxygen species and through the induction of GR to ensure the availability of reduced glutathione.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Gomes-Junior
- Departamento de Genética, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba 13418-900, SP, Brazil
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47
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Mishra S, Srivastava S, Tripathi RD, Govindarajan R, Kuriakose SV, Prasad MNV. Phytochelatin synthesis and response of antioxidants during cadmium stress in Bacopa monnieri L. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2006; 44:25-37. [PMID: 16545573 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2006.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2005] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The phytotoxicity imposed by cadmium (Cd) and its detoxifying responses of Bacopa monnieri L. have been investigated. Effect on biomass, photosynthetic pigments and protein level were evaluated as gross effect, while lipid peroxidation and electrolyte leakage reflected oxidative stress. Induction of phytochelatins and enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants were monitored as plants primary and secondary metal detoxifying responses, respectively. Plants accumulated substantial amount of Cd in different plant parts (root, stem and leaf), the maximum being in roots (9240.11 microg g(-1) dw after 7 d at 100 microM). Cadmium induced oxidative stress, which was indicated by increase in lipid peroxidation and electrical conductivity with increase in metal concentration and exposure duration. Photosynthetic pigments showed progressive decline while protein showed slight increase at lower concentrations. Enzymes viz., superoxide dismutase (SOD, EC 1.15.1.1), guaiacol peroxidase (GPX, EC 1.11.1.7) ascorbate peroxidase (APX, EC 1.11.1.11) and glutathione reductase (GR, EC 1.6.4.2) showed stimulation except catalase (CAT, EC 1.11.1.6) which showed declining trend. Initially, an enhanced level of cysteine, glutathione and non-protein thiols was observed, which depleted with increase in exposure concentration and duration. Phytochelatins induced significantly at 10 microM Cd in roots and at 50 microM Cd in leaves. The phytochelatins decreased in roots at 50 microM Cd, which may be correlated with reduced level of GSH, probably due to reduced GR activity, which exerted increased oxidative stress as also evident by the phenotypic changes in the plant like browning of roots and slight yellowing of leaves. Thus, besides synthesis of phytochelatins, availability of GSH and concerted activity of GR seem to play a central role for Bacopa plants to combat oxidative stress caused by metal and to detoxify it. Plants ability to accumulate and tolerate high amount of Cd through enhanced level of PCs and various antioxidants suggest it to be a suitable candidate for phytoremediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Mishra
- Ecotoxicology and Bioremediation Group, National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow 226 001, UP, India
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48
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Gratão PL, Polle A, Lea PJ, Azevedo RA. Making the life of heavy metal-stressed plants a little easier. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2005; 32:481-494. [PMID: 32689149 DOI: 10.1071/fp05016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 445] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2005] [Accepted: 04/28/2005] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The contamination of soils and water with metals has created a major environmental problem, leading to considerable losses in plant productivity and hazardous health effects. Exposure to toxic metals can intensify the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are continuously produced in both unstressed and stressed plants cells. Some of the ROS species are highly toxic and must be detoxified by cellular stress responses, if the plant is to survive and grow. The aim of this review is to assess the mode of action and role of antioxidants in protecting plants from stress caused by the presence of heavy metals in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscila L Gratão
- Departamento de Genética, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba CEP 13418-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Andrea Polle
- Forstbotanisches Institut, Universität Göttingen, Büsgenweg 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Peter J Lea
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lancaster, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom
| | - Ricardo A Azevedo
- Departamento de Genética, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba CEP 13418-900, SP, Brazil
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