1
|
Reimann L, Brytan Z, Jania G. Influence of Filler Metal on Electrochemical Characteristics of a Laser-Welded CoCrMoW Alloy Used in Prosthodontics. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:5721. [PMID: 36013855 PMCID: PMC9412628 DOI: 10.3390/ma15165721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This paper sought to determine corrosion resistance changes in the artificial saliva of a CoCrMoW-based alloy used for dental prostheses under Nd:YAG laser welding with CoCr alloy and stainless steel wire filler metals. The paper presents the corrosion characteristics of such joints, including the next stage of porcelain-fused-to-metal (PFM) firing. Corrosion tests were performed by electrochemical methods registering anodic polarization curves and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The microstructures were assessed by scanning microscopy (SEM) and chemical composition analysis (EDS) at the connection and heat-affected zones. Welding CoCrMoW alloy with and without a filler material increased the open circuit potential of the samples by 40-100 mV compared to unwelded base alloy. At the same time, a potentiodynamic test showed a polarization resistance Rpol reduction in welded samples, both for CoCr and stainless steel wires, as compared to the base CoCrMoW material. On the other hand, when comparing the current density and polarization resistance between materials welded with two different filler metals, better results were obtained for samples welded with stainless steel wire. The polarization resistance Rpol for the base alloy was 402 kΩ·cm2, for the CoCr wire weld it was 436 kΩ·cm2, and the value was 452 kΩ·cm2 for stainless steel wire welds. Comparing polarization resistance Rpol from the Tafel analysis and the total charge transfer resistance from Rp(EIS) from EIS, the CoCrMoW alloy welded with a stainless steel wire after heat treatment equaled or even slightly exceeded the corrosion resistance of the base alloy and alloy welded with dedicated CoCr wire after heat treatment. These results indicated the possibility of using stainless steel wire for the laser welding of CoCrMoW alloys dental prostheses, including the next stage of PFM, without sacrificing the corrosion resistance of such connections, and this was confirmed by most electrochemical parameters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lukasz Reimann
- Materials Research Laboratory, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, Konarskiego St. 18a, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Zbigniew Brytan
- Department of Engineering Materials and Biomaterials, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Silesian, University of Technology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Jania
- Dental Engineering Laboratory Grzegorz Jania, 48-200 Prudnik, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
de Souza Henkin F, de Menezes LM, Dedavid BA, Quintão CA. Comparison between traditional and alternative biocompatible welding techniques used in orthodontic devices. J Orthod 2020; 48:127-134. [PMID: 34160324 DOI: 10.1177/1465312520972403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the mechanical strength of joints made by conventional soldering with those made by alternative, more biocompatible, methods (spot, tungsten inert gas [TIG] and laser welding), and to compare the microstructural morphology of wires welded with these techniques. DESIGN In vitro, laboratory study. METHODS Forty stainless-steel wire segments with 0.8-mm diameter were joined by silver soldering, spot, laser and TIG welding. Ten specimens were produced for each one. Tensile strength test was performed 24 h after welding on the Emic DL2000™ universal testing machine, using a load cell of 1000 N with a crosshead speed of 10 mm/min. RESULTS The highest tensile strength mean values were obtained with silver soldering (532 N), next were laser (420 N), spot (301 N) and TIG (296 N) welding. Statistically significant differences were observed between the groups; the Dunn post-hoc test revealed differences between laser and spot welding (p=0.046), laser and TIG (p = 0.016), spot and silver (p <0.001), and silver and TIG (p <0.001). CONCLUSION Laser welding strength is high, and comparable to silver welding. Spot and TIG techniques present comparable and significantly lower strengths. The four methods presented resistance values compatible with orthodontic use. The microstructural morphology is different for each technique. The association between the mechanical performance and the microstructure evaluation shows that laser presented the highest quality joint.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda de Souza Henkin
- Postgraduate Program in Dentistry, School of Life and Health Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Luciane Macedo de Menezes
- Postgraduate Program in Dentistry, School of Life and Health Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Berenice Anina Dedavid
- Postgraduate Program in Materials Engineering and Technology, NUCLEMAT- Metallic Materials Core, Polytechnic School, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Cátia Abdo Quintão
- Postgraduate Program in Dentistry, School of Dentistry, State University of Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
de Souza Schacher HR, de Menezes LM. Metal ion quantification in the saliva of patients with lingual arch appliances using silver solder, laser, or TIG welding. Clin Oral Investig 2019; 24:2109-2120. [DOI: 10.1007/s00784-019-03160-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
|
4
|
|
5
|
Matsunaga J, Watanabe I, Nakao N, Watanabe E, Elshahawy W, Yoshida N. Joining characteristics of titanium-based orthodontic wires connected by laser and electrical welding methods. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2015; 26:5391. [PMID: 25595723 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-015-5391-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the possibility of electrical and laser welding to connect titanium-based alloy (beta-titanium and nickel-titanium) wires and stainless-steel or cobalt-chromium alloy wires for fabrication of combination arch-wires. Four kinds of straight orthodontic rectangular wires (0.017 × 0.025 inch) were used: stainless-steel (S-S), cobalt-chromium (Co-Cr), beta-titanium alloy (β-Ti), and nickel-titanium (Ni-Ti). Homogeneous and heterogeneous end-to-end joints (15 mm long each) were made by electrical welding and laser welding. Non-welded wires (30 mm long) were also used as a control. Maximum loads at fracture (N) and elongation (%) were measured by conducting tensile test. The data (n = 10) were statistically analyzed using analysis of variance/Tukey test (P < 0.05).The S-S/S-S and Co-Cr/Co-Cr specimens showed significantly higher values of the maximum load (ML) at fracture and elongation (EL) than those of the Ni-Ti/Ni-Ti and β-Ti/β-Ti specimens for electrical welding and those of the S-S/S-S and Co-Cr/Co-Cr specimens welded by laser. On the other hand, the laser-welded Ni-Ti/Ni-Ti and β-Ti/β-Ti specimens exhibited higher values of the ML and EL compared to those of the corresponding specimens welded by electrical method. In the heterogeneously welded combinations, the electrically welded Ni-Ti/S-S, β-Ti/S-S and β-Ti/Co-Cr specimens showed significantly (P < 0.05) higher ML and EL than those of the corresponding specimens welded by laser. Electrical welding exhibited the higher values of maximum load at fracture and elongation for heterogeneously welded combinations than laser-welding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junko Matsunaga
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8588, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ntasi A, Al Jabbari YS, Silikas N, Al Taweel SM, Zinelis S. Metallurgical characterization of experimental Ag-based soldering alloys. Saudi Dent J 2014; 26:139-44. [PMID: 25382945 PMCID: PMC4223816 DOI: 10.1016/j.sdentj.2014.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Revised: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To characterize microstructure, hardness and thermal properties of experimental Ag-based soldering alloys for dental applications. MATERIALS AND METHODS Ag12Ga (AgGa) and Ag10Ga5Sn (AgGaSn) were fabricated by induction melting. Six samples were prepared for each alloy and microstructure, hardness and their melting range were determined by, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) microanalysis, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Vickers hardness testing and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). RESULTS Both alloys demonstrated a gross dendritic microstructure while according to XRD results both materials consisted predominately of a Ag-rich face centered cubic phase The hardness of AgGa (61 ± 2) was statistically lower than that of AgGaSn (84 ± 2) while the alloys tested showed similar melting range of 627-762 °C for AgGa and 631-756 °C for AgGaSn. CONCLUSION The experimental alloys tested demonstrated similar microstructures and melting ranges. Ga and Sn might be used as alternative to Cu and Zn to modify the selected properties of Ag based soldering alloys.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Argyro Ntasi
- Department of Biomaterials, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Youssef S. Al Jabbari
- Dental Biomaterials Research and Development Chair, Saudi Arabia
- Prosthetic Dental Sciences Department, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nick Silikas
- Biomaterials Unit, School of Dentistry, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Sara M. Al Taweel
- Dental Biomaterials Research and Development Chair, Saudi Arabia
- Prosthetic Dental Sciences Department, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Spiros Zinelis
- Department of Biomaterials, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
- Dental Biomaterials Research and Development Chair, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ntasi A, Jabbari YA, Mueller WD, Eliades G, Zinelis S. Metallurgical and electrochemical characterization of contemporary silver-based soldering alloys. Angle Orthod 2014; 84:508-515. [PMID: 24199746 PMCID: PMC8667485 DOI: 10.2319/073013-569.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 09/01/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the microstructure, hardness, and electrochemical behavior of four contemporary Ag-based soldering alloys used for manufacturing orthodontic appliances. MATERIALS AND METHODS The Ag-based alloys tested were Dentaurum Universal Silver Solder (DEN), Orthodontic Solders (LEO), Ortho Dental Universal Solder (NOB), and Silver Solder (ORT). Five disk-shaped specimens were produced for each alloy, and after metallographic preparation their microstructural features, elemental composition, and hardness were determined by scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) microanalysis, X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, and Vickers hardness testing. The electrochemical properties were evaluated by anodic potentiodynamic scanning in 0.9% NaCl and Ringer's solutions. Hardness, corrosion current (Icorr), and corrosion potential (Ecorr) were statistically analyzed by one-way analysis of variance and Tukey test (α=.05). RESULTS EDX analysis showed that all materials belong to the Ag-Zn-Cu ternary system. Three different mean atomic contrast phases were identified for LEO and ORT and two for DEN and NOB. According to XRD analysis, all materials consisted of Ag-rich and Cu-rich face-centered cubic phases. Hardness testing classified the materials in descending order as follows: DEN, 155±3; NOB, 149±3; ORT, 141±4; and LEO, 136±8. Significant differences were found for Icorr of NOB in Ringer's solution and Ecorr of DEN in 0.9% NaCl solution. CONCLUSION Ag-based soldering alloys demonstrate great diversity in their elemental composition, phase size and distribution, hardness, and electrochemical properties. These differences may anticipate variations in their clinical performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Argyro Ntasi
- PhD Graduate Student, Department of Biomaterials, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Youssef Al Jabbari
- Director, Dental Biomaterials Research and Development Chair, Associate Professor, Prosthetic Dental Sciences Department, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wolf Dieter Mueller
- Director, Dental and Biomaterials Research Group Dental School, “Charite” Medical University of Berlin, Germany
| | - George Eliades
- Professor and Director, Department of Biomaterials, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Spiros Zinelis
- Assistant Professor, Department of Biomaterials, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece, and Consultant, Dental Biomaterials Research and Development Chair, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Temperature changes of pulp chamber during in vitro laser welding of orthodontic attachments. ScientificWorldJournal 2014; 2014:589461. [PMID: 24550714 PMCID: PMC3914460 DOI: 10.1155/2014/589461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of lasers has been suggested for orthodontists to fabricate or repair orthodontic appliances by welding metals directly in the mouth. This work aimed to evaluate the temperature changes in the pulp chamber during welding of an orthodontic wire to an orthodontic molar band using Nd : YAG laser in vitro. A freshly extracted human third molar with eliminated pulpal tissues was used. J-type thermocouple wire was positioned in the pulp chamber. A conductor gel was used in the transferring of outside temperature changes to the thermocouple wire. An orthodontic band was applied to the molar tooth and bonded using light cured orthodontic cement. Twenty five mm length of 0.6 mm diameter orthodontic stainless steel wires was welded to the orthodontic band using Nd : YAG laser operated at 9.4 watt. Temperature variation was determined as the change from baseline temperature to the highest temperature was recorded during welding. The recorded temperature changes were between 1.8 and 6.8°C (mean: 3.3 ± 1.1°C). The reported critical 5.5°C level was exceeded in only one sample. The results of this study suggest that intraoral use of lasers holds great potential for the future of orthodontics and does not present a thermal risk. Further studies with larger samples and structural analysis are required.
Collapse
|
9
|
Heidari S, Torkan S. Laser applications in orthodontics. J Lasers Med Sci 2013; 4:151-158. [PMID: 25606324 PMCID: PMC4282003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A laser is a collimated single wavelength of light which delivers a concentrated source of energy. Soon after different types of lasers were invented, investigators began to examine the effects of different wavelengths of laser energy on oral tissues, routine dental procedures and experimental applications. Orthodontists, along with other specialist in different fields of dentistry, can now benefit from several different advantages that lasers provide during the treatment process, from the beginning of the treatment, when separators are placed, to the time of resin residues removal from the tooth surface at the end of orthodontic treatment. This article outlines some of the most common usages of laser beam in orthodontics and also provides a comparison between laser and other conventional method that were the standard of care prior to the advent of laser in this field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Somayeh Heidari
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Sepideh Torkan
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorram Abad, Iran
| |
Collapse
|