Diaphragmatic mobility: relationship with lung function, respiratory muscle strength, dyspnea, and physical activity in daily life in patients with COPD

The effects of adding a six-month Pilates exercise program to three months of traditional community-based pulmonary rehabilitation in individuals with COPD: a prospective cohort study

Introduction

Pilates exercise may complement traditional pulmonary rehabilitation in individuals with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The objective was to analyze the effects of adding a six-month Pilates exercise program to a three-month pulmonary rehabilitation for individuals with COPD.

Methods

Thirty-five participants with COPD (GOLD B) were assigned to the intervention (n=14) or control (n=21) group. Both groups received an initial three months of a pulmonary rehabilitation program. The intervention group further underwent six months of pilates. Participants were evaluated at baseline and at three, six, and nine months. Lung function and strength of respiratory muscles were defined as primary outcomes. Secondary outcomes included cardiac, physical function, and exacerbation episodes.

Results

There were no consistent statistically significant differences between groups for the lung function outcomes (p\<0.05). Maximal inspiratory and expiratory pressure increased significantly at three months in both groups (p\<0.05). It was significantly superior in the intervention group at nine months for maximal inspiratory pressure (p=0.005) and six and nine months for maximal expiratory pressure (p=0.027 and p\<0.001, respectively). Changes in muscle strength (knee extension and handgrip) were comparable between groups (p>0.05), but exercise-induced fatigue and balance were significantly superior in the intervention group at the six- and nine-month follow-ups (p\<0.05).

Discussion

Pilates exercise programs may be implemented to augment traditional pulmonary rehabilitation with the goal of improving the strength of respiratory muscles.

Conclusion

Adding a Pilates exercise program to pulmonary rehabilitation resulted in superior strength of respiratory muscles, higher resistance to exercise-induced fatigue, and improved balance.

Selective dysfunction of the crural diaphragm in patients with chronic restrictive and obstructive lung disease

BACKGROUND

Gastroesophageal reflux (GER) is known to be associated with chronic lung diseases. The driving force of GER is the transdiaphragmatic pressure (Pdi) generated mainly by costal and crural diaphragm contraction. The latter also enhances the esophagogastric junction (EGJ) pressure to guard against GER.

METHODS

The relationship between Pdi and EGJ pressure was determined using high resolution esophageal manometry in patients with interstitial lung disease (ILD, n = 26), obstructive lung disease (OLD, n- = 24), and healthy subjects (n = 20).

KEY RESULTS

The patient groups did not differ with respect to age, gender, BMI, and pulmonary rehabilitation history. Patients with ILD had significantly higher Pdi but lower EGJ pressures as compared to controls and OLD patients (p < 0.001). In control subjects, the increase in EGJ pressure at all-time points during inspiration was greater than Pdi. In contrast, the EGJ pressure during inspiration was less than Pdi in 14 patients with ILD and 7 patients with OLD. The drop in EGJ pressure was usually seen after the peak Pdi in ILD group (p < 0.0001) and before the peak Pdi in OLD group, (p = 0.08). Nine patients in the ILD group had sliding hiatus hernia, compared to none in control subjects (p = 0.003) and two patients in the OLD, (p = 0.04).

CONCLUSIONS AND INFERENCES

A higher Pdi and low EGJ pressure, and dissociation between Pdi and EGJ pressure temporal relationship suggests selective dysfunction of the crural diaphragm in patients with chronic lung diseases and may explain the higher prevalence of GERD in ILD as seen in previous studies.

Emergency ultrasound of respiratory muscles: a promising tool for determining the outcomes of COPD exacerbations

BACKGROUND

The respiratory muscles of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) exhibit structural and functional changes that can be evaluated and monitored by ultrasonography.

METHODS

This single-center, prospective study was conducted in the emergency department (ED) of a tertiary care hospital over an eight-month period (September 2020-May 2021). Diaphragmatic excursions, end-expiratory thickness, and thickening fractions, as well as right and left intercostal muscle thicknesses, of all adult subjects manifesting COPD exacerbation, were assessed. The data were analyzed regarding ward/intensive care unit (ICU) hospitalization or discharge from the ED, mortality, and readmission within 15 days.

RESULTS

Sixty-three subjects were recruited for the study. Diaphragmatic excursion, end-expiratory diaphragmatic thickness, and intercostal muscle thickness measurements were significantly different between the ward, ICU, and discharge groups (p < 0.001) but lower in the deceased subjects (all p < 0.05). The diaphragmatic excursion value of 3.25 cm was the threshold value measured for distinguishing discharge from ED, and 1.82 cm was measured for admission to the ICU, both with 100% sensitivity and selectivity (AUC = 1).

DISCUSSION

Diaphragmatic excursion, diaphragmatic end-expiratory thickness, and right and left intercostal muscle thicknesses vary in the prognosis of subjects presenting with COPD exacerbation.

Prevalence of diaphragm dysfunction in patients with interstitial lung disease (ILD): The role of diaphragmatic ultrasound

BACKGROUND

Diaphragm ultrasound (DUS) has been extensively used in critically ill patients while data on outpatients with interstitial lung disease (ILD) are limited. We hypothesized that diaphragm function, assessed by ultrasound, could be impaired in patients with ILD, considering both Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF) and Connective Tissue Disease (CTD-ILD), compared to healthy subjects. Moreover, this impairment could impact clinical and functional parameters.

METHODS

All consecutive CTD-ILD and IPF patients followed in our center (March-October 2020) were screened. Diaphragm displacement (DD), inspiratory thickness (Ti), expiratory thickness (Te), thickening fraction (TF), and respiratory functional parameters were collected. The prevalence of diaphragmatic dysfunction (TF <30%) was then recorded.

RESULTS

Eighty-two consecutive patients (41 CTD-ILD, 41 IPF) and 15 age- and sex-matched controls were enrolled. In the overall population, 24 out of 82 (29%) presented diaphragmatic dysfunction. In CTD-ILD, DD and Ti were lower as compared to IPF (p = 0.021 and p = 0.036, respectively); while diaphragmatic dysfunction was more prevalent compared to controls (37% vs 7%, p = 0.043). TF positively correlated to patients' functional parameters in the CTD-ILD group (FVC%pred: p = 0.003; r = 0.45), while not in the IPF group. Diaphragmatic dysfunction was associated with moderate/severe dyspnea in both CTD-ILD and IPF (p = 0.021).

CONCLUSION

The prevalence of diaphragmatic dysfunction was 29% in patients with ILD and was associated with moderate/severe dyspnea. CTD-ILD presented lower DD compared with IPF and a higher prevalence of diaphragmatic dysfunction (TF<30%) compared with controls. TF was associated with lung function only in CTD-ILD patients, suggesting its potential role in the comprehensive patient assessment.

Ultrasound assessment of diaphragmatic dynamics in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease after treatment with indacaterol/glycopyrronium

INTRODUCTION

Air trapping is one of the main determinants of dyspnea in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). An increase in air trapping leads to a change in the normal diaphragmatic configuration with associated functional impairment. Said deterioration improves with bronchodilator therapy. Chest ultrasound (CU) has been used to assess changes in diaphragmatic motility after short-acting bronchodilator therapy, but there are no previous studies on these changes after long-acting bronchodilator treatment.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Interventional prospective study. Patients with COPD and moderate to very severe ventilatory obstruction were included in the study. Diaphragm motion and thickness were assessed by CU before and after 3 months of treatment with indacaterol/glycopirronium 85/43 mcg.

RESULTS

Thirty patients were included (56.6% men, mean age: 69.4 ± 6.2 years). Pre- and post-treatment diaphragmatic mobility measured during resting breathing, deep breathing, and nasal sniffing were 19.9 ± 7.1 mm and 26.4 ± 8.7 mm (p < 0.0001); 42.5 ± 14.1 mm and 64.5 ± 25.9 mm (p < 0.0001); and 36.5 ± 17.4 mm and 46.7 ± 18.5 mm (p = 0.012), respectively. A significant improvement was also found in the minimum and maximum diaphragm thickness (p < 0.05), but there were no significant changes in the diaphragmatic shortening fraction after treatment (p = 0.341).

CONCLUSIONS

Treatment with indacaterol/glycopyrronium 85/43 mcg every 24 hours for 3 months improved diaphragmatic mobility in patients with COPD with moderate to very severe airway obstruction. CU may be useful for assessing the response to treatment in these patients.

Effect of respiratory training on respiratory failure secondary to unilateral phrenic nerve injury: A case report

INTRODUCTION

Diaphragm is one of the most important respiratory muscles dominated by the phrenic nerve. Phrenic nerve injury would induce a series of clinical symptoms, including respiratory failure. Respiratory training could assist in regular treatment in improving the respiratory function and daily ability of respiratory failure patients.

CASE PRESENTATION

A 71-years-old female was enrolled for the disorders of consciousness of 4.5 hours observed by her family and was diagnosed with respiratory failure secondary to unilateral phrenic nerve injury. The patient received basic therapy combined with rehabilitation training, including the training of aspirate muscle, limb resistance, thoracic loosening, aerobic training, electrical stimulation on respiratory nerves, and airway clearance. The combining therapeutic strategy significantly improved the daily ability and respiratory of the patient. The ultrasound showed that after therapy, the diaphragmatic muscles were thickened and the range of diaphragmatic movement was also enhanced. The pulmonary function was also improved after therapy.

CONCLUSION

The combination of rehabilitation is suitable for the treatment of respiratory failure patients with clear causes of phrenic nerve injury. For patients with unexplained causes, rehabilitation could also be performed before the diagnosis. Patients with irreversible injury need long-term and family rehabilitation prescriptions.

Clinical values of diaphragmatic movement in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

BACKGROUND

The limitation of activity due to dyspnea in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients is affected by diaphragmatic dysfunction and reduced lung function. This study aimed to analyze the association between diaphragm function variables and forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1) and to estimate the clinical significance of diaphragm function in the correlation between COPD severity and lung function.

METHODS

This prospective, single-center, cross-sectional observational study enrolled 60 COPD patients in a respiratory outpatient clinic. Data for baseline characteristics and the dyspnea scale were collected. Participants underwent a pulmonary function test (PFT), a 6-minute walk test (6MWT), and diaphragm function by ultrasonography.

RESULTS

The right excursion at forced breathing showed the most significant correlation with FEV1 (r = 0.370, p = 0.004). The cutoff value was 6.7 cm of the right diaphragmatic excursion at forced breathing to identify the FEV1 above 50% group. In the group with a right diaphragmatic excursion at forced breathing < 6.7 cm, modified Medical Research Council (mMRC), St. George's Respiratory Questionnaire and the total distance of 6MWT showed no difference between groups with FEV1 under and above 50% (p > 0.05). In the group with ≥ 6.7 cm, mMRC and the total distance of 6MWT showed a significant difference between FEV1 under and above 50% (p = 0.014, 456.7 ± 69.7 m vs. 513.9 ± 60.3 m, p = 0.018, respectively).

CONCLUSION

The right diaphragmatic forced excursion was closely related to FEV1, and analysis according to the right diaphragmatic forced excursion-based cut-off value showed a significant difference between both groups. When the diaphragm function was maintained, there was a lot of difference in the 6MWT's factors according to the FEV1 value. Our data suggest that diaphragmatic function should be performed when interpreting PFT.

Ultrasonographic evaluation of diaphragm function in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

Some studies have reported using ultrasonic evaluations to assess diaphragm function in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). However, they have limitations and thus cannot provide strong evidence to support ultrasound evaluations for diaphragm function and dysfunction severity assessments in this patient population. Additionally, quantitative studies on the relationship between ultrasound evaluations and diaphragm function do not exist. Therefore, we performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to explore the usefulness of ultrasonography for evaluating diaphragm function in patients with COPD.

METHODS

The Cochrane Library, PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Chinese Biomedical Literature Database, Wanfang Data, China National Knowledge Network, and Chinese Scientific Journal Database (i.e., VIP) databases were searched for literature about ultrasonic evaluations of diaphragm function in patients with COPD for systematic review. We extracted patient demographic, diaphragm mobility, diaphragm thickness, diaphragm thickening score, and other related parameter data using RevMan 5.3 software for the meta-analysis.

RESULTS

We included 13 articles in the systematic review, 8 of which (494 participants) were included in the meta-analysis. The degree of diaphragm offset in patients with COPD was significantly lower than that in healthy controls (weighted mean difference [WMD] = -1.34; 95% confidence interval [CI]: -2.15, 0.53; P < .05). The diaphragm deviation was lower in the severe COPD group than in the mild-to-moderate COPD group (WMD = 0.50; 95% CI: -0.01, 1.01; P = .06), but the difference was not significant.

CONCLUSION

Ultrasonography effectively evaluates diaphragm function in patients with COPD. The diaphragm offset can be used as an auxiliary diagnostic index for COPD, which is also related to disease severity.

Diaphragm Dysfunction and Rehabilitation Strategy in Patients With Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) affects the whole body and causes many extrapulmonary adverse effects, amongst which diaphragm dysfunction is one of the prominent manifestations. Diaphragm dysfunction in patients with COPD is manifested as structural changes, such as diaphragm atrophy, single-fibre dysfunction, sarcomere injury and fibre type transformation, and functional changes such as muscle strength decline, endurance change, diaphragm fatigue, decreased diaphragm mobility, etc. Diaphragm dysfunction directly affects the respiratory efficiency of patients and is one of the important pathological mechanisms leading to progressive exacerbation of COPD and respiratory failure, which is closely related to disease mortality. At present, the possible mechanisms of diaphragm dysfunction in patients with COPD include systemic inflammation, oxidative stress, hyperinflation, chronic hypoxia and malnutrition. However, the specific mechanism of diaphragm dysfunction in COPD is still unclear, which, to some extent, increases the difficulty of treatment and rehabilitation. Therefore, on the basis of the review of changes in the structure and function of COPD diaphragm, the potential mechanism of diaphragm dysfunction in COPD was discussed, the current effective rehabilitation methods were also summarised in this paper. In order to provide direction reference and new ideas for the mechanism research and rehabilitation treatment of diaphragm dysfunction in COPD.

Systematic Review of Physical Activity, Sedentary Behaviour and Sleep Among Adults Living with Chronic Respiratory Disease in Low- and Middle-Income Countries

Abstract

Physical activity (PA), sedentary behaviour (SB) and sleep are important lifestyle behaviours associated with chronic respiratory disease (CRD) morbidity and mortality. These behaviours need to be understood in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC) to develop appropriate interventions.

Purpose

Where and how have free-living PA, SB and sleep data been collected for adults living with CRD in LMIC? What are the free-living PA, SB and sleep levels of adults living with CRD?

Patients and Methods

The literature on free-living PA, SB and sleep of people living with CRD in LMIC was systematically reviewed in five relevant scientific databases. The review included empirical studies conducted in LMIC, reported in any language. Reviewers screened the articles and extracted data on prevalence, levels and measurement approach of PA, SB and sleep using a standardised form. Quality of reporting was assessed using bespoke criteria.

Results

Of 89 articles, most were conducted in Brazil (n=43). PA was the commonest behaviour measured (n=66). Questionnaires (n=52) were more commonly used to measure physical behaviours than device-based (n=37) methods. International Physical Activity Questionnaire was the commonest for measuring PA/SB (n=11). For sleep, most studies used Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (n=18). The most common ways of reporting were steps per day (n=21), energy expenditure (n=21), sedentary time (n=16), standing time (n=13), sitting time (n=11), lying time (n=10) and overall sleep quality (n=32). Studies revealed low PA levels [steps per day (range 2669-7490steps/day)], sedentary lifestyles [sitting time (range 283-418min/day); standing time (range 139-270min/day); lying time (range 76-119min/day)] and poor sleep quality (range 33-100%) among adults with CRD in LMIC.

Conclusion

Data support low PA levels, sedentary lifestyles and poor sleep among people in LMIC living with CRDs. More studies are needed in more diverse populations and would benefit from a harmonised approach to data collection for international comparisons.

Respiratory muscle training program supplemented by a cell-phone application in COPD patients with severe airflow limitation

PURPOSE

The purpose of this study was to implement a respiratory muscle training program through a mobile phone application for COPD patients with severe airflow limitation.

METHODS

We conducted an experimental study to determine the efficacy of a six-month mobile phone application. At least three times a week for six months the patients would participate in an online training session. We evaluated the lung volumes, maximal inspiratory and expiratory pressure (MIP/MEP) and diaphragm amplitude. The tests were performed at the beginning and at the end of the study.

RESULTS

Thirty-four patients with severe COPD, aged between 44 and 67 years (Mean ± SD, 59.29 ± 6.063), accepted to follow a rehabilitation program based on the use of the Pneumocontrol application. We observed on increased of MEP from the pre-rehabilitation state (83.41 cmH2O) to the post-rehabilitation state (95.03 cmH2O), z = 5.087, p < 0.001. Also, the median MIP significantly increased from the pre-rehabilitation state to the post-rehabilitation state, z = 5.052, p < 0.001. Diaphragmatic distance also increased from 2.81 cm to 3.44 cm, z = 5.069, p < 0.001.

CONCLUSION

Respiratory muscle training supplemented through a cell phone-based application can improve respiratory muscle strength and diaphragm mobility.

Effect of Oxidative Stress on Diaphragm Dysfunction and Exercise Intervention in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) can cause extrapulmonary injury such as diaphragm dysfunction. Oxidative stress is one of the main factors causing diaphragm dysfunction in COPD. Exercise plays a positive role in the prevention and treatment of diaphragm dysfunction in COPD, and the changes in diaphragm structure and function induced by exercise are closely related to the regulation of oxidative stress. Therefore, on the basis of the review of oxidative stress and the changes in diaphragm structure and function in COPD, this article analyzed the effects of exercise on oxidative stress and diaphragm dysfunction in COPD and explored the possible mechanism by which exercise improves oxidative stress. Studies have found that diaphragm dysfunction in COPD includes the decline of muscle strength, endurance, and activity. Oxidative stress mainly affects the structure and function of the diaphragm in COPD through protein oxidation, protease activation and calcium sensitivity reduction. The effects of exercise on oxidative stress level and diaphragm dysfunction may differ depending on the intensity, duration, and style of exercise. The mechanism of exercise on oxidative stress in the diaphragm of COPD may include improving antioxidant capacity, reducing oxidase activity and improving mitochondrial function.

Effects of erector spinae plane block and retrolaminar block on analgesia for multiple rib fractures: a randomized, double-blinded clinical trial

Objective

To investigate the effects of Erector Spinae Plane Block (ESPB) and Retrolaminar Block (RLB) on intra- and postoperative analgesia in patients with Multiple Rib Fractures (MRFs).

Methods

A total of 80 MRFs patients were randomly divided into the ESPB (Group E) and RLB (Group R) groups. After general anesthesia, ESPB and RLB were performed under ultrasound guidance, respectively, together with 20 mL of 0.5% ropivacaine and Patient-Controlled Intravenous Analgesia (PCIA).

Results

Thirty-four cases in Group E and 33,cases in Group R showed unclear paravertebral spaces. The intraoperative dosage of remifentanil (mean ± SD) (392.8 ± 118.7 vs. 501.7 ± 190.0 μg) and postoperative morphine PCIA dosage, (7.35 ± 1.55 vs. 14.73 ± 2.18 mg) in Group R were significantly less than those in Group E; the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) scores in Group R at 2 (2.7 ± 1.2 vs. 3.4 ± 1.4), 4 (2.2 ± 1.1 vs. 2.8 ± 0.9), 12 (2.5 ± 0.9 vs. 3.0 ± 0.8), and 24 hours (2.6 ± 1.0 vs. 3.1 ± 0.9) after surgery were significantly lower than those in Group E. Finally, the normal respiratory diaphragm activity (2.17 ± 0.22 vs. 2.05 ± 0.19), pH (median [IQR] (7.38 [7.31–7.45] vs. 7.36 [7.30–7.42]), and partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO₂) (44 [35–49] vs. 42.5 [30–46]) after the operation in Group R were significantly better than those in Group E (p < 0.05).

Conclusions

RLB was a more effective analgesic method than ESPB in the treatment of MRF.

The effects of dynamic core-postural chain stabilization on respiratory function, fatigue and activities of daily living in subacute stroke patients: A randomized control trial

BACKGROUND

Neurodevelopmental treatment (NDT) and dynamic core-postural chain stabilization (DCS)- based exercise is effective for improving core stability and postural control in stroke patients. However, no study has reported respiratory function, increased fatigue and ADL function in subacute stroke patients by training using NDT and DCS exercises.

OBJECTIVE

To compare the effects of DCS and NDT exercises on respiratory function, fatigue and activities of daily living in individuals with hemiparetic stroke.

METHODS

Thirty-one participants with hemiparetic stroke (17 male, 14 female; mean age 60.4±14.58 years; post-stroke duration, 7.2±2.2 weeks) participated in this study. The participants were randomly allocated into DCS (n = 16) and NDT (n = 15). Respiratory function was determined using forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1), maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP), and maximal expiratory pressure (MEP). The fatigue severity scale (FSS) and functional independent measure (FIM) were used to evaluate fatigue severity and activities of daily living (ADL). Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was used to evaluate post-test differences in the DCS and NDT exercise groups.

RESULTS

ANCOVA revealed the superior effects of DCS in respiratory function, as well as clinical FSS and FIM tests, compared with those of NDT (p < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

The results suggest that DCS training was more effective than NDT training at improving respiratory function, fatigue severity and ADL via balanced co-activation of the diaphragm and increased diaphragm movement in individuals with hemiparetic stroke.

Maximum Voluntary Ventilation and Its Relationship With Clinical Outcomes in Subjects With COPD

BACKGROUND

Previous studies have reported that maximum voluntary ventilation (MVV) may be better associated with commonly used outcomes in COPD than FEV₁ and may provide information on respiratory mechanics. In this study, we aimed to investigate the relationship between MVV and clinical outcomes in COPD and to verify whether MVV predicts these outcomes better than FEV₁.

METHODS

We conducted a cross-sectional study involving individuals with COPD. Lung function was assessed with spirometry; maximum inspiratory and expiratory pressures (P_Imax and P_Emax, respectively) were assessed with manuvacuometry; and functional exercise capacity was assessed with the 6-min-walk test (6MWT). Dyspnea was assessed with the modified Medical Research Council (mMRC) scale; functional status was assessed with the modified Pulmonary Functional Status and Dyspnea Questionnaire (PFSDQ-m); and health status was assessed with the COPD Assessment Test (CAT). Correlations were verified with the Spearman coefficient, and stepwise multiple linear regression models investigated the predictors of clinical outcomes.

RESULTS

Our study included 157 subjects: 82 males; median (interquartile range) age 66 (61-73) y; FEV₁ 46 (33-57) % predicted; 6MWT 86 (76-96) % predicted; PFSDQ-m total score 34 (14-57); and CAT total score 13 (7-19). Moderate correlations were found between MVV and P_Imax (r = 0.40), 6MWT (r = 0.50), mMRC (r = -0.56), and total scores on the PFSDQ-m (r = -0.40) and the CAT (r = -0.54). In the regression models, MVV was a predictor of almost all clinical outcomes, unlike FEV₁.

CONCLUSIONS

MVV correlates moderately with clinical outcomes commonly used in the evaluation of individuals with COPD, and MVV is a better predictor of respiratory muscle strength, functional exercise capacity, and patient-reported outcomes than FEV₁.

The Use of Diaphragm Ultrasonography in Pulmonary Physiotherapy of COPD Patients: A Literature Review

There is potentially a broad range of patient populations in which ultrasound imaging (US) might be beneficial form of physiotherapy process support. Among them, the group of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is of great importance, as in this individuals the diaphragm dysfunction is frequently observed. Pulmonary physiotherapy often includes techniques which are intended to influence the diaphragm muscle but its anatomy does not allow for variety of techniques to assess function. Lack of easily available and reliable measures complicates outcomes interpretation and makes decision-making process difficult. A review of the electronic literature was conducted to identify studies related to the US assessment of physiotherapy process and its outcome in COPD patients. As a consequence, seven papers were identified. Based on the results obtained, it can be concluded that the diaphragm excursion is US measure that is most often described in context of diaphragm-related physiotherapy in COPD patients. The methodology applied, however, varies greatly making it difficult to compare results. Thus, developing standards of outcome assessment methods and therapy monitoring systems which are supported by evidence should be of paramount importance. Future studies could also focus on identifying which components of physiotherapeutic diaphragm-targeted approach provide acceptable level of evidence.

Ultrasonographic Assessment of Diaphragmatic Excursion and its Correlation with Spirometry in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Patients

Introduction:

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a common disease. Spirometry is a standard method of assessment of severity of COPD. We evaluate utility of diaphragmatic excursion using ultrasonography in COPD patients and compare this technique with spirometry.

Methods:

Twenty-six COPD patients and 18 self-reported healthy controls were included in this study. After taking the sociodemographic data, measurement of diaphragm excursion was done using M-mode and B-mode ultrasound. Lung function was assessed by spirometry.

Results:

In the COPD group, diaphragmatic excursion was found to be reduced, and it correlates with forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1)/forced vital capacity, whereas it did not correlate with FEV1.

Conclusion:

Ultrasound assessment of diaphragmatic excursion is an easy, noninvasive, and readily available diagnostic tool and correlates with spirometry in estimation of severity of COPD.

Diagnostic and clinical values of non-cardiac ultrasound in COPD: A systematic review

BACKGROUND

Clinical and research utility of non-cardiac ultrasound (US) in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) has been widely investigated. However, there is no systematic review assessing the clinical values of non-cardiac US techniques in COPD.

METHODS

We systematically searched electronic databases from inception to 24 June 2020. Two independent reviewers in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines extracted data. A narrative synthesis of the results was conducted considering non-cardiac US techniques that looked for diaphragm, muscles and bones in patients with COPD.

RESULTS

In total, 2573 abstracts were screened, and 94 full-text papers were reviewed. A total of 54 studies met the inclusion criteria. Thirty-five studies assessed the diaphragm, while 19 studies evaluated different muscles, including limb muscles and pulmonary lesions in COPD using US. Of the 54 included studies, 30% (16/54) evaluated the changes in either limb muscles or diaphragmatic features before and after physical interventions; 67% (36/54) assessed the correlations between sonographic features and COPD severity. Indeed, 14/15 and 9/13 studies reported a significant reduction in diaphragm excursion and thickness in COPD compared with healthy subjects, respectively; this was correlated significantly with the severity and prognosis of COPD. Three studies reported links between diaphragm length and COPD, where lower diaphragm length correlated with poorer prognosis and outcomes. Quadriceps (rectus femoris), ankle dorsiflexor (tibialis anterior) and vastus lateralis were the most common muscles in COPD assessed by US. More than 70% (12/17) of the studies reported a significant reduction in the cross-sectional area (CSA) of the rectus femoris, rectus femoris and vastus lateralis thickness in COPD compared with healthy subjects. Quadriceps CSA and thickness correlated positively with COPD prognosis, in which patients with reduced quadriceps CSA and thickness have higher risk of exacerbation, readmission and death.

CONCLUSION

US measurements of diaphragm excursion and thickness, as well as lower limb muscles strength, size and thickness, may provide a safe, portable and effective alternative to radiation-based techniques in diagnosis and prognosis as well as tracking improvement postintervention in patients with COPD.

The Effect of a Pulmonary Rehabilitation on Lung Function and Exercise Capacity in Patients with Burn: A Prospective Randomized Single-Blind Study

We performed pulmonary function (PF) tests and factors affecting PF evaluation in 120 patients with inhalation injury to evaluate the effects of pulmonary rehabilitation (PR) in burn patients with inhalation injury. Patients were randomized into pulmonary rehabilitation (PR) group and conventional rehabilitation (CON) group. PF tests, including forced vital capacity (FVC), 1-s forced expiratory volume FEV1), maximum voluntary ventilation (MVV), and respiratory muscles strength (maximal expiratory pressure (MEP) and maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP)), were measured by mouth pressure meter in the sitting position. Diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide (DLco) was determined by the single-breath carbon monoxide technique. Peak cough flow (PCF) was measured by a peak flow meter. Diaphragmatic mobility (DM) was evaluated on anteroposterior fluoroscopy. All evaluations were performed in all groups at baseline and after 12 weeks. There were no differences in evaluations between the PR group and CON group before the intervention. There were significant improvements in the PCF and MIP (%) changes, taken before and after rehabilitation in the PR group, compared with the changes in the CON group (p = 0.01, and p = 0.04). There were no significant changes in the other parameters in the PR group compared with the changes in the CON group (p > 0.05). There were significant differences in DLco (%), MIP, MIP (%), and DM between the PR group and the CON group (p = 0.02, p = 0.005, and p = 0.001) after 12 weeks of rehabilitation. There were no differences between the PR group and CON group after 12 weeks rehabilitation in the other parameters (p > 0.05). PR for patients with major burns and smoke inhalation induced improved PCF, MIP, MIP (%), DLco (%), and DM. These results show that PR should be a fundamental component of the treatment program for patients with burns.

Mobility impact and methods of diaphragm monitoring in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a systematic review

The objectives of the study were to identify the factors that limit diaphragmatic mobility and evaluate the therapeutic results of the monitoring methods previously used in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and LILACS databases were used. A gray literature search was conducted with Google scholar. PRISMA was used, and the bias risk analysis adapted from the Cochrane Handbook for clinical trials and, for other studies, the Downs and Black checklist were used. Twenty-five articles were included in the qualitative synthesis analysis on physiotherapeutic techniques and diaphragmatic mobility. Eight clinical trials indicated satisfactory domains, and on the Downs and Black scale, 17 cohort studies were evaluated to have an acceptable score. Different conditions must be observed; for example, for postoperative assessments the supine position is suggested to be the most appropriate position to verify diaphragm excursion, although it has been shown to be associated with difficulty of restriction and matching in samples. Therefore, we identified the need for contemporary adjustments and strategies that used imaging instruments, preferably in the dorsal position. Therapeutic evidence on the association between the instrumental method and diaphragmatic mobility can be controversial. The ultrasound measurements indicated some relevance for different analyses, for pulmonary hyperinflation as well as diaphragm thickness and mobilization, in COPD patients. In particular, the study suggests that the ultrasound technique with B-mode for analysis and M-mode for diaphragmatic excursion be used with a 2 - 5 MHz with the patient in the supine position. However, the methods used to monitor diaphragm excursion should be adapted to the conditions of the patients, and additional investigations of their characteristics should be performed. More selective inclusion criteria and better matching in the samples are very important. In addition, more narrow age, sex and weight categories are important, especially in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Diaphragmatic motor cortex hyperexcitability in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Background and objectives

Respiratory muscles dysfunction has been reported in COPD. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has been used for assessing the respiratory corticospinal pathways particularly of diaphragm. We aimed to study the cortico-diaphragmatic motor system changes in COPD using TMS and to correlate the findings with the pulmonary function.

Methods

A case control study recruited 30 stable COPD from the out-patient respiratory clinic of Main Alexandria University hospital- Egypt and 17 healthy control subjects who were subjected to spirometry. Cortical conduction of the diaphragm was performed by TMS to all participants followed by cervical magnetic stimulation of the phrenic nerve roots. Diaphragmatic resting motor threshold (DRMT), cortical motor evoked potential latency (CMEPL), CMEP amplitude (CMEPA), peripheral motor evoked potential latency (PMEPL), PMEP amplitude (PMEPA) and central motor conduction time (CMCT) were measured.

Results

66.7% of COPD patients had severe and very severe COPD with median age of 59 (55–63) years. There was statistically significant bilateral decrease in DRMT, CMEPA and PMEPA in COPD group versus healthy subjects and significant increase in CMEPL and PMEPL (p <0.01). Left CMCT was significantly prolonged in COPD group versus healthy subjects (p <0.0001) but not right CMCT. Further, there was significant increase in CMEPL and CMCT of left versus right diaphragm in COPD group (p = 0.003 and 0.001 respectively) that inversely correlated with FEV₁% and FVC% predicted. Right and left DRMT were insignificantly different in COPD group (p >0.05) but positively correlated with FEV₁/FVC, FEV₁% and FVC% predicted.

Conclusion

Central cortico-diaphragmatic motor system is affected in COPD patients with heterogeneity of both sides that is correlated with pulmonary function.

Significance

Coticospinal pathway affection could be a factor for development of diaphragmatic dysfunction in COPD patients accordingly its evaluation could help in personalization of COPD management especially pulmonary rehabilitation programs.

Evaluation of diaphragm ultrasound in predicting extubation outcome in mechanically ventilated patients with COPD

Background

To explore the value of the right hemi-diaphragmatic excursion (DE) and its variation in predicting extubation outcome in mechanically ventilated patients with COPD.

Methods

All included patients with COPD received mechanical ventilation (MV) and were ready to wean from MV. After patients passed the 30 min spontaneous breathing trail (SBT), extubation was considered to be feasible, and the right DE measured by ultrasound at 0 min, 5 min, and 30 min of SBT were named as DE₀, DE₅, and DE₃₀, respectively.

Results

Twenty-five patients succeeded extubation; 12 patients failed. The area under receiver operator characteristic curve (AUC_ROC) of DE₃₀ and ΔDE₃₀₋₅ (the variation between 30 and 5 min) were 0.762 and 0.835; a cutoff value of DE₃₀ > 1.72 cm and ΔDE₃₀₋₅ > 0.16 cm were associated with a successful extubation with a sensitivity of 76% and 84%, a specificity of 75% and 83.3%, respectively. The predictive probability equation of the DE₃₀ plus ∆DE₃₀₋₅ was P = 1/[1 + e^{−(−5.625+17.689×∆DE}₃₀₋₅^+1.802×DE₃₀⁾], a cutoff value of P > 0.626 was associated with a successful extubation with the AUC_ROC of 0.867, a sensitivity of 92%, and a specificity of 83.3%.

Conclusion

The combination of DE₃₀ and ∆DE₃₀₋₅ could improve the predictive value and could be used as the predictor of extubation outcome in mechanically ventilated patients with COPD.

Inspiratory muscle strength, diaphragmatic mobility, and body composition in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a systemic inflammatory disease that can cause repercussions on respiratory muscles and body composition. The aim of the current study was to evaluate inspiratory muscle strength, diaphragmatic mobility, and body composition in COPD subjects and to correlate these variables.

METHODS

This was a cross-sectional study performed with 21 COPD patients. Inspiratory muscle strength (manovacuometry), pulmonary function test (forced vital capacity [FVC], forced expiratory volume in 1 s [FEV₁ ], and FEV₁ /FVC ratio), diaphragmatic mobility (ultrasonography), and body composition (bioelectrical impedance analysis) were examined.

RESULTS

COPD individuals in Stages II (28.9%), III (52%), and IV (19%) according to Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Disease were recruited, 61.9% of which were men. Inspiratory muscle weakness was found in 47.6% of subjects, who presented a lower fat-free mass percentage (p = 0.017) and smaller fat-free mass index (p = 0.001) and greater fat mass percentage (p = 0.029) and less diaphragmatic mobility (p = 0.007) compared with the nonrespiratory weakness group. Maximal inspiratory pressure exhibited a moderately positive relationship to the fat-free mass index (r = 0.767, p < 0.001) and a weak positive relationship to diaphragmatic mobility (r = 0.496, p = 0.022).

CONCLUSION

Our study showed a high prevalence of inspiratory muscle weakness based on the severity of airway obstruction and on the presence of muscular depletion. The evaluation of body composition detected important changes. It also demonstrated that not only muscular weakness was present in these patients but also this had repercussions on the mobility of the diaphragm muscle.