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Imokawa T, Yokoyama K, Takahashi K, Oyama J, Tsuchiya J, Sanjo N, Tateishi U. Brain perfusion SPECT in dementia: what radiologists should know. Jpn J Radiol 2024:10.1007/s11604-024-01612-5. [PMID: 38888851 DOI: 10.1007/s11604-024-01612-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
The findings of brain perfusion single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), which detects abnormalities often before changes manifest in morphological imaging, mainly reflect neurodegeneration and contribute to dementia evaluation. A major shift is about to occur in dementia practice to the approach of diagnosing based on biomarkers and treating with disease-modifying drugs. Accordingly, brain perfusion SPECT will be required to serve as a biomarker of neurodegeneration. Hypoperfusion in Alzheimer's disease (AD) is typically seen in the posterior cingulate cortex and precuneus early in the disease, followed by the temporoparietal cortices. On the other hand, atypical presentations of AD such as the posterior variant, logopenic variant, frontal variant, and corticobasal syndrome exhibit hypoperfusion in areas related to symptoms. Additionally, hypoperfusion especially in the precuneus and parietal association cortex can serve as a predictor of progression from mild cognitive impairment to AD. In dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), the differentiating feature is the presence of hypoperfusion in the occipital lobes in addition to that observed in AD. Hypoperfusion of the occipital lobe is not a remarkable finding, as it is assumed to reflect functional loss due to impairment of the cholinergic and dopaminergic systems rather than degeneration per se. Moreover, the cingulate island sign reflects the degree of AD pathology comorbid in DLB. Frontotemporal dementia is characterized by regional hypoperfusion according to the three clinical types, and the background pathology is diverse. Idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus shows apparent hypoperfusion around the Sylvian fissure and corpus callosum and apparent hyperperfusion in high-convexity areas. The cortex or striatum with diffusion restriction on magnetic resonance imaging in prion diseases reflects spongiform degeneration and brain perfusion SPECT reveals hypoperfusion in the same areas. Brain perfusion SPECT findings in dementia should be carefully interpreted considering background pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoki Imokawa
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Radiology, Japanese Red Cross Omori Hospital, Ota-Ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kota Yokoyama
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Kanae Takahashi
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jun Oyama
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Junichi Tsuchiya
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobuo Sanjo
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ukihide Tateishi
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, Japan
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Adler GL, Le K, Fu Y, Kim WS. Human Endogenous Retroviruses in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:745. [PMID: 38927681 PMCID: PMC11202925 DOI: 10.3390/genes15060745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2024] [Revised: 05/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) are DNA transposable elements that have integrated into the human genome via an ancestral germline infection. The potential importance of HERVs is underscored by the fact that they comprise approximately 8% of the human genome. HERVs have been implicated in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases, a group of CNS diseases characterized by a progressive loss of structure and function of neurons, resulting in cell death and multiple physiological dysfunctions. Much evidence indicates that HERVs are initiators or drivers of neurodegenerative processes in multiple sclerosis and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and clinical trials have been designed to target HERVs. In recent years, the role of HERVs has been explored in other major neurodegenerative diseases, including frontotemporal dementia, Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease, with some interesting discoveries. This review summarizes and evaluates the past and current research on HERVs in neurodegenerative diseases. It discusses the potential role of HERVs in disease manifestation and neurodegeneration. It critically reviews antiretroviral strategies used in the therapeutic intervention of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle L. Adler
- Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - Kelvin Le
- Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - YuHong Fu
- Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - Woojin Scott Kim
- Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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3
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Langerscheidt F, Wied T, Al Kabbani MA, van Eimeren T, Wunderlich G, Zempel H. Genetic forms of tauopathies: inherited causes and implications of Alzheimer's disease-like TAU pathology in primary and secondary tauopathies. J Neurol 2024; 271:2992-3018. [PMID: 38554150 PMCID: PMC11136742 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-024-12314-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024]
Abstract
Tauopathies are a heterogeneous group of neurologic diseases characterized by pathological axodendritic distribution, ectopic expression, and/or phosphorylation and aggregation of the microtubule-associated protein TAU, encoded by the gene MAPT. Neuronal dysfunction, dementia, and neurodegeneration are common features of these often detrimental diseases. A neurodegenerative disease is considered a primary tauopathy when MAPT mutations/haplotypes are its primary cause and/or TAU is the main pathological feature. In case TAU pathology is observed but superimposed by another pathological hallmark, the condition is classified as a secondary tauopathy. In some tauopathies (e.g. MAPT-associated frontotemporal dementia (FTD), progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), corticobasal degeneration (CBD), and Alzheimer's disease (AD)) TAU is recognized as a significant pathogenic driver of the disease. In many secondary tauopathies, including Parkinson's disease (PD) and Huntington's disease (HD), TAU is suggested to contribute to the development of dementia, but in others (e.g. Niemann-Pick disease (NPC)) TAU may only be a bystander. The genetic and pathological mechanisms underlying TAU pathology are often not fully understood. In this review, the genetic predispositions and variants associated with both primary and secondary tauopathies are examined in detail, assessing evidence for the role of TAU in these conditions. We highlight less common genetic forms of tauopathies to increase awareness for these disorders and the involvement of TAU in their pathology. This approach not only contributes to a deeper understanding of these conditions but may also lay the groundwork for potential TAU-based therapeutic interventions for various tauopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Langerscheidt
- Institute of Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Tamara Wied
- Institute of Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, 50931, Cologne, Germany
- Department of Natural Sciences, Bonn-Rhein-Sieg University of Applied Sciences, Von-Liebig-Str. 20, 53359, Rheinbach, Germany
| | - Mohamed Aghyad Al Kabbani
- Institute of Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Thilo van Eimeren
- Multimodal Neuroimaging Group, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50937, Cologne, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50937, Cologne, Germany
| | - Gilbert Wunderlich
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50937, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Rare Diseases, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Hans Zempel
- Institute of Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931, Cologne, Germany.
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, 50931, Cologne, Germany.
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Shaw JS, Leoutsakos JM, Rosenberg PB. The Relationship Between First Presenting Neuropsychiatric Symptoms in Older Adults and Autopsy-Confirmed Memory Disorders. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2024; 32:754-764. [PMID: 38296755 PMCID: PMC11096035 DOI: 10.1016/j.jagp.2024.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Although dementia is typically considered a disease of cognitive decline, almost all patients present with neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS) at some stage of their disease. Few studies have assessed the timing of NPS onset in relation to pathological diagnoses of neurodegenerative diseases. We sought to examine the association between the first presenting clinically significant NPS in aging individuals and neuropathological diagnoses of memory disorders. DESIGN This retrospective longitudinal cohort study utilized the National Alzheimer's Coordinating Center (NACC) dataset, which includes participant data from 37 Alzheimer's Disease Research Centers collected between 2005 and 2022. PARTICIPANTS Participants (N = 5,416) aged 45 years or older with Clinical Dementia Rating-Global ratings of less than or equal to 1 were included in this analysis. A total of 4,033 (74.5%) participants presented with at least one NPS at any NACC visit. MEASUREMENTS To measure first NPS, the NACCBEHF variable was used, a clinician-rated variable defined as "the predominant symptom that was first recognized as a decline in the subject's behavior." Neuropathologic variables included assessments of Alzheimer's Disease, Frontotemporal Dementia, Lewy Body Dementia, Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy, Hippocampal Sclerosis, and Cerebrovascular Disease. RESULTS Presentation with any clinically significant first NPS was associated with several neuropathological diagnoses including Alzheimer's Disease, Frontotemporal Lobar Dementia with TDP-43 pathology, and Lewy Body Dementia. While specific first NPS were associated with Frontotemporal Dementia neuropathology (personality change and disinhibition) and Lewy Body Dementia neuropathology (psychosis and REM behavior disturbance), Alzheimer's Disease neuropathology was associated with the majority of NPS. CONCLUSIONS Since neuropsychiatric symptoms are frequently the first presenting symptom of dementia, their associations with well-defined neuropathological diagnoses may help clinicians predict the subtype of future dementias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob S Shaw
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (JSS), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD.
| | - Jeannie M Leoutsakos
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (JML, PBR), Johns Hopkins Bayview, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Paul B Rosenberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (JML, PBR), Johns Hopkins Bayview, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
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Udine E, DeJesus-Hernandez M, Tian S, das Neves SP, Crook R, Finch NA, Baker MC, Pottier C, Graff-Radford NR, Boeve BF, Petersen RC, Knopman DS, Josephs KA, Oskarsson B, Da Mesquita S, Petrucelli L, Gendron TF, Dickson DW, Rademakers R, van Blitterswijk M. Abundant transcriptomic alterations in the human cerebellum of patients with a C9orf72 repeat expansion. Acta Neuropathol 2024; 147:73. [PMID: 38641715 PMCID: PMC11031479 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-024-02720-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
The most prominent genetic cause of both amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) is a repeat expansion in the gene C9orf72. Importantly, the transcriptomic consequences of the C9orf72 repeat expansion remain largely unclear. Here, we used short-read RNA sequencing (RNAseq) to profile the cerebellar transcriptome, detecting alterations in patients with a C9orf72 repeat expansion. We focused on the cerebellum, since key C9orf72-related pathologies are abundant in this neuroanatomical region, yet TDP-43 pathology and neuronal loss are minimal. Consistent with previous work, we showed a reduction in the expression of the C9orf72 gene and an elevation in homeobox genes, when comparing patients with the expansion to both patients without the C9orf72 repeat expansion and control subjects. Interestingly, we identified more than 1000 alternative splicing events, including 4 in genes previously associated with ALS and/or FTLD. We also found an increase of cryptic splicing in C9orf72 patients compared to patients without the expansion and controls. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the expression level of select RNA-binding proteins is associated with cryptic splice junction inclusion. Overall, this study explores the presence of widespread transcriptomic changes in the cerebellum, a region not confounded by severe neurodegeneration, in post-mortem tissue from C9orf72 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan Udine
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Rd S, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
- Neuroscience Ph.D. Program, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | | | - Shulan Tian
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | | | - Richard Crook
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Rd S, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - NiCole A Finch
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Rd S, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Matthew C Baker
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Rd S, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Cyril Pottier
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Rd S, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Björn Oskarsson
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Sandro Da Mesquita
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Rd S, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
- Neuroscience Ph.D. Program, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Leonard Petrucelli
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Rd S, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
- Neuroscience Ph.D. Program, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Tania F Gendron
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Rd S, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
- Neuroscience Ph.D. Program, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Dennis W Dickson
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Rd S, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
- Neuroscience Ph.D. Program, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Rosa Rademakers
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Rd S, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
- VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Marka van Blitterswijk
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Rd S, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA.
- Neuroscience Ph.D. Program, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA.
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6
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Rexach JE, Cheng Y, Chen L, Polioudakis D, Lin LC, Mitri V, Elkins A, Yin A, Calini D, Kawaguchi R, Ou J, Huang J, Williams C, Robinson J, Gaus SE, Spina S, Lee EB, Grinberg LT, Vinters H, Trojanowski JQ, Seeley WW, Malhotra D, Geschwind DH. Disease-specific selective vulnerability and neuroimmune pathways in dementia revealed by single cell genomics. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.09.29.560245. [PMID: 37808727 PMCID: PMC10557766 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.29.560245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
The development of successful therapeutics for dementias requires an understanding of their shared and distinct molecular features in the human brain. We performed single-nuclear RNAseq and ATACseq in Alzheimer disease (AD), Frontotemporal degeneration (FTD), and Progressive Supranuclear Palsy (PSP), analyzing 40 participants, yielding over 1.4M cells from three brain regions ranging in vulnerability and pathological burden. We identify 35 shared disease-associated cell types and 14 that are disease-specific, replicating those previously identified in AD. Disease - specific cell states represent molecular features of disease-specific glial-immune mechanisms and neuronal vulnerability in each disorder, layer 4/5 intra-telencephalic neurons in AD, layer 2/3 intra-telencephalic neurons in FTD, and layer 5/6 near-projection neurons in PSP. We infer intrinsic disease-associated gene regulatory networks, which we empirically validate by chromatin footprinting. We find that causal genetic risk acts in specific neuronal and glial cells that differ across disorders, primarily non-neuronal cells in AD and specific neuronal subtypes in FTD and PSP. These data illustrate the heterogeneous spectrum of glial and neuronal composition and gene expression alterations in different dementias and identify new therapeutic targets by revealing shared and disease-specific cell states.
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Carlos AF, Josephs KA. The Role of Clinical Assessment in the Era of Biomarkers. Neurotherapeutics 2023; 20:1001-1018. [PMID: 37594658 PMCID: PMC10457273 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-023-01410-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Hippocratic Medicine revolved around the three main principles of patient, disease, and physician and promoted the systematic observation of patients, rational reasoning, and interpretation of collected information. Although these remain the cardinal features of clinical assessment today, Medicine has evolved from a more physician-centered to a more patient-centered approach. Clinical assessment allows physicians to encounter, observe, evaluate, and connect with patients. This establishes the patient-physician relationship and facilitates a better understanding of the patient-disease relationship, as the ultimate goal is to diagnose, prognosticate, and treat. Biomarkers are at the core of the more disease-centered approach that is currently revolutionizing Medicine as they provide insight into the underlying disease pathomechanisms and biological changes. Genetic, biochemical, radiographic, and clinical biomarkers are currently used. Here, we define a seven-level theoretical construct for the utility of biomarkers in neurodegenerative diseases. Level 1-3 biomarkers are considered supportive of clinical assessment, capable of detecting susceptibility or risk factors, non-specific neurodegeneration or dysfunction, and/or changes at the individual level which help increase clinical diagnostic accuracy and confidence. Level 4-7 biomarkers have the potential to surpass the utility of clinical assessment through detection of early disease stages and prediction of underlying pathology. In neurodegenerative diseases, biomarkers can potentiate, but cannot substitute, clinical assessment. In this current era, aside from adding to the discovery, evaluation/validation, and implementation of more biomarkers, clinical assessment remains crucial to maintaining the personal, humanistic, and sociocultural aspects of patient care. We would argue that clinical assessment is a custom that should never go obsolete.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arenn F Carlos
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, 200 1st St. S.W., Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.
| | - Keith A Josephs
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, 200 1st St. S.W., Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
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Han Y, He Z. Concomitant protein pathogenesis in Parkinson's disease and perspective mechanisms. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 15:1189809. [PMID: 37181621 PMCID: PMC10174460 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1189809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Comorbidity is a common phenotype in Parkinson's disease (PD). Patients with PD not only have motor deficit symptoms, but also have heterogeneous non-motor symptoms, including cognitive impairment and emotional changes, which are the featured symptoms observed in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD), frontotemporal dementia (FTD) and cerebrovascular disease. Moreover, autopsy studies have also confirmed the concomitant protein pathogenesis, such as the co-existences of α-synuclein, amyloid-β and tau pathologies in PD and AD patients' brains. Here, we briefly summarize the recent reports regarding the comorbidity issues in PD from both clinical observations and neuropathological evidences. Furthermore, we provide some discussion about the perspective potential mechanisms underlying such comorbidity phenomenon, with a focus on PD and related neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuliang Han
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhuohao He
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Zhuohao He,
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9
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Hashizume Y. Macroscopic findings of brain with dementia. Neuropathology 2022; 42:353-366. [PMID: 35451141 DOI: 10.1111/neup.12785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we have described the points to be noted when examining the macroscopic findings of the brain of patients with dementia. The characteristics of the macroscopic findings of the brain of patients with dementia are shown in the figure of the outer surface and the cut surface. Gross findings in the brain of patients with Alzheimer's disease should consider, in addition to the degree of limbic changes, whether the atrophy is diffuse, the degree of ventricular enlargement, and the complications of vascular changes. The macroscopic findings of the brain of patients with dementia with Lewy bodies are characterized by the absence of notable abnormal findings other than the depigmentation of the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus. In dementia with Lewy bodies, other types of dementia complications should be considered if abnormal findings are present. It should be noted that accurate diagnosis of argyrophilic grain dementia and senile dementia of neurofibrillary tangle type by macroscopic findings alone is often difficult to distinguish from a mild case of Alzheimer's disease and change by physiological aging in particular. In frontotemporal lobar degeneration, changes in the basal ganglia, brain stem, cerebellum and motor neurons should be observed to make a differential diagnosis of various types of frontotemporal lobar degeneration. It is important to understand the areas that are often damaged in different types of dementia and the extent of lesions, and to distinguish each type of dementia. Care should be taken as macroscopic findings are more complex when several types of dementia are mixed. It was shown that accurate understanding of macroscopic findings is essential for understanding clinical symptoms, imaging findings, differential diagnosis of dementia and disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshio Hashizume
- Institute of Neuropathology, Fukushimura Hospital, Toyohashi, Japan
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10
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Meneses A, Koga S, O’Leary J, Dickson DW, Bu G, Zhao N. TDP-43 Pathology in Alzheimer’s Disease. Mol Neurodegener 2021; 16:84. [PMID: 34930382 PMCID: PMC8691026 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-021-00503-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Transactive response DNA binding protein of 43 kDa (TDP-43) is an intranuclear protein encoded by the TARDBP gene that is involved in RNA splicing, trafficking, stabilization, and thus, the regulation of gene expression. Cytoplasmic inclusion bodies containing phosphorylated and truncated forms of TDP-43 are hallmarks of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and a subset of frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD). Additionally, TDP-43 inclusions have been found in up to 57% of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) cases, most often in a limbic distribution, with or without hippocampal sclerosis. In some cases, TDP-43 deposits are also found in neurons with neurofibrillary tangles. AD patients with TDP-43 pathology have increased severity of cognitive impairment compared to those without TDP-43 pathology. Furthermore, the most common genetic risk factor for AD, apolipoprotein E4 (APOE4), is associated with increased frequency of TDP-43 pathology. These findings provide strong evidence that TDP-43 pathology is an integral part of multiple neurodegenerative conditions, including AD. Here, we review the biology and pathobiology of TDP-43 with a focus on its role in AD. We emphasize the need for studies on the mechanisms that lead to TDP-43 pathology, especially in the setting of age-related disorders such as AD.
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Abstract
This chapter will address the issue of risk for HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND), focusing on HIV-associated dementia (HAD), among persons living with HIV in relationship to the risk for other dementias. Advances in effective antiretroviral therapy (ART) have led to an increase in the prevalence of older persons surviving with HIV - in addition to older persons who become infected by HIV later in life. Hence, HIV is no longer a disease of younger persons, and additional attention has been brought to bear against the plight of older persons living with HIV - not only as it pertains to treatment but also to prevention. The additional risk caused by aging among older persons living with HIV is complex to asses, and HIV infection is a research area that requires a robust approach to multiple other factors causing neurocognitive impairment with older age. The long-term and potentially neurotoxic exposure to ART and the deleterious consequences of chronic infection with HIV and its associated neuro-inflammation have been described for health. This aids in the understanding of dementia risk factors in this patient population, but the comorbidities (HIV- and non-HIV-associated) occurring among older persons living with HIV must also be addressed to properly assess the overall impact on dementia risk in this group. This need also warrants our examination of the risk factors for other dementias (and comorbid dementias) in persons living with HIV versus the general population through the assessment and quantification of modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors identified as major contributors toward dementia.
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12
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Gambogi LB, Guimarães HC, de Souza LC, Caramelli P. Treatment of the behavioral variant of frontotemporal dementia: a narrative review. Dement Neuropsychol 2021; 15:331-338. [PMID: 34630920 PMCID: PMC8485641 DOI: 10.1590/1980-57642021dn15-030004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder accompanied by behavioral and personality changes and/or language deterioration. Its behavioral variant (bvFTD) is the main clinical presentation. Objective This study aims to investigate the treatment alternatives for bvFTD available so far. Methods We conducted a narrative review of bvFTD treatment options. We used PubMed and Lilacs databases with the terms "frontotemporal dementia" or "behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia" combined with "treatment," "pharmacological treatment," or "disease-modifying drugs." Results The articles retrieved and selected in the research pointed out that there is no specific treatment approved for bvFTD so far. The current proposals are limited to handle the cardinal behavioral symptoms of the disorder. Disease-modifying drugs are under development and may be promising, especially in the monogenic presentations of FTD. Conclusions There are numerous approaches to treat the core symptoms of bvFTD, most of them based on low-quality research. To date, there are no drugs with a disease-specific therapeutic recommendation for bvFTD. Treatments are often investigated guided by primary psychiatric disorders with similar symptoms and should be chosen by the predominant symptom profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro Boson Gambogi
- Behavioral and Cognitive Neurology Research Group, Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program in Neurosciences, Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Henrique Cerqueira Guimarães
- Behavioral and Cognitive Neurology Research Group, Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Cruz de Souza
- Behavioral and Cognitive Neurology Research Group, Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program in Neurosciences, Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Paulo Caramelli
- Behavioral and Cognitive Neurology Research Group, Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program in Neurosciences, Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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13
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Adding Some "Splice" to Stress Eating: Autophagy, ESCRT and Alternative Splicing Orchestrate the Cellular Stress Response. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12081196. [PMID: 34440370 PMCID: PMC8393842 DOI: 10.3390/genes12081196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a widely studied self-renewal pathway that is essential for degrading damaged cellular organelles or recycling biomolecules to maintain cellular homeostasis, particularly under cellular stress. This pathway initiates with formation of an autophagosome, which is a double-membrane structure that envelopes cytosolic components and fuses with a lysosome to facilitate degradation of the contents. The endosomal sorting complexes required for transport (ESCRT) proteins play an integral role in controlling autophagosome fusion events and disruption to this machinery leads to autophagosome accumulation. Given the central role of autophagy in maintaining cellular health, it is unsurprising that dysfunction of this process is associated with many human maladies including cancer and neurodegenerative diseases. The cell can also rapidly respond to cellular stress through alternative pre-mRNA splicing that enables adaptive changes to the cell's proteome in response to stress. Thus, alternative pre-mRNA splicing of genes that are involved in autophagy adds another layer of complexity to the cell's stress response. Consequently, the dysregulation of alternative splicing of genes associated with autophagy and ESCRT may also precipitate disease states by either reducing the ability of the cell to respond to stress or triggering a maladaptive response that is pathogenic. In this review, we summarize the diverse roles of the ESCRT machinery and alternative splicing in regulating autophagy and how their dysfunction can have implications for human disease.
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14
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Root J, Merino P, Nuckols A, Johnson M, Kukar T. Lysosome dysfunction as a cause of neurodegenerative diseases: Lessons from frontotemporal dementia and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neurobiol Dis 2021; 154:105360. [PMID: 33812000 PMCID: PMC8113138 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2021.105360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) are fatal neurodegenerative disorders that are thought to exist on a clinical and pathological spectrum. FTD and ALS are linked by shared genetic causes (e.g. C9orf72 hexanucleotide repeat expansions) and neuropathology, such as inclusions of ubiquitinated, misfolded proteins (e.g. TAR DNA-binding protein 43; TDP-43) in the CNS. Furthermore, some genes that cause FTD or ALS when mutated encode proteins that localize to the lysosome or modulate endosome-lysosome function, including lysosomal fusion, cargo trafficking, lysosomal acidification, autophagy, or TFEB activity. In this review, we summarize evidence that lysosomal dysfunction, caused by genetic mutations (e.g. C9orf72, GRN, MAPT, TMEM106B) or toxic-gain of function (e.g. aggregation of TDP-43 or tau), is an important pathogenic disease mechanism in FTD and ALS. Further studies into the normal function of many of these proteins are required and will help uncover the mechanisms that cause lysosomal dysfunction in FTD and ALS. Mutations or polymorphisms in genes that encode proteins important for endosome-lysosome function also occur in other age-dependent neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's (e.g. APOE, PSEN1, APP) and Parkinson's (e.g. GBA, LRRK2, ATP13A2) disease. A more complete understanding of the common and unique features of lysosome dysfunction across the spectrum of neurodegeneration will help guide the development of therapies for these devastating diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Root
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University, School of Medicine, Atlanta 30322, Georgia; Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University, School of Medicine, Atlanta 30322, Georgia
| | - Paola Merino
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University, School of Medicine, Atlanta 30322, Georgia; Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University, School of Medicine, Atlanta 30322, Georgia
| | - Austin Nuckols
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University, School of Medicine, Atlanta 30322, Georgia; Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University, School of Medicine, Atlanta 30322, Georgia
| | - Michelle Johnson
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University, School of Medicine, Atlanta 30322, Georgia; Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University, School of Medicine, Atlanta 30322, Georgia
| | - Thomas Kukar
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University, School of Medicine, Atlanta 30322, Georgia; Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University, School of Medicine, Atlanta 30322, Georgia; Department of Neurology, Emory University, School of Medicine, Atlanta 30322, Georgia.
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15
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Castro M, Venkateswaran N, Peters ST, Deyle DR, Bower M, Koob MD, Boeve BF, Vossel K. Case Report: Early-Onset Behavioral Variant Frontotemporal Dementia in Patient With Retrotransposed Full-Length Transcript of Matrin-3 Variant 5. Front Neurol 2020; 11:600468. [PMID: 33408686 PMCID: PMC7779795 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.600468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) rarely occurs in individuals under the age of 30, and genetic causes of early-onset FTD are largely unknown. The current report follows a 27 year-old patient with no significant past medical history presenting with two years of progressive changes in behavior, rushed speech, verbal aggression, and social withdrawal. MRI and FDG-PET imaging of the brain revealed changes maximally in the frontal and temporal lobes, which along with the clinical features, are consistent with behavioral variant FTD. Next generation sequencing of a panel of 28 genes associated with dementia and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) initially revealed a duplication of exon 15 in Matrin-3 (MATR3). Whole genome sequencing determined that this genetic anomaly was, in fact, a sequence corresponding with full-length MATR3 variant 5 inserted into chromosome 12, indicating retrotransposition from a messenger RNA intermediate. To our knowledge, this is a novel mutation of MATR3, as the majority of mutations in MATR3 linked to FTD-ALS are point mutations. Genomic DNA analysis revealed that this mutation is also present in one unaffected first-degree relative and one unaffected second-degree relative. This suggests that the mutation is either a disease-causing mutation with incomplete penetrance, which has been observed in heritable FTD, or a benign variant. Retrotransposons are not often implicated in neurodegenerative diseases; thus, it is crucial to clarify the potential role of this MATR3 variant 5 retrotransposition in early-onset FTD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madelyn Castro
- Department of Neurology, N. Bud Grossman Center for Memory Research and Care, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Nisha Venkateswaran
- Department of Neurology, N. Bud Grossman Center for Memory Research and Care, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States.,Department of Neurology, Mary S. Easton Center for Alzheimer's Disease Research at UCLA, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Samuel T Peters
- Department of Neurology, N. Bud Grossman Center for Memory Research and Care, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - David R Deyle
- Department of Clinical Genomics, Mayo Clinic Rochester, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Matthew Bower
- Division of Genetics and Metabolism, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States.,Molecular Diagnostics Laboratory, M Health-Fairview, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Michael D Koob
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Bradley F Boeve
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic Rochester, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Keith Vossel
- Department of Neurology, N. Bud Grossman Center for Memory Research and Care, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States.,Department of Neurology, Mary S. Easton Center for Alzheimer's Disease Research at UCLA, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, United States
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16
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Johnson MA, Deng Q, Taylor G, McEachin ZT, Chan AWS, Root J, Bassell GJ, Kukar T. Divergent FUS phosphorylation in primate and mouse cells following double-strand DNA damage. Neurobiol Dis 2020; 146:105085. [PMID: 32950644 PMCID: PMC8064403 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2020.105085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Fused in sarcoma (FUS) is a RNA/DNA protein involved in multiple nuclear and cytoplasmic functions including transcription, splicing, mRNA trafficking, and stress granule formation. To accomplish these many functions, FUS must shuttle between cellular compartments in a highly regulated manner. When shuttling is disrupted, FUS abnormally accumulates into cytoplasmic inclusions that can be toxic. Disrupted shuttling of FUS into the nucleus is a hallmark of ~10% of frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) cases, the neuropathology that underlies frontotemporal dementia (FTD). Multiple pathways are known to disrupt nuclear/cytoplasmic shuttling of FUS. In earlier work, we discovered that double-strand DNA breaks (DSBs) trigger DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK) to phosphorylate FUS (p-FUS) at N-terminal residues leading to the cytoplasmic accumulation of FUS. Therefore, DNA damage may contribute to the development of FTLD pathology with FUS inclusions. In the present study, we examined how DSBs effect FUS phosphorylation in various primate and mouse cellular models. All cell lines derived from human and non-human primates exhibit N-terminal FUS phosphorylation following calicheamicin γ1 (CLM) induced DSBs. In contrast, we were unable to detect FUS phosphorylation in mouse-derived primary neurons or immortalized cell lines regardless of CLM treatment, duration, or concentration. Despite DNA damage induced by CLM treatment, we find that mouse cells do not phosphorylate FUS, likely due to reduced levels and activity of DNA-PK compared to human cells. Taken together, our work reveals that mouse-derived cellular models regulate FUS in an anomalous manner compared to primate cells. This raises the possibility that mouse models may not fully recapitulate the pathogenic cascades that lead to FTLD with FUS pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle A Johnson
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University, School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States of America; Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University, School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Qiudong Deng
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University, School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States of America; Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University, School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Georgia Taylor
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University, School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States of America; Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University, School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Zachary T McEachin
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University, School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States of America; Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States of America; Laboratory of Translational Cell Biology, Emory University, School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Anthony W S Chan
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University, School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States of America; Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States of America; Division of Neuropharmacology and Neurologic Diseases, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, 954 Gatewood Rd, NE, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Jessica Root
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University, School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States of America; Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University, School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Gary J Bassell
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University, School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States of America; Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States of America; Laboratory of Translational Cell Biology, Emory University, School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Thomas Kukar
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University, School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States of America; Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University, School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States of America; Department of Neurology, Emory University, School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States of America.
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17
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Jamshidi P, Kim G, Shahidehpour RK, Bolbolan K, Gefen T, Bigio EH, Mesulam MM, Geula C. Distribution of TDP-43 Pathology in Hippocampal Synaptic Relays Suggests Transsynaptic Propagation in Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2020; 79:585-591. [PMID: 32388566 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlaa029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperphosphorylation, nuclear depletion, and aggregation of TDP-43 in ubiquitinated inclusions is a hallmark of frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD-TDP). Evidence of potential spread of TDP-43 along synaptic connections in the human is largely limited to qualitative and semiquantitative observations. We quantitatively investigated potential transsynaptic propagation of TDP-43 across the well-established chain of single synaptic connections of the hippocampus. Hippocampi from 5 participants with clinical diagnoses of primary progressive aphasia and 2 participants with behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia, all with postmortem diagnoses of FTLD-TDP, were examined. TDP-43-positive mature (darkly stained) and pre-inclusions (diffuse puncta or fibrillar staining) in the granule cell layer of dentate gyrus (DG) and pyramidal cell layers of Cornu Ammonis (CA)3, CA2, and CA1 were quantified using unbiased stereology. The density of mature TDP-43 inclusions was higher in the DG than in the CA fields (p < 0.05). There were no differences in inclusion densities across the CA fields. TDP-43 pre-inclusions densities were not different across the 4 subregions. There was significantly higher preinclusion density than mature inclusions in CA3, but not in other subregions. Analysis of normalized total counts in place of densities revealed virtually identical results. Our finding of greatest mature inclusion deposition in the DG, coupled with more preinclusions than mature inclusions at the next relay station (CA3), and reduced densities of both in CA2-CA1, provide evidence in support of a sequential transsynaptic propagation mechanism of TDP-43 aggregates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pouya Jamshidi
- Mesulam Center for Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer's Disease, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Garam Kim
- Mesulam Center for Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer's Disease, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Ryan K Shahidehpour
- Mesulam Center for Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer's Disease, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Kabriya Bolbolan
- Mesulam Center for Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer's Disease, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Tamar Gefen
- Mesulam Center for Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer's Disease, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Eileen H Bigio
- Mesulam Center for Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer's Disease, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Marek-Marsel Mesulam
- Mesulam Center for Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer's Disease, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Changiz Geula
- Mesulam Center for Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer's Disease, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
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18
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Santos ALM, Vitório JG, de Paiva MJN, Porto BLS, Guimarães HC, Canuto GAB, Carvalho MDG, de Souza LC, de Toledo JS, Caramelli P, Duarte-Andrade FF, Gomes KB. Frontotemporal dementia: Plasma metabolomic signature using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 189:113424. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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19
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Zhu J, Wang N, Li X, Zheng X, Zhao J, Xia H, Mao Q. Suppression of Progranulin Expression Leads to Formation of Intranuclear TDP-43 Inclusions In Vitro: A Cell Model of Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2020; 78:1124-1129. [PMID: 31626287 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlz102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the GRN gene coding for progranulin (PGRN) are responsible for many cases of familial frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) with TAR DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP-43)-positive inclusions (FTLD-TDP). GRN mutations create null alleles resulting in decreased progranulin protein or haploinsufficiency. FTLD-TDP with GRN mutations is characterized by lentiform neuronal intranuclear inclusions that are positive for TDP-43 in affected brain regions. In this study, by stably expressed short hairpin RNA, we established a neuroblastoma cell line with decreased PGRN level. This cell line reveals TDP-43-positive intranuclear inclusions. In addition, replacement with purified PGRN protein restores normal TDP-43 nuclear distribution. This cell model can be valuable for the study of the role of PGRN in the pathogenesis in FTLD-TDP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiuling Zhu
- Laboratory of Gene Therapy, Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | | | - Xianan Li
- Mesulam Center for Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer's Disease, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Xiaojing Zheng
- Laboratory of Gene Therapy, Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | - Junli Zhao
- Laboratory of Gene Therapy, Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | | | - Qinwen Mao
- Mesulam Center for Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer's Disease, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
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20
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Tang X, Toro A, T G S, Gao J, Chalk J, Oskarsson B, Zhang K. Divergence, Convergence, and Therapeutic Implications: A Cell Biology Perspective of C9ORF72-ALS/FTD. Mol Neurodegener 2020; 15:34. [PMID: 32513219 PMCID: PMC7282082 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-020-00383-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ever since a GGGGCC hexanucleotide repeat expansion mutation in C9ORF72 was identified as the most common cause of familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD), three competing but nonexclusive hypotheses to explain how this mutation causes diseases have been proposed and are still under debate. Recent studies in the field have tried to understand how the repeat expansion disrupts cellular physiology, which has suggested interesting convergence of these hypotheses on downstream, functional defects in cells, such as nucleocytoplasmic transport disruption, membrane-less organelle defects, and DNA damage. These studies have not only provided an integrated view of the disease mechanism but also revealed novel cell biology implicated in neurodegeneration. Furthermore, some of the discoveries have given rise to new ideas for therapeutic development. Here, we review the research progress on cellular pathophysiology of C9ORF72-mediated ALS and FTD and its therapeutic implication. We suggest that the repeat expansion drives pathogenesis through a combination of downstream defects, of which some can be therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqiang Tang
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Arturo Toro
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Sahana T G
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Junli Gao
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Jessica Chalk
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | | | - Ke Zhang
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA. .,Neuroscience Graduate Program, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Jacksonville, FL, USA.
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21
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Thijssen EH, La Joie R, Wolf A, Strom A, Wang P, Iaccarino L, Bourakova V, Cobigo Y, Heuer H, Spina S, VandeVrede L, Chai X, Proctor NK, Airey DC, Shcherbinin S, Duggan Evans C, Sims JR, Zetterberg H, Blennow K, Karydas AM, Teunissen CE, Kramer JH, Grinberg LT, Seeley WW, Rosen H, Boeve BF, Miller BL, Rabinovici GD, Dage JL, Rojas JC, Boxer AL. Diagnostic value of plasma phosphorylated tau181 in Alzheimer's disease and frontotemporal lobar degeneration. Nat Med 2020; 26:387-397. [PMID: 32123386 PMCID: PMC7101073 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-020-0762-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 434] [Impact Index Per Article: 108.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
With the potential development of new disease-modifying Alzheimer's disease (AD) therapies, simple, widely available screening tests are needed to identify which individuals, who are experiencing symptoms of cognitive or behavioral decline, should be further evaluated for initiation of treatment. A blood-based test for AD would be a less invasive and less expensive screening tool than the currently approved cerebrospinal fluid or amyloid β positron emission tomography (PET) diagnostic tests. We examined whether plasma tau phosphorylated at residue 181 (pTau181) could differentiate between clinically diagnosed or autopsy-confirmed AD and frontotemporal lobar degeneration. Plasma pTau181 concentrations were increased by 3.5-fold in AD compared to controls and differentiated AD from both clinically diagnosed (receiver operating characteristic area under the curve of 0.894) and autopsy-confirmed frontotemporal lobar degeneration (area under the curve of 0.878). Plasma pTau181 identified individuals who were amyloid β-PET-positive regardless of clinical diagnosis and correlated with cortical tau protein deposition measured by 18F-flortaucipir PET. Plasma pTau181 may be useful to screen for tau pathology associated with AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth H Thijssen
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Neurochemistry Laboratory, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Renaud La Joie
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Amy Wolf
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Amelia Strom
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ping Wang
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Leonardo Iaccarino
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Viktoriya Bourakova
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Yann Cobigo
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Hilary Heuer
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Salvatore Spina
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Lawren VandeVrede
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Xiyun Chai
- Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - John R Sims
- Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, University College London Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Anna M Karydas
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Charlotte E Teunissen
- Neurochemistry Laboratory, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Joel H Kramer
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Lea T Grinberg
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - William W Seeley
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Howie Rosen
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Bruce L Miller
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Gil D Rabinovici
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Radiology & Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Julio C Rojas
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Adam L Boxer
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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22
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Bachiller S, Jiménez-Ferrer I, Paulus A, Yang Y, Swanberg M, Deierborg T, Boza-Serrano A. Microglia in Neurological Diseases: A Road Map to Brain-Disease Dependent-Inflammatory Response. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:488. [PMID: 30618635 PMCID: PMC6305407 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 428] [Impact Index Per Article: 71.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia represent a specialized population of macrophages-like cells in the central nervous system (CNS) considered immune sentinels that are capable of orchestrating a potent inflammatory response. Microglia are also involved in synaptic organization, trophic neuronal support during development, phagocytosis of apoptotic cells in the developing brain, myelin turnover, control of neuronal excitability, phagocytic debris removal as well as brain protection and repair. Microglial response is pathology dependent and affects to immune, metabolic. In this review, we will shed light on microglial activation depending on the disease context and the influence of factors such as aging, environment or cell-to-cell interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Bachiller
- Experimental Neuroinflammation Laboratory, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Itzia Jiménez-Ferrer
- Translational Neurogenetics Unit, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Agnes Paulus
- Experimental Neuroinflammation Laboratory, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Yiyi Yang
- Experimental Neuroinflammation Laboratory, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Maria Swanberg
- Translational Neurogenetics Unit, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Tomas Deierborg
- Experimental Neuroinflammation Laboratory, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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Deutsch MB, Mendez MF, Teng E. Interactions between traumatic brain injury and frontotemporal degeneration. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2015; 39:143-53. [PMID: 25531628 PMCID: PMC4427348 DOI: 10.1159/000369787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Prior work in smaller cohorts suggests that traumatic brain injury (TBI) may be a risk factor for frontotemporal degeneration (FTD). We sought to confirm and extend these results using the National Alzheimer's Coordinating Center Uniform Data Set. METHODS We compared the TBI prevalence between FTD subjects and matched normal controls. Indices of cognitive, behavioral, functional, and global dementia severity were compared between FTD subjects with and without prior TBI. RESULTS Remote TBI with extended loss of consciousness (TBI-ext) was more common in individuals with FTD than in controls (OR: 1.67; 95% CI: 1.004-2.778). With TBI-ext, less functional and global impairment was seen in the behavioral variant of FTD, but more behavioral pathology was seen in the semantic variant. CONCLUSION TBI may increase the FTD risk and influence clinical symptomatology and severity in FTD subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariel B. Deutsch
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles,Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California
| | - Mario F. Mendez
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles,Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles,Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California
| | - Edmond Teng
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles,Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California
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