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Lopes AS, López-Hernández D, Pinto HA. Morphological and molecular data confirm the occurrence of Paramphistomum leydeni (Trematoda: Paramphistomidae) in ruminants from Southern Brazil. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports 2024; 52:101050. [PMID: 38880579 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2024.101050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 05/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Species belonging to the family Paramphistomidae Fischoeder, 1901, commonly known as "rumen flukes", are a group of parasites frequently related to Brazilian livestock production. They inhabit the digestive tract of ruminants and have recognized pathogenicity during the early stages of infection, which can be responsible for economic losses. These trematodes are often associated with Southern Brazil, a region heavily focused on animal farming, which also makes it ideal for the life cycle of paramphistomes. Despite their aforementioned importance, studies regarding their distribution, molecular taxonomy and biology are still scarce in the country. In the present study, rumen flukes collected from cattle (n = 22) and sheep (n = 3) from 9 batches of ruminants from the cities of Jaguarão, Pelotas and Rio Grande, state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, between May and July 2022, were subjected to morphological and molecular study. The microscopic analysis of histological and manual cuts revealed diagnostical traits compatible with Paramphistomum leydeni Näsmark, 1937, including the presence of tegumental papillae, pharynx of the liorchis type and acetabulum of the leydeni type. Molecular data corroborated the morphological identification, with ITS-2 and cox-1 sequences here obtained presenting 100% and 96.8-99.8% similarity, respectively, to P. leydeni samples previously characterized in different countries from Asia, Europe, and South America. Intensity of infection ranged from 5 to 458 and 1 to3 specimens of P. leydeni in sampled cattle and sheep, respectively. The present study contributes to a better understanding of the taxonomy of the flukes involved in cattle and sheep paramphistomosis in Brazil, suggesting that P. leydeni could be the main paramphistome species found in ruminants in the studied region.
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Affiliation(s)
- André S Lopes
- Laboratório de Biologia de Trematoda, Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, P.O. Box 486, 30123-970 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Danimar López-Hernández
- Laboratório de Biologia de Trematoda, Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, P.O. Box 486, 30123-970 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Hudson A Pinto
- Laboratório de Biologia de Trematoda, Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, P.O. Box 486, 30123-970 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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Mohammedsalih KM, Ibrahim AIY, Juma FR, Abdalmalaik AAH, Bashar A, Coles G, von Samson-Himmelstjerna G, Krücken J. First evaluation and detection of ivermectin resistance in gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep and goats in South Darfur, Sudan. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0301554. [PMID: 38861496 PMCID: PMC11166298 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0301554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024] Open
Abstract
In Sudan, resistance to benzimidazoles has been reported recently in cattle and goats from South Darfur. Herein, ivermectin efficacy against gastrointestinal nematodes (GINs) was evaluated in sheep and goats in three study areas in South Darfur. The faecal egg count reduction test (FECRT) was used to evaluate the efficacy of ivermectin in sheep and goats naturally infected with GINs in the region of Bulbul (goats: n = 106), Kass (goats: n = 40) and Nyala (Domaia (sheep: n = 47, goats: n = 77) and the University farm (goats: n = 52)), using different treatment plans, and the efficacy was evaluated 12 days after treatment. Ivermectin efficacy was also evaluated in goats experimentally infected using local Haemonchus contortus isolates from Kass and Nyala. Nematodes surviving ivermectin treatment in goats in Bulbul and Nyala were harvested and larvae used to infect worm-free male sheep (n = 6, ≤6 months old). Infected sheep were dosed subcutaneously with ivermectin every eight days with increasing doses from 0.2 mg/kg to 1.6 mg/kg bodyweight (bw). Reduced ivermectin efficacy was identified in sheep and goats in the four study locations. Using a paired statistic, the efficacy of a therapeutic dose in sheep was 75.6% (90% upper credible limit (UCrL): 77.5%), while twice the recommended dose led to a reduction of 92.6% (90% UCrL: 93.3%). In goats, the FECRs of a therapeutic dose were 72.9-95.3% (90% UCrL range: 73.6-95.7%) in Bulbul, Nyala Domaia, Nyala University farm and Kass. Twice the dose recommended for goats in Bulbul revealed a 90% UCrL of 87.6%. All post-treatment faecal cultures contained only Haemonchus spp. larvae. The experimental infection trials in sheep and goats supported our findings from field trials and calculated upper 90% CrL of below 98.9%. For the first time highly ivermectin resistant H. contortus populations have been identified in sheep and goats in Sudan, and resistance was experimentally confirmed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid M. Mohammedsalih
- Central Research Laboratory of Darfur Universities, Nyala, Sudan
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Nyala, Nyala, Sudan
- Institute for Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Fathel-Rahman Juma
- Central Research Laboratory of Darfur Universities, Nyala, Sudan
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Nyala, Nyala, Sudan
| | | | - Ahmed Bashar
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Nyala, Nyala, Sudan
| | - Gerald Coles
- Heronswey, Frog Lane, Ubley, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | | | - Jürgen Krücken
- Institute for Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Bassetto CC, Albuquerque ACA, Lins JGG, Marinho-Silva NM, Chocobar MLE, Bello HJS, Mena MO, Niciura SCM, Amarante AFT, Chagas ACS. Revisiting anthelmintic resistance in sheep flocks from São Paulo State, Brazil. Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist 2024; 24:100527. [PMID: 38447333 PMCID: PMC10923833 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2024.100527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Haemonchus contortus and Trichostrongylus colubriformis are the most important gastrointestinal nematodes causing serious losses in sheep production of tropical and subtropical regions. Prophylaxis of gastrointestinal nematode infections is based on anthelmintics use, but their frequent administration selects multiple-resistant parasites. To evaluate how the situation has changed over the last decades, the anthelmintic resistance status of gastrointestinal nematodes in sheep flocks was assessed in the current study and compared to previous surveys. In each one of the 15 flocks evaluated, animals (n ≥ 7) were allocated into at least five groups and treated as follows: 1) untreated control; 2) albendazole; 3) levamisole; 4) ivermectin; and 5) monepantel. If more animals were available, two additional groups were included: 6) closantel, and 7) moxidectin. The faecal egg count reduction test (FECRT) was carried out to evaluate the pre- and post-treatment using the SHINY tool. Haemonchus spp. was the most prevalent nematode from faecal cultures. The mean efficacy of albendazole was 40%. Only in two farms, levamisole presented a relatively high percentage of reduction in the FECRT about 90%, while ivermectin and moxidectin presented the worst mean efficacy of 34% and 21% among all farms, respectively. Like other anthelmintics, closantel demonstrated low efficacy (63%) across all farms evaluated. Monepantel presented an overall mean efficacy of 79%, but it was the only anthelmintic that presented efficacy ≥95%, in five farms. The results revealed that gastrointestinal nematodes with multiple anthelmintic resistance were prevalent in all 15 sheep herds. The research suggests that nematodes are becoming more and more resistant to various anthelmintic compounds, which has made the problem worse. This circumstance highlights the necessity to put into practice sustainable and long-lasting methods to prevent gastrointestinal nematode infections in sheep husbandry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesar C Bassetto
- Southeast Livestock Unit, Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (EMBRAPA), São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
| | - Ana Cláudia A Albuquerque
- School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - José Gabriel G Lins
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Hornblenda J S Bello
- Southeast Livestock Unit, Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (EMBRAPA), São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Mateus O Mena
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Simone C M Niciura
- Southeast Livestock Unit, Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (EMBRAPA), São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Alessandro F T Amarante
- Department of Biodiversity and Biostatistics, Institute of Biosciences, UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina S Chagas
- Southeast Livestock Unit, Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (EMBRAPA), São Carlos, SP, Brazil
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Ribeiro GB, de Almeida Moura I, e Silva AR, de Araújo JV, de Oliveira Monteiro CM, dos Santos Fonseca J, de Oliveira APD, de Souza Perinotto WM. Efficiency of Experimental Formulation Containing Duddingtonia flagrans and Pochonia chlamydosporia against Moniezia expansa Eggs. Pathogens 2023; 12:1028. [PMID: 37623988 PMCID: PMC10459153 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12081028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of the experimental formulation containing chlamydospores of Duddingtonia flagrans and Pochonia chlamydosporia fungi, against Moniezia expansa. Two experiments were carried out. The first experiment evaluated the in vitro efficacy using 1 g of the experimental formulation (V1) added to 100 M. expansa eggs and the control (V2) (without the fungal formulation). Intact eggs or eggs with alterations were counted in order to evaluate their effectiveness. The second experiment evaluated the action of the fungal formulation on M. expansa eggs after passing through the gastrointestinal tract of goats. Three groups were identified as B1, B2, and B3, which received 1.0, 1.5 g of experimental fungal formulation, and placebo, respectively. In experiment 1, all the eggs in V1 were subjected to the predatory action of fungi, while in V2, the eggs remained intact. In experiment 2, the reduction of eggs in groups B1 and B2 were 49% and 57% 24 h after ingestion, 60% and 63% 48 h after, and 48% and 58% 72 h after. The predatory capacity against M. expansa eggs shown in the tests demonstrated that experimental fungal formulation has the potential to be used on integrated helminth control programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giancarlo Bomfim Ribeiro
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Integrado em Zootecnia, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Ambientais e Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Recôncavo da Bahia, Cruz das Almas 44380-000, BA, Brazil;
| | - Ially de Almeida Moura
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Animal, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilhéus 45662-900, BA, Brazil;
| | - André Ricardo e Silva
- Departamento de Veterinária, UFV, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa 36570-900, MG, Brazil; (A.R.e.S.); (J.V.d.A.)
| | - Jackson Victor de Araújo
- Departamento de Veterinária, UFV, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa 36570-900, MG, Brazil; (A.R.e.S.); (J.V.d.A.)
| | - Caio Márcio de Oliveira Monteiro
- Departamento de Biociências e Tecnologia, Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia 74605-050, GO, Brazil;
| | - Júlia dos Santos Fonseca
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Departamento de Epidemiologia e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica 23897-000, RJ, Brazil;
| | | | - Wendell Marcelo de Souza Perinotto
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Integrado em Zootecnia, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Ambientais e Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Recôncavo da Bahia, Cruz das Almas 44380-000, BA, Brazil;
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Frota GA, Santos VOD, Rodrigues JFV, Oliveira BR, Albuquerque LB, Vasconcelos FRCD, Silva AC, Teixeira M, Brito ESD, Santos JMLD, Vieira LDS, Monteiro JP. Biological activity of cinnamaldehyde, citronellal, geraniol and anacardic acid on Haemonchus contortus isolates susceptible and resistant to synthetic anthelmintics. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE PARASITOLOGIA VETERINARIA = BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY : ORGAO OFICIAL DO COLEGIO BRASILEIRO DE PARASITOLOGIA VETERINARIA 2023; 32:e006023. [PMID: 37341288 DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612023027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
Parasitism by gastrointestinal nematodes is a challenge for small ruminant farming worldwide. It causes productive and economic losses, especially due to parasite resistance to conventional anthelmintics. Natural compounds with antiparasitic activity are a potential alternative for controlling these parasites especially when considering the widespread occurrence of anthelmintic resistance. Our objective was to evaluate the activity of anacardic acid, geraniol, cinnamaldehyde and citronellal on Haemonchus contortus isolates with different levels of anthelmintic resistance profiles. These compounds were tested using egg hatch assays (EHAs), larval development tests (LDTs) as well as LDTs on mini-fecal cultures, on the Haemonchus contortus isolates Kokstad (KOK-resistant to all anthelmintics), Inbred-Strain-Edinburgh (ISE-susceptible to all anthelmintics) and Echevarria (ECH-susceptible to all anthelmintics). Effective concentrations to inhibit 50% (EC50) and 95% (EC95) of egg hatching and larval development were calculated. Results for EHA and LDT for all tested compounds, considering EC50 and EC95 values, showed low variation among the studied isolates with most RF values below 2x. All studied compounds showed efficacy against egg hatching and larval development of H. contortus isolates regardless of anthelmintic resistance profiles. The compounds with the smallest EC50 and EC95 values were cinnamaldehyde and anacardic acid making them promising candidates for future in vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gracielle Araújo Frota
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Zootecnia, Universidade Estadual Vale do Acaraú - UVA, Sobral, CE, Brasil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Marcel Teixeira
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Zootecnia, Universidade Estadual Vale do Acaraú - UVA, Sobral, CE, Brasil
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Microbiologia, Parasitologia e Patologia, Universidade Federal do Paraná - UFPR, Curitiba, PR, Brasil
- Embrapa Caprinos e Ovinos, Sobral, CE, Brasil
| | | | | | | | - Jomar Patricio Monteiro
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Zootecnia, Universidade Estadual Vale do Acaraú - UVA, Sobral, CE, Brasil
- Centro Universitário Inta - UNINTA, Sobral, CE, Brasil
- Embrapa Caprinos e Ovinos, Sobral, CE, Brasil
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Ahmed H, Kilinc SG, Celik F, Kesik HK, Simsek S, Ahmad KS, Afzal MS, Farrakh S, Safdar W, Pervaiz F, Liaqat S, Zhang J, Cao J. An Inventory of Anthelmintic Plants across the Globe. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12010131. [PMID: 36678480 PMCID: PMC9866317 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12010131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
A wide range of novelties and significant developments in the field of veterinary science to treat helminth parasites by using natural plant products have been assessed in recent years. To the best of our knowledge, to date, there has not been such a comprehensive review of 19 years of articles on the anthelmintic potential of plants against various types of helminths in different parts of the world. Therefore, the present study reviews the available information on a large number of medicinal plants and their pharmacological effects, which may facilitate the development of an effective management strategy against helminth parasites. An electronic search in four major databases (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar) was performed for articles published between January 2003 and April 2022. Information about plant species, local name, family, distribution, plant tissue used, and target parasite species was tabulated. All relevant studies meeting the inclusion criteria were assessed, and 118 research articles were included. In total, 259 plant species were reviewed as a potential source of anthelmintic drugs. These plants can be used as a source of natural drugs to treat helminth infections in animals, and their use would potentially reduce economic losses and improve livestock production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haroon Ahmed
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Park Road, Chakh Shazad, Islamabad 45550, Pakistan
| | - Seyma Gunyakti Kilinc
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bingol University, Bingol 12000, Turkey
| | - Figen Celik
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Firat, Elazig 23119, Turkey
| | - Harun Kaya Kesik
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bingol University, Bingol 12000, Turkey
| | - Sami Simsek
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Firat, Elazig 23119, Turkey
- Correspondence: (S.S.); (J.C.)
| | - Khawaja Shafique Ahmad
- Department of Botany, University of Poonch Rawalakot, Azad Jammu and Kashmir 12350, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Sohail Afzal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Management & Technology (UMT), Lahore 54770, Pakistan
| | - Sumaira Farrakh
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Park Road, Chakh Shazad, Islamabad 45550, Pakistan
| | - Waseem Safdar
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Medical Sciences (NUMS), Rawalpindi 46000, Pakistan
| | - Fahad Pervaiz
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Park Road, Chakh Shazad, Islamabad 45550, Pakistan
| | - Sadia Liaqat
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Park Road, Chakh Shazad, Islamabad 45550, Pakistan
| | - Jing Zhang
- The School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Jianping Cao
- The School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200240, China
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), Shanghai 200025, China
- Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, National Health Commission of the People’s Republic of China, Shanghai 200025, China
- World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai 200025, China
- Correspondence: (S.S.); (J.C.)
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Batista LF, Oliveira LLDS, Silva FVE, Lima WDS, Pereira CADJ, Rocha RHF, Santos IS, Dias Júnior JA, Alves CA. Anthelmintic resistance in sheep in the semiarid region of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports 2023; 37:100821. [PMID: 36623902 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2022.100821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Anthelmintic efficacy was evaluated among sheep that had become naturally infected with gastrointestinal nematodes in 17 flocks located in the semiarid region of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Feces were collected individually from 1021 hairy sheep to determine the number of eggs per gram of feces (EPG) and for coprocultures to identify nematode genera the nematodes. Only the animals that presented EPG counts greater than or equal to 200 were included in the study (totaling 381 sheep). The animals were divided into three treatment groups: albendazole, ivermectin and levamisole. Fourteen days after the administration of anthelmintics, fecal samples were taken from all animals. In each flock, the pre-treatment and post-treatment arithmetic mean EPG were used to calculate the efficacy (FECR) for each of the treatment groups and the lower 95% confidence limit. Data were analyzed with the "eggCounts 2.3" package in RStudio, using a Bayesian model for paired design. The anthelmintics were classified as being efficacious (when the FECR was both equal to or above 95% and the lower 95% confidence limit was equal to or above 90%) or as encountering anthelmintic resistance (when the FECR was below 95% and the lower 95% confidence limit was below 90%) or inconclusive (when none of the other criteria were fulfilled). Albendazole and ivermectin were not effective in any of the flocks. Levamisole was effective against gastrointestinal nematodes in 25% of the flocks studied. Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus and Oesophagostomum genera were identified in this study in a semiarid region of Minas Gerais, Brazil. The genus Haemonchus was the most prevalent, followed by Trichostrongylus and Oesophagostomum. After anthelmintic treatment, the most prevalent genus was Haemonchus, followed by Trichostrongylus; the genus Oesophagostomum was not detected. The highest percentage of Haemonchus larvae was observed after treatment with ivermectin, followed by albendazole and levamisole. This study revealed the existence of gastrointestinal nematodes in sheep that present multiple resistance to all three main classes of anthelmintic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro Farias Batista
- Departamento de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros (UNIMONTES), Av. Reinaldo Viana, s/n, São Vicente, 39.448-524 Janaúba, MG, Brazil
| | - Laura Lúcia Dos Santos Oliveira
- Departamento de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros (UNIMONTES), Av. Reinaldo Viana, s/n, São Vicente, 39.448-524 Janaúba, MG, Brazil.
| | - Fredson Vieira E Silva
- Departamento de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros (UNIMONTES), Av. Reinaldo Viana, s/n, São Vicente, 39.448-524 Janaúba, MG, Brazil.
| | - Walter Dos Santos Lima
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Av. Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | - Cíntia Aparecida de Jesus Pereira
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Av. Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Raul Herberth Freitas Rocha
- Departamento de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros (UNIMONTES), Av. Reinaldo Viana, s/n, São Vicente, 39.448-524 Janaúba, MG, Brazil
| | - Izadora Souza Santos
- Departamento de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros (UNIMONTES), Av. Reinaldo Viana, s/n, São Vicente, 39.448-524 Janaúba, MG, Brazil
| | - José Alisson Dias Júnior
- Departamento de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros (UNIMONTES), Av. Reinaldo Viana, s/n, São Vicente, 39.448-524 Janaúba, MG, Brazil
| | - Cleison Augusto Alves
- Departamento de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros (UNIMONTES), Av. Reinaldo Viana, s/n, São Vicente, 39.448-524 Janaúba, MG, Brazil
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Anthelmintic intoxication in goats and sheep: A systematic review. Res Vet Sci 2022; 152:657-662. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2022.09.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Rodrigues JA, Roque FL, Lima BA, Silva Filho GM, Oliveira CSM, Sousa LC, Silva ALP, Lima EF, Feitosa TF, Braga FR, Araújo JV, Vilela VLR. Control of sheep gastrointestinal nematodes on pasture in the tropical semiarid region of Brazil, using Bioverm® (Duddingtonia flagrans). Trop Anim Health Prod 2022; 54:179. [PMID: 35511381 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-022-03181-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to evaluate a Brazilian commercial formulation of the fungus Duddingtonia flagrans (Bioverm®) for controlling gastrointestinal nematodes in sheep kept on native pasture in the Caatinga biome, in the semiarid region of Brazil. Twenty ewes, aged between 12 and 18 months, were divided into two groups. In the treated group, each animal received 1 g of the Bioverm® product for each 10 kg of live weight, daily, together with commercial feed, for 6 months. In the control group, the animals received feed without Bioverm®. Each group remained throughout the experiment in a 1.2-ha paddock. Monthly counts of eggs per gram (EPG) of feces, fecal cultures, packed cell volume (PCV), weight measurements, and collection of leaf mass from the pasture were performed. There was greater reduction in EPG, greater weight gain, and less infestation by infective larvae in the paddock of the Bioverm® group, compared with the control group (p < 0.05). There was no significant difference (p ≥ 0.05) in the mean PCV percentage between the Bioverm® and control groups. In coprocultures, Haemonchus sp. was the most prevalent helminth. Bioverm® (D. flagrans) was efficient for biological control of sheep gastrointestinal nematodes in the semiarid region of Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jossiara Abrante Rodrigues
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciência E Saúde Animal, Universidade Federal de Campina Grande-UFCG, Patos, Paraiba, Brazil
| | - Francisco Leonardo Roque
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência E Tecnologia da Paraíba, IFPB, Avenida Presidente Tancredo Neves, s/n, Jardim Sorrilândia, Sousa, Paraiba, ZC 58800-970, Brazil
| | - Brendo Andrade Lima
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência E Tecnologia da Paraíba, IFPB, Avenida Presidente Tancredo Neves, s/n, Jardim Sorrilândia, Sousa, Paraiba, ZC 58800-970, Brazil
| | - Geraldo Moreira Silva Filho
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência E Tecnologia da Paraíba, IFPB, Avenida Presidente Tancredo Neves, s/n, Jardim Sorrilândia, Sousa, Paraiba, ZC 58800-970, Brazil
| | - Clarisse Silva Menezes Oliveira
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência E Tecnologia da Paraíba, IFPB, Avenida Presidente Tancredo Neves, s/n, Jardim Sorrilândia, Sousa, Paraiba, ZC 58800-970, Brazil
| | - Luana Carneiro Sousa
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência E Tecnologia da Paraíba, IFPB, Avenida Presidente Tancredo Neves, s/n, Jardim Sorrilândia, Sousa, Paraiba, ZC 58800-970, Brazil
| | - Ana Luzia Peixoto Silva
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência E Tecnologia da Paraíba, IFPB, Avenida Presidente Tancredo Neves, s/n, Jardim Sorrilândia, Sousa, Paraiba, ZC 58800-970, Brazil
| | - Estefany Ferreira Lima
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência E Tecnologia da Paraíba, IFPB, Avenida Presidente Tancredo Neves, s/n, Jardim Sorrilândia, Sousa, Paraiba, ZC 58800-970, Brazil
| | - Thais Ferreira Feitosa
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência E Tecnologia da Paraíba, IFPB, Avenida Presidente Tancredo Neves, s/n, Jardim Sorrilândia, Sousa, Paraiba, ZC 58800-970, Brazil
| | - Fábio Ribeiro Braga
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Vila Velha, UVV, Vila Velha, Espirito Santo, Brazil
| | - Jackson Victor Araújo
- Departamento de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, UFV, Vicosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Vinícius Longo Ribeiro Vilela
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciência E Saúde Animal, Universidade Federal de Campina Grande-UFCG, Patos, Paraiba, Brazil. .,Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência E Tecnologia da Paraíba, IFPB, Avenida Presidente Tancredo Neves, s/n, Jardim Sorrilândia, Sousa, Paraiba, ZC 58800-970, Brazil.
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10
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Acaricidal and anthelmintic action of ethanolic extract and essential oil of Achyrocline satureioides. Exp Parasitol 2022; 236-237:108252. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2022.108252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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11
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Almeida BH, Medeiros MLS, Bezerra ACDS, Silva MDC. Nematicidal effect of a lectin preparation from Artocarpus heterophyllus (Moraceae) on larvae and adults of Haemonchus contortus. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 200:409-415. [PMID: 35041887 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.01.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Revised: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Haemonchus contortus is a hematophagous parasite that causes damage to ruminant production worldwide. This study reported the in vitro nematicidal effect of a lectin preparation (LP) isolated from Artocarpus heterophyllus seeds on larvae and adults of H. contortus. The protein extraction was in phosphate-buffered saline followed by protein precipitation with ammonium sulfate 70% and dialysis. The dialyzed protein fraction was chromatographed to obtain isolated LP. The LP was characterized by hemagglutinating activity (HA) assays, protein dosage and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The motility index of H. contortus in the third larval stage (unsheathed L3 larvae) and adult stage was evaluated. The HA inhibition of LP by mannose and galactose as well as the electrophoretic profile indicated the presence of the lectins ArtinM and Jacalin. The motility index of H. contortus was significantly reduced (p < 0.001) during the first 8 h of LP exposure, both in larvae (lowest index 8.3% with LP at 1 mg mL-1) and female adults (lowest index 20% with LP at 500 μg mL-1; index 40% with LP at 1 mg mL-1). This research revealed that the LP has potential for being utilized in the development of natural nematicides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Breno H Almeida
- Departamento de Biociências, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido, Av. Francisco Mota, 572, Costa e Silva, 59625-900 Mossoró, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil.
| | - Mário L S Medeiros
- Departamento de Ciências Biomédicas, Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Estado do Rio Grande do Norte, Rua Atirador Miguel Antônio da Silva Neto, s/n, Aeroporto, 59607-360 Mossoró, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil.
| | - Ana C D S Bezerra
- Departamento de Biociências, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido, Av. Francisco Mota, 572, Costa e Silva, 59625-900 Mossoró, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil.
| | - Michele D C Silva
- Departamento de Biociências, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido, Av. Francisco Mota, 572, Costa e Silva, 59625-900 Mossoró, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil.
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12
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Can orange essential oil reduce the severity of parasitic infection in sheep? Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports 2021; 26:100637. [PMID: 34879947 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2021.100637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a three-step experiment was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of orange essential oil (OEO) to reduce the severity of parasitic infection in lambs naturally infected with gastrointestinal parasites. In the first and second stages of the experiment, the lambs were distributed in groups (n = 10): without treatment (control), treated with levamisole (7.5 mg/kg), and treated either with 200, 300 or 400 mg/kg OEO in the first stage and with two doses of 300 or 350 mg/kg each of OEO with a six-hour interval in the second stage. In the third stage of the experiment, 20 lambs were distributed into control and treated groups (two doses of 350 mg/kg OEO) and slaughtered for determining the parasite count in the abomasum and small intestine. Evaluations were performed on D0, D3, D7, D10, and D14 by determining the egg count per gram of feces (EPG), and the percentage of EPG reduction was calculated in comparison to D0. Coproculture was performed on days D0 and D14 of the first and second stages of the study. In the first stage, the EPG increased by 20.90 and 100.99% and decreased by 5.54% on D14 in the groups treated with 200, 300, or 400 mg/kg OEO, respectively. At the second stage, the EPG of the OEO groups decreased by more than 96% on D3, but on D14 was decreased by 0.82% and 77.07% in the 2 × 300 and 2 × 350 mg/kg groups, respectively. Haemonchus sp. was the highest percentage of collected larvae in all coproculture tests, ranging from 90 to 100%. In the third stage, there was no difference (P > 0.05) in the mean number of parasites between the OEO groups and the control. Although the decrease in EPG of more than 96% on D3 did not persist in the other evaluations, and immature forms and adult parasites were collected at slaughter, the EPG reduction of 77.07% on D14 with the dose of 700 mg/kg (OEO2 × 350) suggests that OEO can help to reduce the severity of parasitic infection and, consequently, to diminish pastures contamination, when used together with other methods to control gastrointestinal parasites in sheep.
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13
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Ježek J, Mirtič K, Rešetič N, Hodnik JJ, Vergles Rataj A. The effect of pumpkin seed cake and ground cloves (Syzygium aromaticum) supplementation on gastrointestinal nematode egg shedding in sheep. Parasite 2021; 28:78. [PMID: 34870589 PMCID: PMC8647689 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2021076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of feed additives (pumpkin seed cake and cloves) on the egg excretion of gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) in sheep. Thirty ewes naturally infected with GIN were randomly selected from a flock and assigned to the following groups of 10 animals each: clove group (received 1.8 g ground cloves/ewe/day, for 7 days), pumpkin seed cake group (200 g pumpkin seed cake/ewe/day, for 7 days) and control group. Before starting the study, on day 0, and 5 days after the 7-day supplementation, on day 12, the body condition and FAMACHA scores were assessed and individual faecal egg counts (FEC) were performed. The mean body condition and the FAMACHA scores did not change significantly between day 0 and 12 with the exception of a significantly deteriorated FAMACHA score in the clove group. The percentage reduction of FEC was 40.7% on day 12 in the clove group and 52.9% in the pumpkin seed cake group. In the control group, FEC increased by 8.7%. A coproculture of faecal samples from four of the most infected animals on day 0 revealed Trichostrongylus spp. larvae L3 in all four selected ewes, Ostertagia spp. and Cooperia spp. in three and Haemonchus contortus in one ewe. These results are promising and encourage further studies aimed to evaluate the possibility that these plant supplements could be a complementary method for parasite control, thus reducing the need for chemotherapy.
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14
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Gasparina JM, Baby RG, Fonseca L, Bricarello PA, Rocha RAD. Infective larvae of Haemonchus contortus found from the base to the top of the grass sward. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 30:e028120. [PMID: 34076058 DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612021032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The resistance of gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) of sheep to anthelmintic treatment has motivated researchers to seek alternatives to reduce the use of these drugs in sheep farming and decontaminate pastureland based on knowledge about the survival dynamics of larvae. The aim of this work was to evaluate the migration of the infective larvae (L3) of Haemonchus contortus at different times of the day, strata, and sward heights, with and without shade after the deposition of contaminated sheep feces. The grass species used here was Cynodon dactylon cv. Tifton 85 in four treatments: low sward height shade; low sward height sunshine; high sward height shade; and high sward height sunshine. The number of L3 recovered from the pasture at different times of the day did not differ. The highest number of L3 recovered was in shade. The number of L3 at different times and strata occurred uniformly, confirming that L3 remain in the same place after migrating from dung at the hottest times of the day. Infective larvae of H. contortus were able to migrate across all the strata regardless of the time of day in the summer season in humid subtropical climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Mayara Gasparina
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Zootecnia, Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa - UEPG, Ponta Grossa, PR, Brasil
| | - Renata Grasieli Baby
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Zootecnia, Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa - UEPG, Ponta Grossa, PR, Brasil
| | - Lidiane Fonseca
- CONSIPA - Consultoria em Sistemas Integrados de Produção Agropecuária, Ponta Grossa, PR, Brasil
| | - Patrizia Ana Bricarello
- Departamento de Zootecnia e Desenvolvimento Rural, Centro de Ciências Agrárias - CCA, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina - UFSC, Florianópolis, SC, Brasil
| | - Raquel Abdallah da Rocha
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Zootecnia, Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa - UEPG, Ponta Grossa, PR, Brasil.,Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa - UEPG, Ponta Grossa, PR, Brasil
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15
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Nascimento LS, Evaristo AMCF, Oliveira GMB, Ferreira MS, Silva DLR, Azevedo SS, Yamamoto SM, Araújo MM, Horta MC. Anthelmintic resistance of gastrointestinal nematodes in sheep grazing in irrigated and dry areas in the semiarid region of northeastern Brazil. Trop Anim Health Prod 2021; 53:267. [PMID: 33866447 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-021-02647-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the AR of gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) to commercial drugs in sheep flocks naturally infected, grazing in irrigated (IA) and dry (DA) areas of the semiarid region in northeastern Brazil. Fecal egg count reduction tests (FECRT) were performed at 10 farms. From each flock, 36 adult sheep were selected and divided into five groups (G1 (0.08% ivermectin), G2 (10% albendazole), G3 (5% levamisole), G4 (1% moxidectin), G5 (10% closantel) and one control group, G6). All the commercial drugs were found to reduce the number of eggs per gram of feces (EPG). Resistance to ivermectin (37.1%), albendazole (52.1%), and levamisole (52.0%) was detected at all the farms, but nematodes proved to be susceptible to moxidectin (87.9%) and closantel (83.9%). The overall average efficacy of the commercial drugs was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in DA (49.2%), where moxidectin (90.4%) showed high effectiveness. The presence of the parasite Haemonchus contortus predominated at all the farms. The variables irrigated area (P = 0.002), intensive breeding (P = 0.018), uncovered enclosures (P = 0.05), cultivated (P = 0.043) and native/cultivated (P = 0.007) pastures, and rotational grazing (P = 0.013) were significantly associated with GIN infection; irrigated area (P = 0.009), semi-intensive breeding (P = 0.05), rotational grazing (P = 0.045), cultivated (P = 0.021) and native/cultivated (P = 0.04) pastures, and estimated weighing of animals (P = 0.002) were significantly associated with AR. Therefore, improved management practices and strategic deworming must be implemented to prevent the development of AR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauricia S Nascimento
- Federal University of Vale do São Francisco (Univasf), Campus Ciências Agrárias, Rodovia BR 407, km 12, Lote 543, Projeto de Irrigação Senador Nilo Coelho s/n, Petrolina, PE, 56300-990, Brazil
| | - Anna M C F Evaristo
- Federal University of Vale do São Francisco (Univasf), Campus Ciências Agrárias, Rodovia BR 407, km 12, Lote 543, Projeto de Irrigação Senador Nilo Coelho s/n, Petrolina, PE, 56300-990, Brazil
| | - Glauber M B Oliveira
- Federal University of Vale do São Francisco (Univasf), Campus Ciências Agrárias, Rodovia BR 407, km 12, Lote 543, Projeto de Irrigação Senador Nilo Coelho s/n, Petrolina, PE, 56300-990, Brazil.,Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Orlando Marques de Paiva 87, São Paulo, SP, 05508-270, Brazil
| | - Matheus S Ferreira
- Federal University of Vale do São Francisco (Univasf), Campus Ciências Agrárias, Rodovia BR 407, km 12, Lote 543, Projeto de Irrigação Senador Nilo Coelho s/n, Petrolina, PE, 56300-990, Brazil
| | - Déborah L R Silva
- Federal University of Vale do São Francisco (Univasf), Campus Ciências Agrárias, Rodovia BR 407, km 12, Lote 543, Projeto de Irrigação Senador Nilo Coelho s/n, Petrolina, PE, 56300-990, Brazil
| | - Sergio S Azevedo
- Academic Unit for Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Campina Grande (UFCG), Patos, PB, Brazil
| | - Sandra M Yamamoto
- Federal University of Vale do São Francisco (Univasf), Campus Ciências Agrárias, Rodovia BR 407, km 12, Lote 543, Projeto de Irrigação Senador Nilo Coelho s/n, Petrolina, PE, 56300-990, Brazil
| | - Márcia M Araújo
- Federal University of Vale do São Francisco (Univasf), Campus Ciências Agrárias, Rodovia BR 407, km 12, Lote 543, Projeto de Irrigação Senador Nilo Coelho s/n, Petrolina, PE, 56300-990, Brazil
| | - Mauricio C Horta
- Federal University of Vale do São Francisco (Univasf), Campus Ciências Agrárias, Rodovia BR 407, km 12, Lote 543, Projeto de Irrigação Senador Nilo Coelho s/n, Petrolina, PE, 56300-990, Brazil.
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16
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Herath HMPD, Taki AC, Sleebs BE, Hofmann A, Nguyen N, Preston S, Davis RA, Jabbar A, Gasser RB. Advances in the discovery and development of anthelmintics by harnessing natural product scaffolds. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2021; 111:203-251. [PMID: 33482975 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2020.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Widespread resistance to currently-used anthelmintics represents a major obstacle to controlling parasitic nematodes of livestock animals. Given the reliance on anthelmintics in many control regimens, there is a need for the continued discovery and development of new nematocides. Enabling such a focus are: (i) the major chemical diversity of natural products; (ii) the availability of curated, drug-like extract-, fraction- and/or compound-libraries from natural sources; (iii) the utility and practicality of well-established whole-worm bioassays for Haemonchus contortus-an important parasitic nematodes of livestock-to screen natural product libraries; and (iv) the availability of advanced chromatographic (HPLC), spectroscopic (NMR) and spectrometric (MS) techniques for bioassay-guided fractionation and structural elucidation. This context provides a sound basis for the identification and characterisation of anthelmintic candidates from natural sources. This chapter provides a background on the importance and impact of helminth infections/diseases, parasite control and aspects of drug discovery, and reviews recent work focused on (i) screening well-defined compound libraries to establish the methods needed for large-scale screening of natural extract libraries; (ii) discovering plant and marine extracts with nematocidal or nematostatic activity, and purifying bioactive compounds and assessing their potential for further development; and (iii) synthesising analogues of selected purified natural compounds for the identification of possible 'lead' candidates. The chapter describes some lessons learned from this work and proposes future areas of focus for drug discovery. Collectively, the findings from this recent work show potential for selected natural product scaffolds as candidates for future development. Developing such candidates via future chemical optimisation, efficacy and safety evaluations, broad spectrum activity assessments, and target identification represents an exciting prospect and, if successful, could pave the way to subsequent pre-clinical and clinical evaluations.
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Affiliation(s)
- H M P Dilrukshi Herath
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Aya C Taki
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Brad E Sleebs
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andreas Hofmann
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Nghi Nguyen
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sarah Preston
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Faculty of Science and Technology, Federation University, Ballarat, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rohan A Davis
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Abdul Jabbar
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Robin B Gasser
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
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17
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Queiroz C, Levy M, Avramenko R, Redman E, Kearns K, Swain L, Silas H, Uehlinger F, Gilleard JS. The use of ITS-2 rDNA nemabiome metabarcoding to enhance anthelmintic resistance diagnosis and surveillance of ovine gastrointestinal nematodes. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-DRUGS AND DRUG RESISTANCE 2020; 14:105-117. [PMID: 33027723 PMCID: PMC7548992 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2020.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
A lack of quantitative information on the species composition of parasite communities present in fecal samples is a major limiting factor for the sensitivity, accuracy and interpretation of the diagnostic tests commonly used to assess anthelmintic efficacy and resistance. In this paper, we investigate the ability of ITS-2 rDNA nemabiome metabarcoding to enhance fecal egg count reduction testing by providing information on the effect of drug treatments on individual parasite species. Application of ITS-2 rDNA nemabiome metabarcoding to fecal samples from ewes from over 90 flocks across western Canada revealed high gastrointestinal nematode infection intensities in many flocks with Haemonchus contortus being the most abundant species followed by Teladorsagia circumcincta and then Trichostrongylus colubriformis. Integration of ITS-2 rDNA nemabiome metabarcoding with pre- and post-treatment fecal egg counting revealed consistently poor efficacy of producer-applied ivermectin and benzimidazole treatments against H. contortus, but much better efficacy against T. circumcincta and T. colubriformis, except for in a small number of flocks. Integration of nemabiome ITS-2 rDNA metabarcoding with Fecal Egg Count Reduction Tests (FECRT), undertaken on farm visits, confirmed that ivermectin and fenbendazole resistance is widespread in H. contortus but is currently less common in T. circumcincta and T. colubriformis in western Canada. FECRT/nemabiome testing did not detect moxidectin resistance in any GIN species but suggested the early emergence of levamisole resistance specifically in T. circumcincta. It also revealed that although poor efficacy to closantel was relatively common, based on total fecal egg counts, this was due to its narrow spectrum of activity rather than the emergence of anthelmintic resistance. This study illustrates the value of ITS-2 rDNA nemabiome metabarcoding to improve fecal egg count resistance testing, perform large-scale anthelmintic resistance surveillance and direct more targeted rational anthelmintic use. Nemabiome metabarcoding in anthelmintic resistance diagnostics and surveillance. Producer-applied treatment results were consistent with controlled FECRT. Widespread BZ and IVM resistance in H. contortus in western Canada. Only sporadic BZ and IVM resistance T. circumcincta and T. colubriformis. Early levamisole resistance in T. circumcincta, closantel resistance not prevalent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Queiroz
- Department of Comparative Medicine and Experimental Biology, Host-Parasite Interactions Program, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, 3330, Canada Hospital Dr T2N4N1, Canada
| | - Michel Levy
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, 3330, Canada Hospital Dr T2N4N1, Canada
| | - Russell Avramenko
- Department of Comparative Medicine and Experimental Biology, Host-Parasite Interactions Program, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, 3330, Canada Hospital Dr T2N4N1, Canada
| | - Elizabeth Redman
- Department of Comparative Medicine and Experimental Biology, Host-Parasite Interactions Program, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, 3330, Canada Hospital Dr T2N4N1, Canada
| | - Kelsey Kearns
- Department of Comparative Medicine and Experimental Biology, Host-Parasite Interactions Program, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, 3330, Canada Hospital Dr T2N4N1, Canada
| | - Lana Swain
- Department of Comparative Medicine and Experimental Biology, Host-Parasite Interactions Program, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, 3330, Canada Hospital Dr T2N4N1, Canada
| | - Haley Silas
- Department of Comparative Medicine and Experimental Biology, Host-Parasite Interactions Program, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, 3330, Canada Hospital Dr T2N4N1, Canada
| | - Fabienne Uehlinger
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Saskatchewan 52 Campus Dr S7N5B4
| | - John S Gilleard
- Department of Comparative Medicine and Experimental Biology, Host-Parasite Interactions Program, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, 3330, Canada Hospital Dr T2N4N1, Canada.
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18
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Chemical characterization and in vitro biological activity of Cymbopogon citratus extracts against Haemonchus spp. and Trichostrongylus spp. nematodes from sheep. Parasitology 2020; 147:1559-1568. [PMID: 32741411 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182020001432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Medicinal plants have been the focus of several studies due to their nematicide properties which can be used to control nematodes in sheep. No study has examined the morphological effects of Cymbopogon citratus on nematodes. Thus, this study evaluated the chemical composition, nematicidal activity and effects of C. citratus extracts on the morphology of eggs and infective larvae (L3) of sheep. Aqueous and methanolic extracts and fractions of C. citratus were obtained and analysed in vitro. The C. citratus extracts were effective against Haemonchus spp. and Trichostrongylus spp. larvae and eggs. Ten fractions were obtained from C. citratus, six of which had high ovicidal activity at 1000 μg mL-1, and two fractions had high activity at all tested concentrations. The phytochemical analysis identified the presence of compounds such as terpenoids, various ketones, esters, and fatty acids. The ultrastructural analysis showed deformations of the cuticle and wilting along the body of the nematodes at all concentrations. The muscular layer, intestinal cells and the mitochondria profile showed damage compared to the typical pattern. Ultra-thin sections of eggs treated with methanolic fractions of C. citratus presented modifications. This study showed the biological activity and effects of C. citratus on the gastrointestinal nematodes in sheep.
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19
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Sepúlveda-Crespo D, Reguera RM, Rojo-Vázquez F, Balaña-Fouce R, Martínez-Valladares M. Drug discovery technologies: Caenorhabditis elegans as a model for anthelmintic therapeutics. Med Res Rev 2020; 40:1715-1753. [PMID: 32166776 DOI: 10.1002/med.21668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Helminthiasis is one of the gravest problems worldwide. There is a growing concern on less available anthelmintics and the emergence of resistance creating a major threat to human and livestock health resources. Novel and broad-spectrum anthelmintics are urgently needed. The free-living nematode Caenorhabditis elegans could address this issue through automated high-throughput technologies for the screening of large chemical libraries. This review discusses the strong advantages and limitations for using C elegans as a screening method for anthelmintic drug discovery. C elegans is the best model available for the validation of novel effective drugs in treating most, if not all, helminth infections, and for the elucidation the mode of action of anthelmintic candidates. This review also focuses on available technologies in the discovery of anthelmintics published over the last 15 years with particular attention to high-throughput technologies over conventional screens. On the other hand, this review highlights how combinatorial and nanomedicine strategies could prolong the use of anthelmintics and control resistance problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Sepúlveda-Crespo
- Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, León, Spain
| | - Rosa M Reguera
- Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, León, Spain
| | - Francisco Rojo-Vázquez
- Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña (CSIC-Universidad de León), León, Spain.,Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, León, Spain
| | - Rafael Balaña-Fouce
- Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, León, Spain
| | - María Martínez-Valladares
- Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña (CSIC-Universidad de León), León, Spain.,Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, León, Spain
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Sharpton TJ, Combrink L, Arnold HK, Gaulke CA, Kent M. Harnessing the gut microbiome in the fight against anthelminthic drug resistance. Curr Opin Microbiol 2020; 53:26-34. [PMID: 32114334 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2020.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal helminth parasites present major challenges to the welfare of humans and threaten the global food supply. While the discovery of anthelminthic drugs empowered our ability to offset these harms to society, the alarming rise of anthelminthic drug resistance mitigates contemporary efforts to treat and control intestinal helminthic infections. Fortunately, emerging research points to potential opportunities to combat anthelminthic drug resistance by harnessing the gut microbiome as a resource for discovering novel therapeutics and informing responsible drug administration. In this review, we highlight research that demonstrates this potential and provide rationale to support increased investment in efforts to uncover and translationally utilize knowledge about how the gut microbiome mediates intestinal helminthic infection and its outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Sharpton
- Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA; Department of Statistics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA.
| | - Leigh Combrink
- Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Holly K Arnold
- Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA; Carlson College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | | | - Michael Kent
- Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
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21
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Molecular method for the semiquantitative identification of gastrointestinal nematodes in domestic ruminants. Parasitol Res 2019; 119:529-543. [PMID: 31834492 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-019-06569-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Standard diagnostic methods currently in use for the identification of helminth infections in ruminants are based on the morphological analysis of immature and adult stages of parasites. This paper describes a method for the semiquantitative identification of nematodes, mainly Trichostrongyloidea, at species-level resolution. The method is based on amplification and fragment analysis followed by minisequencing of the ITS-2 region (internal transcribed spacer 2) of the ribosomal DNA of parasite eggs or larvae. This method allows for the identification of seven genera (Chabertia, Cooperia, Haemonchus, Oesophagostomum, Ostertagia, Teladorsagia, and Trichostrongylus) and 12 species (Chabertia ovina, Cooperia curticei, Cooperia punctata, Cooperia oncophora/Cooperia surnabada, Haemonchus contortus, Haemonchus placei, Haemonchus longistipes, Oesophagostomum asperum, Oesophagostomum radiatum, Ostertagia ostertagi, Trichostrongylus axei, and Trichostrongylus colubriformis) of infectious nematodes of domestic ruminants. The concordance between the morphological and molecular analyses in the detection of genera ranged from 0.84 to 0.99, suggesting the proposed detection method is specific, semiquantitative, less laborious, and highly cost-efficient.
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Salgado JA, Cruz LV, Rocha LOD, Sotomaior CS, Borges TD, Santos CDP. Implication of the fecal egg count reduction test (FECRT) in sheep for better use of available drugs. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE PARASITOLOGIA VETERINARIA 2019; 28:700-707. [DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612019093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Abstract The aim here is to present data on the efficacy of anthelmintics in sheep flocks in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and to discuss the interpretation of the fecal egg count reduction test (FECRT) for each nematode genus. Fecal eggs counts and pre- and post-treatment coprocultures were performed, the former to evaluate the efficacy of and the latter to determine the overall parasite prevalence. An additional efficacy test was performed at Farm # 1 a year after the initial test. Severe anthelmintic resistance was found for the flocks, with no FECRT sensitivity at any of the 22 farms evaluated. However, an analysis of the infective larvae showed that some drugs were effective against certain parasitic genera; i.e., levamisole was more effective against Haemonchus spp. and moxidectin against Trichostrongylus spp. In the additional FECRT performed at Farm # 1, moxidectin and nitroxynil were ineffective separately, but when applied in combination they were highly effective due to their efficacy against Haemonchus (nitroxynil) and Trichostrongylus (moxidectin), respectively. The use of the FECRT targeting the parasitic nematode species prevalent on farms may make it possible to choose more effective anthelmintics.
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Pinto NB, Castro LMD, Azambuja RHM, Capella GDA, Moura MQD, Terto WD, Freitag RA, Jeske ST, Villela MM, Cleff MB, Leite FPL. Ovicidal and larvicidal potential of Rosmarinus officinalis to control gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE PARASITOLOGIA VETERINARIA 2019; 28:807-811. [DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612019060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Abstract Gastrointestinal Nematode Infection (GIN) are the main constraint to the production of small ruminants. Studies of medicinal plants have been an important alternative in the effort to control these parasites. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the in vitro ovicidal and larvicidal activity of essential oil of Rosmarinus officinalis. The oil was extracted, analyzed by gas chromatography and tested on GIN eggs and larvae in six concentrations, 227.5mg/mL, 113.7mg/mL, 56.8mg/mL, 28.4mg/mL, 14.2mg/mL and 7.1mg/mL. To determine the ovicidal activity, GIN eggs were recovered from sheep feces and incubated for 48h with different concentrations of the oil. For the evaluation of larval migration, third-stage larvae (L3) were obtained by fecal culture, and associated with the essential oil for 24h at the same concentrations, after which they were left for another 24 hours on microsieves, followed by the count of migrating and non-migrating larvae. The assays of R. officinalis oil showed a significant (p<0.05) 97.4% to 100% inhibition of egg hatching and a significant (p<0.05) 20% to 74% inhibition of larval migration. The main constituent revealed by gas chromatography was Eucalyptol. The results indicate that R. officinalis essential oil has ovicidal and larvicidal activity on sheep GINs.
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Soares AMDS, Wanderley LF, Costa Junior LM. The potential of plant and fungal proteins in the control of gastrointestinal nematodes from animals. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 28:339-345. [PMID: 31291435 DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612019046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal nematode infection is an important cause of high economic losses in livestock production. Nematode control based on a synthetic chemical approach is considered unsustainable due to the increasing incidence of anthelmintic resistance. Control alternatives such as the use of natural products are therefore becoming relevant from an environmental and economic point of view. Proteins are macromolecules with various properties that can be obtained from a wide range of organisms, including plants and fungi. Proteins belonging to different classes have shown great potential for the control of nematodes. The action of proteins can occur at specific stages of the nematode life cycle, depending on the composition of the external layers of the nematode body and the active site of the protein. Advances in biotechnology have resulted in the emergence of numerous protein and peptide therapeutics; however, few have been discussed with a focus on the control of animal nematodes. Here, we discuss the use of exogenous proteins and peptides in the control of gastrointestinal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Martins Dos Santos Soares
- Laboratório de Bioquímica Vegetal, Curso de Engenharia Química, Centro de Ciências Exatas e Tecnologias, Universidade Federal do Maranhão - UFMA, São Luís, MA, Brasil
| | - Lêdia Feitosa Wanderley
- Laboratório de Bioquímica Vegetal, Curso de Engenharia Química, Centro de Ciências Exatas e Tecnologias, Universidade Federal do Maranhão - UFMA, São Luís, MA, Brasil
| | - Livio Martins Costa Junior
- Laboratório de Controle de Parasitos, Departamento de Patologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Maranhão - UFMA, São Luís, MA, Brasil
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Rizzon Cintra MC, Ollhoff RD, Weber SH, Santos Sotomaior C. Is the Famacha © system always the best criterion for targeted selective treatment for the control of haemonchosis in growing lambs? Vet Parasitol 2019; 266:67-72. [PMID: 30736949 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2018.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Targeted selective treatment (TST) aims to aid in the control of gastrointestinal nematodes in small ruminants, identifying animals that require treatment with the purpose of preserving the Refugia population and delaying the buildup of anthelmintic (AH) resistance. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of both productive and clinical indicators in the selective treatment of gastrointestinal parasites in growing lambs. Two experiments were carried out between 2015 and 2016. Experiment 1: lambs (n = 70) exclusively raised on pasture were evaluated from the ages of 60 days to 180 days old. Experiment 2: lambs (n = 48) raised on pasture and fed concentrated commercial supplementation were evaluated from the ages of 60 days to 150 days old. Parasitological (eggs per gram of feces - EPG), productive (average daily weight gain - DWG), and clinical (hematocrit - Ht and FAMACHA© system - F) parameters were measured every 14 days. The lambs were divided into 4 experimental groups with different criteria for AH treatment: the control group (CG), was treated with AH every 30 days; the FAMACHA© group (FG), in which lambs classified as F3, F4, and F5 were treated with AH; Daily weight gain group (DWGG), in which lambs with average DWG ≤ the average DWG of the CG minus one standard deviation were treated with AH; FAMACHA© + daily weight gain group (FDWGG), in which lambs classified as F3, F4 and F5 and/or lambs with average DWG ≤ the average DWG of the CG minus one standard deviation were treated with AH. In experiment 1, no significant differences in the general means of DWG and Ht (p > 0.05) were observed between experimental groups, although the lowest mean EPG was observed in the CG (p < 0.05). In experiment 2, the lowest mean EPG (p < 0.05) was also observed in the CG (1044.5 EPG), and the highest mean (p < 0.05) in the FG (4845.5 EPG). There were differences in the mean DWG of the CG (198.4 g) and FDWGG (200.0 g), which were both higher (p < 0.05) than that of the FG (90.5 g), and similar (p > 0.05) to the DWGG (151.8 g). In both experiments, considering the total mean number of AH treatments, FG had the lowest number of lambs treated with AH (p < 0.05), with the DWG and FDWGG being similar to each other (p > 0.05). Even when Haemonchus is the major parasite, it is not recommended to use the FAMACHA© system as an exclusive criterion for TST in growing lambs. The DWG productive criterion can be used effectively in the TST of growing lambs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Christine Rizzon Cintra
- Graduate Program in Animal Science, School of Life Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná (PUCPR), Curitiba, Paraná, 80215-901, Brazil
| | - Rüdiger Daniel Ollhoff
- Graduate Program in Animal Science, School of Life Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná (PUCPR), Curitiba, Paraná, 80215-901, Brazil
| | - Saulo Henrique Weber
- Graduate Program in Animal Science, School of Life Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná (PUCPR), Curitiba, Paraná, 80215-901, Brazil
| | - Cristina Santos Sotomaior
- Graduate Program in Animal Science, School of Life Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná (PUCPR), Curitiba, Paraná, 80215-901, Brazil.
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Maia FSP, Campelo JEG, Sarmento JLR, Silva CS, Marques JRF, Alves FAS, Guimarães RC, Filho ES. Association of polymorphisms of the β-defensin 1 gene with nematode and protozoan infection traits in goat. Parasite Immunol 2018; 41:e12613. [PMID: 30582754 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study's purpose was to identify polymorphisms (SNP) in the goat β-defensin 1 gene and to associate these SNPs with traits related to nematodean and protozoan infections in Anglo-Nubian goats from semiarid region of Brazil. A total of 184 animals were used for DNA extraction, PCR and DNA automatic sequencing. The association analyses included the fixed effects of animal age, bloodline and genotype of the SNP marker in the statistical model. The means of genotypes were compared by the Fisher test (P < 0.05). Twelve polymorphism genotypes were found: two in intron 1, seven in exon 2 and three in 3' untranslated region. The SNPs of exon 2 were responsible for amino acid substitutions in six genetic codes, and the changes in the 25th and 33rd codes affected the protein function. The SNP 1937 was significantly associated with number of protozoan oocysts, whereas SNP 2001 was associated with degree of anaemia (Famacha©). Polymorphism 2046, in turn, showed a significant association with Famacha© degree and number of protozoan oocysts. SNP 2140 associated with maximum EPG of the animal. Results from this study suggest that the β-defensin 1 gene can be used as a molecular marker for selection of goats regarding the susceptibility to endoparasites infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flora Suzane Parente Maia
- Department of Animal Production, College of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Brazil
| | | | | | - Caio Santos Silva
- Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation, Embrapa Eastern Amazon, Belém, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Ednaldo Silva Filho
- Health and Animal Production Institute, Federal Rural University of Amazon, Belém, Brazil
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Atanásio-Nhacumbe A, Lambert SM, da Silva Souza BMP, Ayres MCC. Molecular detection of benzimidazole resistance levels associated with F167Y and F200Y polymorphisms in Haemonchus contortus of goats from Mozambique. Parasitol Res 2018; 118:245-253. [PMID: 30542822 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-018-6162-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Benzimidazole (BZ) resistance of Haemonchus contortus has been associated with single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in codons 200 (F200Y) and 167 (F167Y) and, to a lesser extent, in codon E198A, of the β-tubulin isotype 1 gene. The present study was undertaken to survey the status of BZ resistance in naturally infected goats in smallholder farms in southern Mozambique by real-time PCR (qPCR) using TaqMan® assays. H. contortus-infective larvae (L3; n = 432) from 12 populations were individually genotyped for F200Y and F167Y SNPs to detect BZ resistance. For the F200Y SNP, the results revealed an overall mean percentages of 18.8% homozygous resistant (RR), 47.8% homozygous susceptible (SS) and 33.4% heterozygous (RS) H. contortus. For the F167Y SNP, the overall mean percentages were 1.6% RR, 94.9% SS and 3.5% RS. The percentage of resistant alleles (%R) for the F200Y and F167Y SNPs was 35.7 and 3.4%, respectively. Genotype combinations of the two mutations indicate resistant percentages ranging from 0.0 to 52.9%. From the four herds with high RR individuals, three farms dewormed the animals monthly, while the fourth farm dewormed the animals every 3 months. In farms where animals were dewormed every 6 months, low percentages of RR individuals were found, whereas no RR individuals were discovered in herds where animals were dewormed annually. These results suggest that the F200Y SNP is more significant in BZ resistance development of the surveyed population compared with the F167Y SNP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alsácia Atanásio-Nhacumbe
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Av. Adhemar de Barros, 500, Ondina, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil. .,National Centre for Biotechnology and Biosciences (CNBB), Ministry of Science & Technology, High Education and Vocational Training (MCTESTP), Av. Patrice Lumumba, 770, Maputo, Mozambique.
| | - Sabrina Mota Lambert
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Av. Adhemar de Barros, 500, Ondina, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | | | - Maria Consuêlo Carybé Ayres
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Av. Adhemar de Barros, 500, Ondina, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
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Flávia da Silva F, Bezerra HMFF, Feitosa TF, Vilela VLR. Nematode resistance to five anthelmintic classes in naturally infected sheep herds in Northeastern Brazil. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE PARASITOLOGIA VETERINARIA 2018; 27:423-429. [DOI: 10.1590/s1984-296120180071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Abstract This study aimed to evaluate the occurrence of nematode resistance to anthelmintics on sheep herds from the semi-arid region of Paraíba, Northeastern Brazil. Fecal Egg Count Reduction Test (FECRT) was carried out on 20 properties. In each herd, 30 animals were divided into five groups containing six animals each: group I, treated with albendazole 10%, 4 mg/kg; group II, ivermectin 0.08%, 0.2 mg/kg; group III, closantel 10%, 10 mg/kg; group IV, levamisole hydrochloride 5%, 5 mg/kg; and group V, monepantel 2.5%, 2.5 mg/kg. All treatments were administered orally as a single dose. Fecal samples were collected on days zero and 10 after treatment, to perform FECRT and coprocultures. Multiresistance was observed in all the properties; 95% had high resistance to albendazole, 85% to ivermectin, 80% to closantel, 40% to levamisole, and 45% to monepantel. On property 15, where monepantel was ineffective, a second FECRT for this anthelmintic was carried out 4 months after the first, resulting in 75% efficacy. Immediately after the FECRT result, two ewes were euthanized and necropsied, and Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, Trichostrongylus colubriformis, Oesophagostomum columbianum, and Trichuris ovis were recovered. It was concluded that the resistance of sheep gastrointestinal nematodes to antthelmintic, including monepantel, is high.
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Infection with gastrointestinal nematodes in lambs in different integrated crop-livestock systems (ICL). Small Rumin Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2018.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Cintra MCR, Ollhoff RD, Sotomaior CS. Sensitivity and specificity of the FAMACHA© system in growing lambs. Vet Parasitol 2018; 251:106-111. [PMID: 29426465 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2018.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The FAMACHA© system is used for targeted selective treatment (TST) of small ruminants for the control of haemonchosis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of this system in growing lambs. Between 2015 and 2016, lambs aged 60-210 days on two sheep farms were evaluated at 15-day intervals using the FAMACHA© system (F1-F5), with analysis of hematocrit (Ht), counting of eggs per gram of feces, and larval culture. The sensitivity and specificity of the system were calculated according to two criteria: criterion 1, lambs classified as F4 or F5 were considered anemic (positive test) and those classified as F1, F2, or F3 were considered not anemic (negative test); and criterion 2, lambs classified as F3, F4, or F5 were considered anemic (positive test) and those classified as F1 and F2 were considered not anemic (negative test). Three gold standard Ht cutoff values were used to diagnose anemia, i.e., ≤22%, ≤18%, and ≤15%. In total, 1591 assessments were analyzed. The highest percentage of larvae in the fecal cultures was for Haemonchus spp., with an average of 78.5%. The sensitivity values found when F3 lambs were considered anemic were 13.9%, 30.8%, and 66.7%, respectively, for Ht cutoff values of ≤22%, ≤18%, and ≤15%. When F3 lambs were excluded, the maximum sensitivity was 14.9% and the specificity was 100% for all degrees of anemia using criterion 1. The FAMACHA© system had low sensitivity in growing lambs and should not be used alone for control of haemonchosis in young animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Christine Rizzon Cintra
- Graduate Program in Animal Science, School of Life Sciences-Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná (PUCPR), Curitiba, Paraná 80215-901, Brazil
| | - Rüdiger Daniel Ollhoff
- Graduate Program in Animal Science, School of Life Sciences-Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná (PUCPR), Curitiba, Paraná 80215-901, Brazil
| | - Cristina Santos Sotomaior
- Graduate Program in Animal Science, School of Life Sciences-Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná (PUCPR), Curitiba, Paraná 80215-901, Brazil.
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Salgado JA, Molento MB, Sotomaior CS, Dias LT, Dias de Castro LL, Faisca LD, Monteiro ALG. Endoparasite and nutritional status of Suffolk lambs in seven production systems. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1071/an16437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Lambs are the most susceptible category for parasite infections; therefore, the choice of the production system can influence nutritional status and reduce parasite infections. The present study aimed to evaluate the endoparasites and nutritional status of meat lambs in seven production systems. In the feedlot, they were (S1) early weaned lambs in feedlot and (S2) unweaned lambs in feedlot with controlled suckling. On pasture, they were (S3) early weaned lambs on pasture without supplementation, (S4) early weaned lambs on pasture with concentrate supplementation post-weaning, (S5) unweaned and unsupplemented lambs on pasture, (S6) unweaned lambs on pasture with concentrate supplementation and creep-feeding and (S7) unweaned lambs on pasture with free access to creep-grazing on white clover (Trifolium repens). Suffolk lambs (n = 132) were evaluated from 45 to 101 days of age, at 14-day intervals (0, 14, 28, 42 and 56 days). Parasite faecal egg count (FEC), FAMACHA score (FMC), average daily weight-gain and body condition score (BCS) were evaluated. The animals were treated with anthelmintics when they had FMC 3, 4 or 5 and/or FEC above 700. BCS and FEC (r = –0.361) and BCS and FMC variables (r = –0.313) were negatively correlated (P ≤ 0.01). FEC was lower in feedlot and in creep-feeding animals than in the other systems after the second evaluation (28 days). The weaned feedlot-lamb and controlled-suckling systems presented the best performance. On pasture, the animals in creep-feeding and creep-grazing had the best performance. Weaned and unsupplemented lambs on pasture had the lowest daily weight-gain (63 g/day) and the highest FMC scores (43% of animals) and the lowest BCS (mean 1.5). The endoparasite and nutritional statuses of the lambs were strongly correlated and were influenced by the production system, mainly when the ewes were present and the lambs received supplementation on pasture.
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Araújo SA, Soares AMDS, Silva CR, Almeida Júnior EB, Rocha CQ, Ferreira ATDS, Perales J, Costa-Júnior LM. In vitro anthelmintic effects of Spigelia anthelmia protein fractions against Haemonchus contortus. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0189803. [PMID: 29244856 PMCID: PMC5731696 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0189803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal nematodes are a significant concern for animal health and well-being, and anthelmintic treatment is mainly performed through the use of chemical products. However, bioactive compounds produced by plants have shown promise for development as novel anthelmintics. The aim of this study is to assess the anthelmintic activity of protein fractions from Spigelia anthelmia on the gastrointestinal nematode Haemonchus contortus. Plant parts were separated into leaves, stems and roots, washed with distilled water, freeze-dried and ground into a fine powder. Protein extraction was performed with sodium phosphate buffer (75 mM, pH 7.0). The extract was fractionated using ammonium sulfate (0–90%) and extensively dialyzed. The resulting fractions were named LPF (leaf protein fraction), SPF (stem protein fraction) and RPF (root protein fraction), and the protein contents and activities of the fractions were analyzed. H. contortus egg hatching (EHA), larval exsheathment inhibition (LEIA) and larval migration inhibition (LMIA) assays were performed. Proteomic analysis was conducted, and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) chromatographic profiles of the fractions were established to identify proteins and possible secondary metabolites. S. anthelmia fractions inhibited H. contortus egg hatching, with LPF having the most potent effects (EC50 0.17 mg mL-1). During LEIA, SPF presented greater efficiency than the other fractions (EC50 0.25 mg mL-1). According to LMIA, the fractions from roots, stems and leaves also reduced the number of larvae, with EC50 values of 0.11, 0.14 and 0.21 mg mL-1, respectively. Protein analysis indicated the presence of plant defense proteins in the S. anthelmia fractions, including protease, protease inhibitor, chitinase and others. Conversely, secondary metabolites were absent in the S. anthemia fractions. These results suggest that S. anthelmia proteins are promising for the control of the gastrointestinal nematode H. contortus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Alves Araújo
- Laboratory of Plant Biochemistry, Chemical Engineering Course, Centre for Exact Sciences and Technology, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luíz MA, Brazil
| | - Alexandra Martins dos Santos Soares
- Laboratory of Plant Biochemistry, Chemical Engineering Course, Centre for Exact Sciences and Technology, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luíz MA, Brazil
- * E-mail: (AMDSS); (LMCJ)
| | - Carolina Rocha Silva
- Laboratory of Parasite Control, Department of Pathology, Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luíz MA, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Bezerra Almeida Júnior
- Laboratory of Botanical Studies, Department of Biology, Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís MA, Brazil
| | - Cláudia Quintino Rocha
- Laboratory of Advanced Studies in Phytomedicines, Department of Chemistry, Centre for Exact Sciences and Technology, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís MA, Brazil
| | | | - Jonas Perales
- Laboratory of Toxinology, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro RJ, Brazil
| | - Livio M. Costa-Júnior
- Laboratory of Parasite Control, Department of Pathology, Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luíz MA, Brazil
- * E-mail: (AMDSS); (LMCJ)
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Cintra MCR, Teixeira VN, Nascimento LV, Ollhoff RD, Sotomaior CS. Monepantel resistant Trichostrongylus colubriformis in goats in Brazil. VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY- REGIONAL STUDIES AND REPORTS 2017; 11:12-14. [PMID: 31014610 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2017.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Revised: 10/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In a farm where Trichostrongylus colubriformis in sheep had been found resistant to monepantel (MNP), we aimed to evaluate the efficacy against gastrointestinal nematodes in a controlled efficacy test (CT) and a fecal egg count reduction test (FECRT) in goats. We used 15 (CT) and 30 goats (FECRT), naturally infected, and equally divided into control and treated groups. The efficacy of MNP in the CT against Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei and Cooperia curticei was 100%. For T. colubriformis, the efficacy was 90.5% in goats treated with 2.5mg/kg, and 88.1% in goats treated with 3.5mg/kg. In the FECRT, the overall reduction was 91% (2.5mg/kg) and 90% (3.75mg/kg). In the fecal cultures, Trichostrongylus spp. larvae represented 25% (pre-treatment) and 15% (post-treatment) of the larvae in the control group, but they were 75% (2.5mg/kg) and 98% (3.75mg/kg) of the recovered larvae after MNP treatment. In accordance with published standards, and based on FECRT and CT, MNP was considered ineffective against T. colubriformis in the studied flock.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C R Cintra
- Graduate Program in Animal Science, School of Life Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná (PUCPR), Curitiba, Paraná 80215-901, Brazil
| | - V N Teixeira
- School of Life Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná (PUCPR), Curitiba, Paraná 80215-901, Brazil
| | - L V Nascimento
- Graduate Program in Animal Science, School of Life Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná (PUCPR), Curitiba, Paraná 80215-901, Brazil
| | - R D Ollhoff
- Graduate Program in Animal Science, School of Life Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná (PUCPR), Curitiba, Paraná 80215-901, Brazil
| | - C S Sotomaior
- Graduate Program in Animal Science, School of Life Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná (PUCPR), Curitiba, Paraná 80215-901, Brazil.
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Oliveira AF, Costa Junior LM, Lima AS, Silva CR, Ribeiro MN, Mesquista JW, Rocha CQ, Tangerina MM, Vilegas W. Anthelmintic activity of plant extracts from Brazilian savanna. Vet Parasitol 2017; 236:121-127. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2017.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Revised: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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