1
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Cai J, Wu H, Wang C, Chen Y, Zhang D, Guan S, Fu B, Jin Y, Qian C. Sec1 regulates intestinal mucosal immunity in a mouse model of inflammatory bowel disease. BMC Immunol 2023; 24:51. [PMID: 38066482 PMCID: PMC10704666 DOI: 10.1186/s12865-023-00578-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a common immune-mediated condition with its molecular pathogenesis remaining to be fully elucidated. This study aimed to deepen our understanding of the role of FUT2 in human IBD, by studying a new surrogate gene Sec1, a neighboring gene of Fut2 and Fut1 that co-encodes the α 1,2 fucosyltransferase in mice. CRISPR/Cas9 was used to prepare Sec1 knockout (Sec1-/-) mice. IBD was induced in mice using 3% w/v dextran sulphate sodium. Small interfering RNA (siRNA) was employed to silence Sec1 in murine colon cancer cell lines CT26.WT and CMT93. IBD-related symptoms, colonic immune responses, proliferation and apoptosis of colon epithelial cells were assessed respectively to determine the role of Sec1 in mouse IBD. Impact of Sec1 on the expression of death receptor 5 (DR5) and other apoptosis-associated proteins were determined. Sec1 knockout was found to be associated with deterioration of IBD in mice and elevated immune responses in the colonic mucosa. Silencing Sec1 in CT26.WT and CMT93 cells led to greater secretion of inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α. Cell counting kit 8 (CCK8) assay, flow cytometry and TUNEL detection suggested that Sec1 expression promoted the proliferation of colon epithelial cells, inhibited cell apoptosis, reduced cell arrest in G0/G1 phase and facilitated repair of inflammatory injury. Over-expression of DR5 and several apoptosis-related effector proteins was noticed in Sec1-/- mice and Sec1-silenced CT26.WT and CMT93 cells, supporting a suppressive role of Sec1 in cell apoptosis. Our results depicted important regulatory roles of Sec1 in mouse IBD, further reflecting the importance of FUT2 in the pathogenesis of human IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Cai
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, China
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, China
- Department of Comprehensive Medicine, The Second, Wenzhou Central Hospital Medical Group, Affiliated Hospital of Shanghai University, Affiliated Dingli Clinical Institute of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Hao Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Chenxing Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yujiao Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Dingli Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shiwei Guan
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Wenzhou Central Hospital, The Dingli Clinical Institute of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Beilei Fu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yingli Jin
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Cao Qian
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, China.
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, China.
- Institute of Gastroenterology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, Zhejiang, China.
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2
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Kang Y, Zhai X, Lu S, Vuletic I, Wang L, Zhou K, Peng Z, Ren Q, Xie Z. A Hybrid Imaging Platform(CT/PET/FMI) for Evaluating Tumor Necrosis and Apoptosis in Real-Time. Front Oncol 2022; 12:772392. [PMID: 35814447 PMCID: PMC9257022 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.772392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Multimodality imaging is an advanced imaging tool for monitoring tumor behavior and therapy in vivo. In this study, we have developed a novel hybrid tri-modality system that includes two molecular imaging methods: positron emission computed tomography (PET) and fluorescence molecular imaging (FMI) and the anatomic imaging modality X-ray computed tomography (CT). The following paper describes the system development. Also, its imaging performance was tested in vitro (phantom) and in vivo, in Balb/c nude mice bearing a head and neck tumor xenograft treated with novel gene therapy [a new approach to the delivery of recombinant bacterial gene (IL-24-expressing strain)]. Using the tri-modality imaging system, we simultaneously monitored the therapeutic effect, including the apoptotic and necrotic induction within the tumor in vivo. The apoptotic induction was examined in real-time using an 18F-ML-10 tracer; the cell death was detected using ICG. A CT was used to evaluate the anatomical situation. An increased tumor inhibition (including tumor growth and tumor cell apoptosis) was observed in the treatment group compared to the control groups, which further confirmed the therapeutic effect of a new IL-24-expressing strain gene therapy on the tumor in vivo. By being able to offer concurrent morphological and functional information, our system is able to characterize malignant tissues more accurately. Therefore, this new tri-modality system (PET/CT/FMI) is an effective imaging tool for simultaneously investigating and monitoring tumor progression and therapy outcomes in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulin Kang
- Institute of Environmental Information, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Qiushi Ren, ; Zhaoheng Xie, ; Yulin Kang,
| | - Xiaohui Zhai
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Sifen Lu
- Precision Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province and Precision Medicine Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ivan Vuletic
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Kun Zhou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiqiang Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, National Centre for Protein Sciences, Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Bejing, China
| | - Qiushi Ren
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Qiushi Ren, ; Zhaoheng Xie, ; Yulin Kang,
| | - Zhaoheng Xie
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Qiushi Ren, ; Zhaoheng Xie, ; Yulin Kang,
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3
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Zhu J, Zhu R, Miao Q. Polymeric agents for activatable fluorescence, self-luminescence and photoacoustic imaging. Biosens Bioelectron 2022; 210:114330. [PMID: 35567882 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2022.114330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Numerous polymeric agents have been widely applied in biology and medicine by virtue of the facile chemical modification, feasible nano-engineering approaches and fine-tuned pharmacokinetics. To endow polymeric imaging agents with ability to monitor and measure subtle molecular or cellular alterations at diseased sites, activatable polymeric probes that can elicit signal changes in response to biomolecular interactions or the analytes of interest have to be developed. Herein, this review aims to provide a systemic interpretation and summarization of the design methodology and imaging utility of recently emerged activatable polymeric probes. An introduction of activatable probes allowing for precise imaging and classification of polymeric imaging agents is reported first. Then, we give a detailed discussion of the contemporary design approaches toward activatable polymeric probes in diverse imaging modes for the detection of various stimuli and their imaging applications. Finally, current challenges and future advances are discussed and highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieli Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Ran Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Qingqing Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China.
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4
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Murar M, Albertazzi L, Pujals S. Advanced Optical Imaging-Guided Nanotheranostics towards Personalized Cancer Drug Delivery. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:399. [PMID: 35159744 PMCID: PMC8838478 DOI: 10.3390/nano12030399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Nanomedicine involves the use of nanotechnology for clinical applications and holds promise to improve treatments. Recent developments offer new hope for cancer detection, prevention and treatment; however, being a heterogenous disorder, cancer calls for a more targeted treatment approach. Personalized Medicine (PM) aims to revolutionize cancer therapy by matching the most effective treatment to individual patients. Nanotheranostics comprise a combination of therapy and diagnostic imaging incorporated in a nanosystem and are developed to fulfill the promise of PM by helping in the selection of treatments, the objective monitoring of response and the planning of follow-up therapy. Although well-established imaging techniques, such as Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), Computed Tomography (CT), Positron Emission Tomography (PET) and Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT), are primarily used in the development of theranostics, Optical Imaging (OI) offers some advantages, such as high sensitivity, spatial and temporal resolution and less invasiveness. Additionally, it allows for multiplexing, using multi-color imaging and DNA barcoding, which further aids in the development of personalized treatments. Recent advances have also given rise to techniques permitting better penetration, opening new doors for OI-guided nanotheranostics. In this review, we describe in detail these recent advances that may be used to design and develop efficient and specific nanotheranostics for personalized cancer drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhura Murar
- Institute of Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (M.M.); (L.A.)
| | - Lorenzo Albertazzi
- Institute of Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (M.M.); (L.A.)
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, 5612 AZ Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Silvia Pujals
- Institute of Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (M.M.); (L.A.)
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5
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Tsuboi S, Jin T. In Vitro and In Vivo Fluorescence Imaging of Antibody-Drug Conjugate-Induced Tumor Apoptosis Using Annexin V-EGFP Conjugated Quantum Dots. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:2105-2113. [PMID: 35071899 PMCID: PMC8772308 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c05636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are conjugates of a monoclonal antibody and a cytotoxic drug that induce tumor apoptosis. The evaluation of ADC-induced tumor apoptosis is crucial for the development of ADCs for cancer therapy. To evaluate the efficacy of ADCs, we present in vitro and in vivo fluorescence imaging techniques for ADC-induced tumor apoptosis using annexin V-EGFP (EGFP: enhanced green fluorescent protein) conjugated quantum dots (annexin V-EGFP-QDs). This probe emits visible (VIS) and near-infrared (NIR) dual fluorescence at 515 nm (EGFP emission) and 850 nm (QD emission), which can be used for the detection of tumor apoptosis at the cellular and whole-body levels. By using annexin V-EGFP-QDs, we achieved VIS and NIR fluorescence imaging of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positive breast tumor apoptosis induced by an ADC, Kadcyla (trastuzumab emtansine). The results show that the in vitro and in vivo fluorescence imaging of ADC-induced tumor apoptosis using annexin V-EGFP-QDs is a useful tool to evaluate the efficacy of ADCs for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Setsuko Tsuboi
- RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics
Research, RIKEN, Furuedai 6-2-3, Suita, Osaka 565-0874, Japan
| | - Takashi Jin
- RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics
Research, RIKEN, Furuedai 6-2-3, Suita, Osaka 565-0874, Japan
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6
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Jacobs AH, Schelhaas S, Viel T, Waerzeggers Y, Winkeler A, Zinnhardt B, Gelovani J. Imaging of Gene and Cell-Based Therapies: Basis and Clinical Trials. Mol Imaging 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-816386-3.00060-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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7
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Tsuboi S, Jin T. Dual-colour (near-infrared/visible) emitting annexin V for fluorescence imaging of tumour cell apoptosis in vitro and in vivo. RSC Adv 2020; 10:38244-38250. [PMID: 35517522 PMCID: PMC9057337 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra06495e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Indocyanine green (ICG) labelled recombinant annexin V proteins (ICG-EGFP-Annexin V and ICG-mPlum-Annexin V) were synthesized for dual-colour fluorescence imaging of tumour cell apoptosis in vitro and in vivo. The ICG-labelled fluorescent annexin V proteins showed dual (near-infrared and visible) fluorescence emissions with binding ability to phosphatidylserines on the plasma membranes of apoptotic cells. Although several types of fluorescence labelled annexin V (e.g. FITC-annexin V, Cy3- and Cy5-annexin V) have been reported, there are no dual-colour (near-infrared/visible) emitting apoptosis-detection probes which can be used in vitro and in vivo. In this paper, the utilities of the dual-colour fluorescent annexin V are demonstrated for in vitro and in vivo fluorescence imaging of the apoptosis of human breast tumour cells induced by an antibody-drug conjugate, Kadcyla. The results suggest that the present annexin V probes will be useful to visualize the action of anti-cancer drugs against tumours both at the cellular and whole-body level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Setsuko Tsuboi
- RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research (BDR) RIKEN Furuedai 6-2-3 Suita Osaka 565-0874 Japan
| | - Takashi Jin
- RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research (BDR) RIKEN Furuedai 6-2-3 Suita Osaka 565-0874 Japan
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University Yamada-oka 1-3 Suita Osaka 565-0871 Japan
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8
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Bogdanov AA, Solovyev ID, Savitsky AP. Sensors for Proteolytic Activity Visualization and Their Application in Animal Models of Human Diseases. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2019; 84:S1-S18. [PMID: 31213192 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297919140013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Various sensors designed for optical and photo(opto)acoustic imaging in living systems are becoming essential components of basic and applied biomedical research. Some of them including those developed for determining enzyme activity in vivo are becoming commercially available. These sensors can be used for various fluorescent signal detection methods: from whole body tomography to endoscopy with miniature cameras. Sensor molecules including enzyme-cleavable macromolecules carrying multiple quenched near-infrared fluorophores are able to deliver their payload in vivo and have long circulation time in bloodstream enabling detection of enzyme activity for extended periods of time at low doses of these sensors. In the future, more effective "activated" probes are expected to become available with optimized sensitivity to enzymatic activity, spectral characteristics suitable for intraoperative imaging of surgical field, biocompatibility and lack of immunogenicity and toxicity. New in vivo optical imaging methods such as the fluorescence lifetime and photo(opto)acoustic imaging will contribute to early diagnosis of human diseases. The use of sensors for in vivo optical imaging will include more extensive preclinical applications of experimental therapies. At the same time, the ongoing development and improvement of optical signal detectors as well as the availability of biologically inert and highly specific fluorescent probes will further contribute to the introduction of fluorescence imaging into the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Bogdanov
- University of Massachusetts Medical School, Department of Radiology, Laboratory of Molecular Imaging Probes, Worcester, MA 01655, USA. .,A. N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Federal Research Center "Fundamentals of Biotechnology", Russian Academy of Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Moscow, 119071, Russia.,Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - I D Solovyev
- A. N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Federal Research Center "Fundamentals of Biotechnology", Russian Academy of Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Moscow, 119071, Russia.,A. N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Fundamentals of Biotechnology Federal Research Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Laboratory of Physical Biochemistry, Moscow, 119071, Russia
| | - A P Savitsky
- A. N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Federal Research Center "Fundamentals of Biotechnology", Russian Academy of Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Moscow, 119071, Russia.,A. N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Fundamentals of Biotechnology Federal Research Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Laboratory of Physical Biochemistry, Moscow, 119071, Russia
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9
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Neutrophil Elastase Activity Imaging: Recent Approaches in the Design and Applications of Activity-Based Probes and Substrate-Based Probes. CONTRAST MEDIA & MOLECULAR IMAGING 2019; 2019:7417192. [PMID: 31281234 PMCID: PMC6594253 DOI: 10.1155/2019/7417192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The last few decades of protease research has confirmed that a number of important biological processes are strictly dependent on proteolysis. Neutrophil elastase (NE) is a critical protease in immune response and host defense mechanisms in both physiological and disease-associated conditions. Particularly, NE has been identified as a promising biomarker for early diagnosis of lung inflammation. Recent studies have shown an increasing interest in developing methods for NE activity imaging both in vitro and in vivo. Unlike anatomical imaging modalities, functional molecular imaging, including enzymatic activities, enables disease detection at a very early stage and thus constitutes a much more accurate approach. When combined with advanced imaging technologies, opportunities arise for measuring imbalanced proteolytic activities with unprecedented details. Such technologies consist in building the highest resolved and sensitive instruments as well as the most specific probes based either on peptide substrates or on covalent inhibitors. This review outlines strengths and weaknesses of these technologies and discuss their applications to investigate NE activity as biomarker of pulmonary inflammatory diseases by imaging.
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10
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Lin H, Yang H, Huang S, Wang F, Wang DM, Liu B, Tang YD, Zhang CJ. Caspase-1 Specific Light-Up Probe with Aggregation-Induced Emission Characteristics for Inhibitor Screening of Coumarin-Originated Natural Products. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:12173-12180. [PMID: 29323474 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b14845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Caspase-1 is a key player in pyroptosis and inflammation. Caspase-1 inhibition is found to be beneficial to various diseases. Coumarin-originated natural products have an anti-inflammation function, but their direct inhibition effect to caspase-1 remains unexplored. To evaluate their interactions, the widely used commercial coumarin-based probe (Ac-YVAD-AMC) is not suitable, as the background signal from coumarin-originated natural products could interfere with the screening results. Therefore, fluorescent probes using a large Stokes shift could help solve this problem. In this work, we chose the fluorophore of tetraphenylethylene-thiophene (TPETH) with aggregation-induced emission characteristics and a large Stokes shift of about 200 nm to develop a molecular probe. Bioconjugation between TPETH and hydrophilic peptides (DDYVADC) through a thiol-ene reaction generated a light-up probe, C1-P3. The probe has little background signal in aqueous media and exerts a fluorescent turn-on effect in the presence of caspase-1. Moreover, when evaluating the inhibition potency of coumarin-originated natural products, the new probe could generate a true and objective result but not for the commercial probe (Ac-YVAD-AMC), which is evidenced by HPLC analysis. The quick light-up response and accurate screening results make C1-P3 very useful in fundamental study and inhibitior screening toward caspase-1.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Bin Liu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering , National University of Singapore , 4 Engineering Drive 4 , Singapore 117585
| | - Yi-Da Tang
- Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences , Beijing , China 100037
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11
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Liu HW, Chen L, Xu C, Li Z, Zhang H, Zhang XB, Tan W. Recent progresses in small-molecule enzymatic fluorescent probes for cancer imaging. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 47:7140-7180. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00862g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 515] [Impact Index Per Article: 85.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
An overview of recent advances in small-molecule enzymatic fluorescent probes for cancer imaging, including design strategies and cancer imaging applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Wen Liu
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory (MBL)
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Chemistry and Molecular Medicine
- Hunan University
| | - Lanlan Chen
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory (MBL)
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Chemistry and Molecular Medicine
- Hunan University
| | - Chengyan Xu
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory (MBL)
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Chemistry and Molecular Medicine
- Hunan University
| | - Zhe Li
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory (MBL)
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Chemistry and Molecular Medicine
- Hunan University
| | - Haiyang Zhang
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory (MBL)
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Chemistry and Molecular Medicine
- Hunan University
| | - Xiao-Bing Zhang
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory (MBL)
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Chemistry and Molecular Medicine
- Hunan University
| | - Weihong Tan
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory (MBL)
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Chemistry and Molecular Medicine
- Hunan University
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12
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Pilot Clinical Trial of Indocyanine Green Fluorescence-Augmented Colonoscopy in High Risk Patients. Gastroenterol Res Pract 2016; 2016:6184842. [PMID: 26989406 PMCID: PMC4773548 DOI: 10.1155/2016/6184842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
White light colonoscopy is the current gold standard for early detection and treatment of colorectal cancer, but emerging data suggest that this approach is inherently limited. Even the most experienced colonoscopists, under optimal conditions, miss at least 15-25% of adenomas. There is an unmet clinical need for an adjunctive modality to white light colonoscopy with improved lesion detection and characterization. Optical molecular imaging with exogenously administered organic fluorochromes is a burgeoning imaging modality poised to advance the capabilities of colonoscopy. In this proof-of-principle clinical trial, we investigated the ability of a custom-designed fluorescent colonoscope and indocyanine green, a clinically approved fluorescent blood pool imaging agent, to visualize polyps in high risk patients with polyposis syndromes or known distal colonic masses. We demonstrate (1) the successful performance of real-time, wide-field fluorescence endoscopy using off-the-shelf equipment, (2) the ability of this system to identify polyps as small as 1 mm, and (3) the potential for fluorescence imaging signal intensity to differentiate between neoplastic and benign polyps.
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13
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van Duijnhoven SMJ, Robillard MS, Langereis S, Grüll H. Bioresponsive probes for molecular imaging: concepts and in vivo applications. CONTRAST MEDIA & MOLECULAR IMAGING 2015; 10:282-308. [PMID: 25873263 DOI: 10.1002/cmmi.1636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Revised: 01/24/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Molecular imaging is a powerful tool to visualize and characterize biological processes at the cellular and molecular level in vivo. In most molecular imaging approaches, probes are used to bind to disease-specific biomarkers highlighting disease target sites. In recent years, a new subset of molecular imaging probes, known as bioresponsive molecular probes, has been developed. These probes generally benefit from signal enhancement at the site of interaction with its target. There are mainly two classes of bioresponsive imaging probes. The first class consists of probes that show direct activation of the imaging label (from "off" to "on" state) and have been applied in optical imaging and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The other class consists of probes that show specific retention of the imaging label at the site of target interaction and these probes have found application in all different imaging modalities, including photoacoustic imaging and nuclear imaging. In this review, we present a comprehensive overview of bioresponsive imaging probes in order to discuss the various molecular imaging strategies. The focus of the present article is the rationale behind the design of bioresponsive molecular imaging probes and their potential in vivo application for the detection of endogenous molecular targets in pathologies such as cancer and cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sander M J van Duijnhoven
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.,Department of Minimally Invasive Healthcare, Philips Research, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Marc S Robillard
- Department of Minimally Invasive Healthcare, Philips Research, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Sander Langereis
- Department of Minimally Invasive Healthcare, Philips Research, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Holger Grüll
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.,Department of Minimally Invasive Healthcare, Philips Research, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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14
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Zhou T, Ando T, Nakagawa K, Liao H, Kobayashi E, Sakuma I. Localizing fluorophore (centroid) inside a scattering medium by depth perturbation. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2015; 20:017003. [PMID: 25611868 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.20.1.017003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescence molecular tomography (FMT) imaging can be used to determine the location, size, and biodistribution of fluorophore biomarkers inside tissues. Yet when using FMT in the reflectance geometry it is challenging to accurately localize fluorophores. A depth perturbation method is proposed to determine the centroid of fluorophore inside a tissue-like medium. Through superposition of a known thin optical phantom onto the medium surface, the fluorophore depth is deliberately perturbed and signal localization is improved in a stable way. We hypothesize that the fluorophore centroid can be better localized through use of this fluorescent intensity variation resulting from the depth perturbation. This hypothesis was tested in tissue-like phantoms. The results show that a small-size fluorophore inclusion (1.2 mm(3)volume, depth up to 4.8 mm) can be localized by the method with an error of 0.2 to 0.3 mm. The method is also proven to be capable of handling multiple fluorescent inclusion conditions with the assistance of other strategies. Additionally, our further studies showed that the method's performance in the presence of background fluorophores indicated that the small inclusion could be located at a 1.8 (3.8) mm depth with accurate localization only when its concentration was not <10 (100) times the background level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuo Zhou
- The University of Tokyo, Graduate School of Engineering, Department of Precision Engineering, 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyoku, Tokyo 1138656, Japan
| | - Takehiro Ando
- The University of Tokyo, Graduate School of Engineering, Department of Precision Engineering, 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyoku, Tokyo 1138656, Japan
| | - Keiichi Nakagawa
- The University of Tokyo, Graduate School of Engineering, Department of Precision Engineering, 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyoku, Tokyo 1138656, Japan
| | - Hongen Liao
- Tsinghua University, School of Medicine, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 1 Qinghuayuan Haidian District, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Etsuko Kobayashi
- The University of Tokyo, Graduate School of Engineering, Department of Precision Engineering, 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyoku, Tokyo 1138656, Japan
| | - Ichiro Sakuma
- The University of Tokyo, Graduate School of Engineering, Department of Precision Engineering, 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyoku, Tokyo 1138656, Japan
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15
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Kamstra RL, Dadgar S, Wigg J, Chowdhury MA, Phenix CP, Floriano WB. Creating and virtually screening databases of fluorescently-labelled compounds for the discovery of target-specific molecular probes. J Comput Aided Mol Des 2014; 28:1129-42. [PMID: 25150502 DOI: 10.1007/s10822-014-9789-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Our group has recently demonstrated that virtual screening is a useful technique for the identification of target-specific molecular probes. In this paper, we discuss some of our proof-of-concept results involving two biologically relevant target proteins, and report the development of a computational script to generate large databases of fluorescence-labelled compounds for computer-assisted molecular design. The virtual screening of a small library of 1,153 fluorescently-labelled compounds against two targets, and the experimental testing of selected hits reveal that this approach is efficient at identifying molecular probes, and that the screening of a labelled library is preferred over the screening of base compounds followed by conjugation of confirmed hits. The automated script for library generation explores the known reactivity of commercially available dyes, such as NHS-esters, to create large virtual databases of fluorescence-tagged small molecules that can be easily synthesized in a laboratory. A database of 14,862 compounds, each tagged with the ATTO680 fluorophore was generated with the automated script reported here. This library is available for downloading and it is suitable for virtual ligand screening aiming at the identification of target-specific fluorescent molecular probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhiannon L Kamstra
- Department of Chemistry, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, ON, P7B 5E1, Canada
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16
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Polom W, Markuszewski M, Rho YS, Matuszewski M. Use of invisible near infrared light fluorescence with indocyanine green and methylene blue in urology. Part 2. Cent European J Urol 2014; 67:310-3. [PMID: 25247093 PMCID: PMC4165679 DOI: 10.5173/ceju.2014.03.art19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2014] [Revised: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction In the second part of this paper, concerning the use of invisible near infrared light (NIR) fluorescence with indocyanine green (ICG) and methylene blue (MB) in urology, other possible uses of this new technique will be presented. In kidney transplantation, this concerns allograft perfusion and real time NIR–guided angiography; moreover, perfusion angiography of tissue flaps, NIRF visualization of ureters, NIR–guided visualization of urinary calcifications, NIRF in male infertility and semen quality assessment. In this part, we have also analysed cancer targeting and imaging fluorophores as well as cost benefits associated with the use of these new techniques. Material and methods PubMed and Medline databases were searched for ICG and MB use in urological settings, along with data published in abstracts of urological conferences. Results Although NIR–guided ICG and MB are still in their initial phases, there have been significant developments in a few more major domains of urology, including 1) kidney transplantation: kidney allograft perfusion and vessel reconstruction; 2) angiography perfusion of tissue flaps; 3) visualization of ureters; 4) visualization of urinary calcifications; and 5) NIRF in male infertility and semen quality assessment. Conclusions Near infrared technology in urology is at its early stages. More studies are needed to assess the true potential and limitations of the technology. Initial studies show that this pioneering tool may influence various aspects of urology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Polom
- Department of Urology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland
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17
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Eggleston H, Panizzi P. Molecular imaging of bacterial infections in vivo: the discrimination of infection from inflammation. INFORMATICS (MDPI) 2014; 1:72-99. [PMID: 26985401 PMCID: PMC4790455 DOI: 10.3390/informatics1010072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Molecular imaging by definition is the visualization of molecular and cellular processes within a given system. The modalities and reagents described here represent a diverse array spanning both pre-clinical and clinical applications. Innovations in probe design and technologies would greatly benefit therapeutic outcomes by enhancing diagnostic accuracy and assessment of acute therapy. Opportunistic pathogens continue to pose a worldwide threat, despite advancements in treatment strategies, which highlights the continued need for improved diagnostics. In this review, we present a summary of the current clinical protocol for the imaging of a suspected infection, methods currently in development to optimize this imaging process, and finally, insight into endocarditis as a model of infectious disease in immediate need of improved diagnostic methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather Eggleston
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849
| | - Peter Panizzi
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849
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18
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Abstract
Caspases are a family of integral proteases playing a role in apoptosis. The importance of apoptosis in disease has made these proteases not only an attractive drug target but also a focal point for measuring apoptosis in vivo. The critical role caspases play in determining cell death has led to the development of a wide array of technologies to measure caspase activity in vivo, ranging from small molecule PET imaging reagents to fluorescent and luminescent protein-based reporters used in whole animal and cell-based applications. This chapter reviews this wide range of technologies available as well as the most appropriate applications for each reagent and the mechanism of how it measures caspase activity in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha B Nicholls
- MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, Alzheimer's Disease Research Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Bradley T Hyman
- MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, Alzheimer's Disease Research Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA.
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19
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Bogdanov AA, Mazzanti ML. Fluorescent macromolecular sensors of enzymatic activity for in vivo imaging. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2013; 113:349-87. [PMID: 23244795 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-386932-6.00009-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Macromolecular imaging probes (or sensors) of enzymatic activity have a unique place in the armamentarium of modern optical imaging techniques. Such probes were initially developed by attaching optically "silent" fluorophores via enzyme-sensitive linkers to large copolymers of biocompatible poly(ethylene glycol) and poly(amino acids). In diseased tissue, where the concentration of enzymes is high, the fluorophores are freed from the macromolecular carrier and regain their initial ability to fluoresce, thus allowing in vivo optical localization of the diseased tissue. This chapter describes the design and application of these probes and their alternatives in various areas of experimental medicine and gives an overview of currently available techniques that allow imaging of animals using visible and near-infrared light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexei A Bogdanov
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging Probes, Department of Radiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
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20
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Waerzeggers Y, Monfared P, Viel T, Faust A, Kopka K, Schäfers M, Tavitian B, Winkeler A, Jacobs A. Specific biomarkers of receptors, pathways of inhibition and targeted therapies: pre-clinical developments. Br J Radiol 2012; 84 Spec No 2:S168-78. [PMID: 22433827 DOI: 10.1259/bjr/66405626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
A deeper understanding of the role of specific genes, proteins, pathways and networks in health and disease, coupled with the development of technologies to assay these molecules and pathways in patients, promises to revolutionise the practice of clinical medicine. Especially the discovery and development of novel drugs targeted to disease-specific alterations could benefit significantly from non-invasive imaging techniques assessing the dynamics of specific disease-related parameters. Here we review the application of imaging biomarkers in the management of patients with brain tumours, especially malignant glioma. In our other review we focused on imaging biomarkers of general biochemical and physiological processes related with tumour growth such as energy, protein, DNA and membrane metabolism, vascular function, hypoxia and cell death. In this part of the review, we will discuss the use of imaging biomarkers of specific disease-related molecular genetic alterations such as apoptosis, angiogenesis, cell membrane receptors and signalling pathways and their application in targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Waerzeggers
- European Institute for Molecular Imaging, Westfaelische Wilhelms-University, Muenster, Germany
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21
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Hellebust A, Richards-Kortum R. Advances in molecular imaging: targeted optical contrast agents for cancer diagnostics. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2012; 7:429-45. [PMID: 22385200 DOI: 10.2217/nnm.12.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last three decades, our understanding of the molecular changes associated with cancer development and progression has advanced greatly. This has led to new cancer therapeutics targeted against specific molecular pathways; such therapies show great promise to reduce mortality, in part by enabling physicians to tailor therapy for patients based on a molecular profile of their tumor. Unfortunately, the tools for definitive cancer diagnosis - light microscopic examination of biopsied tissue stained with nonspecific dyes - remain focused on the analysis of tissue ex vivo. There is an important need for new clinical tools to support the molecular diagnosis of cancer. Optical molecular imaging is emerging as a technique to help meet this need. Targeted, optically active contrast agents can specifically label extra- and intracellular biomarkers of cancer. Optical images can be acquired in real time with high spatial resolution to image-specific molecular targets, while still providing morphologic context. This article reviews recent advances in optical molecular imaging, highlighting the advances in technology required to improve early cancer detection, guide selection of targeted therapy and rapidly evaluate therapeutic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Hellebust
- Rice University, Bioengineering Department, 6100 Main Street, Bioengineering, MS 142, Houston, TX 77005-1892, USA
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22
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Bogdanov Jr AA, Mazzanti M, Castillo G, Bolotin E. Protected Graft Copolymer (PGC) in Imaging and Therapy: A Platform for the Delivery of Covalently and Non-Covalently Bound Drugs. Am J Cancer Res 2012; 2:553-76. [PMID: 22737192 PMCID: PMC3381344 DOI: 10.7150/thno.4070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2012] [Accepted: 02/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Initially developed in 1992 as an MR imaging agent, the family of protected graft copolymers (PGC) is based on a conjugate of polylysine backbone to which methoxypoly(ethylene glycol) (MPEG) chains are covalently linked in a random fasion via N-ε-amino groups. While PGC is relatively simple in terms of its chemcial composition and structure, it has proved to be a versatile platform for in vivo drug delivery. The advantages of poly amino acid backbone grafting include multiple available linking sites for drug and adaptor molecules. The grafting of PEG chains to PGC does not compromise biodegradability and does not result in measurable toxicity or immunogenicity. In fact, the biocompatablility of PGC has resulted in its being one of the few 100% synthetic non-proteinaceous macromolecules that has suceeded in passing the initial safety phase of clinical trials. PGC is capable of long circulation times after injection into the blood stream and as such found use early on as a carrier system for delivery of paramagnetic imaging compounds for angiography. Other PGC types were later developed for use in nuclear medicine and optical imaging applications in vivo. Recent developments in PGC-based drug carrier formulations include the use of zinc as a bridge between the PGC carrier and zinc-binding proteins and re-engineering of the PGC carrier as a covalent amphiphile that is capabe of binding to hydrophobic residues of small proteins and peptides. At present, PGC-based formulations have been developed and tested in various disease models for: 1) MR imaging local blood circulation in stroke, cancer and diabetes; 2) MR and nuclear imaging of blood volume and vascular permeability in inflammation; 3) optical imaging of proteolytic activity in cancer and inflammation; 4) delivery of platinum(II) compounds for treating cancer; 5) delivery of small proteins and peptides for treating diabetes, obesity and myocardial infarction. This review summarizes the experience accumulated by various research groups that chose to use PGC as a drug delivery platform.
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Miller SJ, Lee CM, Joshi BP, Gaustad A, Seibel EJ, Wang TD. Targeted detection of murine colonic dysplasia in vivo with flexible multispectral scanning fiber endoscopy. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2012; 17:021103. [PMID: 22463021 PMCID: PMC3380821 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.17.2.021103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2011] [Revised: 09/17/2011] [Accepted: 09/21/2011] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal cancers are heterogeneous and can overexpress several protein targets that can be imaged simultaneously on endoscopy using multiple molecular probes. We aim to demonstrate a multispectral scanning fiber endoscope for wide-field fluorescence detection of colonic dysplasia. Excitation at 440, 532, and 635 nm is delivered into a single spiral scanning fiber, and fluorescence is collected by a ring of light-collecting optical fibers placed around the instrument periphery. Specific-binding peptides are selected with phage display technology using the CPC;Apc mouse model of spontaneous colonic dysplasia. Validation of peptide specificity is performed on flow cytometry and in vivo endoscopy. The peptides KCCFPAQ, AKPGYLS, and LTTHYKL are selected and labeled with 7-diethylaminocoumarin-3-carboxylic acid (DEAC), 5-carboxytetramethylrhodamine (TAMRA), and CF633, respectively. Separate droplets of KCCFPAQ-DEAC, AKPGYLS-TAMRA, and LTTHYKL-CF633 are distinguished at concentrations of 100 and 1 μM. Separate application of the fluorescent-labeled peptides demonstrate specific binding to colonic adenomas. The average target/background ratios are 1.71 ± 0.19 and 1.67 ± 0.12 for KCCFPAQ-DEAC and AKPGYLS-TAMRA, respectively. Administration of these two peptides together results in distinct binding patterns in the blue and green channels. Specific binding of two or more peptides can be distinguished in vivo using a novel multispectral endoscope to localize colonic dysplasia on real-time wide-field imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon J. Miller
- University of Michigan, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, 109 Zina Pitcher Pl. BSRB 1522, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2200
| | - Cameron M. Lee
- University of Washington, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Human Photonics Laboratory, Box 352600, Seattle, Washington 98195
| | - Bishnu P. Joshi
- University of Michigan, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, 109 Zina Pitcher Pl. BSRB 1522, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2200
| | - Adam Gaustad
- University of Michigan, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Division of Gastroenterology, 109 Zina Pitcher Pl. BSRB 1522, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2200
| | - Eric J. Seibel
- University of Washington, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Human Photonics Laboratory, Box 352600, Seattle, Washington 98195
| | - Thomas D. Wang
- University of Michigan, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, 109 Zina Pitcher Pl. BSRB 1522, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2200
- University of Michigan, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Division of Gastroenterology, 109 Zina Pitcher Pl. BSRB 1522, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2200
- Address all correspondence to: Thomas D. Wang, University of Michigan, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Division of Gastroenterology, 109 Zina Pitcher Pl. BSRB 1522, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2200. Tel: +734 936 1228; Fax: +734 647 7950; E-mail:
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24
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Cleavable linkers in chemical biology. Bioorg Med Chem 2012; 20:571-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.07.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2011] [Revised: 07/08/2011] [Accepted: 07/23/2011] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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25
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Ispas CR, Crivat G, Andreescu S. Review: Recent Developments in Enzyme-Based Biosensors for Biomedical Analysis. ANAL LETT 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2011.633188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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26
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Mawn TM, Popov AV, Beardsley NJ, Stefflova K, Milkevitch M, Zheng G, Delikatny EJ. In vivo detection of phospholipase C by enzyme-activated near-infrared probes. Bioconjug Chem 2011; 22:2434-43. [PMID: 22034913 PMCID: PMC3292874 DOI: 10.1021/bc200242v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In this article, the characterization of the first near-infrared (NIR) phospholipase-activated molecular beacon is reported, and its utility for in vivo cancer imaging is demonstrated. The probe consists of three elements: a phospholipid (PL) backbone to which the NIR fluorophore, pyropheophorbide a (Pyro), and the NIR Black Hole Quencher 3 (BHQ) were conjugated. Because of the close proximity of BHQ to Pyro, the Pyro-PtdEtn-BHQ probe is self-quenched until enzyme hydrolysis releases the fluorophore. The Pyro-PtdEtn-BHQ probe is highly specific to one isoform of phospholipase C, phosphatidylcholine-specific phospholipase C (PC-PLC), responsible for catabolizing phosphatidylcholine directly to phosphocholine. Incubation of Pyro-PtdEtn-BHQ in vitro with PC-PLC demonstrated a 150-fold increase in fluorescence that could be inhibited by the specific PC-PLC inhibitor tricyclodecan-9-yl xanthogenate (D609) with an IC(50) of 34 ± 8 μM. Since elevations in phosphocholine have been consistently observed by magnetic resonance spectroscopy in a wide array of cancer cells and solid tumors, we assessed the utility of Pyro-PtdEtn-BHQ as a probe for targeted tumor imaging. Injection of Pyro-PtdEtn-BHQ into mice bearing DU145 human prostate tumor xenografts followed by in vivo NIR imaging resulted in a 4-fold increase in tumor radiance over background and a 2 fold increase in the tumor/muscle ratio. Tumor fluorescence enhancement was inhibited with the administration of D609. The ability to image PC-PLC activity in vivo provides a unique and sensitive method of monitoring one of the critical phospholipase signaling pathways activated in cancer, as well as the phospholipase activities that are altered in response to cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa M. Mawn
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Anatoliy V. Popov
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Nancy J. Beardsley
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | | | | | | | - E. James Delikatny
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
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27
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Pike LS, Tannous BA, Deliolanis NC, Hsich G, Morse D, Tung CH, Sena-Esteves M, Breakefield XO. Imaging gene delivery in a mouse model of congenital neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis. Gene Ther 2011; 18:1173-8. [PMID: 21900963 PMCID: PMC3235265 DOI: 10.1038/gt.2011.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2010] [Revised: 06/10/2011] [Accepted: 06/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Adeno-associated virus (AAV)-mediated gene replacement for lysosomal disorders have been spurred by the ability of some serotypes to efficiently transduce neurons in the brain and by the ability of lysosomal enzymes to cross-correct among cells. Here, we explored enzyme replacement therapy in a knock-out mouse model of congenital neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (NCL), the most severe of the NCLs in humans. The missing protease in this disorder, cathepsin D (CathD) has high levels in the central nervous system. This enzyme has the potential advantage for assessing experimental therapy in that it can be imaged using a near-infrared fluorescence (NIRF) probe activated by CathD. Injections of an AAV2/rh8 vector-encoding mouse CathD (mCathD) into both cerebral ventricles and peritoneum of newborn knock-out mice resulted in a significant increase in lifespan. Successful delivery of active CathD by the AAV2/rh8-mCathD vector was verified by NIRF imaging of mouse embryonic fibroblasts from knock-out mice in culture, as well as by ex vivo NIRF imaging of the brain and liver after gene transfer. These studies support the potential effectiveness and imaging evaluation of enzyme replacement therapy to the brain and other organs in CathD null mice via AAV-mediated gene delivery in neonatal animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa S. Pike
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Neuroscience Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Bakhos A. Tannous
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Neuroscience Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Center for Molecular Imaging Research, Department of Radiology, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Gary Hsich
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Neuroscience Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Danielle Morse
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Neuroscience Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ching-Hsuan Tung
- Center for Molecular Imaging Research, Department of Radiology, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Miguel Sena-Esteves
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Neuroscience Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Xandra O. Breakefield
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Neuroscience Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Center for Molecular Imaging Research, Department of Radiology, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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28
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Lovell JF, Chan MW, Qi Q, Chen J, Zheng G. Porphyrin FRET Acceptors for Apoptosis Induction and Monitoring. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:18580-2. [DOI: 10.1021/ja2083569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan F. Lovell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260, United States
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5G 1L7
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Ontario Cancer Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5G 1L7
| | - Michael W. Chan
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Ontario Cancer Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5G 1L7
| | - Qiaochu Qi
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Ontario Cancer Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5G 1L7
| | - Juan Chen
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Ontario Cancer Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5G 1L7
| | - Gang Zheng
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5G 1L7
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Ontario Cancer Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5G 1L7
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Abstract
The early detection of many human diseases is crucial if they are to be treated successfully. Therefore, the development of imaging techniques that can facilitate early detection of disease is of high importance. Changes in the levels of enzyme expression are known to occur in many diseases, making their accurate detection at low concentrations an area of considerable active research. Activatable fluorescent probes show immense promise in this area. If properly designed they should exhibit no signal until they interact with their target enzyme, reducing the level of background fluorescence and potentially endowing them with greater sensitivity. The mechanisms of fluorescence changes in activatable probes vary. This review aims to survey the field of activatable probes, focusing on their mechanisms of action as well as illustrating some of the in vitro and in vivo settings in which they have been employed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R Drake
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, 185 Berry Street, Suite 350, Box 0946, San Francisco, CA, 94107, USA
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30
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Luo S, Zhang E, Su Y, Cheng T, Shi C. A review of NIR dyes in cancer targeting and imaging. Biomaterials 2011; 32:7127-38. [PMID: 21724249 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 978] [Impact Index Per Article: 75.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2011] [Accepted: 06/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The development of multifunctional agents for simultaneous tumor targeting and near infrared (NIR) fluorescence imaging is expected to have significant impact on future personalized oncology owing to the very low tissue autofluorescence and high tissue penetration depth in the NIR spectrum window. Cancer NIR molecular imaging relies greatly on the development of stable, highly specific and sensitive molecular probes. Organic dyes have shown promising clinical implications as non-targeting agents for optical imaging in which indocyanine green has long been implemented in clinical use. Recently, significant progress has been made on the development of unique NIR dyes with tumor targeting properties. Current ongoing design strategies have overcome some of the limitations of conventional NIR organic dyes, such as poor hydrophilicity and photostability, low quantum yield, insufficient stability in biological system, low detection sensitivity, etc. This potential is further realized with the use of these NIR dyes or NIR dye-encapsulated nanoparticles by conjugation with tumor specific ligands (such as small molecules, peptides, proteins and antibodies) for tumor targeted imaging. Very recently, natively multifunctional NIR dyes that can preferentially accumulate in tumor cells without the need of chemical conjugation to tumor targeting ligands have been developed and these dyes have shown unique optical and pharmaceutical properties for biomedical imaging with superior signal-to-background contrast index. The main focus of this article is to provide a concise overview of newly developed NIR dyes and their potential applications in cancer targeting and imaging. The development of future multifunctional agents by combining targeting, imaging and even therapeutic routes will also be discussed. We believe these newly developed multifunctional NIR dyes will broaden current concept of tumor targeted imaging and hold promise to make an important contribution to the diagnosis and therapeutics for the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenglin Luo
- Institute of Combined Injury, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
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31
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Potential targets for molecular imaging of apoptosis resistance in hepatocellular carcinoma. Biomed Imaging Interv J 2011; 7:e5. [PMID: 21655114 PMCID: PMC3107687 DOI: 10.2349/biij.7.1.e5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2010] [Revised: 08/25/2010] [Accepted: 09/22/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common cancers, which is mainly a concern in Southeast Asia. Apoptosis resistance in HCC is one of the significant factors for hepatocarcinogenesis and tumour progression. Recent advances of apoptosis resistance mechanisms in HCC could serve as potential targets for molecular imaging, which would be of considerable value to explore the molecular processes involved in HCC progression and to evaluate responses of certain anti-HCC therapies. Disruptions in the balance of anti-apoptotic and pro-apoptotic processes have been found to be involved in apoptosis resistance in HCC. Loss of response to death receptors, transformation of growth factor-β induced apoptosis, upregulation of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 subgroup, as well as downregulation of pro-apoptotic Bax subgroup and BH3-only subgroup, are associated with apoptosis resistance in HCC. Mutation of p53 gene, dysregulation of NF-κB and survivin are also of interest because of their contribution to HCC development. In this review, the aim is to identify potential targets for molecular imaging of apoptosis resistance in HCC.
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Gabriel D, Zuluaga MF, Lange N. On the cutting edge: protease-sensitive prodrugs for the delivery of photoactive compounds. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2011; 10:689-703. [DOI: 10.1039/c0pp00341g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Napp J, Mathejczyk JE, Alves F. Optical imaging in vivo with a focus on paediatric disease: technical progress, current preclinical and clinical applications and future perspectives. Pediatr Radiol 2011; 41:161-75. [PMID: 21221568 PMCID: PMC3032188 DOI: 10.1007/s00247-010-1907-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2010] [Revised: 09/20/2010] [Accepted: 10/10/2010] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
To obtain information on the occurrence and location of molecular events as well as to track target-specific probes such as antibodies or peptides, drugs or even cells non-invasively over time, optical imaging (OI) technologies are increasingly applied. Although OI strongly contributes to the advances made in preclinical research, it is so far, with the exception of optical coherence tomography (OCT), only very sparingly applied in clinical settings. Nevertheless, as OI technologies evolve and improve continuously and represent relatively inexpensive and harmful methods, their implementation as clinical tools for the assessment of children disease is increasing. This review focuses on the current preclinical and clinical applications as well as on the future potential of OI in the clinical routine. Herein, we summarize the development of different fluorescence and bioluminescence imaging techniques for microscopic and macroscopic visualization of microstructures and biological processes. In addition, we discuss advantages and limitations of optical probes with distinct mechanisms of target-detection as well as of different bioluminescent reporter systems. Particular attention has been given to the use of near-infrared (NIR) fluorescent probes enabling observation of molecular events in deeper tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Napp
- Department of Molecular Biology of Neuronal Signals, Max-Planck-Institute for Experimental Medicine, Hermann-Rein-Str. 3, 37075 Göttingen, Germany ,Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Julia E. Mathejczyk
- Department of Molecular Biology of Neuronal Signals, Max-Planck-Institute for Experimental Medicine, Hermann-Rein-Str. 3, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Frauke Alves
- Department of Molecular Biology of Neuronal Signals, Max-Planck-Institute for Experimental Medicine, Hermann-Rein-Str. 3, 37075 Göttingen, Germany ,Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
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Sheth RA, Mahmood U. Optical molecular imaging and its emerging role in colorectal cancer. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2010; 299:G807-20. [PMID: 20595618 PMCID: PMC3774281 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00195.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2010] [Accepted: 06/30/2010] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the United States. The advent of molecular therapies targeted against specific, stereotyped cellular mutations that occur in this disease has ushered in new hope for treatment options. However, key questions regarding optimal dosing schedules, dosing duration, and patient selection remain unanswered. In this review, we describe how recent advances in molecular imaging, specifically optical molecular imaging with fluorescent probes, offer potential solutions to these questions. We begin with an overview of optical molecular imaging, including discussions on the various methods of design for fluorescent probes and the clinically relevant imaging systems that have been built to image them. We then focus on the relevance of optical molecular imaging to colorectal cancer. We review the most recent data on how this imaging modality has been applied to the measurement of treatment efficacy for currently available as well as developmental molecularly targeted therapies. We then conclude with a discussion on how this imaging approach has already begun to be translated clinically for human use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul A Sheth
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
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Waerzeggers Y, Monfared P, Viel T, Winkeler A, Jacobs AH. Mouse models in neurological disorders: applications of non-invasive imaging. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2010; 1802:819-39. [PMID: 20471478 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2010.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2009] [Revised: 04/26/2010] [Accepted: 04/29/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Neuroimaging techniques represent powerful tools to assess disease-specific cellular, biochemical and molecular processes non-invasively in vivo. Besides providing precise anatomical localisation and quantification, the most exciting advantage of non-invasive imaging techniques is the opportunity to investigate the spatial and temporal dynamics of disease-specific functional and molecular events longitudinally in intact living organisms, so called molecular imaging (MI). Combining neuroimaging technologies with in vivo models of neurological disorders provides unique opportunities to understand the aetiology and pathophysiology of human neurological disorders. In this way, neuroimaging in mouse models of neurological disorders not only can be used for phenotyping specific diseases and monitoring disease progression but also plays an essential role in the development and evaluation of disease-specific treatment approaches. In this way MI is a key technology in translational research, helping to design improved disease models as well as experimental treatment protocols that may afterwards be implemented into clinical routine. The most widely used imaging modalities in animal models to assess in vivo anatomical, functional and molecular events are positron emission tomography (PET), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and optical imaging (OI). Here, we review the application of neuroimaging in mouse models of neurodegeneration (Parkinson's disease, PD, and Alzheimer's disease, AD) and brain cancer (glioma).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannic Waerzeggers
- Laboratory for Gene Therapy and Molecular Imaging at the Max Planck Institute for Neurological Research with Klaus-Joachim-Zülch Laboratories of the Max Planck Society and the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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Mu CJ, LaVan DA, Langer RS, Zetter BR. Self-assembled gold nanoparticle molecular probes for detecting proteolytic activity in vivo. ACS NANO 2010; 4:1511-20. [PMID: 20146506 PMCID: PMC2847389 DOI: 10.1021/nn9017334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Target-activatable fluorogenic probes based on gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) functionalized with self-assembled heterogeneous monolayers of dye-labeled peptides and poly(ethylene glycol) have been developed to visualize proteolytic activity in vivo. A one-step synthesis strategy that allows simple generation of surface-defined AuNP probe libraries is presented as a means of tailoring and evaluating probe characteristics for maximal fluorescence enhancement after protease activation. Optimal AuNP probes targeted to trypsin and urokinase-type plasminogen activator required the incorporation of a dark quencher to achieve 5- to 8-fold signal amplification. These probes exhibited extended circulation time in vivo and high image contrast in a mouse tumor model.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Jenny Mu
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
- Vascular Biology Program, Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - David A. LaVan
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899
| | - Robert S. Langer
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 45 Carleton Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142
| | - Bruce R. Zetter
- Vascular Biology Program, Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
- Corresponding author
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37
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Abstract
Fluorescence imaging is an important tool for molecular biology research. There is a wide array of fluorescent labels and activatable probes available for investigation of biochemical processes at a molecular level in living cells. Given the large number of potential imaging agents and numerous variables that can impact the utility of these fluorescent materials for imaging, selection of the appropriate probes can be a difficult task. In this report an overview of fluorescent imaging agents and details on their optical and physical properties that can impact their function are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott A Hilderbrand
- Center for Molecular Imaging Research, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
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38
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Near-infrared fluorescence: application to in vivo molecular imaging. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2009; 14:71-9. [PMID: 19879798 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2009.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 727] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2009] [Accepted: 09/22/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Molecular imaging often relies on the use of targeted and activatable reporters to quantitate and visualize targets, biological processes, and cells in vivo. The use of optical probes with near-infrared fluorescence allows for improved photon penetration through tissue and minimizes the effects of tissue autofluorescence. There are several parameters that define the effectiveness of imaging agents in vivo. These factors include probe targeting, activation, pharmacokinetics, biocompatibility, and photophysics. Recent advances in our understanding of these variables as they pertain to the application of optical reporters for in vivo imaging are discussed in this review.
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Zhang Z, Fan J, Cheney PP, Berezin MY, Edwards WB, Akers WJ, Shen D, Liang K, Culver JP, Achilefu S. Activatable molecular systems using homologous near-infrared fluorescent probes for monitoring enzyme activities in vitro, in cellulo, and in vivo. Mol Pharm 2009; 6:416-27. [PMID: 19718795 DOI: 10.1021/mp800264k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We have developed a generic approach to determine enzyme activities in vitro and monitor their functional status in vivo. Specifically, a method to generate donor (CbOH)-acceptor (Me2NCp) near-infrared (NIR) fluorescent dye pairs for preparing enzyme activatable molecular systems were developed based on the structural template of heptamethine cyanine dyes. Using caspase-3 as a model enzyme, we prepared two new caspase-3 sensitive compounds with high fluorescence quenching efficiency: Me2NCp-DEVD-K(CbOH)-OH (4) and AcGK(Me2NCp)-DEVD-APK(CbOH)-NH2 (5). The mechanism of quenching was based on combined effects of direct (classical) and reverse fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET). Caspase-3 cleavage of the scissile DEVD amide bond regenerated the NIR fluorescence of both donor and acceptor dyes. While both compounds were cleaved by caspase-3, substrate 5 was cleaved more readily than 4, yielding k(cat) and K(M), values of 1.02 +/- 0.06 s(-1) and 15 +/- 3 microM, respectively. Treatment of A549 tumor cells with paclitaxel resulted in > 2-fold increase in the fluorescence intensity by NIR confocal microscopy, suggesting the activation of pro-caspase-3 to caspase-3. A similar trend was observed in a mouse model, where the fluorescence intensity was nearly twice the value in caspase-3-rich tissue relative to the control. These results demonstrate the use of the same NIR activatable molecular systems for monitoring the activities of enzymes across a wide spatial scale ranging from in vitro kinetics measurements to in cellulo and in vivo localization of caspase-3 activation. The NIR activatable molecular probes provide an effective strategy to screen new drugs in vitro and monitor treatment response in living organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongren Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 4525 Scott Avenue, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
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40
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Maxwell D, Chang Q, Zhang X, Barnett EM, Piwnica-Worms D. An improved cell-penetrating, caspase-activatable, near-infrared fluorescent peptide for apoptosis imaging. Bioconjug Chem 2009; 20:702-9. [PMID: 19331388 DOI: 10.1021/bc800516n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Apoptosis is required for normal cellular homeostasis, and deregulation of the apoptotic process is implicated in various diseases. Previously, we developed a cell-penetrating near-infrared fluorescence (NIRF) probe based on an activatable strategy to detect apoptosis-associated caspase activity in vivo. This probe consisted of a cell-penetrating Tat peptide conjugated to an effector recognition sequence (DEVD) that was flanked by a fluorophore-quencher pair (Alexa Fluor 647 and QSY 21). Once exposed to effector caspases, the recognition sequence was cleaved, resulting in separation of the fluorophore-quencher pair and signal generation. Herein, we present biochemical analysis of a second generation probe, KcapQ, with a modified cell-penetrating peptide sequence (KKKRKV). This modification resulted in a probe that was more sensitive to effector caspase enzymes, displayed an unexpectedly higher quenching efficiency between the fluorophore-quencher pair, and was potentially less toxic to cells. Assays using recombinant caspase enzymes revealed that the probe was specific for effector caspases (caspase 3 > 7 > 6). Analysis of apoptosis in HeLa cells treated with doxorubicin showed probe activation specific to apoptotic cells. In a rat model of retinal neuronal excitotoxicity, intravitreal injection of N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) induced apoptosis of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). Eyecup and retinal flat-mount images of NMDA-pretreated animals injected intravitreally with KcapQ using a clinically applicable protocol showed specific and widely distributed cell-associated fluorescence signals compared to untreated control animals. Fluorescence microscopy images of vertical retinal sections from NMDA-pretreated animals confirmed that activated probe was predominantly localized to RGCs and colocalized with TUNEL labeling. Thus, KcapQ represents an improved effector caspase-activatable NIRF probe for enhanced noninvasive analysis of apoptosis in whole cells and live animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dustin Maxwell
- Molecular Imaging Center, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University Medical School, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
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41
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Zhou F, Xing D, Wu S, Chen WR. Intravital imaging of tumor apoptosis with FRET probes during tumor therapy. Mol Imaging Biol 2009; 12:63-70. [PMID: 19543775 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-009-0235-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2009] [Accepted: 03/03/2009] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of the study is to dynamically and non-invasively monitor the apoptosis events in vivo during photodynamic therapy (PDT) and chemotherapy. PROCEDURES A FRET probe, SCAT3, was utilized to determine activation of caspase-3 during tumor cell apoptosis in mice, induced by PDT, and cisplatin treatments. Using this method, dynamics of caspase-3 activation was observed both in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS Analysis of the fluorescent missions from tumor cells indicated that the caspase-3 activation started immediately after PDT treatment. In contrast, the caspase-3 activation started about 13 and 36 h after cisplatin treatment in vitro and in vivo, respectively. CONCLUSIONS FRET could be used effectively to monitor activation of caspase-3 in living organism. This method could be used to provide rapid assessment of apoptosis induced by anti-tumor therapies for improvement of treatment efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifan Zhou
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science and Institute of Laser Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
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42
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Single-cell imaging of retinal ganglion cell apoptosis with a cell-penetrating, activatable peptide probe in an in vivo glaucoma model. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 106:9391-6. [PMID: 19458250 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0812884106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular imaging probes have potential for in vivo identification of apoptosis and other intracellular processes. TcapQ, a cell-penetrating, near-infrared fluorescent peptide probe designed to be optically silent through intramolecular fluorescence quenching and activated by effector caspases, has been previously described and validated in vitro. Herein, using NMDA-induced apoptosis of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), representing an in vivo rat model of glaucoma, we assessed the ability of TcapQ to image single-cell apoptosis through effector caspase activity. Following intravitreal injection, intracellular TcapQ activation occurred specifically in RGCs, identified individual apoptotic cells, showed a clear dose-response relationship with NMDA, and colocalized with TUNEL labeling in the retina. There was a significant diminution of probe activation following pretreatment with a specific inhibitor of caspase-3. Stereospecificity was also exhibited by the lack of intracellular fluorescence upon administration of the noncleavable isomer, dTcapQ. TcapQ has potential utility in detecting and monitoring single-cell apoptosis in glaucoma in vivo.
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Abstract
Endoscopy has undergone explosive technological growth in recent years, and with the emergence of targeted imaging, its truly transformative power and impact on medicine lies just over the horizon. Today, our ability to see inside the digestive tract with medical endoscopy is headed toward exciting crossroads. The existing paradigm of making diagnostic decisions based on observing structural changes and identifying anatomic landmarks may soon be replaced by visualizing functional properties and imaging molecular expression. In this novel approach, the presence of intracellular and cell surface targets unique to disease are identified and used to predict the likelihood of mucosal transformation and response to therapy. This strategy could result in the development of new methods for early cancer detection, personalized therapy, and chemoprevention. This targeted approach will require further development of molecular probes and endoscopic instruments, and will need support from the US Food and Drug Administration for streamlined regulatory oversight. Overall, this molecular imaging modality promises to significantly broaden the capabilities of the gastroenterologist by providing a new approach to visualize the mucosa of the digestive tract in a manner that has never been seen before.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Li
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI USA, 48109
| | - Thomas D Wang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI USA, 48109
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44
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Waerzeggers Y, Monfared P, Viel T, Winkeler A, Voges J, Jacobs AH. Methods to monitor gene therapy with molecular imaging. Methods 2009; 48:146-60. [PMID: 19318125 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2009.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2008] [Accepted: 03/11/2009] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent progress in scientific and clinical research has made gene therapy a promising option for efficient and targeted treatment of several inherited and acquired disorders. One of the most critical issues for ensuring success of gene-based therapies is the development of technologies for non-invasive monitoring of the distribution and kinetics of vector-mediated gene expression. In recent years many molecular imaging techniques for safe, repeated and high-resolution in vivo imaging of gene expression have been developed and successfully used in animals and humans. In this review molecular imaging techniques for monitoring of gene therapy are described and specific use of these methods in the different steps of a gene therapy protocol from gene delivery to assessment of therapy response is illustrated. Linking molecular imaging (MI) to gene therapy will eventually help to improve the efficacy and safety of current gene therapy protocols for human application and support future individualized patient treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannic Waerzeggers
- Laboratory for Gene Therapy and Molecular Imaging, Max Planck Institute for Neurological Research and Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Gleuelerstrasse 50, Cologne 50931, Germany
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45
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Law B, Tung CH. Proteolysis: A Biological Process Adapted in Drug Delivery, Therapy, and Imaging. Bioconjug Chem 2009; 20:1683-95. [DOI: 10.1021/bc800500a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Benedict Law
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58105, and The Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Ching-Hsuan Tung
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58105, and The Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, Houston, Texas 77030
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46
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Kim S, Kim JH, Jeon O, Kwon IC, Park K. Engineered polymers for advanced drug delivery. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2009; 71:420-30. [PMID: 18977434 PMCID: PMC2794279 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2008.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 251] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2007] [Revised: 07/19/2008] [Accepted: 09/02/2008] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Engineered polymers have been utilized for developing advanced drug delivery systems. The development of such polymers has caused advances in polymer chemistry, which, in turn, has resulted in smart polymers that can respond to changes in environmental condition such as temperature, pH, and biomolecules. The responses vary widely from swelling/deswelling to degradation. Drug-polymer conjugates and drug-containing nano/micro-particles have been used for drug targeting. Engineered polymers and polymeric systems have also been used in new areas, such as molecular imaging as well as in nanotechnology. This review examines the engineered polymers that have been used as traditional drug delivery systems and as more recent applications in nanotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungwon Kim
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Jong-Ho Kim
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Oju Jeon
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Ick Chan Kwon
- Biomedical Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 136-791, Korea
| | - Kinam Park
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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47
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Abstract
Molecular imaging requires the highest possible signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) at the target of interest. In order to maximize the SNR for optical imaging techniques, various strategies have been developed to design fluorescent probes that can be activated, for example, by proteolytic degradation. Generally speaking, these probes are quenched in their native state-e.g., by fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET)-and dequenched after cleavage or hybridization, which is associated with a strong fluorescence signal increase. Different strategies of fluorescence signal amplification ranging from large and small protease-sensing molecules to oligonucleotide-sensing and nanoparticle-based probes are presented in this chapter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Bremer
- Department of Clinical Radiology, University of Münster, University Hospital, Münster, Germany.
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48
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Abstract
Recent advances in molecular imaging have permitted the noninvasive imaging of apoptosis, a critical process underlying the pathogenesis of many diseases of the cardiovascular system including atherosclerotic vascular disease, myocardial ischemia and reperfusion injury, chronic heart failure, myocarditis, and cardiac allograft rejection. Multiple molecular targets including phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, and caspases have been targeted by a variety of imaging agents and modalities such as nuclear scintigraphy, PET, MRI, and fluorescent and bioluminescent imaging. Translationally, methods utilizing radiolabeled annexin V have proven promising in several clinical trials of ischemia-reperfusion injury and cardiac allograft rejection. New approaches using novel molecular imaging agents show great potential for the ability to image apoptosis in the research and clinical setting. Ultimately the ability to detect apoptosis noninvasively would help to identify patients for emerging anti-apoptotic therapies and guide clinical management with the aim of maximal myocardial preservation.
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49
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Lee S, Park K, Kim K, Choi K, Kwon IC. Activatable imaging probes with amplified fluorescent signals. Chem Commun (Camb) 2008:4250-60. [PMID: 18802536 DOI: 10.1039/b806854m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Current optical imaging probe applications are hampered by poor sensitivity and specificity to the target, but molecular-level fluorescent signal activation strategies can efficiently overcome these limitations. Recent interdisciplinary research that couples the imaging sciences to fluorophore, peptide, polymer, and inorganic-based chemistry has generated novel imaging probes that exhibit high sensitivity and low background noise in both in vitro and in vivo applications. This feature article introduces and discusses the various approaches described by the term "fluorescent signal activation methods" with respect to their unique imaging probe design strategies and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seulki Lee
- Biomedical Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 39-1 Hawolgok-dong, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 136-791, Korea.
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50
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Cen H, Mao F, Aronchik I, Fuentes RJ, Firestone GL. DEVD‐NucView488: a novel class of enzyme substrates for real‐time detection of caspase‐3 activity in live cells. FASEB J 2008; 22:2243-52. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.07-099234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Cen
- Biotium, Inc.Hayward CaliforniaUSA
| | - Fei Mao
- Biotium, Inc.Hayward CaliforniaUSA
| | - Ida Aronchik
- Department of Molecular and Cell BiologyUniversity of CaliforniaBerkeley CaliforniaUSA
| | | | - Gary L. Firestone
- Department of Molecular and Cell BiologyUniversity of CaliforniaBerkeley CaliforniaUSA
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