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Asim M, Massie CE, Orafidiya F, Pértega-Gomes N, Warren AY, Esmaeili M, Selth LA, Zecchini HI, Luko K, Qureshi A, Baridi A, Menon S, Madhu B, Escriu C, Lyons S, Vowler SL, Zecchini VR, Shaw G, Hessenkemper W, Russell R, Mohammed H, Stefanos N, Lynch AG, Grigorenko E, D'Santos C, Taylor C, Lamb A, Sriranjan R, Yang J, Stark R, Dehm SM, Rennie PS, Carroll JS, Griffiths JR, Tavaré S, Mills IG, McEwan IJ, Baniahmad A, Tilley WD, Neal DE. Choline Kinase Alpha as an Androgen Receptor Chaperone and Prostate Cancer Therapeutic Target. J Natl Cancer Inst 2016; 108:djv371. [PMID: 26657335 PMCID: PMC4849803 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djv371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Revised: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The androgen receptor (AR) is a major drug target in prostate cancer (PCa). We profiled the AR-regulated kinome to identify clinically relevant and druggable effectors of AR signaling. METHODS Using genome-wide approaches, we interrogated all AR regulated kinases. Among these, choline kinase alpha (CHKA) expression was evaluated in benign (n = 195), prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) (n = 153) and prostate cancer (PCa) lesions (n = 359). We interrogated how CHKA regulates AR signaling using biochemical assays and investigated androgen regulation of CHKA expression in men with PCa, both untreated (n = 20) and treated with an androgen biosynthesis inhibitor degarelix (n = 27). We studied the effect of CHKA inhibition on the PCa transcriptome using RNA sequencing and tested the effect of CHKA inhibition on cell growth, clonogenic survival and invasion. Tumor xenografts (n = 6 per group) were generated in mice using genetically engineered prostate cancer cells with inducible CHKA knockdown. Data were analyzed with χ(2) tests, Cox regression analysis, and Kaplan-Meier methods. All statistical tests were two-sided. RESULTS CHKA expression was shown to be androgen regulated in cell lines, xenografts, and human tissue (log fold change from 6.75 to 6.59, P = .002) and was positively associated with tumor stage. CHKA binds directly to the ligand-binding domain (LBD) of AR, enhancing its stability. As such, CHKA is the first kinase identified as an AR chaperone. Inhibition of CHKA repressed the AR transcriptional program including pathways enriched for regulation of protein folding, decreased AR protein levels, and inhibited the growth of PCa cell lines, human PCa explants, and tumor xenografts. CONCLUSIONS CHKA can act as an AR chaperone, providing, to our knowledge, the first evidence for kinases as molecular chaperones, making CHKA both a marker of tumor progression and a potential therapeutic target for PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Asim
- Affiliations of authors:Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge , Cambridge, UK (MA, CEM, NP, HIZ, AQ, AB, SM, BM, CE, SL, SW, VRZ, GS, RR, HM, AGL, CD, CT, AL, RS, JY, RS, JSC, JRG, ST, DEN); School of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen , Aberdeen, UK (FO, IJM); Department of Pathology, Addenbrooke's Hospital , Cambridge, UK (AYW, NS); Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital , Jena , Germany (ME, KL, WH, AB); Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide , Australia (LAS, WDT); Freemasons Foundation Centre for Men's Health, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide , Australia (LAS, WDT); Diatherix , Huntsville, AL (EG); Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, MN (SMD); The Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia , Vancouver BC , Canada (PSR); Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway, Nordic EMBL Partnership, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway (IGM); Department of Cancer Prevention, Institute of Cancer Research and Department of Urology, Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway (IGM); Prostate Cancer UK/Movember Centre of Excellence, Queens University , Belfast , UK (IGM); Department of Oncology, Addenbrooke's Hospital , Cambridge, UK (MA, DEN)
| | - Charles E Massie
- Affiliations of authors:Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge , Cambridge, UK (MA, CEM, NP, HIZ, AQ, AB, SM, BM, CE, SL, SW, VRZ, GS, RR, HM, AGL, CD, CT, AL, RS, JY, RS, JSC, JRG, ST, DEN); School of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen , Aberdeen, UK (FO, IJM); Department of Pathology, Addenbrooke's Hospital , Cambridge, UK (AYW, NS); Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital , Jena , Germany (ME, KL, WH, AB); Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide , Australia (LAS, WDT); Freemasons Foundation Centre for Men's Health, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide , Australia (LAS, WDT); Diatherix , Huntsville, AL (EG); Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, MN (SMD); The Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia , Vancouver BC , Canada (PSR); Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway, Nordic EMBL Partnership, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway (IGM); Department of Cancer Prevention, Institute of Cancer Research and Department of Urology, Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway (IGM); Prostate Cancer UK/Movember Centre of Excellence, Queens University , Belfast , UK (IGM); Department of Oncology, Addenbrooke's Hospital , Cambridge, UK (MA, DEN)
| | - Folake Orafidiya
- Affiliations of authors:Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge , Cambridge, UK (MA, CEM, NP, HIZ, AQ, AB, SM, BM, CE, SL, SW, VRZ, GS, RR, HM, AGL, CD, CT, AL, RS, JY, RS, JSC, JRG, ST, DEN); School of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen , Aberdeen, UK (FO, IJM); Department of Pathology, Addenbrooke's Hospital , Cambridge, UK (AYW, NS); Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital , Jena , Germany (ME, KL, WH, AB); Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide , Australia (LAS, WDT); Freemasons Foundation Centre for Men's Health, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide , Australia (LAS, WDT); Diatherix , Huntsville, AL (EG); Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, MN (SMD); The Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia , Vancouver BC , Canada (PSR); Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway, Nordic EMBL Partnership, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway (IGM); Department of Cancer Prevention, Institute of Cancer Research and Department of Urology, Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway (IGM); Prostate Cancer UK/Movember Centre of Excellence, Queens University , Belfast , UK (IGM); Department of Oncology, Addenbrooke's Hospital , Cambridge, UK (MA, DEN)
| | - Nelma Pértega-Gomes
- Affiliations of authors:Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge , Cambridge, UK (MA, CEM, NP, HIZ, AQ, AB, SM, BM, CE, SL, SW, VRZ, GS, RR, HM, AGL, CD, CT, AL, RS, JY, RS, JSC, JRG, ST, DEN); School of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen , Aberdeen, UK (FO, IJM); Department of Pathology, Addenbrooke's Hospital , Cambridge, UK (AYW, NS); Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital , Jena , Germany (ME, KL, WH, AB); Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide , Australia (LAS, WDT); Freemasons Foundation Centre for Men's Health, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide , Australia (LAS, WDT); Diatherix , Huntsville, AL (EG); Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, MN (SMD); The Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia , Vancouver BC , Canada (PSR); Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway, Nordic EMBL Partnership, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway (IGM); Department of Cancer Prevention, Institute of Cancer Research and Department of Urology, Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway (IGM); Prostate Cancer UK/Movember Centre of Excellence, Queens University , Belfast , UK (IGM); Department of Oncology, Addenbrooke's Hospital , Cambridge, UK (MA, DEN)
| | - Anne Y Warren
- Affiliations of authors:Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge , Cambridge, UK (MA, CEM, NP, HIZ, AQ, AB, SM, BM, CE, SL, SW, VRZ, GS, RR, HM, AGL, CD, CT, AL, RS, JY, RS, JSC, JRG, ST, DEN); School of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen , Aberdeen, UK (FO, IJM); Department of Pathology, Addenbrooke's Hospital , Cambridge, UK (AYW, NS); Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital , Jena , Germany (ME, KL, WH, AB); Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide , Australia (LAS, WDT); Freemasons Foundation Centre for Men's Health, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide , Australia (LAS, WDT); Diatherix , Huntsville, AL (EG); Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, MN (SMD); The Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia , Vancouver BC , Canada (PSR); Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway, Nordic EMBL Partnership, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway (IGM); Department of Cancer Prevention, Institute of Cancer Research and Department of Urology, Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway (IGM); Prostate Cancer UK/Movember Centre of Excellence, Queens University , Belfast , UK (IGM); Department of Oncology, Addenbrooke's Hospital , Cambridge, UK (MA, DEN)
| | - Mohsen Esmaeili
- Affiliations of authors:Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge , Cambridge, UK (MA, CEM, NP, HIZ, AQ, AB, SM, BM, CE, SL, SW, VRZ, GS, RR, HM, AGL, CD, CT, AL, RS, JY, RS, JSC, JRG, ST, DEN); School of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen , Aberdeen, UK (FO, IJM); Department of Pathology, Addenbrooke's Hospital , Cambridge, UK (AYW, NS); Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital , Jena , Germany (ME, KL, WH, AB); Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide , Australia (LAS, WDT); Freemasons Foundation Centre for Men's Health, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide , Australia (LAS, WDT); Diatherix , Huntsville, AL (EG); Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, MN (SMD); The Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia , Vancouver BC , Canada (PSR); Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway, Nordic EMBL Partnership, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway (IGM); Department of Cancer Prevention, Institute of Cancer Research and Department of Urology, Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway (IGM); Prostate Cancer UK/Movember Centre of Excellence, Queens University , Belfast , UK (IGM); Department of Oncology, Addenbrooke's Hospital , Cambridge, UK (MA, DEN)
| | - Luke A Selth
- Affiliations of authors:Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge , Cambridge, UK (MA, CEM, NP, HIZ, AQ, AB, SM, BM, CE, SL, SW, VRZ, GS, RR, HM, AGL, CD, CT, AL, RS, JY, RS, JSC, JRG, ST, DEN); School of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen , Aberdeen, UK (FO, IJM); Department of Pathology, Addenbrooke's Hospital , Cambridge, UK (AYW, NS); Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital , Jena , Germany (ME, KL, WH, AB); Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide , Australia (LAS, WDT); Freemasons Foundation Centre for Men's Health, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide , Australia (LAS, WDT); Diatherix , Huntsville, AL (EG); Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, MN (SMD); The Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia , Vancouver BC , Canada (PSR); Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway, Nordic EMBL Partnership, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway (IGM); Department of Cancer Prevention, Institute of Cancer Research and Department of Urology, Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway (IGM); Prostate Cancer UK/Movember Centre of Excellence, Queens University , Belfast , UK (IGM); Department of Oncology, Addenbrooke's Hospital , Cambridge, UK (MA, DEN)
| | - Heather I Zecchini
- Affiliations of authors:Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge , Cambridge, UK (MA, CEM, NP, HIZ, AQ, AB, SM, BM, CE, SL, SW, VRZ, GS, RR, HM, AGL, CD, CT, AL, RS, JY, RS, JSC, JRG, ST, DEN); School of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen , Aberdeen, UK (FO, IJM); Department of Pathology, Addenbrooke's Hospital , Cambridge, UK (AYW, NS); Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital , Jena , Germany (ME, KL, WH, AB); Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide , Australia (LAS, WDT); Freemasons Foundation Centre for Men's Health, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide , Australia (LAS, WDT); Diatherix , Huntsville, AL (EG); Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, MN (SMD); The Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia , Vancouver BC , Canada (PSR); Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway, Nordic EMBL Partnership, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway (IGM); Department of Cancer Prevention, Institute of Cancer Research and Department of Urology, Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway (IGM); Prostate Cancer UK/Movember Centre of Excellence, Queens University , Belfast , UK (IGM); Department of Oncology, Addenbrooke's Hospital , Cambridge, UK (MA, DEN)
| | - Katarina Luko
- Affiliations of authors:Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge , Cambridge, UK (MA, CEM, NP, HIZ, AQ, AB, SM, BM, CE, SL, SW, VRZ, GS, RR, HM, AGL, CD, CT, AL, RS, JY, RS, JSC, JRG, ST, DEN); School of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen , Aberdeen, UK (FO, IJM); Department of Pathology, Addenbrooke's Hospital , Cambridge, UK (AYW, NS); Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital , Jena , Germany (ME, KL, WH, AB); Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide , Australia (LAS, WDT); Freemasons Foundation Centre for Men's Health, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide , Australia (LAS, WDT); Diatherix , Huntsville, AL (EG); Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, MN (SMD); The Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia , Vancouver BC , Canada (PSR); Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway, Nordic EMBL Partnership, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway (IGM); Department of Cancer Prevention, Institute of Cancer Research and Department of Urology, Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway (IGM); Prostate Cancer UK/Movember Centre of Excellence, Queens University , Belfast , UK (IGM); Department of Oncology, Addenbrooke's Hospital , Cambridge, UK (MA, DEN)
| | - Arham Qureshi
- Affiliations of authors:Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge , Cambridge, UK (MA, CEM, NP, HIZ, AQ, AB, SM, BM, CE, SL, SW, VRZ, GS, RR, HM, AGL, CD, CT, AL, RS, JY, RS, JSC, JRG, ST, DEN); School of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen , Aberdeen, UK (FO, IJM); Department of Pathology, Addenbrooke's Hospital , Cambridge, UK (AYW, NS); Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital , Jena , Germany (ME, KL, WH, AB); Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide , Australia (LAS, WDT); Freemasons Foundation Centre for Men's Health, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide , Australia (LAS, WDT); Diatherix , Huntsville, AL (EG); Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, MN (SMD); The Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia , Vancouver BC , Canada (PSR); Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway, Nordic EMBL Partnership, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway (IGM); Department of Cancer Prevention, Institute of Cancer Research and Department of Urology, Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway (IGM); Prostate Cancer UK/Movember Centre of Excellence, Queens University , Belfast , UK (IGM); Department of Oncology, Addenbrooke's Hospital , Cambridge, UK (MA, DEN)
| | - Ajoeb Baridi
- Affiliations of authors:Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge , Cambridge, UK (MA, CEM, NP, HIZ, AQ, AB, SM, BM, CE, SL, SW, VRZ, GS, RR, HM, AGL, CD, CT, AL, RS, JY, RS, JSC, JRG, ST, DEN); School of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen , Aberdeen, UK (FO, IJM); Department of Pathology, Addenbrooke's Hospital , Cambridge, UK (AYW, NS); Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital , Jena , Germany (ME, KL, WH, AB); Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide , Australia (LAS, WDT); Freemasons Foundation Centre for Men's Health, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide , Australia (LAS, WDT); Diatherix , Huntsville, AL (EG); Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, MN (SMD); The Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia , Vancouver BC , Canada (PSR); Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway, Nordic EMBL Partnership, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway (IGM); Department of Cancer Prevention, Institute of Cancer Research and Department of Urology, Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway (IGM); Prostate Cancer UK/Movember Centre of Excellence, Queens University , Belfast , UK (IGM); Department of Oncology, Addenbrooke's Hospital , Cambridge, UK (MA, DEN)
| | - Suraj Menon
- Affiliations of authors:Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge , Cambridge, UK (MA, CEM, NP, HIZ, AQ, AB, SM, BM, CE, SL, SW, VRZ, GS, RR, HM, AGL, CD, CT, AL, RS, JY, RS, JSC, JRG, ST, DEN); School of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen , Aberdeen, UK (FO, IJM); Department of Pathology, Addenbrooke's Hospital , Cambridge, UK (AYW, NS); Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital , Jena , Germany (ME, KL, WH, AB); Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide , Australia (LAS, WDT); Freemasons Foundation Centre for Men's Health, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide , Australia (LAS, WDT); Diatherix , Huntsville, AL (EG); Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, MN (SMD); The Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia , Vancouver BC , Canada (PSR); Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway, Nordic EMBL Partnership, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway (IGM); Department of Cancer Prevention, Institute of Cancer Research and Department of Urology, Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway (IGM); Prostate Cancer UK/Movember Centre of Excellence, Queens University , Belfast , UK (IGM); Department of Oncology, Addenbrooke's Hospital , Cambridge, UK (MA, DEN)
| | - Basetti Madhu
- Affiliations of authors:Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge , Cambridge, UK (MA, CEM, NP, HIZ, AQ, AB, SM, BM, CE, SL, SW, VRZ, GS, RR, HM, AGL, CD, CT, AL, RS, JY, RS, JSC, JRG, ST, DEN); School of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen , Aberdeen, UK (FO, IJM); Department of Pathology, Addenbrooke's Hospital , Cambridge, UK (AYW, NS); Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital , Jena , Germany (ME, KL, WH, AB); Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide , Australia (LAS, WDT); Freemasons Foundation Centre for Men's Health, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide , Australia (LAS, WDT); Diatherix , Huntsville, AL (EG); Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, MN (SMD); The Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia , Vancouver BC , Canada (PSR); Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway, Nordic EMBL Partnership, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway (IGM); Department of Cancer Prevention, Institute of Cancer Research and Department of Urology, Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway (IGM); Prostate Cancer UK/Movember Centre of Excellence, Queens University , Belfast , UK (IGM); Department of Oncology, Addenbrooke's Hospital , Cambridge, UK (MA, DEN)
| | - Carlos Escriu
- Affiliations of authors:Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge , Cambridge, UK (MA, CEM, NP, HIZ, AQ, AB, SM, BM, CE, SL, SW, VRZ, GS, RR, HM, AGL, CD, CT, AL, RS, JY, RS, JSC, JRG, ST, DEN); School of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen , Aberdeen, UK (FO, IJM); Department of Pathology, Addenbrooke's Hospital , Cambridge, UK (AYW, NS); Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital , Jena , Germany (ME, KL, WH, AB); Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide , Australia (LAS, WDT); Freemasons Foundation Centre for Men's Health, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide , Australia (LAS, WDT); Diatherix , Huntsville, AL (EG); Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, MN (SMD); The Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia , Vancouver BC , Canada (PSR); Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway, Nordic EMBL Partnership, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway (IGM); Department of Cancer Prevention, Institute of Cancer Research and Department of Urology, Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway (IGM); Prostate Cancer UK/Movember Centre of Excellence, Queens University , Belfast , UK (IGM); Department of Oncology, Addenbrooke's Hospital , Cambridge, UK (MA, DEN)
| | - Scott Lyons
- Affiliations of authors:Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge , Cambridge, UK (MA, CEM, NP, HIZ, AQ, AB, SM, BM, CE, SL, SW, VRZ, GS, RR, HM, AGL, CD, CT, AL, RS, JY, RS, JSC, JRG, ST, DEN); School of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen , Aberdeen, UK (FO, IJM); Department of Pathology, Addenbrooke's Hospital , Cambridge, UK (AYW, NS); Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital , Jena , Germany (ME, KL, WH, AB); Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide , Australia (LAS, WDT); Freemasons Foundation Centre for Men's Health, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide , Australia (LAS, WDT); Diatherix , Huntsville, AL (EG); Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, MN (SMD); The Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia , Vancouver BC , Canada (PSR); Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway, Nordic EMBL Partnership, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway (IGM); Department of Cancer Prevention, Institute of Cancer Research and Department of Urology, Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway (IGM); Prostate Cancer UK/Movember Centre of Excellence, Queens University , Belfast , UK (IGM); Department of Oncology, Addenbrooke's Hospital , Cambridge, UK (MA, DEN)
| | - Sarah L Vowler
- Affiliations of authors:Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge , Cambridge, UK (MA, CEM, NP, HIZ, AQ, AB, SM, BM, CE, SL, SW, VRZ, GS, RR, HM, AGL, CD, CT, AL, RS, JY, RS, JSC, JRG, ST, DEN); School of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen , Aberdeen, UK (FO, IJM); Department of Pathology, Addenbrooke's Hospital , Cambridge, UK (AYW, NS); Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital , Jena , Germany (ME, KL, WH, AB); Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide , Australia (LAS, WDT); Freemasons Foundation Centre for Men's Health, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide , Australia (LAS, WDT); Diatherix , Huntsville, AL (EG); Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, MN (SMD); The Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia , Vancouver BC , Canada (PSR); Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway, Nordic EMBL Partnership, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway (IGM); Department of Cancer Prevention, Institute of Cancer Research and Department of Urology, Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway (IGM); Prostate Cancer UK/Movember Centre of Excellence, Queens University , Belfast , UK (IGM); Department of Oncology, Addenbrooke's Hospital , Cambridge, UK (MA, DEN)
| | - Vincent R Zecchini
- Affiliations of authors:Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge , Cambridge, UK (MA, CEM, NP, HIZ, AQ, AB, SM, BM, CE, SL, SW, VRZ, GS, RR, HM, AGL, CD, CT, AL, RS, JY, RS, JSC, JRG, ST, DEN); School of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen , Aberdeen, UK (FO, IJM); Department of Pathology, Addenbrooke's Hospital , Cambridge, UK (AYW, NS); Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital , Jena , Germany (ME, KL, WH, AB); Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide , Australia (LAS, WDT); Freemasons Foundation Centre for Men's Health, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide , Australia (LAS, WDT); Diatherix , Huntsville, AL (EG); Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, MN (SMD); The Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia , Vancouver BC , Canada (PSR); Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway, Nordic EMBL Partnership, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway (IGM); Department of Cancer Prevention, Institute of Cancer Research and Department of Urology, Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway (IGM); Prostate Cancer UK/Movember Centre of Excellence, Queens University , Belfast , UK (IGM); Department of Oncology, Addenbrooke's Hospital , Cambridge, UK (MA, DEN)
| | - Greg Shaw
- Affiliations of authors:Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge , Cambridge, UK (MA, CEM, NP, HIZ, AQ, AB, SM, BM, CE, SL, SW, VRZ, GS, RR, HM, AGL, CD, CT, AL, RS, JY, RS, JSC, JRG, ST, DEN); School of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen , Aberdeen, UK (FO, IJM); Department of Pathology, Addenbrooke's Hospital , Cambridge, UK (AYW, NS); Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital , Jena , Germany (ME, KL, WH, AB); Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide , Australia (LAS, WDT); Freemasons Foundation Centre for Men's Health, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide , Australia (LAS, WDT); Diatherix , Huntsville, AL (EG); Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, MN (SMD); The Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia , Vancouver BC , Canada (PSR); Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway, Nordic EMBL Partnership, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway (IGM); Department of Cancer Prevention, Institute of Cancer Research and Department of Urology, Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway (IGM); Prostate Cancer UK/Movember Centre of Excellence, Queens University , Belfast , UK (IGM); Department of Oncology, Addenbrooke's Hospital , Cambridge, UK (MA, DEN)
| | - Wiebke Hessenkemper
- Affiliations of authors:Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge , Cambridge, UK (MA, CEM, NP, HIZ, AQ, AB, SM, BM, CE, SL, SW, VRZ, GS, RR, HM, AGL, CD, CT, AL, RS, JY, RS, JSC, JRG, ST, DEN); School of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen , Aberdeen, UK (FO, IJM); Department of Pathology, Addenbrooke's Hospital , Cambridge, UK (AYW, NS); Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital , Jena , Germany (ME, KL, WH, AB); Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide , Australia (LAS, WDT); Freemasons Foundation Centre for Men's Health, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide , Australia (LAS, WDT); Diatherix , Huntsville, AL (EG); Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, MN (SMD); The Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia , Vancouver BC , Canada (PSR); Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway, Nordic EMBL Partnership, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway (IGM); Department of Cancer Prevention, Institute of Cancer Research and Department of Urology, Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway (IGM); Prostate Cancer UK/Movember Centre of Excellence, Queens University , Belfast , UK (IGM); Department of Oncology, Addenbrooke's Hospital , Cambridge, UK (MA, DEN)
| | - Roslin Russell
- Affiliations of authors:Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge , Cambridge, UK (MA, CEM, NP, HIZ, AQ, AB, SM, BM, CE, SL, SW, VRZ, GS, RR, HM, AGL, CD, CT, AL, RS, JY, RS, JSC, JRG, ST, DEN); School of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen , Aberdeen, UK (FO, IJM); Department of Pathology, Addenbrooke's Hospital , Cambridge, UK (AYW, NS); Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital , Jena , Germany (ME, KL, WH, AB); Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide , Australia (LAS, WDT); Freemasons Foundation Centre for Men's Health, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide , Australia (LAS, WDT); Diatherix , Huntsville, AL (EG); Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, MN (SMD); The Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia , Vancouver BC , Canada (PSR); Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway, Nordic EMBL Partnership, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway (IGM); Department of Cancer Prevention, Institute of Cancer Research and Department of Urology, Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway (IGM); Prostate Cancer UK/Movember Centre of Excellence, Queens University , Belfast , UK (IGM); Department of Oncology, Addenbrooke's Hospital , Cambridge, UK (MA, DEN)
| | - Hisham Mohammed
- Affiliations of authors:Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge , Cambridge, UK (MA, CEM, NP, HIZ, AQ, AB, SM, BM, CE, SL, SW, VRZ, GS, RR, HM, AGL, CD, CT, AL, RS, JY, RS, JSC, JRG, ST, DEN); School of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen , Aberdeen, UK (FO, IJM); Department of Pathology, Addenbrooke's Hospital , Cambridge, UK (AYW, NS); Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital , Jena , Germany (ME, KL, WH, AB); Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide , Australia (LAS, WDT); Freemasons Foundation Centre for Men's Health, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide , Australia (LAS, WDT); Diatherix , Huntsville, AL (EG); Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, MN (SMD); The Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia , Vancouver BC , Canada (PSR); Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway, Nordic EMBL Partnership, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway (IGM); Department of Cancer Prevention, Institute of Cancer Research and Department of Urology, Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway (IGM); Prostate Cancer UK/Movember Centre of Excellence, Queens University , Belfast , UK (IGM); Department of Oncology, Addenbrooke's Hospital , Cambridge, UK (MA, DEN)
| | - Niki Stefanos
- Affiliations of authors:Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge , Cambridge, UK (MA, CEM, NP, HIZ, AQ, AB, SM, BM, CE, SL, SW, VRZ, GS, RR, HM, AGL, CD, CT, AL, RS, JY, RS, JSC, JRG, ST, DEN); School of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen , Aberdeen, UK (FO, IJM); Department of Pathology, Addenbrooke's Hospital , Cambridge, UK (AYW, NS); Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital , Jena , Germany (ME, KL, WH, AB); Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide , Australia (LAS, WDT); Freemasons Foundation Centre for Men's Health, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide , Australia (LAS, WDT); Diatherix , Huntsville, AL (EG); Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, MN (SMD); The Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia , Vancouver BC , Canada (PSR); Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway, Nordic EMBL Partnership, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway (IGM); Department of Cancer Prevention, Institute of Cancer Research and Department of Urology, Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway (IGM); Prostate Cancer UK/Movember Centre of Excellence, Queens University , Belfast , UK (IGM); Department of Oncology, Addenbrooke's Hospital , Cambridge, UK (MA, DEN)
| | - Andy G Lynch
- Affiliations of authors:Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge , Cambridge, UK (MA, CEM, NP, HIZ, AQ, AB, SM, BM, CE, SL, SW, VRZ, GS, RR, HM, AGL, CD, CT, AL, RS, JY, RS, JSC, JRG, ST, DEN); School of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen , Aberdeen, UK (FO, IJM); Department of Pathology, Addenbrooke's Hospital , Cambridge, UK (AYW, NS); Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital , Jena , Germany (ME, KL, WH, AB); Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide , Australia (LAS, WDT); Freemasons Foundation Centre for Men's Health, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide , Australia (LAS, WDT); Diatherix , Huntsville, AL (EG); Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, MN (SMD); The Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia , Vancouver BC , Canada (PSR); Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway, Nordic EMBL Partnership, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway (IGM); Department of Cancer Prevention, Institute of Cancer Research and Department of Urology, Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway (IGM); Prostate Cancer UK/Movember Centre of Excellence, Queens University , Belfast , UK (IGM); Department of Oncology, Addenbrooke's Hospital , Cambridge, UK (MA, DEN)
| | - Elena Grigorenko
- Affiliations of authors:Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge , Cambridge, UK (MA, CEM, NP, HIZ, AQ, AB, SM, BM, CE, SL, SW, VRZ, GS, RR, HM, AGL, CD, CT, AL, RS, JY, RS, JSC, JRG, ST, DEN); School of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen , Aberdeen, UK (FO, IJM); Department of Pathology, Addenbrooke's Hospital , Cambridge, UK (AYW, NS); Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital , Jena , Germany (ME, KL, WH, AB); Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide , Australia (LAS, WDT); Freemasons Foundation Centre for Men's Health, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide , Australia (LAS, WDT); Diatherix , Huntsville, AL (EG); Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, MN (SMD); The Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia , Vancouver BC , Canada (PSR); Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway, Nordic EMBL Partnership, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway (IGM); Department of Cancer Prevention, Institute of Cancer Research and Department of Urology, Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway (IGM); Prostate Cancer UK/Movember Centre of Excellence, Queens University , Belfast , UK (IGM); Department of Oncology, Addenbrooke's Hospital , Cambridge, UK (MA, DEN)
| | - Clive D'Santos
- Affiliations of authors:Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge , Cambridge, UK (MA, CEM, NP, HIZ, AQ, AB, SM, BM, CE, SL, SW, VRZ, GS, RR, HM, AGL, CD, CT, AL, RS, JY, RS, JSC, JRG, ST, DEN); School of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen , Aberdeen, UK (FO, IJM); Department of Pathology, Addenbrooke's Hospital , Cambridge, UK (AYW, NS); Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital , Jena , Germany (ME, KL, WH, AB); Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide , Australia (LAS, WDT); Freemasons Foundation Centre for Men's Health, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide , Australia (LAS, WDT); Diatherix , Huntsville, AL (EG); Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, MN (SMD); The Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia , Vancouver BC , Canada (PSR); Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway, Nordic EMBL Partnership, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway (IGM); Department of Cancer Prevention, Institute of Cancer Research and Department of Urology, Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway (IGM); Prostate Cancer UK/Movember Centre of Excellence, Queens University , Belfast , UK (IGM); Department of Oncology, Addenbrooke's Hospital , Cambridge, UK (MA, DEN)
| | - Chris Taylor
- Affiliations of authors:Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge , Cambridge, UK (MA, CEM, NP, HIZ, AQ, AB, SM, BM, CE, SL, SW, VRZ, GS, RR, HM, AGL, CD, CT, AL, RS, JY, RS, JSC, JRG, ST, DEN); School of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen , Aberdeen, UK (FO, IJM); Department of Pathology, Addenbrooke's Hospital , Cambridge, UK (AYW, NS); Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital , Jena , Germany (ME, KL, WH, AB); Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide , Australia (LAS, WDT); Freemasons Foundation Centre for Men's Health, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide , Australia (LAS, WDT); Diatherix , Huntsville, AL (EG); Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, MN (SMD); The Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia , Vancouver BC , Canada (PSR); Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway, Nordic EMBL Partnership, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway (IGM); Department of Cancer Prevention, Institute of Cancer Research and Department of Urology, Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway (IGM); Prostate Cancer UK/Movember Centre of Excellence, Queens University , Belfast , UK (IGM); Department of Oncology, Addenbrooke's Hospital , Cambridge, UK (MA, DEN)
| | - Alastair Lamb
- Affiliations of authors:Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge , Cambridge, UK (MA, CEM, NP, HIZ, AQ, AB, SM, BM, CE, SL, SW, VRZ, GS, RR, HM, AGL, CD, CT, AL, RS, JY, RS, JSC, JRG, ST, DEN); School of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen , Aberdeen, UK (FO, IJM); Department of Pathology, Addenbrooke's Hospital , Cambridge, UK (AYW, NS); Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital , Jena , Germany (ME, KL, WH, AB); Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide , Australia (LAS, WDT); Freemasons Foundation Centre for Men's Health, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide , Australia (LAS, WDT); Diatherix , Huntsville, AL (EG); Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, MN (SMD); The Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia , Vancouver BC , Canada (PSR); Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway, Nordic EMBL Partnership, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway (IGM); Department of Cancer Prevention, Institute of Cancer Research and Department of Urology, Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway (IGM); Prostate Cancer UK/Movember Centre of Excellence, Queens University , Belfast , UK (IGM); Department of Oncology, Addenbrooke's Hospital , Cambridge, UK (MA, DEN)
| | - Rouchelle Sriranjan
- Affiliations of authors:Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge , Cambridge, UK (MA, CEM, NP, HIZ, AQ, AB, SM, BM, CE, SL, SW, VRZ, GS, RR, HM, AGL, CD, CT, AL, RS, JY, RS, JSC, JRG, ST, DEN); School of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen , Aberdeen, UK (FO, IJM); Department of Pathology, Addenbrooke's Hospital , Cambridge, UK (AYW, NS); Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital , Jena , Germany (ME, KL, WH, AB); Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide , Australia (LAS, WDT); Freemasons Foundation Centre for Men's Health, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide , Australia (LAS, WDT); Diatherix , Huntsville, AL (EG); Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, MN (SMD); The Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia , Vancouver BC , Canada (PSR); Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway, Nordic EMBL Partnership, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway (IGM); Department of Cancer Prevention, Institute of Cancer Research and Department of Urology, Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway (IGM); Prostate Cancer UK/Movember Centre of Excellence, Queens University , Belfast , UK (IGM); Department of Oncology, Addenbrooke's Hospital , Cambridge, UK (MA, DEN)
| | - Jiali Yang
- Affiliations of authors:Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge , Cambridge, UK (MA, CEM, NP, HIZ, AQ, AB, SM, BM, CE, SL, SW, VRZ, GS, RR, HM, AGL, CD, CT, AL, RS, JY, RS, JSC, JRG, ST, DEN); School of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen , Aberdeen, UK (FO, IJM); Department of Pathology, Addenbrooke's Hospital , Cambridge, UK (AYW, NS); Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital , Jena , Germany (ME, KL, WH, AB); Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide , Australia (LAS, WDT); Freemasons Foundation Centre for Men's Health, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide , Australia (LAS, WDT); Diatherix , Huntsville, AL (EG); Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, MN (SMD); The Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia , Vancouver BC , Canada (PSR); Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway, Nordic EMBL Partnership, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway (IGM); Department of Cancer Prevention, Institute of Cancer Research and Department of Urology, Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway (IGM); Prostate Cancer UK/Movember Centre of Excellence, Queens University , Belfast , UK (IGM); Department of Oncology, Addenbrooke's Hospital , Cambridge, UK (MA, DEN)
| | - Rory Stark
- Affiliations of authors:Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge , Cambridge, UK (MA, CEM, NP, HIZ, AQ, AB, SM, BM, CE, SL, SW, VRZ, GS, RR, HM, AGL, CD, CT, AL, RS, JY, RS, JSC, JRG, ST, DEN); School of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen , Aberdeen, UK (FO, IJM); Department of Pathology, Addenbrooke's Hospital , Cambridge, UK (AYW, NS); Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital , Jena , Germany (ME, KL, WH, AB); Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide , Australia (LAS, WDT); Freemasons Foundation Centre for Men's Health, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide , Australia (LAS, WDT); Diatherix , Huntsville, AL (EG); Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, MN (SMD); The Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia , Vancouver BC , Canada (PSR); Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway, Nordic EMBL Partnership, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway (IGM); Department of Cancer Prevention, Institute of Cancer Research and Department of Urology, Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway (IGM); Prostate Cancer UK/Movember Centre of Excellence, Queens University , Belfast , UK (IGM); Department of Oncology, Addenbrooke's Hospital , Cambridge, UK (MA, DEN)
| | - Scott M Dehm
- Affiliations of authors:Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge , Cambridge, UK (MA, CEM, NP, HIZ, AQ, AB, SM, BM, CE, SL, SW, VRZ, GS, RR, HM, AGL, CD, CT, AL, RS, JY, RS, JSC, JRG, ST, DEN); School of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen , Aberdeen, UK (FO, IJM); Department of Pathology, Addenbrooke's Hospital , Cambridge, UK (AYW, NS); Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital , Jena , Germany (ME, KL, WH, AB); Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide , Australia (LAS, WDT); Freemasons Foundation Centre for Men's Health, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide , Australia (LAS, WDT); Diatherix , Huntsville, AL (EG); Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, MN (SMD); The Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia , Vancouver BC , Canada (PSR); Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway, Nordic EMBL Partnership, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway (IGM); Department of Cancer Prevention, Institute of Cancer Research and Department of Urology, Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway (IGM); Prostate Cancer UK/Movember Centre of Excellence, Queens University , Belfast , UK (IGM); Department of Oncology, Addenbrooke's Hospital , Cambridge, UK (MA, DEN)
| | - Paul S Rennie
- Affiliations of authors:Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge , Cambridge, UK (MA, CEM, NP, HIZ, AQ, AB, SM, BM, CE, SL, SW, VRZ, GS, RR, HM, AGL, CD, CT, AL, RS, JY, RS, JSC, JRG, ST, DEN); School of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen , Aberdeen, UK (FO, IJM); Department of Pathology, Addenbrooke's Hospital , Cambridge, UK (AYW, NS); Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital , Jena , Germany (ME, KL, WH, AB); Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide , Australia (LAS, WDT); Freemasons Foundation Centre for Men's Health, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide , Australia (LAS, WDT); Diatherix , Huntsville, AL (EG); Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, MN (SMD); The Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia , Vancouver BC , Canada (PSR); Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway, Nordic EMBL Partnership, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway (IGM); Department of Cancer Prevention, Institute of Cancer Research and Department of Urology, Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway (IGM); Prostate Cancer UK/Movember Centre of Excellence, Queens University , Belfast , UK (IGM); Department of Oncology, Addenbrooke's Hospital , Cambridge, UK (MA, DEN)
| | - Jason S Carroll
- Affiliations of authors:Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge , Cambridge, UK (MA, CEM, NP, HIZ, AQ, AB, SM, BM, CE, SL, SW, VRZ, GS, RR, HM, AGL, CD, CT, AL, RS, JY, RS, JSC, JRG, ST, DEN); School of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen , Aberdeen, UK (FO, IJM); Department of Pathology, Addenbrooke's Hospital , Cambridge, UK (AYW, NS); Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital , Jena , Germany (ME, KL, WH, AB); Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide , Australia (LAS, WDT); Freemasons Foundation Centre for Men's Health, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide , Australia (LAS, WDT); Diatherix , Huntsville, AL (EG); Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, MN (SMD); The Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia , Vancouver BC , Canada (PSR); Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway, Nordic EMBL Partnership, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway (IGM); Department of Cancer Prevention, Institute of Cancer Research and Department of Urology, Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway (IGM); Prostate Cancer UK/Movember Centre of Excellence, Queens University , Belfast , UK (IGM); Department of Oncology, Addenbrooke's Hospital , Cambridge, UK (MA, DEN)
| | - John R Griffiths
- Affiliations of authors:Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge , Cambridge, UK (MA, CEM, NP, HIZ, AQ, AB, SM, BM, CE, SL, SW, VRZ, GS, RR, HM, AGL, CD, CT, AL, RS, JY, RS, JSC, JRG, ST, DEN); School of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen , Aberdeen, UK (FO, IJM); Department of Pathology, Addenbrooke's Hospital , Cambridge, UK (AYW, NS); Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital , Jena , Germany (ME, KL, WH, AB); Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide , Australia (LAS, WDT); Freemasons Foundation Centre for Men's Health, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide , Australia (LAS, WDT); Diatherix , Huntsville, AL (EG); Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, MN (SMD); The Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia , Vancouver BC , Canada (PSR); Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway, Nordic EMBL Partnership, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway (IGM); Department of Cancer Prevention, Institute of Cancer Research and Department of Urology, Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway (IGM); Prostate Cancer UK/Movember Centre of Excellence, Queens University , Belfast , UK (IGM); Department of Oncology, Addenbrooke's Hospital , Cambridge, UK (MA, DEN)
| | - Simon Tavaré
- Affiliations of authors:Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge , Cambridge, UK (MA, CEM, NP, HIZ, AQ, AB, SM, BM, CE, SL, SW, VRZ, GS, RR, HM, AGL, CD, CT, AL, RS, JY, RS, JSC, JRG, ST, DEN); School of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen , Aberdeen, UK (FO, IJM); Department of Pathology, Addenbrooke's Hospital , Cambridge, UK (AYW, NS); Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital , Jena , Germany (ME, KL, WH, AB); Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide , Australia (LAS, WDT); Freemasons Foundation Centre for Men's Health, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide , Australia (LAS, WDT); Diatherix , Huntsville, AL (EG); Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, MN (SMD); The Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia , Vancouver BC , Canada (PSR); Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway, Nordic EMBL Partnership, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway (IGM); Department of Cancer Prevention, Institute of Cancer Research and Department of Urology, Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway (IGM); Prostate Cancer UK/Movember Centre of Excellence, Queens University , Belfast , UK (IGM); Department of Oncology, Addenbrooke's Hospital , Cambridge, UK (MA, DEN)
| | - Ian G Mills
- Affiliations of authors:Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge , Cambridge, UK (MA, CEM, NP, HIZ, AQ, AB, SM, BM, CE, SL, SW, VRZ, GS, RR, HM, AGL, CD, CT, AL, RS, JY, RS, JSC, JRG, ST, DEN); School of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen , Aberdeen, UK (FO, IJM); Department of Pathology, Addenbrooke's Hospital , Cambridge, UK (AYW, NS); Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital , Jena , Germany (ME, KL, WH, AB); Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide , Australia (LAS, WDT); Freemasons Foundation Centre for Men's Health, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide , Australia (LAS, WDT); Diatherix , Huntsville, AL (EG); Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, MN (SMD); The Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia , Vancouver BC , Canada (PSR); Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway, Nordic EMBL Partnership, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway (IGM); Department of Cancer Prevention, Institute of Cancer Research and Department of Urology, Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway (IGM); Prostate Cancer UK/Movember Centre of Excellence, Queens University , Belfast , UK (IGM); Department of Oncology, Addenbrooke's Hospital , Cambridge, UK (MA, DEN)
| | - Iain J McEwan
- Affiliations of authors:Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge , Cambridge, UK (MA, CEM, NP, HIZ, AQ, AB, SM, BM, CE, SL, SW, VRZ, GS, RR, HM, AGL, CD, CT, AL, RS, JY, RS, JSC, JRG, ST, DEN); School of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen , Aberdeen, UK (FO, IJM); Department of Pathology, Addenbrooke's Hospital , Cambridge, UK (AYW, NS); Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital , Jena , Germany (ME, KL, WH, AB); Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide , Australia (LAS, WDT); Freemasons Foundation Centre for Men's Health, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide , Australia (LAS, WDT); Diatherix , Huntsville, AL (EG); Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, MN (SMD); The Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia , Vancouver BC , Canada (PSR); Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway, Nordic EMBL Partnership, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway (IGM); Department of Cancer Prevention, Institute of Cancer Research and Department of Urology, Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway (IGM); Prostate Cancer UK/Movember Centre of Excellence, Queens University , Belfast , UK (IGM); Department of Oncology, Addenbrooke's Hospital , Cambridge, UK (MA, DEN)
| | - Aria Baniahmad
- Affiliations of authors:Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge , Cambridge, UK (MA, CEM, NP, HIZ, AQ, AB, SM, BM, CE, SL, SW, VRZ, GS, RR, HM, AGL, CD, CT, AL, RS, JY, RS, JSC, JRG, ST, DEN); School of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen , Aberdeen, UK (FO, IJM); Department of Pathology, Addenbrooke's Hospital , Cambridge, UK (AYW, NS); Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital , Jena , Germany (ME, KL, WH, AB); Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide , Australia (LAS, WDT); Freemasons Foundation Centre for Men's Health, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide , Australia (LAS, WDT); Diatherix , Huntsville, AL (EG); Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, MN (SMD); The Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia , Vancouver BC , Canada (PSR); Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway, Nordic EMBL Partnership, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway (IGM); Department of Cancer Prevention, Institute of Cancer Research and Department of Urology, Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway (IGM); Prostate Cancer UK/Movember Centre of Excellence, Queens University , Belfast , UK (IGM); Department of Oncology, Addenbrooke's Hospital , Cambridge, UK (MA, DEN)
| | - Wayne D Tilley
- Affiliations of authors:Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge , Cambridge, UK (MA, CEM, NP, HIZ, AQ, AB, SM, BM, CE, SL, SW, VRZ, GS, RR, HM, AGL, CD, CT, AL, RS, JY, RS, JSC, JRG, ST, DEN); School of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen , Aberdeen, UK (FO, IJM); Department of Pathology, Addenbrooke's Hospital , Cambridge, UK (AYW, NS); Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital , Jena , Germany (ME, KL, WH, AB); Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide , Australia (LAS, WDT); Freemasons Foundation Centre for Men's Health, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide , Australia (LAS, WDT); Diatherix , Huntsville, AL (EG); Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, MN (SMD); The Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia , Vancouver BC , Canada (PSR); Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway, Nordic EMBL Partnership, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway (IGM); Department of Cancer Prevention, Institute of Cancer Research and Department of Urology, Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway (IGM); Prostate Cancer UK/Movember Centre of Excellence, Queens University , Belfast , UK (IGM); Department of Oncology, Addenbrooke's Hospital , Cambridge, UK (MA, DEN)
| | - David E Neal
- Affiliations of authors:Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge , Cambridge, UK (MA, CEM, NP, HIZ, AQ, AB, SM, BM, CE, SL, SW, VRZ, GS, RR, HM, AGL, CD, CT, AL, RS, JY, RS, JSC, JRG, ST, DEN); School of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen , Aberdeen, UK (FO, IJM); Department of Pathology, Addenbrooke's Hospital , Cambridge, UK (AYW, NS); Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital , Jena , Germany (ME, KL, WH, AB); Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide , Australia (LAS, WDT); Freemasons Foundation Centre for Men's Health, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide , Australia (LAS, WDT); Diatherix , Huntsville, AL (EG); Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, MN (SMD); The Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia , Vancouver BC , Canada (PSR); Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway, Nordic EMBL Partnership, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway (IGM); Department of Cancer Prevention, Institute of Cancer Research and Department of Urology, Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway (IGM); Prostate Cancer UK/Movember Centre of Excellence, Queens University , Belfast , UK (IGM); Department of Oncology, Addenbrooke's Hospital , Cambridge, UK (MA, DEN)
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