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Cao S, Ren X, Zhang G, Wang H, Wei B, Niu C. Gut microbiota metagenomics and mediation of phenol degradation in Bactrocera minax (Diptera, Tephritidae). PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2024; 80:3935-3944. [PMID: 38520323 DOI: 10.1002/ps.8096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gut microbiota mediating insect-plant interactions have many manifestations, either by provisioning missing nutrients, or by overcoming plant defensive reactions. However, the mechanism by which gut microbiota empower insects to survive by overcoming a variety of plant secondary metabolites remains largely unknown. Bactrocera minax larvae develop in immature citrus fruits, which present numerous phenolic compounds that challenge the larvae. To explore the role of gut microbes in host use and adaptability, we uncovered the mechanisms of phenol degradation by gut microbes using metagenomic and metatranscriptomic analyses, and verified the degradation ability of isolated and cultured bacteria. Research on this subject can help develop potential strain for the environmental friendly pest management operations. RESULTS We demonstrated the ability of gut microbes in B. minax larvae to degrade phenols in unripe citrus. After antibiotic treatment, coniferyl alcohol and coumaric aldehyde significantly reduced the survival rate, body length and body weight of the larvae. The metagenomic and metatranscriptomic analyses in B. minax provided evidence for the presence of genes in bacteria and the related pathway involved in phenol degradation. Among them, Enterococcus faecalis and Serratia marcescens, isolated from the gut of B. minax larvae, played critical roles in phenol degradation. Furthermore, supplementation of E. faecalis and S. marcescens in artificial diets containing coniferyl alcohol and coumaric aldehyde increased the survival rate of larvae. CONCLUSION In summary, our results provided the first comprehensive analysis of gut bacterial communities by high-throughput sequencing and elucidated the role of bacteria in phenol degradation in B. minax, which shed light on the mechanism underlying specialist insect adaption to host secondary metabolites via gut bacteria. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Cao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Insect Resource Application and Sustainable Pest Control, College of Plant Science & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xueming Ren
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Insect Resource Application and Sustainable Pest Control, College of Plant Science & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Guijian Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Insect Resource Application and Sustainable Pest Control, College of Plant Science & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Haoran Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Insect Resource Application and Sustainable Pest Control, College of Plant Science & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Bingbing Wei
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Insect Resource Application and Sustainable Pest Control, College of Plant Science & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Changying Niu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Insect Resource Application and Sustainable Pest Control, College of Plant Science & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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2
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Loffet EA, Durel JF, Nerurkar NL. Evo-Devo Mechanobiology: The Missing Link. Integr Comp Biol 2023; 63:1455-1473. [PMID: 37193661 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icad033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023] Open
Abstract
While the modern framework of evolutionary development (evo-devo) has been decidedly genetic, historic analyses have also considered the importance of mechanics in the evolution of form. With the aid of recent technological advancements in both quantifying and perturbing changes in the molecular and mechanical effectors of organismal shape, how molecular and genetic cues regulate the biophysical aspects of morphogenesis is becoming increasingly well studied. As a result, this is an opportune time to consider how the tissue-scale mechanics that underlie morphogenesis are acted upon through evolution to establish morphological diversity. Such a focus will enable a field of evo-devo mechanobiology that will serve to better elucidate the opaque relations between genes and forms by articulating intermediary physical mechanisms. Here, we review how the evolution of shape is measured and related to genetics, how recent strides have been made in the dissection of developmental tissue mechanics, and how we expect these areas to coalesce in evo-devo studies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise A Loffet
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, 351 Engineering Terrace, 1210 Amsterdam Avenue, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - John F Durel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, 351 Engineering Terrace, 1210 Amsterdam Avenue, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Nandan L Nerurkar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, 351 Engineering Terrace, 1210 Amsterdam Avenue, New York, NY 10027, USA
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Béchade B, Cabuslay CS, Hu Y, Mendonca CM, Hassanpour B, Lin JY, Su Y, Fiers VJ, Anandarajan D, Lu R, Olson CJ, Duplais C, Rosen GL, Moreau CS, Aristilde L, Wertz JT, Russell JA. Physiological and evolutionary contexts of a new symbiotic species from the nitrogen-recycling gut community of turtle ants. THE ISME JOURNAL 2023; 17:1751-1764. [PMID: 37558860 PMCID: PMC10504363 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-023-01490-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
While genome sequencing has expanded our knowledge of symbiosis, role assignment within multi-species microbiomes remains challenging due to genomic redundancy and the uncertainties of in vivo impacts. We address such questions, here, for a specialized nitrogen (N) recycling microbiome of turtle ants, describing a new genus and species of gut symbiont-Ischyrobacter davidsoniae (Betaproteobacteria: Burkholderiales: Alcaligenaceae)-and its in vivo physiological context. A re-analysis of amplicon sequencing data, with precisely assigned Ischyrobacter reads, revealed a seemingly ubiquitous distribution across the turtle ant genus Cephalotes, suggesting ≥50 million years since domestication. Through new genome sequencing, we also show that divergent I. davidsoniae lineages are conserved in their uricolytic and urea-generating capacities. With phylogenetically refined definitions of Ischyrobacter and separately domesticated Burkholderiales symbionts, our FISH microscopy revealed a distinct niche for I. davidsoniae, with dense populations at the anterior ileum. Being positioned at the site of host N-waste delivery, in vivo metatranscriptomics and metabolomics further implicate I. davidsoniae within a symbiont-autonomous N-recycling pathway. While encoding much of this pathway, I. davidsoniae expressed only a subset of the requisite steps in mature adult workers, including the penultimate step deriving urea from allantoate. The remaining steps were expressed by other specialized gut symbionts. Collectively, this assemblage converts inosine, made from midgut symbionts, into urea and ammonia in the hindgut. With urea supporting host amino acid budgets and cuticle synthesis, and with the ancient nature of other active N-recyclers discovered here, I. davidsoniae emerges as a central player in a conserved and impactful, multipartite symbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoît Béchade
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, 3245 Chestnut St., Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
| | - Christian S Cabuslay
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, 3245 Chestnut St., Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Yi Hu
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, 3245 Chestnut St., Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology and Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, 100875, Beijing, China
| | - Caroll M Mendonca
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, McCormick School of Engineering and Applied Science, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Bahareh Hassanpour
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, McCormick School of Engineering and Applied Science, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Jonathan Y Lin
- Department of Biology, Calvin University, 1726 Knollcrest Circle SE, Grand Rapids, MI, 49546-4402, USA
| | - Yangzhou Su
- Department of Biology, Calvin University, 1726 Knollcrest Circle SE, Grand Rapids, MI, 49546-4402, USA
| | - Valerie J Fiers
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, 3245 Chestnut St., Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Dharman Anandarajan
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, 3245 Chestnut St., Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Richard Lu
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, 3245 Chestnut St., Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Chandler J Olson
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, 3245 Chestnut St., Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, 1325 Hackberry Ln, Tuscaloosa, AL, 35487, USA
| | - Christophe Duplais
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Cornell AgriTech, Geneva, NY, 14456, USA
| | - Gail L Rosen
- Ecological and Evolutionary Signal-Processing and Informatics Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut St., Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Corrie S Moreau
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Cornell AgriTech, Geneva, NY, 14456, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Ludmilla Aristilde
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, McCormick School of Engineering and Applied Science, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - John T Wertz
- Department of Biology, Calvin University, 1726 Knollcrest Circle SE, Grand Rapids, MI, 49546-4402, USA
| | - Jacob A Russell
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, 3245 Chestnut St., Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
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Cho H, Rohlfs M. Transmission of beneficial yeasts accompanies offspring production in Drosophila-An initial evolutionary stage of insect maternal care through manipulation of microbial load? Ecol Evol 2023; 13:e10184. [PMID: 37332518 PMCID: PMC10276349 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.10184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Parent-to-offspring transmission of beneficial microorganisms is intimately interwoven with the evolution of social behaviors. Ancestral stages of complex sociality-microbe vectoring interrelationships may be characterized by high costs of intensive parental care and hence only a weak link between the transmission of microbial symbionts and offspring production. We investigate the relationship between yeast symbiont transmission and egg-laying, as well as some general factors thought to drive the "farming" of microscopic fungi by the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, an insect with no obvious parental care but which is highly dependent on dietary microbes during offspring development. The process of transmitting microbes involves flies ingesting microbes from their previous environment, storing and vectoring them, and finally depositing them to a new environment. This study revealed that fecal materials of adult flies play a significant role in this process, as they contain viable yeast cells that support larval development. During single patch visits, egg-laying female flies transmitted more yeast cells than non-egg-laying females, suggesting that dietary symbiont transmission is not random, but linked to offspring production. The crop, an extension of the foregut, was identified as an organ capable of storing viable yeast cells during travel between egg-laying sites. However, the amount of yeast in the crop reduced rapidly during periods of starvation. Although females starved for 24 h deposited a smaller amount of yeast than those starved for 6 h, the yeast inoculum produced still promoted the development of larval offspring. The results of these experiments suggest that female Drosophila fruit flies have the ability to store and regulate the transfer of microorganisms beneficial to their offspring via the shedding of fecal material. We argue that our observation may represent an initial evolutionary stage of maternal care through the manipulation of microbial load, from which more specialized feedbacks of sociality and microbe management may evolve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Cho
- Institute of Ecology, Insect and Chemical Ecology GroupUniversity of BremenBremenGermany
| | - Marko Rohlfs
- Institute of Ecology, Insect and Chemical Ecology GroupUniversity of BremenBremenGermany
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Chamankar B, Maleki-Ravasan N, Karami M, Forouzan E, Karimian F, Naeimi S, Choobdar N. The structure and diversity of microbial communities in Paederus fuscipes (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae): from ecological paradigm to pathobiome. MICROBIOME 2023; 11:11. [PMID: 36670494 PMCID: PMC9862579 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-022-01456-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Paederus fuscipes is medically the most famous rove beetle, which causes dermatitis or conjunctivitis in humans, as well as gastrointestinal toxicosis in livestock, via releasing toxic hemolymph containing pederin. Pedrin biosynthesis genes have been identified in uncultured Pseudomonas-like endosymbionts that are speculated to be acquired through a horizontal transfer. However, the composition of the P. fuscipes microbial community, especially of the gut and genital microbiome, remains unclear. This study was aimed to characterize the structure and diversity of P. fuscipes-associated bacterial communities in terms of gender, organ, and location using the Illumina HiSeq platform in the southern littorals of Caspian Sea. RESULTS The OTUs identified from P. fuscipes specimens were collapsed into 40 phyla, 112 classes, 249 orders, 365 families, 576 genera, and 106 species. The most abundant families were Pseudomonadaceae, Spiroplasmataceae, Weeksellaceae, Enterococcaceae, and Rhizobiaceae, respectively. Thirty top genera made up > 94% of the P. fuscipes microbiome, with predominating Pseudomonas, followed by the Spiroplasma, Apibacter, Enterococcus, Dysgonomonas, Sebaldella, Ruminococcus, and Wolbachia. Interesting dissimilarities were also discovered within and between the beetle microbiomes in terms of genders and organs. Analyses showed that Spiroplasma / Apibacter as well as Pseudomonas / Pseudomonas were the most abundant in the genitals / intestines of male and female beetles, respectively. Bacterial richness did not display any significant difference in the three provinces but was higher in male beetles than in females and more in the genitals than intestines. CONCLUSIONS The present study identified Pseudomonas-like endobacterium as a common symbiont of P. fuscipes beetles; this bacterium begins its journey from gut and genitalia of females to reach the male rove beetles. Additionally, male and female rove beetles were characterized by distinctive microbiota in different organs, likely reflecting different functions and/or adaptation processes. Evidence of the extension of P. fuscipes microbiome from the environmental paradigm to the pathobiome was also presented herein. A comprehensive survey of P. fuscipes microbiome components may eventually lead to ecological insights into the production and utilization of defensive compound of pederin and also the management of linear dermatitis with the use of available antibiotics against bacterial pathogens released by the beetles. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahar Chamankar
- Department of Parasitology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
- Departments of Zoology Biosystematics, Payame Noor University, East Tehran Centre, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Mohsen Karami
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | | | - Fateh Karimian
- Department of Parasitology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sabah Naeimi
- Department of Parasitology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nayyereh Choobdar
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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6
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Wu Z, Tian H, Xu D, Chen J, Hu Y, Wang X, Zhou S. Influencing Factors and Symbiotic Mechanism of the Integration of Medical Care and Disease Prevention during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-Sectional Survey of Public Hospital Employees. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 20:241. [PMID: 36612563 PMCID: PMC9819979 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20010241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Background: The COVID-19 outbreak has accelerated the huge difference between medical care and disease prevention in Chinese medical institutions. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between the symbiotic units, environments, models, and effects of the integration of medical care and disease prevention. Methods: This cross-sectional study involved 762 employees of public hospitals in 11 cities in Zhejiang Province by random stratified sampling. We analyzed the influence paths of elements in the mechanism of integration of medical care and disease prevention and the mediating effect of symbiotic models among symbiotic units, symbiotic environments, and effects on this integration. Results: The path coefficient of the symbiotic unit on the symbiosis model was 0.46 (p < 0.001), the path coefficient of the symbiotic environment on the symbiosis model was 0.52 (p < 0.001). The path coefficient of the symbiotic unit and the environment was 0.91 (p < 0.001). The symbiotic models exhibited a partial mediation effect between symbiotic units and the effect of this integration. Sobel test = 3.27, β = 0.152, and the mediating effect accounted for 34.6%. Conclusions: It is suggested that health policymakers and public hospital managers should provide sufficient symbiotic units, establish collaborative symbiotic models, and improve the effects of integration of medical care and disease prevention in public hospitals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Wu
- School of Public Health, Hangzhou Normal University, Yuhangtang St., Yuhang, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Huiyi Tian
- School of Public Health, Hangzhou Normal University, Yuhangtang St., Yuhang, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Dongjian Xu
- School of Public Health, Hangzhou Normal University, Yuhangtang St., Yuhang, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Jiaying Chen
- School of Public Administration, Hangzhou Normal University, Yuhangtang St., Yuhang, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Yaqi Hu
- School of Public Administration, Hangzhou Normal University, Yuhangtang St., Yuhang, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Xiaohe Wang
- School of Public Health, Hangzhou Normal University, Yuhangtang St., Yuhang, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Siyu Zhou
- School of Public Health, Hangzhou Normal University, Yuhangtang St., Yuhang, Hangzhou 311121, China
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7
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Alarcón ME, Polo PG, Akyüz SN, Rafiqi AM. Evolution and ontogeny of bacteriocytes in insects. Front Physiol 2022; 13:1034066. [PMID: 36505058 PMCID: PMC9732443 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1034066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The ontogenetic origins of the bacteriocytes, which are cells that harbour bacterial intracellular endosymbionts in multicellular animals, are unknown. During embryonic development, a series of morphological and transcriptional changes determine the fate of distinct cell types. The ontogeny of bacteriocytes is intimately linked with the evolutionary transition of endosymbionts from an extracellular to an intracellular environment, which in turn is linked to the diet of the host insect. Here we review the evolution and development of bacteriocytes in insects. We first classify the endosymbiotic occupants of bacteriocytes, highlighting the complex challenges they pose to the host. Then, we recall the historical account of the discovery of bacteriocytes. We then summarize the molecular interactions between the endosymbiont and the host. In addition, we illustrate the genetic contexts in which the bacteriocytes develop, with examples of the genetic changes in the hosts and endosymbionts, during specific endosymbiotic associations. We finally address the evolutionary origin as well as the putative ontogenetic or developmental source of bacteriocytes in insects.
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8
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Bringhurst B, Allert M, Greenwold M, Kellner K, Seal JN. Environments and Hosts Structure the Bacterial Microbiomes of Fungus-Gardening Ants and their Symbiotic Fungus Gardens. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2022:10.1007/s00248-022-02138-x. [PMID: 36344828 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-022-02138-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The fungus gardening-ant system is considered a complex, multi-tiered symbiosis, as it is composed of ants, their fungus, and microorganisms associated with either ants or fungus. We examine the bacterial microbiome of Trachymyrmex septentrionalis and Mycetomoellerius turrifex ants and their symbiotic fungus gardens, using 16S rRNA Illumina sequencing, over a region spanning approximately 350 km (east and central Texas). Typically, microorganisms can be acquired from a parent colony (vertical transmission) or from the environment (horizontal transmission). Because the symbiosis is characterized by co-dispersal of the ants and fungus, elements of both ant and fungus garden microbiome could be characterized by vertical transmission. The goals of this study were to explore how both the ant and fungus garden bacterial microbiome are acquired. The main findings were that different mechanisms appear to explain the structure the microbiomes of ants and their symbiotic fungus gardens. Ant associated microbiomes had a strong host ant signature, which could be indicative of vertical inheritance of the ant associated bacterial microbiome or an unknown mechanism of active uptake or screening. On the other hand, the bacterial microbiome of the fungus garden was more complex in that some bacterial taxa appear to be structured by the ant host species, whereas others by fungal lineage or the environment (geographic region). Thus bacteria in fungus gardens appear to be acquired both horizontally and vertically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blake Bringhurst
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at Tyler, 3900 University Blvd, Tyler, TX, 75799, USA
| | - Mattea Allert
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at Tyler, 3900 University Blvd, Tyler, TX, 75799, USA
| | - Matthew Greenwold
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at Tyler, 3900 University Blvd, Tyler, TX, 75799, USA
| | - Katrin Kellner
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at Tyler, 3900 University Blvd, Tyler, TX, 75799, USA
| | - Jon N Seal
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at Tyler, 3900 University Blvd, Tyler, TX, 75799, USA.
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9
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Su Y, Lin HC, Teh LS, Chevance F, James I, Mayfield C, Golic KG, Gagnon JA, Rog O, Dale C. Rational engineering of a synthetic insect-bacterial mutualism. Curr Biol 2022; 32:3925-3938.e6. [PMID: 35963240 PMCID: PMC10080585 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Many insects maintain mutualistic associations with bacterial endosymbionts, but little is known about how they originate in nature. In this study, we describe the establishment and manipulation of a synthetic insect-bacterial symbiosis in a weevil host. Following egg injection, the nascent symbiont colonized many tissues, including prototypical somatic and germinal bacteriomes, yielding maternal transmission over many generations. We then engineered the nascent symbiont to overproduce the aromatic amino acids tyrosine and phenylalanine, which facilitate weevil cuticle strengthening and accelerated larval development, replicating the function of mutualistic symbionts that are widely distributed among weevils and other beetles in nature. Our work provides empirical support for the notion that mutualistic symbioses can be initiated in insects by the acquisition of environmental bacteria. It also shows that certain bacterial genera, including the Sodalis spp. used in our study, are predisposed to develop these associations due to their ability to maintain benign infections and undergo vertical transmission in diverse insect hosts, facilitating the partner-fidelity feedback that is critical for the evolution of obligate mutualism. These experimental advances provide a new platform for laboratory studies focusing on the molecular mechanisms and evolutionary processes underlying insect-bacterial symbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinghua Su
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
| | - Ho-Chen Lin
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Li Szhen Teh
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Fabienne Chevance
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Ian James
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Clara Mayfield
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Kent G Golic
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - James A Gagnon
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Ofer Rog
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Colin Dale
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
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10
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Amores GR, Zepeda-Ramos G, García-Fajardo LV, Hernández E, Guillén-Navarro K. The gut microbiome analysis of Anastrepha obliqua reveals inter-kingdom diversity: bacteria, fungi, and archaea. Arch Microbiol 2022; 204:579. [PMID: 36029340 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-022-03207-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The fruit fly Anastrepha obliqua is an economically important pest. The sterile insect technique to control it involves mass production and release of sterile flies to reduce the reproduction of the wild population. As noted in different Tephritidae, the performance of sterile males may be affected by the assimilation of nutrients under mass-rearing conditions. In the wild, the fly's life cycle suggests the acquisition of different organisms that could modulate its fitness and physiology. For A. obliqua, there is no information regarding microorganisms other than bacteria. This study analyzed bacteria, fungal, and archaea communities in the A. obliqua gut through denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) profiles of 16S (using a different set of primers for bacteria and archaea) and 18S ribosomal DNA markers. We found that wild flies presented higher microbial diversity related to fructose assimilation than laboratory species, suggesting that microorganisms have led to a specialized metabolism to process nutrients associated with an artificial diet. We identified species that have not been previously described in this fruit fly, especially actinobacteria and archaea, by employing different primer sets aimed at the same molecular marker but targeting diverse hypervariable regions of 16S rDNA. The possibility that Archaea affect fly fitness should not be ignored. This report on the intestinal microbial (bacteria, archaea, and fungi) composition of A. obliqua contributes to our understanding of the role of microorganisms in the development and physiology of the flies.
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Affiliation(s)
- G R Amores
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Ambiental y Agroecológica, Grupo Académico de Biotecnología Ambiental, El Colegio de La Frontera Sur (ECOSUR), Tapachula, Chiapas, Mexico
| | - G Zepeda-Ramos
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Ambiental y Agroecológica, Grupo Académico de Biotecnología Ambiental, El Colegio de La Frontera Sur (ECOSUR), Tapachula, Chiapas, Mexico
| | - L V García-Fajardo
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Ambiental y Agroecológica, Grupo Académico de Biotecnología Ambiental, El Colegio de La Frontera Sur (ECOSUR), Tapachula, Chiapas, Mexico
| | - Emilio Hernández
- Programa Moscafrut DGSV-SENASICA-SAGARPA, Subdirección de Desarrollo de Métodos, Chiapas, Mexico
| | - K Guillén-Navarro
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Ambiental y Agroecológica, Grupo Académico de Biotecnología Ambiental, El Colegio de La Frontera Sur (ECOSUR), Tapachula, Chiapas, Mexico.
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11
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Fungal Flora in Adult Females of the Rearing Population of Ambrosia Beetle Euwallacea interjectus (Blandford) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae): Does It Differ from the Wild Population? DIVERSITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/d14070535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Ambrosia beetles bore into host trees, and live with fungi symbiotically that serve as a food source. However, it is challenging to directly observe these beetles in the wild. In this study, Euwallacea interjectus (Blandford) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae), a pest of fig trees in Japan, were reared under artificial conditions to emulate the behavior of ambrosia beetle. Fungi were isolated from the adult females of E. interjectus to identify the species associated with secondary symbiosis. In total, nine filamentous fungi and one yeast were identified using morphological characteristics and DNA sequence data. Neocosmospora metavorans (Hypocreales: Nectriaceae), Fusarium sp. (Hypocreales: Nectriaceae), that is undescribed, and Meyerozyma guilliermondii (Saccharomycetes: Saccharomycetales) (yeast) were isolated more frequently from the head (including from mycangia, the fungus-carrying organ) than from the thorax and abdomen of adult beetles. Neocosmospora metavorans was the dominant species isolated from 12 out of 16 heads at 200 to 3300 CFUs/head, compared to the primary mycangia fungus from wild beetles, i.e., Fusarium kuroshium (Hypocreales: Nectriaceae). Temperature had a marked effect on fungal growth in the three symbiont species. Our results represent a major paradigm shift in understanding beetle–fungal interactions, as they show specific symbiont switching can occur in different nesting places.
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Diet Fermentation Leads to Microbial Adaptation in Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens; Linnaeus, 1758) Larvae Reared on Palm Oil Side Streams. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14095626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Insects offer a promising alternative source of protein to mitigate the environmental consequences of conventional livestock farming. Larvae of the black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens; Linnaeus, 1758) efficiently convert a variety of organic side streams and residues into valuable proteins, lipids, and chitin. Here, we evaluated the suitability of two palm oil industry side streams—empty fruit bunches (EFB) and palm kernel meal (PKM)—as larval feed, and their impact on the larval gut microbiome. Among 69 fungal species we screened, Marasmius palmivorus, Irpex consors, and Bjerkandera adusta achieved the fastest growth and lignin degradation, so these fungi were used for the pretreatment of 7:3 mixtures of EFB and PKM. Larvae reared on the mixture pretreated with B. adusta (BAD) developed significantly more quickly and reached a higher final weight than those reared on the other pretreatments or the non-fermented reference (NFR). Amplicon sequencing of the BAD and NFR groups revealed major differences in the larval gut microbiome. The NFR group was dominated by facultatively anaerobic Enterobacteriaceae (typical of H. illucens larvae) whereas the BAD group favored obligately anaerobic, cellulolytic bacteria (Ruminococcaceae and Lachnospiraceae). We hypothesize that fungal lignin degradation led to an accumulation of mycelia and subsequent cellulolytic breakdown of fiber residues, thus improving substrate digestibility.
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Joga MR, Mogilicherla K, Smagghe G, Roy A. RNA Interference-Based Forest Protection Products (FPPs) Against Wood-Boring Coleopterans: Hope or Hype? FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:733608. [PMID: 34567044 PMCID: PMC8461336 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.733608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Forest insects are emerging in large extension in response to ongoing climatic changes, penetrating geographic barriers, utilizing novel hosts, and influencing many hectares of conifer forests worldwide. Current management strategies have been unable to keep pace with forest insect population outbreaks, and therefore novel and aggressive management strategies are urgently required to manage forest insects. RNA interference (RNAi), a Noble Prize-winning discovery, is an emerging approach that can be used for forest protection. The RNAi pathway is triggered by dsRNA molecules, which, in turn, silences genes and disrupts protein function, ultimately causing the death of the targeted insect. RNAi is very effective against pest insects; however, its proficiency varies significantly among insect species, tissues, and genes. The coleopteran forest insects are susceptible to RNAi and can be the initial target, but we lack practical means of delivery, particularly in systems with long-lived, endophagous insects such as the Emerald ash borer, Asian longhorn beetles, and bark beetles. The widespread use of RNAi in forest pest management has major challenges, including its efficiency, target gene selection, dsRNA design, lack of reliable dsRNA delivery methods, non-target and off-target effects, and potential resistance development in wood-boring pest populations. This review focuses on recent innovations in RNAi delivery that can be deployed against forest pests, such as cationic liposome-assisted (lipids), nanoparticle-enabled (polymers or peptides), symbiont-mediated (fungi, bacteria, and viruses), and plant-mediated deliveries (trunk injection, root absorption). Our findings guide future risk analysis of dsRNA-based forest protection products (FPPs) and risk assessment frameworks incorporating sequence complementarity-based analysis for off-target predictions. This review also points out barriers to further developing RNAi for forest pest management and suggests future directions of research that will build the future use of RNAi against wood-boring coleopterans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mallikarjuna Reddy Joga
- Excellent Team for Mitigation, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czechia
| | - Kanakachari Mogilicherla
- EVA.4 Unit, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czechia
| | - Guy Smagghe
- Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Amit Roy
- Excellent Team for Mitigation, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czechia
- EVA.4 Unit, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czechia
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Schapheer C, Pellens R, Scherson R. Arthropod-Microbiota Integration: Its Importance for Ecosystem Conservation. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:702763. [PMID: 34408733 PMCID: PMC8365148 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.702763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent reports indicate that the health of our planet is getting worse and that genuine transformative changes are pressing. So far, efforts to ameliorate Earth's ecosystem crises have been insufficient, as these often depart from current knowledge of the underlying ecological processes. Nowadays, biodiversity loss and the alterations in biogeochemical cycles are reaching thresholds that put the survival of our species at risk. Biological interactions are fundamental for achieving biological conservation and restoration of ecological processes, especially those that contribute to nutrient cycles. Microorganism are recognized as key players in ecological interactions and nutrient cycling, both free-living and in symbiotic associations with multicellular organisms. This latter assemblage work as a functional ecological unit called "holobiont." Here, we review the emergent ecosystem properties derived from holobionts, with special emphasis on detritivorous terrestrial arthropods and their symbiotic microorganisms. We revisit their relevance in the cycling of recalcitrant organic compounds (e.g., lignin and cellulose). Finally, based on the interconnection between biodiversity and nutrient cycling, we propose that a multicellular organism and its associates constitute an Ecosystem Holobiont (EH). This EH is the functional unit characterized by carrying out key ecosystem processes. We emphasize that in order to meet the challenge to restore the health of our planet it is critical to reduce anthropic pressures that may threaten not only individual entities (known as "bionts") but also the stability of the associations that give rise to EH and their ecological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constanza Schapheer
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Silvoagropecuarias y Veterinarias, Campus Sur Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Laboratorio de Sistemática y Evolución, Departamento de Silvicultura y Conservación de la Naturaleza, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Roseli Pellens
- UMR 7205, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Ecole Pratique de Hautes Etudes, Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité, Sorbonne Université, Université des Antilles, Paris, France
| | - Rosa Scherson
- Laboratorio de Sistemática y Evolución, Departamento de Silvicultura y Conservación de la Naturaleza, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Lynn KMT, Wingfield MJ, Durán A, Oliveira LSS, de Beer ZW, Barnes I. Novel Fusarium mutualists of two Euwallacea species infesting Acacia crassicarpa in Indonesia. Mycologia 2021; 113:536-558. [PMID: 33835895 DOI: 10.1080/00275514.2021.1875708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Several species in the Euwallacea fornicatus complex have emerged as important pests of woody plants globally, particularly in habitats where they are invasive aliens. These beetles live in obligate symbioses with fungi in the genus Fusarium. In this study, we identified Euwallacea spp. and their fungal mutualists that have emerged as pests of planted Acacia crassicarpa in Riau, Indonesia. Morphological identification and phylogenetic analyses of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase c subunit I (COI) gene confirmed that E. similis and E. perbrevis are the most abundant beetles infesting these trees. Multilocus phylogenetic analyses of their fungal mutualists revealed their nonspecific association with six Fusarium species. These included F. rekanum and five novel Fusarium mutualists within the Fusarium solani species complex (FSSC), four of which reside in the Ambrosia Fusarium Clade (AFC). These new species are described here as F. akasia, F. awan, F. mekan, F. variasi, and F. warna.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kira M T Lynn
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa
| | - Michael J Wingfield
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa
| | - Alvaro Durán
- Plant Health Program, Research and Development, Asia Pacific Resources International Holdings Ltd., Pangkalan Kerinci 28300, Riau, Indonesia
| | - Leonardo S S Oliveira
- Plant Health Program, Research and Development, Asia Pacific Resources International Holdings Ltd., Pangkalan Kerinci 28300, Riau, Indonesia
| | - Z Wilhelm de Beer
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa
| | - Irene Barnes
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa
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Hoang KL, Gerardo NM, Morran LT. Association with a novel protective microbe facilitates host adaptation to a stressful environment. Evol Lett 2021; 5:118-129. [PMID: 33868708 PMCID: PMC8045907 DOI: 10.1002/evl3.223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Protective symbionts can allow hosts to occupy otherwise uninhabitable niches. Despite the importance of symbionts in host evolution, we know little about how these associations arise. Encountering a microbe that can improve host fitness in a stressful environment may favor persistent interactions with that microbe, potentially facilitating a long-term association. The bacterium Bacillus subtilis protects Caenorhabditis elegans nematodes from heat shock by increasing host fecundity compared to the nonprotective Escherichia coli. In this study, we ask how the protection provided by the bacterium affects the host's evolutionary trajectory. Because of the stark fitness contrast between hosts heat shocked on B. subtilis versus E. coli, we tested whether the protection conferred by the bacteria could increase the rate of host adaptation to a stressful environment. We passaged nematodes on B. subtilis or E. coli, under heat stress or standard conditions for 20 host generations of selection. When assayed under heat stress, we found that hosts exhibited the greatest fitness increase when evolved with B. subtilis under stress compared to when evolved with E. coli or under standard (nonstressful) conditions. Furthermore, despite not directly selecting for increased B. subtilis fitness, we found that hosts evolved to harbor more B. subtilis as they adapted to heat stress. Our findings demonstrate that the context under which hosts evolve is important for the evolution of beneficial associations and that protective microbes can facilitate host adaptation to stress. In turn, such host adaptation can benefit the microbe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim L. Hoang
- Department of BiologyEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgia30322USA
- Department of ZoologyUniversity of OxfordOxfordOX1 3SZUnited Kingdom
| | | | - Levi T. Morran
- Department of BiologyEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgia30322USA
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Kumar V, Tyagi I, Tyagi K, Chandra K. Diversity and Structure of Bacterial Communities in the Gut of Spider: Thomisidae and Oxyopidae. Front Ecol Evol 2020. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2020.588102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Gichuhi J, Khamis F, Van den Berg J, Mohamed S, Ekesi S, Herren JK. Influence of inoculated gut bacteria on the development of Bactrocera dorsalis and on its susceptibility to the entomopathogenic fungus, Metarhizium anisopliae. BMC Microbiol 2020; 20:321. [PMID: 33087056 PMCID: PMC7579797 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-020-02015-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Symbiotic interactions between insects and bacteria have been associated with a vast variety of physiological, ecological and evolutionary consequences for the host. A wide range of bacterial communities have been found in association with the oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) (Diptera: Tephritidae), an important pest of cultivated fruit in most regions of the world. We evaluated the diversity of gut bacteria in B. dorsalis specimens from several populations in Kenya and investigated the roles of individual bacterial isolates in the development of axenic (germ-free) B. dorsalis fly lines and their responses to the entomopathogenic fungus, Metarhizium anisopliae. Results We sequenced 16S rRNA to evaluate microbiomes and coupled this with bacterial culturing. Bacterial isolates were mono-associated with axenic B. dorsalis embryos. The shortest embryonic development period was recorded in flies with an intact gut microbiome while the longest period was recorded in axenic fly lines. Similarly, larval development was shortest in flies with an intact gut microbiome, in addition to flies inoculated with Providencia alcalifaciens. Adult B. dorsalis flies emerging from embryos that had been mono-associated with a strain of Lactococcus lactis had decreased survival when challenged with a standard dosage of M. anisopliae ICIPE69 conidia. However, there were no differences in survival between the germ-free lines and flies with an intact microbiome. Conclusions These findings will contribute to the selection of probiotics used in artificial diets for B. dorsalis rearing and the development of improved integrated pest management strategies based on entomopathogenic fungi. Supplementary information Supplementary information accompanies this paper at 10.1186/s12866-020-02015-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Gichuhi
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Fathiya Khamis
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Johnnie Van den Berg
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Samira Mohamed
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Sunday Ekesi
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Jeremy K Herren
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya.
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Engl T, Schmidt THP, Kanyile SN, Klebsch D. Metabolic Cost of a Nutritional Symbiont Manifests in Delayed Reproduction in a Grain Pest Beetle. INSECTS 2020; 11:insects11100717. [PMID: 33092035 PMCID: PMC7589553 DOI: 10.3390/insects11100717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Simple Summary Animals engage in various symbioses. However, these interactions are not always beneficial for the host; they can also incur costs under certain circumstances. The bacterial symbiont supports, on the one hand, the cuticle formation of the sawtoothed grain beetle Oryzaephilus surinamensis, which is extremely beneficial under dry conditions as a thicker and more melanized cuticle prevents desiccation of the insect. On the other hand, under higher humidity, the benefit is strongly reduced. In this study, we investigated whether harboring a symbiont can also be a disadvantage. Therefore, we first measured the number of symbionts throughout the beetles’ life and found a strong increase during the end of metamorphosis, just before beetles reach adulthood. Afterwards, males lose the symbionts again, whereas females retain a stable number. A comparison of beetles with and without symbionts revealed no differences in many life history traits. Larval development took the same time and there was also no difference in adult mortality or lifespan or the number of offspring of females. However, females with symbionts started to reproduce significantly later by one to two weeks, meaning they have a disadvantage in comparison to females without symbionts. Thus, harboring a symbiont is beneficial or costly in a context-dependent manner. Abstract Animals engage in a plethora of mutualistic interactions with microorganisms that can confer various benefits to their host but can also incur context-dependent costs. The sawtoothed grain beetle Oryzaephilus surinamensis harbors nutritional, intracellular Bacteroidetes bacteria that supplement precursors for the cuticle synthesis and thereby enhance desiccation resistance of its host. Experimental elimination of the symbiont impairs cuticle formation and reduces fitness under desiccation stress but does not disrupt the host’s life cycle. For this study, we first demonstrated that symbiont populations showed the strongest growth at the end of metamorphosis and then declined continuously in males, but not in females. The symbiont loss neither impacted the development time until adulthood nor adult mortality or lifespan. Furthermore, lifetime reproduction was not influenced by the symbiont presence. However, symbiotic females started to reproduce almost two weeks later than aposymbiotic ones. Thus, symbiont presence incurs a metabolic and context-dependent fitness cost to females, probably due to a nutrient allocation trade-off between symbiont growth and sexual maturation. The O. surinamensis symbiosis thereby represents an experimentally amenable system to study eco-evolutionary dynamics under variable selection pressures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Engl
- Evolutionary Ecology, Institute of Organismic and Molecular Evolution, Johannes Gutenberg-University, 55128 Mainz, Germany; (T.H.P.S.); (S.N.K.); (D.K.)
- Research Group Insect Symbiosis, Max-Planck-Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany
- Correspondence:
| | - Thorsten H. P. Schmidt
- Evolutionary Ecology, Institute of Organismic and Molecular Evolution, Johannes Gutenberg-University, 55128 Mainz, Germany; (T.H.P.S.); (S.N.K.); (D.K.)
| | - Sthandiwe Nomthandazo Kanyile
- Evolutionary Ecology, Institute of Organismic and Molecular Evolution, Johannes Gutenberg-University, 55128 Mainz, Germany; (T.H.P.S.); (S.N.K.); (D.K.)
| | - Dagmar Klebsch
- Evolutionary Ecology, Institute of Organismic and Molecular Evolution, Johannes Gutenberg-University, 55128 Mainz, Germany; (T.H.P.S.); (S.N.K.); (D.K.)
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Sarvari M, Mikani A, Mehrabadi M. The innate immune gene Relish and Caudal jointly contribute to the gut immune homeostasis by regulating antimicrobial peptides in Galleria mellonella. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 110:103732. [PMID: 32423863 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2020.103732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Gut microbiota modulates various physiologic processes in insects, such as nutrition, metabolic homeostasis, and pathogen exclusion. Maintaining a normal microbiome is an essential element of the gut homeostasis, requiring an extensive network of regulatory immune responses. The molecular mechanisms driving these various effects and the events leading to the establishment of a normal microbiota in insects are still largely unknown. In this study, the NF-kB (IMD and Toll) signaling pathways in the gut of Galleria mellonella and their roles in the regulation of its gut microbes were assessed. For this, the transcript levels of the IMD pathway (Imd and Relish) and the Toll pathway (Spätzle and Dif/Dorsal) genes were analyzed and the results showed that all the genes were expressed in the gut of G. mellonella. Silencing of Relish resulted in reduced expression levels of the IMD pathway genes and antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) followed by overpopulation of gut bacteria. Antibiotics-treated larvae showed lower expression levels of the IMD and Toll pathway genes followed by lower AMPs expression levels. The expression level of caudal decreased in the antibiotics-treated larvae compared with the controls. Together, these data suggest that the IMD and Toll pathways are active in the gut of G. mellonella. The IMD pathway gene, relish functions in the regulation of gut microbes in this insect model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Sarvari
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Azam Mikani
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mehrabadi
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
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Sinno M, Bézier A, Vinale F, Giron D, Laudonia S, Garonna AP, Pennacchio F. Symbiosis disruption in the olive fruit fly, Bactrocera oleae (Rossi), as a potential tool for sustainable control. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2020; 76:3199-3207. [PMID: 32358914 DOI: 10.1002/ps.5875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The olive fruit fly Bactrocera oleae (Rossi) (OLF) is a major agricultural pest, whose control primarily relies on the use of chemical insecticides. Therefore, development of sustainable control strategies is highly desirable. The primary endosymbiotic bacterium of OLF, 'Candidatus Erwinia dacicola', is essential for successful larval development in unripe olive fruits. Therefore, targeting this endosymbiont with antimicrobial compounds may result in OLF fitness reduction and may exert control on natural populations of OLF. RESULTS Here, we evaluate the impact of compounds with antimicrobial activity on the OLF endosymbiont. Copper oxychloride (CO) and the fungal metabolite viridiol (Vi), produced by Trichoderma spp., were used. Laboratory bioassays were carried out to assess the effect of oral administration of these compounds on OLF fitness and molecular analyses (quantitative polymerase chain reaction) were conducted to measure the load of OLF-associated microorganisms in treated flies. CO and Vi were both able to disrupt the symbiotic association between OLF and its symbiotic bacteria, determining a significant reduction in the endosymbiont and gut microbiota load as well as a decrease in OLF fitness. CO had a direct negative effect on OLF adults. Conversely, exposure to Vi significantly undermined larval development of the treated female's progeny but did not show any toxicity in OLF adults. CONCLUSIONS These results provide new insights into the symbiotic control of OLF and pave the way for the development of more sustainable strategies of pest control based on the use of natural compounds with antimicrobial activity. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Sinno
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici (NA), Italy
| | - Annie Bézier
- Research Institute for the Biology of Insect (IRBI) - UMR 7261 CNRS/Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Francesco Vinale
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- CNR Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, Portici (NA), Italy
| | - David Giron
- Research Institute for the Biology of Insect (IRBI) - UMR 7261 CNRS/Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Stefania Laudonia
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici (NA), Italy
| | - Antonio P Garonna
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici (NA), Italy
| | - Francesco Pennacchio
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici (NA), Italy
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Mbenoun M, Wingfield MJ, Misse AC, Roux J. Selective feeding behaviors illuminate patterns of sap beetle associations with ophiostomatoid fungi. Symbiosis 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s13199-020-00705-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Baig F, Farnier K, Piper AM, Speight R, Cunningham JP. Yeasts Influence Host Selection and Larval Fitness in Two Frugivorous Carpophilus Beetle Species. J Chem Ecol 2020; 46:675-687. [DOI: 10.1007/s10886-020-01167-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Abstract
The evolution of a mutualism requires reciprocal interactions whereby one species provides a service that the other species cannot perform or performs less efficiently. Services exchanged in insect-fungus mutualisms include nutrition, protection, and dispersal. In ectosymbioses, which are the focus of this review, fungi can be consumed by insects or can degrade plant polymers or defensive compounds, thereby making a substrate available to insects. They can also protect against environmental factors and produce compounds antagonistic to microbial competitors. Insects disperse fungi and can also provide fungal growth substrates and protection. Insect-fungus mutualisms can transition from facultative to obligate, whereby each partner is no longer viable on its own. Obligate dependency has (a) resulted in the evolution of morphological adaptations in insects and fungi, (b) driven the evolution of social behaviors in some groups of insects, and (c) led to the loss of sexuality in some fungal mutualists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter H W Biedermann
- Research Group Insect-Fungus Symbiosis, Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany;
| | - Fernando E Vega
- Sustainable Perennial Crops Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, USA;
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Ngalimat MS, Raja Abd. Rahman RNZ, Yusof MT, Syahir A, Sabri S. Characterisation of bacteria isolated from the stingless bee, Heterotrigona itama, honey, bee bread and propolis. PeerJ 2019; 7:e7478. [PMID: 31497388 PMCID: PMC6708576 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacteria are present in stingless bee nest products. However, detailed information on their characteristics is scarce. Thus, this study aims to investigate the characteristics of bacterial species isolated from Malaysian stingless bee, Heterotrigona itama, nest products. Honey, bee bread and propolis were collected aseptically from four geographical localities of Malaysia. Total plate count (TPC), bacterial identification, phenotypic profile and enzymatic and antibacterial activities were studied. The results indicated that the number of TPC varies from one location to another. A total of 41 different bacterial isolates from the phyla Firmicutes, Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria were identified. Bacillus species were the major bacteria found. Therein, Bacillus cereus was the most frequently isolated species followed by Bacillus aryabhattai, Bacillus oleronius, Bacillus stratosphericus, Bacillus altitudinis, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, Bacillus nealsonii, Bacillus toyonensis, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus safensis, Bacillus pseudomycoides, Enterobacter asburiae, Enterobacter cloacae, Pantoea dispersa and Streptomyces kunmingensis. Phenotypic profile of 15 bacterial isolates using GEN III MicroPlate™ system revealed most of the isolates as capable to utilise carbohydrates as well as amino acids and carboxylic acids and derivatives. Proteolytic, lipolytic and cellulolytic activities as determined by enzymatic assays were detected in Bacillus stratosphericus PD6, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens PD9, Bacillus subtilis BD3 and Bacillus safensis BD9. Bacillus amyloliquefaciens PD9 showed broad-spectrum of antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria in vitro. The multienzymes and antimicrobial activities exhibited by the bacterial isolates from H. itama nest products could provide potential sources of enzymes and antimicrobial compounds for biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad Syazwan Ngalimat
- Enzyme and Microbial Technology Research Center, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Raja Noor Zaliha Raja Abd. Rahman
- Enzyme and Microbial Technology Research Center, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Termizi Yusof
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Amir Syahir
- Enzyme and Microbial Technology Research Center, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Suriana Sabri
- Enzyme and Microbial Technology Research Center, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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Couret J, Huynh‐Griffin L, Antolic‐Soban I, Acevedo‐Gonzalez TS, Gerardo NM. Even obligate symbioses show signs of ecological contingency: Impacts of symbiosis for an invasive stinkbug are mediated by host plant context. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:9087-9099. [PMID: 31463006 PMCID: PMC6706230 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Many species interactions are dependent on environmental context, yet the benefits of obligate, mutualistic microbial symbioses to their hosts are typically assumed to be universal across environments. We directly tested this assumption, focusing on the symbiosis between the sap-feeding insect Megacopta cribraria and its primary bacterial symbiont Candidatus Ishikawaella capsulata. We assessed host development time, survival, and body size in the presence and absence of the symbiont on two alternative host plants and in the insects' new invasive range. We found that association with the symbiont was critical for host survival to adulthood when reared on either host plant, with few individuals surviving in the absence of symbiosis. Developmental differences between hosts with and without microbial symbionts, however, were mediated by the host plants on which the insects were reared. Our results support the hypothesis that benefits associated with this host-microbe interaction are environmentally contingent, though given that few individuals survive to adulthood without their symbionts, this may have minimal impact on ecological dynamics and current evolutionary trajectories of these partners. OPEN RESEARCH BADGES This article has earned an Open Data Badge for making publicly available the digitally-shareable data necessary to reproduce the reported results. The data is available at https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.kg4bc56.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jannelle Couret
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of Rhode IslandKingstonRIUSA
- Department of BiologyEmory UniversityAtlantaGAUSA
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Xie S, Lan Y, Sun C, Shao Y. Insect microbial symbionts as a novel source for biotechnology. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 35:25. [PMID: 30666424 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-019-2599-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Insecta is the most diverse and largest class of animals on Earth, appearing together with the emergence of the first terrestrial ecosystem. Owing to this great diversity and long-term coexistence, an amazing variety of symbiotic microorganisms have adapted specifically to insects as hosts. Insect symbionts not only participate in many relationships with the hosts but also represent a novel resource for biotechnological applications. The exploitation of mutualistic symbiosis represents a promising area to search for bioactive compounds and new enzymes for potential clinical, industrial or environmental applications. Moreover, the manipulation of parasitic symbiosis has particular potential to solve practical problems for the control of agricultural pests and disease vectors. Although the study of microbial symbionts has been impaired by the unculturability of most symbionts, the rapidly growing catalogue of microbial genomes and the application of modern genetic techniques provide an alternative approach to using these microbes. This minireview presents examples of microbial symbionts isolated from insects for emerging biotechnological use and illuminates new ways for discovering microorganisms of applied value from a particularly promising source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sen Xie
- Institute of Sericulture and Apiculture, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yahua Lan
- Institute of Sericulture and Apiculture, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Sun
- Analysis Center of Agrobiology and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongqi Shao
- Institute of Sericulture and Apiculture, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China. .,Key Laboratory for Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
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Kariithi HM, Meki IK, Schneider DI, De Vooght L, Khamis FM, Geiger A, Demirbaş-Uzel G, Vlak JM, iNCE IA, Kelm S, Njiokou F, Wamwiri FN, Malele II, Weiss BL, Abd-Alla AMM. Enhancing vector refractoriness to trypanosome infection: achievements, challenges and perspectives. BMC Microbiol 2018; 18:179. [PMID: 30470182 PMCID: PMC6251094 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-018-1280-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
With the absence of effective prophylactic vaccines and drugs against African trypanosomosis, control of this group of zoonotic neglected tropical diseases depends the control of the tsetse fly vector. When applied in an area-wide insect pest management approach, the sterile insect technique (SIT) is effective in eliminating single tsetse species from isolated populations. The need to enhance the effectiveness of SIT led to the concept of investigating tsetse-trypanosome interactions by a consortium of researchers in a five-year (2013-2018) Coordinated Research Project (CRP) organized by the Joint Division of FAO/IAEA. The goal of this CRP was to elucidate tsetse-symbiome-pathogen molecular interactions to improve SIT and SIT-compatible interventions for trypanosomoses control by enhancing vector refractoriness. This would allow extension of SIT into areas with potential disease transmission. This paper highlights the CRP's major achievements and discusses the science-based perspectives for successful mitigation or eradication of African trypanosomosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry M Kariithi
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Kenya Agricultural & Livestock Research Organization, P.O Box 57811, 00200, Kaptagat Rd, Loresho, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Irene K Meki
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, FAO/IAEA Agriculture & Biotechnology Laboratory, IAEA Laboratories Seibersdorf, A-2444 Seibersdorf, Austria
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, 6708 PB The Netherlands
| | - Daniela I Schneider
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, 60 College Street, New Haven, CT 06510 USA
| | - Linda De Vooght
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Fathiya M Khamis
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, P.O. Box 30772, 00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Anne Geiger
- INTERTRYP, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Guler Demirbaş-Uzel
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, FAO/IAEA Agriculture & Biotechnology Laboratory, IAEA Laboratories Seibersdorf, A-2444 Seibersdorf, Austria
| | - Just M Vlak
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, 6708 PB The Netherlands
| | - ikbal Agah iNCE
- Institute of Chemical, Environmental & Biological Engineering, Research Area Biochemical Technology, Vienna University of Technology, Gumpendorfer Straße 1a, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Sorge Kelm
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Acıbadem Mehmet Ali Aydınlar University, School of Medicine, 34752, Ataşehir, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Flobert Njiokou
- Centre for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen, Faculty for Biology & Chemistry, Universität Bremen, Bibliothekstraße 1, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Florence N Wamwiri
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, University of Yaoundé 1, Yaoundé, BP 812 Cameroon
| | - Imna I Malele
- Trypanosomiasis Research Centre, Kenya Agricultural & Livestock Research Organization, P.O. Box 362-00902, Kikuyu, Kenya
| | - Brian L Weiss
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, 60 College Street, New Haven, CT 06510 USA
| | - Adly M M Abd-Alla
- Molecular Department, Vector and Vector Borne Diseases Institute, Tanzania Veterinary Laboratory Agency, Majani Mapana, Off Korogwe Road, Box, 1026 Tanga, Tanzania
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, FAO/IAEA Agriculture & Biotechnology Laboratory, IAEA Laboratories Seibersdorf, A-2444 Seibersdorf, Austria
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Baluška F, Lyons S. Energide-cell body as smallest unit of eukaryotic life. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2018; 122:741-745. [PMID: 29474513 PMCID: PMC6215040 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcy022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Background The evolutionary origin of the eukaryotic nucleus is obscure and controversial. Currently preferred are autogenic concepts; ideas of a symbiotic origin are mostly discarded and forgotten. Here we briefly discuss these issues and propose a new version of the symbiotic and archaeal origin of the eukaryotic nucleus. Scope and Conclusions The nucleus of eukaryotic cells forms via its perinuclear microtubules, the primary eukaryotic unit known also as the Energide-cell body. As for all other endosymbiotic organelles, new Energides are generated only from other Energides. While the Energide cannot be generated de novo, it can use its secretory apparatus to generate de novo the cell periphery apparatus. We suggest that Virchow's tenet Omnis cellula e cellula should be updated as Omnis Energide e Energide to reflect the status of the Energide as the primary unit of the eukaryotic cell, and life. In addition, the plasma membrane provides feedback to the Energide and renders it protection via the plasma membrane-derived endosomal network. New discoveries suggest archaeal origins of both the Energide and its host cell.
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Zhang Z, Jiao S, Li X, Li M. Bacterial and fungal gut communities of Agrilus mali at different developmental stages and fed different diets. Sci Rep 2018; 8:15634. [PMID: 30353073 PMCID: PMC6199299 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-34127-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Agrilus mali (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) is an invasive wood borer pest that has caused considerable damage to the Xinjiang wild fruit forest. In this study, we investigated the bacterial and fungal intestinal microbial communities of A. mali during different developmental stages, including larvae, pupae and newly eclosed adults or fed different diets (leaves of Malus halliana and Malus pumila) using Illumina MiSeq high-throughput sequencing technology. The results showed that microbial alpha diversity first increased and then decreased during the developmental stages, with the most dominant bacteria and fungi exhibiting the dynamic patterns "Decrease", "Increase" and "Fluctuation". With respect to the different diets, the bacterial communities were similar between the newly eclosed adults and adults fed M. pumila leaves, while the structure of the fungal communities showed great differences between newly eclosed adults and adults fed different diets. Through a co-correlation network analysis, we observed complex microbial interactions among bacterial and fungal taxa that were associated with potential diverse functions and intricate biological processes in the intestinal microbiota of A. mali. Overall, the results of this study demonstrated that the invasive insect A. mali harbours diverse, dynamic, and presumably multifunctional microbial communities, an understanding of which could improve our ability to develop more effective management approaches to control A. mali.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengqing Zhang
- Laboratory of Forestry Pests Biological Control, College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Shuo Jiao
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Xiaohui Li
- Laboratory of Forestry Pests Biological Control, College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Menglou Li
- Laboratory of Forestry Pests Biological Control, College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
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Ophiostomatoid fungi associated with the spruce bark beetle Ips typographus, including 11 new species from China. Persoonia - Molecular Phylogeny and Evolution of Fungi 2018; 42:50-74. [PMID: 31551614 PMCID: PMC6712535 DOI: 10.3767/persoonia.2019.42.03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Ips typographus (Coleoptera, Scolytinae) is a spruce-infesting bark beetle that occurs throughout Europe and Asia. The beetle can cause considerable damage, especially when colonized trees are stressed and beetle populations increase. Although some studies have shown that populations of I. typographus in Europe, China and Japan are genetically distinct, these populations are biologically similar, including a strong association with ophiostomatoid fungi. To date, only two Leptographium spp. have been reported from the beetle in China, while 40 species have been reported from Europe and 13 from Japan. The aims of this study were to identify the ophiostomatoid fungal associates of I. typographus in north-eastern China, and to determine whether the fungal assemblages reflect the different geographical populations of the beetle. Field surveys in Jilin and Heilongjiang provinces yielded a total of 1 046 fungal isolates from 145 beetles and 178 galleries. Isolates were grouped based on morphology and representatives of each group were identified using DNA sequences of the ribosomal LSU, ITS, β-tubulin, calmodulin and elongation factor 1-α gene regions. A total of 23 species of ophiostomatoid fungi were identified, including 12 previously described species and 11 novel species, all of which are described here. The dominant species were Ophiostoma bicolor, Leptographium taigense and Grosmannia piceiperda D, representing 40.5 %, 27.8 % and 17.8 % of the isolates, respectively. Comparisons of species from China, Europe and Japan are complicated by the fact that some of the European and all the Japanese species were identified based only on morphology. However, assuming that those identifications are correct, five species were shared between Europe, Japan and China, two species were shared between China and Japan, five between Europe and China, and two between Europe and Japan. Consequently, Ips typographus populations in these different geographic areas have different fungal assemblages, suggesting that the majority of these beetle-associations are promiscuous. The results also suggested that the symbionts of the bark beetle do not reflect the population structures of the beetle. The use of fungal symbiont assemblages to infer population structures and invasion history of its vectors should thus be interpreted with circumspection.
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Scopel W, Cônsoli FL. Culturable symbionts associated with the reproductive and digestive tissues of the Neotropical brown stinkbug Euschistus heros. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2018; 111:2413-2424. [PMID: 30019154 DOI: 10.1007/s10482-018-1130-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Symbionts are widely distributed in eukaryotes, and potentially affect the physiology, ecology and evolution of their host. Most insects harbour free-living bacteria in their haemocoel and gut lumen, intracellular-living bacteria in a range of tissues or bacteria in host-derived specialized cells. Stinkbugs, as do many arthropods, harbour extracellular bacteria in the gut that may affect the fitness of their host. This study identified the culturable symbionts associated with the ovaries, spermatheca, seminal vesicle and posterior midgut region (V4) of males and females of Euschistus heros (F.) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae). Several culture media were used to isolate the bacteria associated with these structures. The selected colonies (morphotypes) were cultured in liquid medium, subjected to genomic DNA extraction, 16S rRNA gene amplification, and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analyses. Morphotypes with distinct RFLP patterns were purified and sequenced, and the sequences obtained were used for putative identification and phylogenetic analysis. Comparison of the sequences with those available in the EzTaxon-e database and the use of a matrix of paired distances grouped the isolates in phylotypes belonging to the Phylum Proteobacteria. Proteobacteria was represented by γ-Proteobacteria phylotypes belonging to Enterobacteriaceae, while Firmicutes had Bacilli phylotypes distributed in Enterococcaceae and Staphylococcaceae. Some of the phylotypes identified were associated exclusively with single structures, such as ovaries, spermatheca and the V4 midgut region of males and females. All culturable bacteria associated with the seminal vesicle were also associated with other tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanessa Scopel
- Insect Interactions Laboratory, Department of Entomology and Acarology, College of Agriculture Luiz de Queiroz (ESALQ), University of São Paulo (USP), Av. Pádua Dias 11, Piracicaba, SP, 13418-900, Brazil
| | - Fernando Luis Cônsoli
- Insect Interactions Laboratory, Department of Entomology and Acarology, College of Agriculture Luiz de Queiroz (ESALQ), University of São Paulo (USP), Av. Pádua Dias 11, Piracicaba, SP, 13418-900, Brazil.
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Rodríguez-Ruano SM, Škochová V, Rego ROM, Schmidt JO, Roachell W, Hypša V, Nováková E. Microbiomes of North American Triatominae: The Grounds for Chagas Disease Epidemiology. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1167. [PMID: 29951039 PMCID: PMC6008411 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Insect microbiomes influence many fundamental host traits, including functions of practical significance such as their capacity as vectors to transmit parasites and pathogens. The knowledge on the diversity and development of the gut microbiomes in various blood feeding insects is thus crucial not only for theoretical purposes, but also for the development of better disease control strategies. In Triatominae (Heteroptera: Reduviidae), the blood feeding vectors of Chagas disease in South America and parts of North America, the investigation of the microbiomes is in its infancy. The few studies done on microbiomes of South American Triatominae species indicate a relatively low taxonomic diversity and a high host specificity. We designed a comparative survey to serve several purposes: (I) to obtain a better insight into the overall microbiome diversity in different species, (II) to check the long term stability of the interspecific differences, (III) to describe the ontogenetic changes of the microbiome, and (IV) to determine the potential correlation between microbiome composition and presence of Trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent of Chagas disease. Using 16S amplicons of two abundant species from the southern US, and four laboratory reared colonies, we showed that the microbiome composition is determined by host species, rather than locality or environment. The OTUs (Operational Taxonomic Units) determination confirms a low microbiome diversity, with 12-17 main OTUs detected in wild populations of T. sanguisuga and T. protracta. Among the dominant bacterial taxa are Acinetobacter and Proteiniphilum but also the symbiotic bacterium Arsenophonus triatominarum, previously believed to only live intracellularly. The possibility of ontogenetic microbiome changes was evaluated in all six developmental stages and feces of the laboratory reared model Rhodnius prolixus. We detected considerable changes along the host's ontogeny, including clear trends in the abundance variation of the three dominant bacteria, namely Enterococcus, Acinetobacter, and Arsenophonus. Finally, we screened the samples for the presence of Trypanosoma cruzi. Comparing the parasite presence with the microbiome composition, we assessed the possible significance of the latter in the epidemiology of the disease. Particularly, we found a trend toward more diverse microbiomes in Trypanosoma cruzi positive T. protracta specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Veronika Škochová
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Ceske Budejovice, Czechia
| | - Ryan O. M. Rego
- Biology Centre of ASCR, Institute of Parasitology, Ceske Budejovice, Czechia
| | - Justin O. Schmidt
- Department of Entomology, Southwestern Biological Institute, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Walter Roachell
- US Army Public Health Command-Central, JBSA Fort Sam Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Václav Hypša
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Ceske Budejovice, Czechia
- Biology Centre of ASCR, Institute of Parasitology, Ceske Budejovice, Czechia
| | - Eva Nováková
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Ceske Budejovice, Czechia
- Biology Centre of ASCR, Institute of Parasitology, Ceske Budejovice, Czechia
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Sholkamy EN, Ahamd MS, Yasser MM, Eslam N. Anti-microbiological activities of bio-synthesized silver Nano-stars by Saccharopolyspora hirsuta. Saudi J Biol Sci 2018; 26:195-200. [PMID: 30627051 PMCID: PMC6319318 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2018.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Revised: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel strain of Saccaropolyspora hirsuta was isolated from an insect Tapinoma simrothi for the first time and was morphologically and physiologically characterized. It was genetically identified using 16S rRNA and sequence similarity percentage in genbank with closely related species as strain ess_amA6 of Saccaropolyspora hirsuta. The accession number of strain ess_amA6 is KF996506. Antagonistic activity of strain ess_amA6 against some pathogenic Gram positive and negative bacteria, and unicellular fungus Candida albicans was studied. In addition, star shaped silver nanoparticles were biosynthesized using strain ess_amA6. The silver Nano stars were characterized by UV-us spectrophotometer. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis confirmed the conversion of Ag+ ions to Nano silver due to the reduction by capping material of extract. Transmission electron microscopically studies of biosynthesized Nano silver particles showed that they are spherical ranging from 10 nm to 30 nm in size. Silver atoms were checked in Nano sample by Energy Dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Bioactivity of biosynthesized Nano silver was observed against some pathogenic microorganisms such as Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Salmonella typhi, pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumonia and Candida albicans. These tested microbes were highly sensitive to Nano silver. This study recommended that strain ess_amA6 can be used to effectively biosynthesize bioactive Nano silver compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Essam N Sholkamy
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maged S Ahamd
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, University of Beni-Suef, Beni-Suef 62511, Egypt
| | - Manal M Yasser
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, University of Beni-Suef, Beni-Suef 62511, Egypt
| | - Noor Eslam
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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Birkemoe T, Jacobsen RM, Sverdrup-Thygeson A, Biedermann PHW. Insect-Fungus Interactions in Dead Wood Systems. SAPROXYLIC INSECTS 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-75937-1_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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Abstract
Fungi and insects live together in the same habitats, and many species of both groups rely on each other for success. Insects, the most successful animals on Earth, cannot produce sterols, essential vitamins, and many enzymes; fungi, often yeast-like in growth form, make up for these deficits. Fungi, however, require constantly replenished substrates because they consume the previous ones, and insects, sometimes lured by volatile fungal compounds, carry fungi directly to a similar, but fresh, habitat. Yeasts associated with insects include Ascomycota (Saccharomycotina, Pezizomycotina) and a few Basidiomycota. Beetles, homopterans, and flies are important associates of fungi, and in turn the insects carry yeasts in pits, specialized external pouches, and modified gut pockets. Some yeasts undergo sexual reproduction within the insect gut, where the genetic diversity of the population is increased, while others, well suited to their stable environment, may never mate. The range of interactions extends from dispersal of yeasts on the surface of insects (e.g., cactus-Drosophila-yeast and ephemeral flower communities, ambrosia beetles, yeasts with holdfasts) to extremely specialized associations of organisms that can no longer exist independently, as in the case of yeast-like symbionts of planthoppers. In a few cases yeast-like fungus-insect associations threaten butterflies and other species with extinction. Technical advances improve discovery and identification of the fungi but also inform our understanding of the evolution of yeast-insect symbioses, although there is much more to learn.
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Engl T, Eberl N, Gorse C, Krüger T, Schmidt THP, Plarre R, Adler C, Kaltenpoth M. Ancient symbiosis confers desiccation resistance to stored grain pest beetles. Mol Ecol 2017; 27:2095-2108. [PMID: 29117633 DOI: 10.1111/mec.14418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Microbial symbionts of insects provide a range of ecological traits to their hosts that are beneficial in the context of biotic interactions. However, little is known about insect symbiont-mediated adaptation to the abiotic environment, for example, temperature and humidity. Here, we report on an ancient clade of intracellular, bacteriome-located Bacteroidetes symbionts that are associated with grain and wood pest beetles of the phylogenetically distant families Silvanidae and Bostrichidae. In the saw-toothed grain beetle Oryzaephilus surinamensis, we demonstrate that the symbionts affect cuticle thickness, melanization and hydrocarbon profile, enhancing desiccation resistance and thereby strongly improving fitness under dry conditions. Together with earlier observations on symbiont contributions to cuticle biosynthesis in weevils, our findings indicate that convergent acquisitions of bacterial mutualists represented key adaptations enabling diverse pest beetle groups to survive and proliferate under the low ambient humidity that characterizes dry grain storage facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Engl
- Research Group Insect Symbiosis, Max-Planck-Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Nadia Eberl
- Research Group Insect Symbiosis, Max-Planck-Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Carla Gorse
- Research Group Insect Symbiosis, Max-Planck-Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Theresa Krüger
- Research Group Insect Symbiosis, Max-Planck-Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Thorsten H P Schmidt
- Department for Evolutionary Ecology, Institute of Organismic and Molecular Evolution, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Rudy Plarre
- Federal Institute for Material Research and Testing, Berlin, Germany
| | - Cornel Adler
- Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Julius-Kühn-Institute, Institute for Ecological Chemistry, Plant Analysis and Stored Product Protection, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Kaltenpoth
- Research Group Insect Symbiosis, Max-Planck-Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
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Ito M, Kajimura H. Landscape-scale genetic differentiation of a mycangial fungus associated with the ambrosia beetle, Xylosandrus germanus (Blandford) (Curculionidae:Scolytinae) in Japan. Ecol Evol 2017; 7:9203-9221. [PMID: 29187962 PMCID: PMC5696423 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Revised: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we examined the genetic structures of the ambrosia fungus isolated from mycangia of the scolytine beetle, Xylosandrus germanus to understand their co‐evolutionary relationships. We analyzed datasets of three ambrosia fungus loci (18S rDNA, 28S rDNA, and the β‐tubulin gene) and a X. germanus locus dataset (cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (COI) mitochondrial DNA). The ambrosia fungi were separated into three cultural morphptypes, and their haplotypes were distinguished by phylogenetic analysis on the basis of the three loci. The COI phylogenetic analysis revealed three distinct genetic lineages (clades A, B, and C) within X. germanus, each of which corresponded to specific ambrosia fungus cultural morphptypes. The fungal symbiont phylogeny was not concordant with that of the beetle. Our results suggest that X. germanus may be unable to exchange its mycangial fungi, but extraordinary horizontal transmission of symbiotic fungi between the beetle's lineages occurred at least once during the evolutionary history of this symbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaaki Ito
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences Nagoya University Nagoya Japan
| | - Hisashi Kajimura
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences Nagoya University Nagoya Japan
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Briones-Roblero CI, Hernández-García JA, Gonzalez-Escobedo R, Soto-Robles LV, Rivera-Orduña FN, Zúñiga G. Structure and dynamics of the gut bacterial microbiota of the bark beetle, Dendroctonus rhizophagus (Curculionidae: Scolytinae) across their life stages. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0175470. [PMID: 28406998 PMCID: PMC5391025 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0175470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bark beetles play an important role as agents of natural renovation and regeneration in coniferous forests. Several studies have documented the metabolic capacity of bacteria associated with the gut, body surface, and oral secretions of these insects; however, little is known about how the bacterial community structure changes during the life cycle of the beetles. This study represents the first comprehensive analysis of the bacterial community of the gut of the bark beetle D. rhizophagus during the insect’s life cycle using 454 pyrosequencing. A total of 4 bacterial phyla, 7 classes, 15 families and 23 genera were identified. The α-diversity was low, as demonstrated in previous studies. The dominant bacterial taxa belonged to the Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonadaceae families. This low α-diversity can be attributed to the presence of defensive chemical compounds in conifers or due to different morpho-physiological factors in the gut of these insects acting as strong selective factors. Members of the genera Rahnella, Serratia, Pseudomonas and Propionibacterium were found at all life stages, and the first three genera, particularly Rahnella, were predominant suggesting the presence of a core microbiome in the gut. Significant differences in β-diversity were observed, mainly due to bacterial taxa present at low frequencies and only in certain life stages. The predictive functional profiling indicated metabolic pathways related to metabolism of amino acids and carbohydrates, and membrane transport as the most significant in the community. These differences in the community structure might be due to several selective factors, such as gut compartmentalization, physicochemical conditions, and microbial interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Iván Briones-Roblero
- Posgrado en Ciencias Quimicobiológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, México
- Departamento de Zoología, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Juan Alfredo Hernández-García
- Posgrado en Ciencias Quimicobiológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, México
- Departamento de Zoología, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Roman Gonzalez-Escobedo
- Posgrado en Ciencias Quimicobiológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, México
- Departamento de Zoología, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, México
| | - L. Viridiana Soto-Robles
- Posgrado en Ciencias Quimicobiológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, México
- Departamento de Zoología, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Flor N. Rivera-Orduña
- Departamento de Microbiología, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Gerardo Zúñiga
- Departamento de Zoología, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, México
- * E-mail:
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DeMilto AM, Rouquette M, Mueller UG, Kellner K, Seal JN. Effects of substrate, ant and fungal species on plant fiber degradation in a fungus-gardening ant symbiosis. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 98:301-308. [PMID: 28193479 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2017.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2016] [Revised: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Fungus-gardening or attine ants have outsourced most of their digestive function to a symbiotic fungus. The ants feed their fungus - essentially an external digestive organ - a variety of substrates of botanical origin, including fresh and dried flowers, leaves and insect frass (processed leaves). Although plant tissues are rich in fibers (lignocelluloses, hemicelluloses, pectins and starches) and the symbiotic fungus possesses the genetic and enzymatic machinery to metabolize these compounds, the highly derived attines, the leaf-cutters (Atta and Acromyrmex), are known to produce fiber-rich waste. While leaf-cutting ants are important consumers of primary plant tissue, there have been fewer studies on physiological activity of fungi grown by closely related ant species in the genus Trachymyrmex, which generally grow related species of fungi, have smaller colonies and consume a wider variety of fungal substrates in addition to fresh leaves and flowers. In this study, we measured the cellulase activity of the fungus-gardening ants Atta texana, Trachymyrmex arizonensis and T. septentrionalis. We then quantified fiber consumption of the fungus-gardening ants Trachymyrmex septentrionalis and Trachymyrmex arizonensis by comparing the amounts and percentages present in their food and in fungus garden refuse during a controlled feeding experiment over the span of several months. Finally, we compared waste composition of T. arizonensis colonies growing different fungal strains, because this species is known to cultivate multiple strains of Leucoagaricus in its native range. The leaf-cutting ant A. texana was found to have lower cellulytic activity than T. arizonensis or T. septentrionalis. Total lignocellulose and hemicellulose amounts were significantly lower in refuse piles than in the substrates fed to the Trachymyrmex colonies, thus these fibers were consumed by the fungal symbionts of these ant species. Although lignocellulose utilization was similar in two distinct fungal species grown by T. arizonensis colonies, hemicellulose utilization was higher in T. arizonensis colonies growing a derived leaf-cutting ant fungal symbiont than when growing a native type of symbiont. The results of this study demonstrate that fiber digestion in fungus-gardening ants is an outcome of ant-fungal interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandria M DeMilto
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at Tyler, 3900 University Blvd, Tyler, TX 75799, USA.
| | - Monte Rouquette
- Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, Texas A&M University Agricultural Research and Extension Center at Overton, Overton, TX 75684, USA.
| | - Ulrich G Mueller
- Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station #C0930, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
| | - Katrin Kellner
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at Tyler, 3900 University Blvd, Tyler, TX 75799, USA.
| | - Jon N Seal
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at Tyler, 3900 University Blvd, Tyler, TX 75799, USA; Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station #C0930, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
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Husseneder C, Park JS, Howells A, Tikhe CV, Davis JA. Bacteria Associated With Piezodorus guildinii (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), With Special Reference to Those Transmitted by Feeding. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2017; 46:159-166. [PMID: 28025221 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvw112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The redbanded stink bug, Piezodorus guildinii (Westwood) (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Pentatomidae), is a rapidly growing pest damaging southern US agriculture. Pentatomid stink bugs are known to vector bacterial, fungal, and viral plant diseases. However, bacteria associated with redbanded stink bugs and their vector potential have not yet been assessed. In this study, we 1) cultured and identified bacteria transmitted by feeding of redbanded stink bug and 2) described bacteria from guts of redbanded stink bug individuals using next-generation sequencing of 16S rRNA genes. Nineteen bacteria transmitted by feeding of redbanded stink bug on soybean agar were isolated and identified via Sanger sequencing of near full length 16S RNA genes. The transmitted bacteria belonged to at least a dozen species in eight genera and included potential plant pathogens (Phaseolibacter flectens), plant beneficials (Bacillus atropheus), and possible insect beneficials (Acinetobacter sp. and Citrobacter farmeri). A total of 284,448 reads were captured from Illumina MiSeq sequencing of the uncultured gut bacteria community. Fifty-one putative bacteria species (74% of the estimated total species richness) were identified via matches to NCBI databases. The bacteria metagenome contained potential plant and insect pathogens (Erwinia persicina, E. rhaponici, Brenneria nigrifluens, Ralstonia picketti, and Serratia marcescens) and beneficials (Pantoea dispersa, Klebsiella oxytoca, Clostridium butyricum, and Citrobacter farmeri).
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Husseneder
- Department of Entomology, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 (; ; ; ; )
| | - Jong-Seok Park
- Department of Entomology, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 (; ; ; ; )
| | - Andrea Howells
- Department of Entomology, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 (; ; ; ; )
| | - Chinmay V Tikhe
- Department of Entomology, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 (; ; ; ; )
| | - Jeffrey A Davis
- Department of Entomology, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 (; ; ; ; )
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42
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Putative origins of the fungus Leptographium procerum. Fungal Biol 2017; 121:82-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2016.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Revised: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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43
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Hoang KL, Morran LT, Gerardo NM. Experimental Evolution as an Underutilized Tool for Studying Beneficial Animal-Microbe Interactions. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1444. [PMID: 27679620 PMCID: PMC5020044 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Microorganisms play a significant role in the evolution and functioning of the eukaryotes with which they interact. Much of our understanding of beneficial host–microbe interactions stems from studying already established associations; we often infer the genotypic and environmental conditions that led to the existing host–microbe relationships. However, several outstanding questions remain, including understanding how host and microbial (internal) traits, and ecological and evolutionary (external) processes, influence the origin of beneficial host–microbe associations. Experimental evolution has helped address a range of evolutionary and ecological questions across different model systems; however, it has been greatly underutilized as a tool to study beneficial host–microbe associations. In this review, we suggest ways in which experimental evolution can further our understanding of the proximate and ultimate mechanisms shaping mutualistic interactions between eukaryotic hosts and microbes. By tracking beneficial interactions under defined conditions or evolving novel associations among hosts and microbes with little prior evolutionary interaction, we can link specific genotypes to phenotypes that can be directly measured. Moreover, this approach will help address existing puzzles in beneficial symbiosis research: how symbioses evolve, how symbioses are maintained, and how both host and microbe influence their partner’s evolutionary trajectories. By bridging theoretical predictions and empirical tests, experimental evolution provides us with another approach to test hypotheses regarding the evolution of beneficial host–microbe associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim L Hoang
- Department of Biology, O. Wayne Rollins Research Center, Emory University Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Levi T Morran
- Department of Biology, O. Wayne Rollins Research Center, Emory University Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Nicole M Gerardo
- Department of Biology, O. Wayne Rollins Research Center, Emory University Atlanta, GA, USA
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44
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Pfammatter JA, Raffa KF. Do Phoretic Mites Influence the Reproductive Success of Ips grandicollis (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)? ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2015; 44:1498-1511. [PMID: 26314027 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvv125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Ips grandicollis (Eichhoff) can be an important pest of plantation trees in the Great Lakes region. Mites commonly occur in phoretic association with this beetle, but little is known about their effects on beetle population dynamics. We assessed the effects of phoretic mites on the reproductive success of I. grandicollis using complementary correlative and manipulative approaches. First, we allowed beetles to colonize Pinus resinosa (Ait) logs from sites across Wisconsin, reared them in a common environment, and related the species identities and abundances of mites with beetle production from each log. We found a positive relationship between I. grandicollis abundance and the presence of five mite species, Histiostoma spp., Dendrolaelaps quadrisetus (Berlese), Iponemus confusus (Lindquist), Trichouropoda australis Hirschmann, and Tarsonemus spp. While the abundance of individual mite species was positively correlated with beetle abundance, assessments of mite community structure did not explain beetle reproduction. Next, we introduced beetles that either had a natural complement of mites or whose mites were mechanically reduced into logs, and compared reproductive success between these beetles. We found no difference in colonization rates or beetle emergence between mite-present and mite-reduced treatments. Collectively, these results suggest a correlative, rather than causal, link between beetle reproductive success and mite incidence and abundances. These mites and beetles likely benefit from mutually suitable environments rather than exerting strong reciprocal impacts. Although mites may have some effects on I. grandicollis reproductive success, they likely play a minimal role compared to factors such as tree quality, beetle predation, and weather.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse A Pfammatter
- Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin, 345 Russell Laboratories, Madison, WI 53706.
| | - Kenneth F Raffa
- Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin, 345 Russell Laboratories, Madison, WI 53706
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45
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Bass D, Stentiford GD, Littlewood D, Hartikainen H. Diverse Applications of Environmental DNA Methods in Parasitology. Trends Parasitol 2015; 31:499-513. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2015.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Revised: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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46
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Bolaños LM, Rosenblueth M, Castillo-Ramírez S, Figuier-Huttin G, Martínez-Romero E. Species-specific diversity of novel bacterial lineages and differential abundance of predicted pathways for toxic compound degradation in scorpion gut microbiota. Environ Microbiol 2015; 18:1364-78. [PMID: 26058415 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.12939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Scorpions are considered 'living fossils' that have conserved ancestral anatomical features and have adapted to numerous habitats. However, their gut microbiota diversity has not been studied. Here, we characterized the gut microbiota of two scorpion species, Vaejovis smithi and Centruroides limpidus. Our results indicate that scorpion gut microbiota is species-specific and that food deprivation reduces bacterial diversity. 16S rRNA gene phylogenetic analysis revealed novel bacterial lineages showing a low level of sequence identity to any known bacteria. Furthermore, these novel bacterial lineages were each restricted to a different scorpion species. Additionally, our results of the predicted metagenomic profiles revealed a core set of pathways that were highly abundant in both species, and mostly related to amino acid, carbohydrate, vitamin and cofactor metabolism. Notably, the food-deprived V. smithi shotgun metagenome matched almost completely the metabolic features of the prediction. Finally, comparisons among predicted metagenomic profiles showed that toxic compound degradation pathways were more abundant in recently captured C. limpidus scorpions. This study gives a first insight into the scorpion gut microbiota and provides a reference for future studies on the gut microbiota from other arachnid species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis M Bolaños
- Programa de Ecología Genómica y, Centro de Ciencias Génomicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, 62210, México
| | - Mónica Rosenblueth
- Programa de Ecología Genómica y, Centro de Ciencias Génomicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, 62210, México
| | - Santiago Castillo-Ramírez
- Programa de Genómica Evolutiva, Centro de Ciencias Génomicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, 62210, México
| | - Gilles Figuier-Huttin
- Programa de Ecología Genómica y, Centro de Ciencias Génomicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, 62210, México
| | - Esperanza Martínez-Romero
- Programa de Ecología Genómica y, Centro de Ciencias Génomicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, 62210, México
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47
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Ben-Yosef M, Pasternak Z, Jurkevitch E, Yuval B. Symbiotic bacteria enable olive fly larvae to overcome host defences. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2015; 2:150170. [PMID: 26587275 PMCID: PMC4632588 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.150170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Ripe fruit offer readily available nutrients for many animals, including fruit fly larvae (Diptera: Tephritidae) and their associated rot-inducing bacteria. Yet, during most of their ontogeny, fruit remain chemically defended and effectively suppress herbivores and pathogens by high levels of secondary metabolites. Olive flies (Bactrocera oleae) are uniquely able to develop in unripe olives. Unlike other frugivorous tephritids, the larvae maintain bacteria confined within their midgut caeca. We examined the interaction between larvae, their associated bacteria, and fruit chemical defence, hypothesizing that bacterial contribution to larval development is contingent on the phenology of fruit defensive chemistry. We demonstrate that larvae require their natural complement of bacteria (Candidatus Erwinia dacicola: Enterobacteriaceae) in order to develop in unripe olives. Conversely, when feeding on ripe fruit, larval development proceeds independently of these bacteria. Our experiments suggest that bacteria counteract the inhibitory effect of oleuropein-the principal phenolic glycoside in unripe olives. In light of these results, we suggest that the unique symbiosis in olive flies, compared with other frugivorous tephritids, is understood by considering the relationship between the fly, bacteria and fruit chemistry. When applied in an evolutionary context, this approach may also point out the forces which shaped symbioses across the Tephritidae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Ben-Yosef
- Department of Entomology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Zohar Pasternak
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Edouard Jurkevitch
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Boaz Yuval
- Department of Entomology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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48
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Uncovering the cultivable microbial diversity of costa rican beetles and its ability to break down plant cell wall components. PLoS One 2014; 9:e113303. [PMID: 25411842 PMCID: PMC4239062 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Coleopterans are the most diverse insect order described to date. These organisms have acquired an array of survival mechanisms through their evolution, including highly efficient digestive systems. Therefore, the coleopteran intestinal microbiota constitutes an important source of novel plant cell wall-degrading enzymes with potential biotechnological applications. We isolated and described the cultivable fungi, actinomycetes and aerobic eubacteria associated with the gut of larvae and adults from six different beetle families colonizing decomposing logs in protected Costa Rican ecosystems. We obtained 611 isolates and performed phylogenetic analyses using the ITS region (fungi) and 16S rDNA (bacteria). The majority of fungal isolates belonged to the order Hypocreales (26% of 169 total), while the majority of actinomycetes belonged to the genus Streptomyces (86% of 241 total). Finally, we isolated 201 bacteria spanning 19 different families belonging into four phyla: Firmicutes, α, β and γ-proteobacteria. Subsequently, we focused on microbes isolated from Passalid beetles to test their ability to degrade plant cell wall polymers. Highest scores in these assays were achieved by a fungal isolate (Anthostomella sp.), two Streptomyces and one Bacillus bacterial isolates. Our study demonstrates that Costa Rican beetles harbor several types of cultivable microbes, some of which may be involved in symbiotic relationships that enable the insect to digest complex polymers such as lignocellulose.
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Abstract
UNLABELLED The ability to cultivate food is an innovation that has produced some of the most successful ecological strategies on the planet. Although most well recognized in humans, where agriculture represents a defining feature of civilization, species of ants, beetles, and termites have also independently evolved symbioses with fungi that they cultivate for food. Despite occurring across divergent insect and fungal lineages, the fungivorous niches of these insects are remarkably similar, indicating convergent evolution toward this successful ecological strategy. Here, we characterize the microbiota of ants, beetles, and termites engaged in nutritional symbioses with fungi to define the bacterial groups associated with these prominent herbivores and forest pests. Using culture-independent techniques and the in silico reconstruction of 37 composite genomes of dominant community members, we demonstrate that different insect-fungal symbioses that collectively shape ecosystems worldwide have highly similar bacterial microbiotas comprised primarily of the genera Enterobacter, Rahnella, and Pseudomonas. Although these symbioses span three orders of insects and two phyla of fungi, we show that they are associated with bacteria sharing high whole-genome nucleotide identity. Due to the fine-scale correspondence of the bacterial microbiotas of insects engaged in fungal symbioses, our findings indicate that this represents an example of convergence of entire host-microbe complexes. IMPORTANCE The cultivation of fungi for food is a behavior that has evolved independently in ants, beetles, and termites and has enabled many species of these insects to become ecologically important and widely distributed herbivores and forest pests. Although the primary fungal cultivars of these insects have been studied for decades, comparatively little is known of their bacterial microbiota. In this study, we show that diverse fungus-growing insects are associated with a common bacterial community composed of the same dominant members. Furthermore, by demonstrating that many of these bacteria have high whole-genome similarity across distantly related insect hosts that reside thousands of miles apart, we show that these bacteria are an important and underappreciated feature of diverse fungus-growing insects. Because of the similarities in the agricultural lifestyles of these insects, this is an example of convergence between both the life histories of the host insects and their symbiotic microbiota.
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50
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Tsui CKM, Farfan L, Roe AD, Rice AV, Cooke JEK, El-Kassaby YA, Hamelin RC. Population structure of mountain pine beetle symbiont Leptographium longiclavatum and the implication on the multipartite beetle-fungi relationships. PLoS One 2014; 9:e105455. [PMID: 25153489 PMCID: PMC4143264 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0105455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Over 18 million ha of forests have been destroyed in the past decade in Canada by the mountain pine beetle (MPB) and its fungal symbionts. Understanding their population dynamics is critical to improving modeling of beetle epidemics and providing potential clues to predict population expansion. Leptographium longiclavatum and Grosmannia clavigera are fungal symbionts of MPB that aid the beetle to colonize and kill their pine hosts. We investigated the genetic structure and demographic expansion of L. longiclavatum in populations established within the historic distribution range and in the newly colonized regions. We identified three genetic clusters/populations that coincide with independent geographic locations. The genetic profiles of the recently established populations in northern British Columbia (BC) and Alberta suggest that they originated from central and southern BC. Approximate Bayesian Computation supports the scenario that this recent expansion represents an admixture of individuals originating from BC and the Rocky Mountains. Highly significant correlations were found among genetic distance matrices of L. longiclavatum, G. clavigera, and MPB. This highlights the concordance of demographic processes in these interacting organisms sharing a highly specialized niche and supports the hypothesis of long-term multipartite beetle-fungus co-evolutionary history and mutualistic relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clement Kin-Ming Tsui
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Lina Farfan
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Amanda D. Roe
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Adrianne V. Rice
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Janice E. K. Cooke
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Yousry A. El-Kassaby
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Richard C. Hamelin
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Services, Laurentian Forestry Centre, Québec City, Québec, Canada
- * E-mail:
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