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Molecular Detection and Identification of Rickettsia spp. in Collected Ticks from domestic animals in Southeastern of Iran. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2022; 85:101798. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2022.101798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Peter SG, Kariuki HW, Aboge GO, Gakuya DW, Maingi N, Mulei CM. Prevalence of Ticks Infesting Dairy Cattle and the Pathogens They Harbour in Smallholder Farms in Peri-Urban Areas of Nairobi, Kenya. Vet Med Int 2021; 2021:9501648. [PMID: 34925753 PMCID: PMC8683169 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9501648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed at determining the tick species infesting dairy cattle in Nairobi, Kenya, and the pathogens they harbour. While ticks are well-known vectors of major bacterial pathogens of both veterinary importance and public health importance, few studies have investigated the range of the tick species and the associated pathogens, especially present in unique dairy production systems, which compromise animal welfare, such as those in peri-urban areas. A cross-sectional study was undertaken involving 314 randomly selected dairy cattle in 109 smallholder farms. Each animal was examined for attached ticks followed by morphological tick identification at the species level. Genomic DNA was extracted from each of the ticks, and 16S rDNA gene was amplified for pathogen identification. Sequencing of the amplicons and subsequent BLASTn analysis, multiple sequence alignment, and phylogenetic reconstruction were performed to confirm the species of the pathogens. Sixty-six (21.0%) of the cattle examined had ticks. A total of 94 adult ticks were found on the cattle, and of these, 63 (67.0%), 18 (19.1%), and 13 (13.8%) were in the genera Rhipicephalus, Amblyomma, and Hyalomma, respectively. Twelve tick species in Rhipicephalus genus and two in Amblyomma and Hyalomma genera were identified. Although Rh. decoloratus was the most prevalent tick (24.5% (23/94)), the emerging Rh. microplus (6.4% (6/94)) was also identified. The DNA of Rickettsia was detected in the ticks, with Rickettsia conorii in H. rufipes and A. variegatum, and Rickettsia aeschlimannii in Rh. microplus and H. rufipes, while Ehrlichia ruminantium and E. canis were in A. variegatum. In conclusion, the study reported a wide range of tick species present in the study area including Rhipicephalus microplus, which is an emerging tick species in parts of Kenya. The ticks harboured DNA of Rickettsia and Ehrlichia, highlighting possible animal and human health concerns. Hence, effective tick control strategies remain paramount to prevent potential diseases associated with the harboured pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shepelo Getrude Peter
- Department of Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 29053-00625, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Hellen Wambui Kariuki
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 19676-00202, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Gabriel Oluga Aboge
- Department of Public Health Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 29053-00625, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Daniel Waweru Gakuya
- Department of Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 29053-00625, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Ndichu Maingi
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 29053-00625, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Charles Matiku Mulei
- Department of Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 29053-00625, Nairobi, Kenya
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Tufa TB, Wölfel S, Zubriková D, Víchová B, Andersson M, Rieß R, Rutaihwa L, Fuchs A, Orth HM, Häussinger D, Feldt T, Poppert S, Dobler G, Bakkes DK, Chitimia-Dobler L. Tick species from cattle in the Adama Region of Ethiopia and pathogens detected. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2021; 84:459-471. [PMID: 33909190 PMCID: PMC8190025 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-021-00623-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Ticks will diminish productivity among farm animals and transmit zoonotic diseases. We conducted a study to identify tick species infesting slaughter bulls from Adama City and to screen them for tick-borne pathogens. In 2016, 291 ticks were collected from 37 bulls in Adama, which were ready for slaughter. Ticks were identified morphologically. Total genomic DNA was extracted from ticks and used to test for Rickettsia spp. with real-time PCR. Species identification was done by phylogenetic analysis using sequencing that targeted the 23S-5S intergenic spacer region and ompA genes. Four tick species from two genera, Amblyomma and Rhipicephalus, were identified. Amblyomma cohaerens was the dominant species (n = 241, 82.8%), followed by Amblyomma variegatum (n = 22, 7.5%), Rhipicephalus pulchellus (n = 19, 6.5%), and Rhipicephalus decoloratus (n = 9, 3.0%). Among all ticks, 32 (11%) were positive for Rickettsia spp. and 15 (5.2%) of these were identified as R. africae comprising at least two genetic clades, occurring in A. variegatum (n = 10) and A. cohaerens (n = 5). The remainder of Rickettsia-positive samples could not be amplified due to low DNA yield. Furthermore, another 15 (5.2%) samples carried other pathogenic bacteria: Ehrlichia ruminantium (n = 9; 3.1%) in A. cohaerens, Ehrlichia sp. (n = 3; 1%) in Rh. pulchellus and A. cohaerens, Anaplasma sp. (n = 1; 0.5%) in A. cohaerens, and Neoehrlichia mikurensis (n = 2; 0.7%) in A. cohaerens. All ticks were negative for Bartonella spp., Babesia spp., Theileria spp., and Hepatozoon spp. We reported for the first time E. ruminatium, N. mikurensis, Ehrlichia sp., and Anaplasma sp. in A. cohaerens. Medically and veterinarily important pathogens were mostly detected from A. variegatum and A. cohaerens. These data are relevant for a One-health approach for monitoring and prevention of tick-borne disease transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tafese Beyene Tufa
- College of Health Science, Arsi University, Asella, Ethiopia.
- Hirsch Institute of Tropical Medicine, Asella, Ethiopia.
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Silke Wölfel
- Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, Munich, Germany
- Amedes MVZ for Laboratory Medicine and Microbiology, Fürstenfeldbruck, Germany
| | - Dana Zubriková
- Institute of Parasitology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Kosice, Slovakia
| | | | | | - Ramona Rieß
- Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, Munich, Germany
| | | | - André Fuchs
- Hirsch Institute of Tropical Medicine, Asella, Ethiopia
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Hans Martin Orth
- Hirsch Institute of Tropical Medicine, Asella, Ethiopia
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Dieter Häussinger
- Hirsch Institute of Tropical Medicine, Asella, Ethiopia
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Torsten Feldt
- Hirsch Institute of Tropical Medicine, Asella, Ethiopia
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Sven Poppert
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Deon K Bakkes
- Gertrud Theiler Tick Museum, Agricultural Research Council-Onderstepoort Veterinary Research, Pretoria, South Africa
- Evolutionary Genomics Group, Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
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Kristof MN, Allen PE, Yutzy LD, Thibodaux B, Paddock CD, Martinez JJ. Significant Growth by Rickettsia Species within Human Macrophage-Like Cells Is a Phenotype Correlated with the Ability to Cause Disease in Mammals. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10020228. [PMID: 33669499 PMCID: PMC7934685 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10020228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Rickettsia are significant sources of tick-borne diseases in humans worldwide. In North America, two species in the spotted fever group of Rickettsia have been conclusively associated with disease of humans: Rickettsia rickettsii, the causative agent of Rocky Mountain spotted fever, and Rickettsia parkeri, the cause of R. parkeri rickettsiosis. Previous work in our lab demonstrated non-endothelial parasitism by another pathogenic SFG Rickettsia species, Rickettsia conorii, within THP-1-derived macrophages, and we have hypothesized that this growth characteristic may be an underappreciated aspect of rickettsial pathogenesis in mammalian hosts. In this work, we demonstrated that multiple other recognized human pathogenic species of Rickettsia, including R. rickettsii, R. parkeri, Rickettsia africae, and Rickettsiaakari can grow within target endothelial cells as well as within PMA-differentiated THP-1 cells. In contrast, Rickettsia bellii, a Rickettsia species not associated with disease of humans, and R. rickettsii strain Iowa, an avirulent derivative of pathogenic R. rickettsii, could invade both cell types but proliferate only within endothelial cells. Further analysis revealed that similar to previous studies on R. conorii, other recognized pathogenic Rickettsia species could grow within the cytosol of THP-1-derived macrophages and avoided localization with two different markers of lysosomal compartments; LAMP-2 and cathepsin D. R. bellii, on the other hand, demonstrated significant co-localization with lysosomal compartments. Collectively, these findings suggest that the ability of pathogenic rickettsial species to establish a niche within macrophage-like cells could be an important factor in their ability to cause disease in mammals. These findings also suggest that analysis of growth within mammalian phagocytic cells may be useful to predict the pathogenic potential of newly isolated and identified Rickettsia species.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Nathan Kristof
- Vector Borne Disease Laboratories, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, LSU School of Veterinary Medicine, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA; (M.N.K.); (P.E.A.); (L.D.Y.); (B.T.)
| | - Paige E. Allen
- Vector Borne Disease Laboratories, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, LSU School of Veterinary Medicine, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA; (M.N.K.); (P.E.A.); (L.D.Y.); (B.T.)
| | - Lane D. Yutzy
- Vector Borne Disease Laboratories, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, LSU School of Veterinary Medicine, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA; (M.N.K.); (P.E.A.); (L.D.Y.); (B.T.)
| | - Brandon Thibodaux
- Vector Borne Disease Laboratories, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, LSU School of Veterinary Medicine, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA; (M.N.K.); (P.E.A.); (L.D.Y.); (B.T.)
| | - Christopher D. Paddock
- Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA;
| | - Juan J. Martinez
- Vector Borne Disease Laboratories, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, LSU School of Veterinary Medicine, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA; (M.N.K.); (P.E.A.); (L.D.Y.); (B.T.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-225-578-9297
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Pillay AD, Mukaratirwa S. Genetic diversity of Rickettsia africae isolates from Amblyomma hebraeum and blood from cattle in the Eastern Cape province of South Africa. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2020; 82:529-541. [PMID: 33025239 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-020-00555-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Rickettsia africae is a re-emerging tick-borne pathogen causing African tick bite fever (ATBF) in humans. Amblyomma variegatum is the principal vector in most sub-Sahara African countries, whereas in South Africa it is A. hebraeum. Reports of high genetic heterogeneity among R. africae isolates in southern Africa have prompted the need for molecular investigations of isolates form South Africa. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the prevalence and genetic diversity of R. africae in A. hebraeum collected from cattle, grazing pasture, as well as from blood of cattle in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. Amblyomma hebraeum and blood from cattle were screened by PCR and the gltA, ompA, ompB, sca4, and 17kDa genes were sequenced for R. africae from samples collected from Caquba in Port St. Johns along the coastal region in the Eastern Cape province of South Africa. The overall proportion of adult A. hebraeum that were positive for the gltA and ompA genes was 0.63 (108/180). The overall proportion of nymphs positive for the gltA and ompA genes was 0.62 (23/37) and 0.22 (20/90) from cattle blood. A positive R. africae infection was inferred by analysis of 26 sequences of the ompA, gltA, ompB, 17kDa and sca4 genes. Neighbour-joining and Maximum Likelihood analysis revealed that the study isolates were closely related to R. africae isolates from South Africa deposited in GenBank, forming a clade that was separate from north, east and west African strains. This study provides new information on the epidemiology and phylogeny of R. africae isolated from A. hebraeum ticks in the Eastern Cape province of South Africa. The heterogeneity observed between R. africae isolates from South Africa deposited in GenBank and R. africae isolates from Africa retrieved from Genbank highlight the importance of differentiation and tracking of the genetic movement among R. africae isolates in southern Africa for the better characterisation of ATBF cases, especially in rural communities and travellers visiting the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia D Pillay
- School of Life Sciences, College of Agriculture, Engineering and Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, South Africa
| | - S Mukaratirwa
- School of Life Sciences, College of Agriculture, Engineering and Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, South Africa.
- One Health Center for Zoonoses and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, West Indies, Saint Kitts and Nevis.
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Gondard M, Delannoy S, Pinarello V, Aprelon R, Devillers E, Galon C, Pradel J, Vayssier-Taussat M, Albina E, Moutailler S. Upscaling the Surveillance of Tick-borne Pathogens in the French Caribbean Islands. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9030176. [PMID: 32121571 PMCID: PMC7157729 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9030176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the high burden of vector-borne disease in (sub)tropical areas, few information are available regarding the diversity of tick and tick-borne pathogens circulating in the Caribbean. Management and control of vector-borne disease require actual epidemiological data to better assess and anticipate the risk of (re)emergence of tick-borne diseases in the region. To simplify and reduce the costs of such large-scale surveys, we implemented a high-throughput microfluidic real-time PCR system suitable for the screening of the main bacterial and parasitic genera involved in tick-borne disease and potentially circulating in the area. We used the new screening tool to perform an exploratory epidemiological study on 132 adult specimens of Amblyomma variegatum and 446 of Rhipicephalus microplus collected in Guadeloupe and Martinique. Not only the system was able to detect the main pathogens of the area-Ehrlichia ruminantium, Rickettsia africae, Anaplasma marginale, Babesia bigemina and Babesia bovis-but the system also provided evidence of unsuspected microorganisms in Caribbean ticks, belonging to the Anaplasma, Ehrlichia, Borrelia and Leishmania genera. Our study demonstrated how high-throughput microfluidic real-time PCR technology can assist large-scale epidemiological studies, providing a rapid overview of tick-borne pathogen and microorganism diversity, and opening up new research perspectives for the epidemiology of tick-borne pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Gondard
- UMR BIPAR, Animal Health Laboratory, ANSES, INRAE, National Veterinary School of Alfort, Paris-Est University, Maisons-Alfort, 94700 Paris, France; (M.G.); (E.D.); (C.G.); (M.V.-T.)
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, F-97170 Petit-Bourg, 97170 Guadeloupe, France; (V.P.); (R.A.); (J.P.); (E.A.)
| | - Sabine Delannoy
- IdentyPath Platform, Laboratory for Food Safety, ANSES, Maisons-Alfort, 94700 Paris, France;
| | - Valérie Pinarello
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, F-97170 Petit-Bourg, 97170 Guadeloupe, France; (V.P.); (R.A.); (J.P.); (E.A.)
- ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, 34000 Montpellier, France
| | - Rosalie Aprelon
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, F-97170 Petit-Bourg, 97170 Guadeloupe, France; (V.P.); (R.A.); (J.P.); (E.A.)
- ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, 34000 Montpellier, France
| | - Elodie Devillers
- UMR BIPAR, Animal Health Laboratory, ANSES, INRAE, National Veterinary School of Alfort, Paris-Est University, Maisons-Alfort, 94700 Paris, France; (M.G.); (E.D.); (C.G.); (M.V.-T.)
| | - Clémence Galon
- UMR BIPAR, Animal Health Laboratory, ANSES, INRAE, National Veterinary School of Alfort, Paris-Est University, Maisons-Alfort, 94700 Paris, France; (M.G.); (E.D.); (C.G.); (M.V.-T.)
| | - Jennifer Pradel
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, F-97170 Petit-Bourg, 97170 Guadeloupe, France; (V.P.); (R.A.); (J.P.); (E.A.)
- ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, 34000 Montpellier, France
| | - Muriel Vayssier-Taussat
- UMR BIPAR, Animal Health Laboratory, ANSES, INRAE, National Veterinary School of Alfort, Paris-Est University, Maisons-Alfort, 94700 Paris, France; (M.G.); (E.D.); (C.G.); (M.V.-T.)
| | - Emmanuel Albina
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, F-97170 Petit-Bourg, 97170 Guadeloupe, France; (V.P.); (R.A.); (J.P.); (E.A.)
- ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, 34000 Montpellier, France
| | - Sara Moutailler
- UMR BIPAR, Animal Health Laboratory, ANSES, INRAE, National Veterinary School of Alfort, Paris-Est University, Maisons-Alfort, 94700 Paris, France; (M.G.); (E.D.); (C.G.); (M.V.-T.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-1-49-77-46-50
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Gondard M, Cabezas-Cruz A, Charles RA, Vayssier-Taussat M, Albina E, Moutailler S. Ticks and Tick-Borne Pathogens of the Caribbean: Current Understanding and Future Directions for More Comprehensive Surveillance. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:490. [PMID: 29238699 PMCID: PMC5713125 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Ticks are obligate hematophagous arthropods of significant importance to human and veterinary medicine. They transmit a vast array of pathogens, including bacteria, viruses, protozoa, and helminths. Most epidemiological data on ticks and tick-borne pathogens (TBPs) in the West Indies are limited to common livestock pathogens such as Ehrlichia ruminantium, Babesia spp. (i.e., B. bovis and B. bigemina), and Anaplasma marginale, and less information is available on companion animal pathogens. Of note, human tick-borne diseases (TBDs) remain almost completely uncharacterized in the West Indies. Information on TBP presence in wildlife is also missing. Herein, we provide a comprehensive review of the ticks and TBPs affecting human and animal health in the Caribbean, and introduce the challenges associated with understanding TBD epidemiology and implementing successful TBD management in this region. In particular, we stress the need for innovative and versatile surveillance tools using high-throughput pathogen detection (e.g., high-throughput real-time microfluidic PCR). The use of such tools in large epidemiological surveys will likely improve TBD prevention and control programs in the Caribbean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Gondard
- UMR BIPAR, Animal Health Laboratory, ANSES, INRA, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Petit-Bourg, France
| | - Alejandro Cabezas-Cruz
- UMR BIPAR, Animal Health Laboratory, ANSES, INRA, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Ceské Budejovice, Czechia
- Biology Center, Institute of Parasitology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceské Budejovice, Czechia
| | - Roxanne A. Charles
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of the West Indies, Mt. Hope, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Muriel Vayssier-Taussat
- UMR BIPAR, Animal Health Laboratory, ANSES, INRA, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Emmanuel Albina
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Petit-Bourg, France
- INRA, UMR 1319 ASTRE, Montpellier, France
| | - Sara Moutailler
- UMR BIPAR, Animal Health Laboratory, ANSES, INRA, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
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Biguezoton A, Noel V, Adehan S, Adakal H, Dayo GK, Zoungrana S, Farougou S, Chevillon C. Ehrlichia ruminantium infects Rhipicephalus microplus in West Africa. Parasit Vectors 2016; 9:354. [PMID: 27334439 PMCID: PMC4918008 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-016-1651-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The invasion of West Africa by Rhipicephalus microplus during the past decade has changed the ecological situation of the agent of heartwater Ehrlichia ruminantium in this area. Before, its local vector, Amblyomma variegatum, was the most abundant tick species found on livestock. Today, the abundance of the R. microplus is one magnitude higher than that of A. variegatum in many west-African localities. We investigated the potential of this new ecological situation to impact the circulation of E. ruminantium in West Africa. Methods Ehrlichia ruminantium infections were assessed with the specific PCR-diagnosis targeting the PCS20 region. This screening was applied on field samples of 24 R. microplus adults, on four females from a laboratory strain that had been blood-fed since larvae on one E. ruminantium-infected steer as well as on the offspring of these females at egg and larval stages. Results The PCR detected E. ruminantium in 29 % of the field-collected R. microplus, i.e. twice as much as reported for A. variegatum with the same protocol. Regarding the laboratory strain, the PCR-diagnosis performed showed that all females were infected and passed the rickettsia to their progeny. Sequencing of the PCR product confirmed that the maternally inherited rickettsia was E. ruminantium. Conclusion According to the present findings, the invasive dynamic of R. microplus in West Africa is currently impacting the local evolutionary conditions of E. ruminantium since it offers new transmission roads such as maternal transmission in R. microplus. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13071-016-1651-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abel Biguezoton
- Unité de Recherche en Biotechnologie de la Production et de la Santé Animales (URBPSA), Laboratoire de Recherche en Biologie Appliquée, Ecole Polytechnique d'Abomey-Calavi, 01 BP 2009, Cotonou, Bénin. .,Unité de Recherche sur les bases biologiques de la Lutte Intégrée (URBIO), Centre International de Recherche-Développement sur l'Elevage en zone Subhumide (CIRDES), 559, 3-51 Avenue du Gouverneur Louveau, 01B.P. 454, Bobo-Dioulasso, 01, Burkina Faso. .,IRD, UR 224 Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle (MIVEGEC), Montpellier, France.
| | - Valerie Noel
- IRD, UR 224 Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle (MIVEGEC), Montpellier, France.,CNRS, Université Montpellier, UMR 5290 MIVEGEC, Montpellier, France
| | - Safiou Adehan
- Unité de Recherche en Biotechnologie de la Production et de la Santé Animales (URBPSA), Laboratoire de Recherche en Biologie Appliquée, Ecole Polytechnique d'Abomey-Calavi, 01 BP 2009, Cotonou, Bénin
| | - Hassane Adakal
- Département des Sciences et Techniques de l'Elevage (DSTE/FASE), Université Dan Dicko Dan Koulodo, BP 465, Maradi, Niger
| | - Guiguigbaza-Kossigan Dayo
- Unité de Recherche sur les bases biologiques de la Lutte Intégrée (URBIO), Centre International de Recherche-Développement sur l'Elevage en zone Subhumide (CIRDES), 559, 3-51 Avenue du Gouverneur Louveau, 01B.P. 454, Bobo-Dioulasso, 01, Burkina Faso
| | - Sébastien Zoungrana
- Unité de Recherche sur les bases biologiques de la Lutte Intégrée (URBIO), Centre International de Recherche-Développement sur l'Elevage en zone Subhumide (CIRDES), 559, 3-51 Avenue du Gouverneur Louveau, 01B.P. 454, Bobo-Dioulasso, 01, Burkina Faso
| | - Souaïbou Farougou
- Unité de Recherche en Biotechnologie de la Production et de la Santé Animales (URBPSA), Laboratoire de Recherche en Biologie Appliquée, Ecole Polytechnique d'Abomey-Calavi, 01 BP 2009, Cotonou, Bénin
| | - Christine Chevillon
- IRD, UR 224 Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle (MIVEGEC), Montpellier, France.,CNRS, Université Montpellier, UMR 5290 MIVEGEC, Montpellier, France
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Wallménius K, Barboutis C, Fransson T, Jaenson TGT, Lindgren PE, Nyström F, Olsen B, Salaneck E, Nilsson K. Spotted fever Rickettsia species in Hyalomma and Ixodes ticks infesting migratory birds in the European Mediterranean area. Parasit Vectors 2014; 7:318. [PMID: 25011617 PMCID: PMC4230250 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-7-318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A few billion birds migrate annually between their breeding grounds in Europe and their wintering grounds in Africa. Many bird species are tick-infested, and as a result of their innate migratory behavior, they contribute significantly to the geographic distribution of pathogens, including spotted fever rickettsiae. The aim of the present study was to characterize, in samples from two consecutive years, the potential role of migrant birds captured in Europe as disseminators of Rickettsia-infected ticks. Methods Ticks were collected from a total of 14,789 birds during their seasonal migration northwards in spring 2009 and 2010 at bird observatories on two Mediterranean islands: Capri and Antikythira. All ticks were subjected to RNA extraction followed by cDNA synthesis and individually assayed with a real-time PCR targeting the citrate synthase (gltA) gene. For species identification of Rickettsia, multiple genes were sequenced. Results Three hundred and ninety-eight (2.7%) of all captured birds were tick-infested; some birds carried more than one tick. A total number of 734 ticks were analysed of which 353 ± 1 (48%) were Rickettsia-positive; 96% were infected with Rickettsia aeschlimannii and 4% with Rickettsia africae or unidentified Rickettsia species. The predominant tick taxon, Hyalomma marginatum sensu lato constituted 90% (n = 658) of the ticks collected. The remaining ticks were Ixodes frontalis, Amblyomma sp., Haemaphysalis sp., Rhipicephalus sp. and unidentified ixodids. Most ticks were nymphs (66%) followed by larvae (27%) and adult female ticks (0.5%). The majority (65%) of ticks was engorged and nearly all ticks contained visible blood. Conclusions Migratory birds appear to have a great impact on the dissemination of Rickettsia-infected ticks, some of which may originate from distant locations. The potential ecological, medical and veterinary implications of such Rickettsia infections need further examination.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Kenneth Nilsson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Clinical Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Wood H, Drebot MA, Dewailly E, Dillon L, Dimitrova K, Forde M, Grolla A, Lee E, Loftis A, Makowski K, Morrison K, Robertson L, Krecek RC. Seroprevalence of seven zoonotic pathogens in pregnant women from the Caribbean. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2014; 91:642-4. [PMID: 24914001 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.14-0107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies examining the prevalence of zoonotic agents in the Caribbean are very limited. The objective of this study was to examine the seroprevalence of seven zoonotic agents among individuals residing on 10 English-speaking Caribbean countries. Sera from healthy, pregnant women were collected from Antigua-Barbuda, Belize, Bermuda, Dominica, Grenada, Jamaica, Montserrat, St. Kitts-Nevis, St. Lucia, and St. Vincent-Grenadines and tested for the presence of IgG antibodies to dengue virus, hepatitis E virus, hantaviruses, leptospiral agents, spotted fever group rickettsiae (SFGR), typhus group rickettsiae (TGR), and Coxiella burnetii (Q fever). The highest seroprevalence values were observed for dengue virus, SFGR, and leptospirosis, although the lowest seroprevalence values were observed for hepatitis E virus, C. burnetii, and TGR. Antibodies to hantaviruses were not detected in any individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Wood
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; University of Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada; St. George's University, St. George's, Grenada; Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, St. Kitts; Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada; Caribbean EcoHealth Programme, St. George's, Grenada
| | - Michael A Drebot
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; University of Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada; St. George's University, St. George's, Grenada; Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, St. Kitts; Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada; Caribbean EcoHealth Programme, St. George's, Grenada
| | - Eric Dewailly
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; University of Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada; St. George's University, St. George's, Grenada; Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, St. Kitts; Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada; Caribbean EcoHealth Programme, St. George's, Grenada
| | - Liz Dillon
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; University of Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada; St. George's University, St. George's, Grenada; Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, St. Kitts; Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada; Caribbean EcoHealth Programme, St. George's, Grenada
| | - Kristina Dimitrova
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; University of Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada; St. George's University, St. George's, Grenada; Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, St. Kitts; Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada; Caribbean EcoHealth Programme, St. George's, Grenada
| | - Martin Forde
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; University of Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada; St. George's University, St. George's, Grenada; Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, St. Kitts; Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada; Caribbean EcoHealth Programme, St. George's, Grenada
| | - Allen Grolla
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; University of Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada; St. George's University, St. George's, Grenada; Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, St. Kitts; Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada; Caribbean EcoHealth Programme, St. George's, Grenada
| | - Elise Lee
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; University of Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada; St. George's University, St. George's, Grenada; Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, St. Kitts; Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada; Caribbean EcoHealth Programme, St. George's, Grenada
| | - Amanda Loftis
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; University of Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada; St. George's University, St. George's, Grenada; Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, St. Kitts; Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada; Caribbean EcoHealth Programme, St. George's, Grenada
| | - Kai Makowski
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; University of Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada; St. George's University, St. George's, Grenada; Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, St. Kitts; Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada; Caribbean EcoHealth Programme, St. George's, Grenada
| | - Karen Morrison
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; University of Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada; St. George's University, St. George's, Grenada; Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, St. Kitts; Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada; Caribbean EcoHealth Programme, St. George's, Grenada
| | - Lyndon Robertson
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; University of Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada; St. George's University, St. George's, Grenada; Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, St. Kitts; Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada; Caribbean EcoHealth Programme, St. George's, Grenada
| | - Rosina C Krecek
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; University of Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada; St. George's University, St. George's, Grenada; Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, St. Kitts; Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada; Caribbean EcoHealth Programme, St. George's, Grenada
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Lorusso V, Gruszka KA, Majekodunmi A, Igweh A, Welburn SC, Picozzi K. Rickettsia africae in Amblyomma variegatum ticks, Uganda and Nigeria. Emerg Infect Dis 2014; 19:1705-7. [PMID: 24050756 PMCID: PMC3810746 DOI: 10.3201/eid1910.130389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Parola P, Paddock CD, Socolovschi C, Labruna MB, Mediannikov O, Kernif T, Abdad MY, Stenos J, Bitam I, Fournier PE, Raoult D. Update on tick-borne rickettsioses around the world: a geographic approach. Clin Microbiol Rev 2013; 26:657-702. [PMID: 24092850 PMCID: PMC3811236 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00032-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 929] [Impact Index Per Article: 84.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Tick-borne rickettsioses are caused by obligate intracellular bacteria belonging to the spotted fever group of the genus Rickettsia. These zoonoses are among the oldest known vector-borne diseases. However, in the past 25 years, the scope and importance of the recognized tick-associated rickettsial pathogens have increased dramatically, making this complex of diseases an ideal paradigm for the understanding of emerging and reemerging infections. Several species of tick-borne rickettsiae that were considered nonpathogenic for decades are now associated with human infections, and novel Rickettsia species of undetermined pathogenicity continue to be detected in or isolated from ticks around the world. This remarkable expansion of information has been driven largely by the use of molecular techniques that have facilitated the identification of novel and previously recognized rickettsiae in ticks. New approaches, such as swabbing of eschars to obtain material to be tested by PCR, have emerged in recent years and have played a role in describing emerging tick-borne rickettsioses. Here, we present the current knowledge on tick-borne rickettsiae and rickettsioses using a geographic approach toward the epidemiology of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Parola
- Aix Marseille Université, Unité de Recherche en Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes (URMITE), UM63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, Inserm 1095, WHO Collaborative Center for Rickettsioses and Other Arthropod-Borne Bacterial Diseases, Faculté de Médecine, Marseille, France
| | | | - Cristina Socolovschi
- Aix Marseille Université, Unité de Recherche en Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes (URMITE), UM63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, Inserm 1095, WHO Collaborative Center for Rickettsioses and Other Arthropod-Borne Bacterial Diseases, Faculté de Médecine, Marseille, France
| | - Marcelo B. Labruna
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia Universidade de São Paulo, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Oleg Mediannikov
- Aix Marseille Université, Unité de Recherche en Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes (URMITE), UM63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, Inserm 1095, WHO Collaborative Center for Rickettsioses and Other Arthropod-Borne Bacterial Diseases, Faculté de Médecine, Marseille, France
| | - Tahar Kernif
- Service d'Ecologie des Systèmes Vectoriels, Institut Pasteur d'Algérie, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Mohammad Yazid Abdad
- Division of Veterinary and Biomedical Science, Murdoch University, Australian Rickettsial Reference Laboratory, Barwon Health, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - John Stenos
- Division of Veterinary and Biomedical Science, Murdoch University, Australian Rickettsial Reference Laboratory, Barwon Health, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Idir Bitam
- University of Boumerdes, Boumerdes, Algeria
| | - Pierre-Edouard Fournier
- Aix Marseille Université, Unité de Recherche en Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes (URMITE), UM63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, Inserm 1095, WHO Collaborative Center for Rickettsioses and Other Arthropod-Borne Bacterial Diseases, Faculté de Médecine, Marseille, France
| | - Didier Raoult
- Aix Marseille Université, Unité de Recherche en Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes (URMITE), UM63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, Inserm 1095, WHO Collaborative Center for Rickettsioses and Other Arthropod-Borne Bacterial Diseases, Faculté de Médecine, Marseille, France
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13
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Scholtz MM, McManus C, Leeuw KJ, Louvandini H, Seixas L, Melo CBD, Theunissen A, Neser FWC. The effect of global warming on beef production in developing countries of the southern hemisphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4236/ns.2013.51a017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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14
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Kelly PJ, Lucas H, Yowell C, Beati L, Dame J, Urdaz-Rodriguez J, Mahan S. Ehrlichia ruminantium in Amblyomma variegatum and domestic ruminants in the Caribbean. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2011; 48:485-488. [PMID: 21485394 DOI: 10.1603/me10172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The highly sensitive nested pCS20 polymerase chain reaction assay for Ehrlichia ruminantium was negative on 506 Amblyomma variegatum from Caribbean islands where clinical heartwater has not been reported, mainly the United States Virgin Islands (18), Dominica (170), Montserrat (5), Nevis (34), St. Kitts (262), and St. Lucia (17). Positive results were obtained with positive controls (Crystal Springs strain) and A. variegatum from countries in Africa where infections are endemic, mainly Tanzania (1/37) and Burkino Faso (2/29). Positive major antigenic protein-1 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for E. ruminantium were obtained on convenience samples of sera from apparently healthy cattle, sheep, and goats on Dominica (0/95, 0%; 3/135, 2%; 2/57, 4%), Grenada (0/4, 0%; 1/98, 1%; 1/86, 1%), Montserrat (0/12, 0%; 0/28, 2%; 5/139, 4%), Nevis (0/45, 0%; 0/157, 0%; 0/90, 0%), Puerto Rico (0/422, 0%; 0, 0%), St. Kitts (3/86, 4%; 1/25, 0%; 0/26, 0%), and St. Lucia (0/184, 0%; 0/15, 0%; 0, 0%), respectively. The pCS20 polymerase chain reaction results indicate E. ruminantium is not present on islands where clinical heartwater does not occur. The occasional positive major antigenic protein-1B enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay results appear, then, to be false-positive reactions, and serology appears to be of limited use in testing for E. ruminantium in the Caribbean, as is the case in Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J Kelly
- Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 334, West Farm, St. Kitts and Nevis.
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15
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Andreotti R, Pérez de León AA, Dowd SE, Guerrero FD, Bendele KG, Scoles GA. Assessment of bacterial diversity in the cattle tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus through tag-encoded pyrosequencing. BMC Microbiol 2011; 11:6. [PMID: 21211038 PMCID: PMC3025832 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-11-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2010] [Accepted: 01/06/2011] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Ticks are regarded as the most relevant vectors of disease-causing pathogens in domestic and wild animals. The cattle tick, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus, hinders livestock production in tropical and subtropical parts of the world where it is endemic. Tick microbiomes remain largely unexplored. The objective of this study was to explore the R. microplus microbiome by applying the bacterial 16S tag-encoded FLX-titanium amplicon pyrosequencing (bTEFAP) technique to characterize its bacterial diversity. Pyrosequencing was performed on adult males and females, eggs, and gut and ovary tissues from adult females derived from samples of R. microplus collected during outbreaks in southern Texas. Results Raw data from bTEFAP were screened and trimmed based upon quality scores and binned into individual sample collections. Bacteria identified to the species level include Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus chromogenes, Streptococcus dysgalactiae, Staphylococcus sciuri, Serratia marcescens, Corynebacterium glutamicum, and Finegoldia magna. One hundred twenty-one bacterial genera were detected in all the life stages and tissues sampled. The total number of genera identified by tick sample comprised: 53 in adult males, 61 in adult females, 11 in gut tissue, 7 in ovarian tissue, and 54 in the eggs. Notable genera detected in the cattle tick include Wolbachia, Coxiella, and Borrelia. The molecular approach applied in this study allowed us to assess the relative abundance of the microbiota associated with R. microplus. Conclusions This report represents the first survey of the bacteriome in the cattle tick using non-culture based molecular approaches. Comparisons of our results with previous bacterial surveys provide an indication of geographic variation in the assemblages of bacteria associated with R. microplus. Additional reports on the identification of new bacterial species maintained in nature by R. microplus that may be pathogenic to its vertebrate hosts are expected as our understanding of its microbiota expands. Increased awareness of the role R. microplus can play in the transmission of pathogenic bacteria will enhance our ability to mitigate its economic impact on animal agriculture globally. This recognition should be included as part of analyses to assess the risk for re-invasion of areas like the United States of America where R. microplus was eradicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato Andreotti
- USDA-ARS Knipling-Bushland U.S. Livestock Insects Research Laboratory, 2700 Fredericksburg Rd,, Kerrville, TX 78028, USA
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Mediannikov O, Diatta G, Fenollar F, Sokhna C, Trape JF, Raoult D. Tick-borne rickettsioses, neglected emerging diseases in rural Senegal. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2010; 4:e821. [PMID: 20856858 PMCID: PMC2939048 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0000821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2010] [Accepted: 08/12/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rickettsioses are one of the most important causes of systemic febrile illness among travelers from developed countries, but little is known about their incidence in indigenous populations, especially in West Africa. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Overall seroprevalence evaluated by immunofluorescence using six rickettsial antigens (spotted fever and typhus group) in rural populations of two villages of the Sine-Saloum region of Senegal was found to be 21.4% and 51% for spotted fever group rickettsiae for Dielmo and Ndiop villages, respectively. We investigated the role of tick-borne rickettsiae as the cause of acute non-malarial febrile diseases in the same villages. The incidence of rickettsial DNA in 204 blood samples from 134 (62M and 72F) febrile patients negative for malaria was studied. DNA extracted from whole blood was tested by two qPCR systems. Rickettsial DNA was found in nine patients, eight with Rickettsia felis (separately reported). For the first time in West Africa, Rickettsia conorii was diagnosed in one patient. We also tested 2,767 Ixodid ticks collected in two regions of Senegal (Niakhar and Sine-Saloum) from domestic animals (cows, sheep, goats, donkeys and horses) by qPCR and identified five different pathogenic rickettsiae. We found the following: Rickettsia aeschlimannii in Hyalomma marginatum rufipes (51.3% and 44.8% in Niakhar and Sine-Saloum region, respectively), in Hyalomma truncatum (6% and 6.8%) and in Rhipicephalus evertsi evertsi (0.5%, only in Niakhar); R. c. conorii in Rh. e. evertsi (0.4%, only in Sine-Saloum); Rickettsia massiliae in Rhipicephalus guilhoni (22.4%, only in Niakhar); Rickettsia sibirica mongolitimonae in Hyalomma truncatum (13.5%, only in Sine-Saloum); and Rickettsia africae in Rhipicephalus evertsi evertsi (0.7% and 0.4% in Niakhar and Sine-Saloum region, respectively) as well as in Rhipicephalus annulatus (20%, only in Sine-Saloum). We isolated two rickettsial strains from H. truncatum: R. s. mongolitimonae and R. aeschlimannii. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE We believe that together with our previous data on the high prevalence of R. africae in Amblyomma ticks and R. felis infection in patients, the presented results on the distribution of pathogenic rickettsiae in ticks and the first R. conorii case in West Africa show that the rural population of Senegal is at risk for other tick-borne rickettsioses, which are significant causes of febrile disease in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg Mediannikov
- URMITE, UMR IRD 198/CNRS 6236, Medical Faculty, Mediterranean University, Marseille, France and Dakar, Senegal
| | - Georges Diatta
- URMITE, UMR IRD 198/CNRS 6236, Medical Faculty, Mediterranean University, Marseille, France and Dakar, Senegal
| | - Florence Fenollar
- URMITE, UMR IRD 198/CNRS 6236, Medical Faculty, Mediterranean University, Marseille, France and Dakar, Senegal
| | - Cheikh Sokhna
- URMITE, UMR IRD 198/CNRS 6236, Medical Faculty, Mediterranean University, Marseille, France and Dakar, Senegal
| | - Jean-François Trape
- URMITE, UMR IRD 198/CNRS 6236, Medical Faculty, Mediterranean University, Marseille, France and Dakar, Senegal
| | - Didier Raoult
- URMITE, UMR IRD 198/CNRS 6236, Medical Faculty, Mediterranean University, Marseille, France and Dakar, Senegal
- * E-mail:
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Kelly P, Lucas H, Beati L, Yowell C, Mahan S, Dame J. Rickettsia africae in Amblyomma variegatum and domestic ruminants on eight Caribbean islands. J Parasitol 2010; 96:1086-8. [PMID: 21158615 DOI: 10.1645/ge-2552.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
We used PCRs with omp A primers to determine if spotted fever group rickettsiae occurred in Amblyomma variegatum from 6 Caribbean islands. Positive amplicons were obtained from ticks from the U.S. Virgin Islands (9/18; 50%), Dominica (39/171; 30%), Montserrat (2/5; 40%), Nevis (17/34; 50%), St. Kitts (46/227; 20%), and St. Lucia (1/14; 7%). Sequences for a convenience sample of reaction products obtained from A. variegatum on St. Kitts (7), American Virgin Islands (4), Montserrat (2), and St. Lucia (1) were 100% homologous with that of Rickettsia africae , the agent of African tick-bite fever. To determine if transmission of R. africae occurred, we used Rickettsia rickettsii antigen in IFA tests and found positive titers (≥ 1/80) with sera from cattle, goats, and sheep from Dominica (24/95 [25%], 2/136 [2%], 0/58 [0%]), Nevis (12/45 [27%], 5/157 [3%], 0/90 [0%]), St. Kitts (2/43 [5%], 1/25 [4%), 1/35 [3%]), and St. Lucia (6/184 [3%] cattle), respectively. No seropositive animals were found in Grenada (0/4, 0/98/, 0/86), Montserrat (0/12, 0/26, 0/52), or Puerto Rico (0/80 cattle). Our study indicates that R. africae and African tick-bite fever are widespread in the Caribbean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Kelly
- Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, West Farm Road, Basseterre, St. Kitts and Nevis, West Indies.
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