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Rhainds M. Mass Trapping Lepidopteran Pests with Light Traps, with Focus on Tortricid Forest Pests: What If? INSECTS 2024; 15:267. [PMID: 38667397 PMCID: PMC11049961 DOI: 10.3390/insects15040267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
The management of Lepidopteran pests with light traps (LTs) is often achieved by luring adults to death at light sources (light trap-based mass trapping, or LTmt). Large-scale LTmt programs against agricultural pests initiated in the late 1920s in the United States were phased out in the 1970s, coinciding with the rise of pheromone-based management research. The interest in LTmt has surged in recent years with the advent of light emitting diodes, solar power sources, and intelligent design. The first step in implementing LTmt is to identify a trapping design that maximizes the capture of target pests and minimizes the capture of non-target beneficial insects-with a cautionary note that high captures in LTs are not equivalent to the feasibility of mass trapping: the ultimate objective of LTmt is to protect crop plants from pest damage, not to trap adults. The captures of egg-carrying females in light traps have a greater impact on the efficiency of LTmt than the captures of males. When LTmt is defined as a harvesting procedure, the biomass of females in LTs may be viewed as the best estimator of the mass trapping yield; biomass proxy has universal application in LTmt as every living organism can be defined on a per weight basis. While research has largely focused on agricultural pests, an attempt is made here to conceptualize LTmt as a pest management strategy in forest ecosystems, using spruce budworm as a case study. The mass trapping of female budworms is impossible to achieve in endemic populations due to the large spatial scale of forest landscapes (implying the deployment of a prohibitively large number of LTs); in addition, ovipositing female budworms do not respond to light sources at a low density of conspecifics. The light-based mass trapping of female budworms may provide a realistic management option for geographically isolated forest stands heavily infested with budworms, as a tool to prevent tree mortality. Somehow unexpectedly, however, one factor obscuring the feasibility of LTmt is as follows: the complex ('unknowable') economic valuation of forest stands as opposed to agricultural landscapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Rhainds
- Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Atlantic Forestry Centre, P.O. Box 4000, Fredericton, NB E3B 5P7, Canada
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Bian L, Ji H, Cai X, Cheng G, Xie X, Duan X, Chen Z. Device Structure, Light Source Height, and Sunset Time Affect the Light-Trap Catching of Tea Leafhoppers. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:241. [PMID: 38256793 PMCID: PMC10820048 DOI: 10.3390/plants13020241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Device structure, light source height, and climatic factors can potentially affect the catching of target pests in light traps. In this study, the installation of an anti-escape cover in a newly designed light trap significantly increased the number of catches of tea leafhoppers, Empoasca onukii, an economically significant pest of tea gardens, and it prevented 97.95% of leafhoppers from escaping. A series of assessments were performed in the field and showed that the optimal trapping window of the light trap was between 1.5 and 2.5 h (2 ± 0.35 h) after sunset, and the starting time of the window was positively correlated with the sunset time. The number of leafhopper catches decreased sharply when the height of the light source was above the flight height range of E. onukii adults. The height of the light source was optimal between 20 and 40 cm above the tea canopy. The efficacy of the light traps for capturing leafhoppers decreased in the autumn peak period. High numbers of leafhopper catches by the newly designed light trap in the summer could reduce E. onukii population sizes in the autumn. Overall, the newly designed light trap can be used to reduce E. onukii adult populations in tea gardens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Bian
- Key Laboratory of Biology, Genetics, and Breeding of Special Economic Animals and Plants, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, 9 Meiling South Road, Xihu District, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Huihua Ji
- College of Optics and Electronic Technology, China Jiliang University, 258 Xueyuan Road, Qiantang District, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Xiaoming Cai
- Key Laboratory of Biology, Genetics, and Breeding of Special Economic Animals and Plants, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, 9 Meiling South Road, Xihu District, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Guo Cheng
- College of Optics and Electronic Technology, China Jiliang University, 258 Xueyuan Road, Qiantang District, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Xiaoqun Xie
- Jiangxi Cash Crops Research Institute, 4 Fuzhou Branch Road, Donghu District, Nanchang 330203, China
| | - Xiaofeng Duan
- College of Agriculture, Tongren Polytechnic College, 2 Ziyou Road, Bijiang District, Tongren 554300, China
| | - Zongmao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biology, Genetics, and Breeding of Special Economic Animals and Plants, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, 9 Meiling South Road, Xihu District, Hangzhou 310008, China
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Schroer S, Austen K, Moczek N, Kalinkat G, Jechow A, Heller S, Reinhard J, Dehn S, Wuthenow CI, Post-Stapelfeldt M, van Grunsven RHA, Pérez Vega C, Schumacher H, Kaanaa L, Saathoff B, Völker S, Hölker F. Towards Insect-Friendly Road Lighting-A Transdisciplinary Multi-Stakeholder Approach Involving Citizen Scientists. INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12121117. [PMID: 34940205 PMCID: PMC8706979 DOI: 10.3390/insects12121117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Road lighting is a service provided at night, mainly to ensure the secure and safe passage of humans. However, lighting at night can have adverse effects on insects or ecosystems, which are not yet considered in planning. Here, we introduce a comprehensive approach for the design and implementation of a novel insect-friendly road luminaire. The lighting design provides an optimized radiation geometry that avoids emissions at the trajectory height of insects, reduces the attraction of insects and the fragmentation of their habitats, and at the same time provides adequate night-time illumination in residential areas. The effects of the new design on insect behavior and night sky brightness will be evaluated two years before and two years after the change of the road luminaires and additionally in a direct comparison, as some luminaires of the old design will remain as controls. Citizen scientists are involved in the identification of insects and the measurement of night sky brightness. A broad public engagement program also highlights discussions about the competing interests of different stakeholders in lighting design, explicitly including the effects of illumination on insect fauna and biodiversity. Abstract (1) The project “Tatort Streetlight” implements an insect-friendly road light design in a four year before–after, control–impact (BACI) approach involving citizen scientists. It will broaden the stakeholder interests from solely anthropogenic perspectives to include the welfare of insects and ecosystems. Motivated by the detrimental impacts of road lighting systems on insects, the project aims to find solutions to reduce the insect attraction and habitat fragmentation resulting from roadway illumination. (2) The citizen science approach invites stakeholders to take part and join forces for the development of a sustainable and environmentally friendly road lighting solution. Here, we describe the project strategy, stakeholder participation and motivation, and how the effects of the alternative road luminaire and lighting design can be evaluated. (3) The study compares the changes in (a) insect behavior, (b) night sky brightness, and (c) stakeholder participation and awareness. For this purpose, different experimental areas and stakeholders in four communities in Germany are identified. (4) The project transfers knowledge of adverse effects of improperly managed road illumination and interacts with various stakeholders to develop a new road lighting system that will consider the well-being of street users, local residents, and insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sibylle Schroer
- Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, 12587 Berlin, Germany; (K.A.); (G.K.); (A.J.); (S.H.); (J.R.); (C.P.V.); (F.H.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-306-4181-717
| | - Kat Austen
- Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, 12587 Berlin, Germany; (K.A.); (G.K.); (A.J.); (S.H.); (J.R.); (C.P.V.); (F.H.)
| | - Nicola Moczek
- PSY: PLAN Institute for Architectural and Environmental Psychology, 10245 Berlin, Germany;
- Museum für Naturkunde Berlin, Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Gregor Kalinkat
- Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, 12587 Berlin, Germany; (K.A.); (G.K.); (A.J.); (S.H.); (J.R.); (C.P.V.); (F.H.)
| | - Andreas Jechow
- Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, 12587 Berlin, Germany; (K.A.); (G.K.); (A.J.); (S.H.); (J.R.); (C.P.V.); (F.H.)
| | - Stefan Heller
- Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, 12587 Berlin, Germany; (K.A.); (G.K.); (A.J.); (S.H.); (J.R.); (C.P.V.); (F.H.)
| | - Johanna Reinhard
- Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, 12587 Berlin, Germany; (K.A.); (G.K.); (A.J.); (S.H.); (J.R.); (C.P.V.); (F.H.)
| | - Sophia Dehn
- NABU RV Westhavelland e.V., Milower Land, 14715 Brandenburg, Germany;
| | - Charis I. Wuthenow
- Umweltzentrum Fulda-Zentrum für Nachhaltigkeit, Gartenkultur und Tierpädagogik e.V., 36041 Fulda, Germany;
| | | | | | - Catherine Pérez Vega
- Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, 12587 Berlin, Germany; (K.A.); (G.K.); (A.J.); (S.H.); (J.R.); (C.P.V.); (F.H.)
- Department of Biology, Chemistry, and Pharmacy, Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Heike Schumacher
- Chair of Lighting Technology TU Berlin, 10587 Berlin, Germany; (H.S.); (L.K.); (B.S.); (S.V.)
| | - Leena Kaanaa
- Chair of Lighting Technology TU Berlin, 10587 Berlin, Germany; (H.S.); (L.K.); (B.S.); (S.V.)
| | - Birte Saathoff
- Chair of Lighting Technology TU Berlin, 10587 Berlin, Germany; (H.S.); (L.K.); (B.S.); (S.V.)
| | - Stephan Völker
- Chair of Lighting Technology TU Berlin, 10587 Berlin, Germany; (H.S.); (L.K.); (B.S.); (S.V.)
| | - Franz Hölker
- Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, 12587 Berlin, Germany; (K.A.); (G.K.); (A.J.); (S.H.); (J.R.); (C.P.V.); (F.H.)
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Levi-Zada A, Byers JA. Circadian rhythms of insect pheromone titer, calling, emission, and response: a review. Naturwissenschaften 2021; 108:35. [PMID: 34423384 DOI: 10.1007/s00114-021-01746-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Many insect species have circadian rhythms of pheromone production/titer, calling, emission, and response that are involved in intraspecific communication and impact pest management practices. Rhythms of pheromone biosynthesis, most studied in moths affecting forestry and agriculture, contribute to a periodicity of pheromone concentration or titer within glands or hemolymph. Calling rhythms by the pheromone-emitting sex are physical movements (pumping, vibrating wings) that aid in release and dispersion of the volatile pheromone components attractive to the opposite conspecific sex or both sexes. Circadian rhythms of emission of pheromone also occur as a result of an interaction between calling and the titer of pheromone available for release. Responding individuals usually show a coincidental rhythm of dispersal flight while seeking pheromone plumes in which, by orienting upwind, the insects find mates or food resources. However, some species begin searching an hour or more before the emitting sex initiates calling and emission, which benefits mass trapping control programs because the baited traps do not compete initially with natural pheromone sources. In our review, data of daily rhythms of moths and other insects were extracted from the literature by screen capture software to calculate mean time of activity and standard deviation and fit to normal curves. These methods are illustrated for various insects and as a basis for discussion of interactions of pheromonal circadian rhythms of the well-studied gypsy moth Lymantria dispar, spruce budworm moth Choristoneura fumiferana, turnip moth Agrotis segetum, and cabbage looper moth Trichoplusia ni. The various circadian rhythms are discussed in relation to application of species-specific sex and aggregation pheromones for benign biological control and management of pest insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anat Levi-Zada
- Department of Entomology, Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Institute, 7505101, Rishon LeZion, Israel.
| | - John A Byers
- Semiochemical Solutions, 7030476, Beer Yaakov, Israel
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Ahmed DA, Benhamou S, Bonsall MB, Petrovskii SV. Three-dimensional random walk models of individual animal movement and their application to trap counts modelling. J Theor Biol 2021; 524:110728. [PMID: 33895179 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2021.110728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Random walks (RWs) have proved to be a powerful modelling tool in ecology, particularly in the study of animal movement. An application of RW concerns trapping which is the predominant sampling method to date in insect ecology and agricultural pest management. A lot of research effort has been directed towards modelling ground-dwelling insects by simulating their movement in 2D, and computing pitfall trap counts, but comparatively very little for flying insects with 3D elevated traps. METHODS We introduce the mathematics behind 3D RWs and present key metrics such as the mean squared displacement (MSD) and path sinuosity, which are already well known in 2D. We develop the mathematical theory behind the 3D correlated random walk (CRW) which involves short-term directional persistence and the 3D Biased random walk (BRW) which introduces a long-term directional bias in the movement so that there is an overall preferred movement direction. In this study, we focus on the geometrical aspects of the 3D trap and thus consider three types of shape; a spheroidal trap, a cylindrical trap and a rectangular cuboidal trap. By simulating movement in 3D space, we investigated the effect of 3D trap shapes and sizes and of movement diffusion on trapping efficiency. RESULTS We found that there is a non-linear dependence of trap counts on the trap surface area or volume, but the effect of volume appeared to be a simple consequence of changes in area. Nevertheless, there is a slight but clear hierarchy of trap shapes in terms of capture efficiency, with the spheroidal trap retaining more counts than a cylinder, followed by the cuboidal type for a given area. We also showed that there is no effect of short-term persistence when diffusion is kept constant, but trap counts significantly decrease with increasing diffusion. CONCLUSION Our results provide a better understanding of the interplay between the movement pattern, trap geometry and impacts on trapping efficiency, which leads to improved trap count interpretations, and more broadly, has implications for spatial ecology and population dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Ahmed
- Center for Applied Mathematics and Bioinformatics (CAMB), Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Gulf University for Science and Technology, P.O. Box 7207, Hawally 32093, Kuwait
| | - S Benhamou
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, CNRS, Cogitamus Lab, Montpellier, France
| | - M B Bonsall
- Mathematical Ecology Research Group, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, OX1 3SZ Oxford, UK
| | - S V Petrovskii
- School of Mathematics and Actuarial Science, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK; Peoples Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 6 Miklukho-Maklaya St, Moscow 117198, Russian Federation
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Cai H, Zhang T, Su Y, Wang Z, Zhang X, Wang S, Liu Y. Influence of Trap Color, Type, and Placement on Capture Efficacy for Protaetia brevitarsis (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2021; 114:225-230. [PMID: 33295959 PMCID: PMC7871143 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toaa259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, Protaetia brevitarsis Lewis has gradually become an important pest of several crops including grape (Vitis vinifera L.) and peach (Amygdalus persica L.) in Xinjiang, China. Toward improving trapping efficacy as part of a management program, various colors, types, and placement of traps and the use of an attractant were evaluated in field and laboratory studies. Laboratory color-choice tests and field tests indicated that P. brevitarsis adults preferred red. In trap placement tests, more adults were captured on traps placed 1 or 1.5 m above the ground and on top of the horizontal grape canopy. Before grape ripening, more adults were captured in traps placed in a 0.5-m border around the outside edge of the vineyard; during grape ripening, more were caught within the vineyard. Newly designed traps that were red, with a triangular baffle and a landing plate, were more efficient than traditional bucket-shaped traps. When P. brevitarsis adults were trapped and killed from June to July 2018, the population of P. brevitarsis adults in August to early September 2018 was significantly lower than in August to early September 2017, when adults had not been trapped and killed in the prior 2 mo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanhuan Cai
- College of Agriculture, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences/Integrated Pest Management Center of Hebei Province/Key Laboratory of IPM on Crops in Northern Region of North China, Ministry of Agriculture, Baoding, China
| | - Yinghua Su
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, Shandong, China
| | - Zhongyue Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaofang Zhang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences/Integrated Pest Management Center of Hebei Province/Key Laboratory of IPM on Crops in Northern Region of North China, Ministry of Agriculture, Baoding, China
| | - Shaoshan Wang
- College of Agriculture, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Yongqiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Corresponding author, e-mail:
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Byers JA, Maoz Y, Fefer D, Levi-Zada A. Semiochemicals Affecting Attraction of Ambrosia Beetle Euwallacea fornicatus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) to Quercivorol: Developing Push-Pull Control. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2020; 113:2120-2127. [PMID: 32596735 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toaa127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Euwallacea fornicatus (Eichhoff), the polyphagous shot hole borer (PSHB), is an ambrosia beetle infesting avocado Persea americana Mill. limbs in North America and Israel. We conducted field experiments with sticky traps in avocado orchards to develop push-pull semiochemical methods of managing PSHB. Traps baited with 10-fold increasing doses (0.01 to 100× or 1.26 µg to 12.6 mg/d) of attractant quercivorol were previously shown to increasingly capture female PSHB (males flightless). We converted trap catch of this relationship to a standardized effective attraction radius (EAR) that predicts capture power of baited-traps regardless of insect flight density. Earlier, piperitone and verbenone were shown to strongly inhibit attraction of PSHB to quercivorol-traps. We tested increasing numbers of 1× piperitone dispensers at 0.75-m distance surrounding a quercivorol-trap and found PSHB catch to decline exponentially. Increasing decadic doses (0.01 to 10×) of either verbenone or piperitone released at 1× quercivorol-traps caused a sigmoidal first-order kinetic-decay in catch. Verbenone (1×) placed at increasing distances (0, 0.25, 0.5, 1, and 2 m) from a 1× quercivorol-trap became increasingly ineffective in reducing catch of PSHB. We found no evidence that ethanol released from 7.5 to 480 mg/d affected attraction of PSHB, but Scobicia chevrieri (Villa and Villa) (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae) was increasingly attracted. Due to their relatively short-range (<0.5 m) inhibition of attractive sources, piperitone, and verbenone dispensers should be placed on avocado trunks where PSHB aggregations occur before the flight season.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yonatan Maoz
- The Israel Fruit Growers Association, Yahud, Israel
| | - Daniela Fefer
- Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Anat Levi-Zada
- Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
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Inhibitory Effects of Semiochemicals on the Attraction of an Ambrosia Beetle Euwallacea nr. fornicatus to Quercivorol. J Chem Ecol 2018; 44:565-575. [PMID: 29663165 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-018-0959-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The Euwallacea fornicatus (Eichhoff) species complex includes the polyphagous shot hole borer (PSHB), an ambrosia beetle infesting avocado limbs, Persea americana Mill. Synthetic quercivorol, a monoterpene alcohol, is known to attract females (males are flightless) over a range of release rates spanning three orders of magnitude. The upper release dose was extended 10-fold using sticky traps baited with quercivorol released at 1× (0.126 mg/day), 10×, and 108× relative rates to obtain a dose-response curve fitting a kinetic formation function. Naturally infested limbs of living avocado trees were wrapped with netting to exclude the possibility of catching emerging beetles on the encircling sticky traps. The results indicate PSHB are significantly attracted to infested limbs. Ethanol released over a 64-fold range (lowest rate of 7.5 mg/day) was moderately inhibitory of PSHB attraction to 1× quercivorol. β-caryophyllene and eucalyptol did not appear to affect attraction at the rates tested. A field test of potential inhibitors of 1× quercivorol was done using ~1 mg/day releases of monoterpene ketones: (-)-(S)-verbenone, (+)-(R)-verbenone, 3-methyl-2-cyclo-hexen-1-one (MCH or seudenone), piperitone, (+)-(S)-carvone, and racemic cryptone. Only piperitone and the two enantiomers of verbenone were strongly inhibitory. A blend of piperitone and verbenone tested together at different distances (0, 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 m) from a 1× quercivorol baited sticky trap became increasingly ineffective in inhibiting the attractant as separation distance increased. Due to the relatively short-range repellency (<1 m), the inhibitors would need to be released from several places on each tree to effectively repel PSHB from avocado trees. Effective attraction radii, EAR, and circular EARc are estimated for the quercivorol baits released at 1×, 10× and 108× rates. Push-pull simulations of moving beetles were performed in 1 ha plots with 2, 4, or 16 traps of 10× EARc and 400 trees (0, 1, or 3 inhibitors per tree) of which ten had an infested limb (EARc = 0.5 m). The simulations indicate that push-pull methods would be more effective in reducing PSHB mating than simply using mass-trapping alone.
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Levi-Zada A, Sadowsky A, Dobrinin S, Ticuchinski T, David M, Fefer D, Dunkelblum E, Byers JA. Monitoring and mass-trapping methodologies using pheromones: the lesser date moth Batrachedra amydraula. BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2018; 108:58-68. [PMID: 28490389 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485317000487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The lesser date moth (LDM) Batrachedra amydraula is a significant pest of date palm fruits. Previously, detection and monitoring of the pest was inaccurate due to high costs of sampling with lifting machines. We report a practical system for detection and monitoring of LDM based on pheromone traps and relevant models. Dose-response experiments with LDM pheromone traps indicated a 1 mg lure is optimal for monitoring. Delta traps with adhesive covering their entire inner surface gave the highest captures while trap colour was unimportant. Sampling pheromone traps throughout the night indicated male flight began at 1:00-2:00 and reached a peak 2 h before sunrise. Monitoring traps exposed all year long in Israel revealed three generations with different abundance. Trapping transects in a date plantation indicated interference from a monitoring trap became minimal at distances >27 m away. Inter-trap distances closer than this may lower efficiency of monitoring and mass trapping in control programs. Our estimate of the circular effective attraction radius (EARc) of a 1 mg delta trap for LDM (3.43 m) shows this bait is among the most attractive compared with baits for other insects. We developed encounter-rate equations with the pheromone trap EARc to model the interplay between population levels, trap density and captures that are useful for detection of invasive LDM and its control by mass trapping. The integrated methodologies are applicable to many pest species.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Levi-Zada
- Institute of Plant Protection,Agricultural Research Organization,Volcani Center,Rishon LeZion 7505101,Israel
| | - A Sadowsky
- Southern Arava Research and Development,Eilot 88820,Israel
| | - S Dobrinin
- Ministry of Agriculture,Extension Service,Bet Dagan 50250,Israel
| | - T Ticuchinski
- Southern Arava Research and Development,Eilot 88820,Israel
| | - M David
- Institute of Plant Protection,Agricultural Research Organization,Volcani Center,Rishon LeZion 7505101,Israel
| | - D Fefer
- Institute of Plant Protection,Agricultural Research Organization,Volcani Center,Rishon LeZion 7505101,Israel
| | - E Dunkelblum
- Institute of Plant Protection,Agricultural Research Organization,Volcani Center,Rishon LeZion 7505101,Israel
| | - J A Byers
- Faculty of Agriculture,Hebrew University of Jerusalem,Rehovot 76100,Israel
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Byers JA, Maoz Y, Levi-Zada A. Attraction of the Euwallacea sp. near fornicatus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) to Quercivorol and to Infestations in Avocado. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2017; 110:1512-1517. [PMID: 28541523 DOI: 10.1093/jee/tox151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The Euwallacea sp. near fornicatus (Euwallacea sp. 1 hereafter) feeds on many woody shrubs and trees and is a pest of avocado, Persea americana Mill., in several countries including Israel and the United States. Quercivorol baits are commercially available for Euwallacea sp. 1 females (males do not fly), but their attractive strength compared to other pheromones and potential for mass trapping are unknown. We used sticky traps baited with quercivorol released at 0.126 mg/d (1×) and at 0.01×, 0.1×, and 10× relative rates to obtain a dose-response curve of Euwallacea sp. 1 attraction. The curve fitted well a kinetic formation function of first order. Naturally infested limbs of living avocado trees had attraction rates equivalent to 1× quercivorol. An effective attraction radius (EAR) was calculated according to previous equations for each of the various baits (1× EAR = 1.18 m; 10× EAR = 2.00 m). A pole with six sticky traps spaced from 0.25-5.75 m in height had captures of Euwallacea sp. 1 yielding a mean flight height of 1.24 m with vertical flight distribution SD of 0.88 m (0.82-0.96 m, 95% CI). The SD with specific EAR was used to calculate EARc, two-dimensional EAR (1× EARc = 0.99 m; 10× EARc = 2.86 m), for comparison with other insect pheromone traps and for use in simulations. The simulation methods described previously were performed with combinations of 1-16 traps with 1-50 aggregations per 9-ha plot. The simulations indicate mass trapping with quercivorol could be effective if begun in spring before Euwallacea sp. 1 establishes competing sources of attraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Byers
- Department of Entomology, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Yonatan Maoz
- The Plants Production and Marketing Board, Yehud, 56000, Israel
| | - Anat Levi-Zada
- Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, 7505101, Israel
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Stubbins FL, Greene JK, Toews MD, Reay-Jones FPF. Assessment of a Cross-Vane Trap as a Tool for Sampling the Invasive Megacopta cribraria (Hemiptera: Plataspidae) in Soybean with Associated Evaluations of Female Reproductive Status. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2016; 45:1262-1270. [PMID: 27550166 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvw113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Megacopta cribraria (F.) (Hemiptera: Plataspidae) is an established pest of soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merrill, in the southeastern United States. Populations of this pest in soybean are typically estimated using sweep nets, a time-consuming procedure. Cross-vane traps may provide an alternative to using sweep nets. The relationship between trap and sweep-net sampling, and the effect of distance from field edges on M. cribraria densities were studied in 2013 and 2014. Adults were detected in the traps up to 3 wk before they were present in the sweep-net samples. Adults and nymphs collected from trap and sweep-net sampling decreased from the field edge toward the field interior. Across all dates and distances, there was a strong positive association between the two sampling methods (r = 0.60), but only 36% of location analyses by week showed significant association. Females collected using both sampling methods were dissected and rated based on egg development. Female populations of all reproductive maturities dispersed into soybean, but proportions varied with sampling method. Results provide a foundation for work into understanding dispersal cues, with implications for management in soybean. Cross-vane traps may serve as an early-season tool to monitor populations, but more studies are needed before robust sampling recommendations can be defined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca L Stubbins
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Edisto Research and Education Center, Clemson University, 64 Research Rd., Blackville, SC 29817 (; )
| | - Jeremy K Greene
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Edisto Research and Education Center, Clemson University, 64 Research Rd., Blackville, SC 29817 (; )
| | - Michael D Toews
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, 2360 Rainwater Rd., Tifton, GA 31793-0748
| | - Francis P F Reay-Jones
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Pee Dee Research and Education Center, Clemson University, 2200 Pocket Rd., Florence, SC 29506
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Bian L, Yang PX, Yao YJ, Luo ZX, Cai XM, Chen ZM. Effect of Trap Color, Height, and Orientation on the Capture of Yellow and Stick Tea Thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and Nontarget Insects in Tea Gardens. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2016; 109:1241-1248. [PMID: 26842809 DOI: 10.1093/jee/tow007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Two thrips species-the yellow tea thrips ( Scirtothrips dorsalis Hood) and the stick tea thrips ( Dendrothrips minowai Priesner)-are serious pests affecting tea plants in southern China. Although the stick tea thrips is primarily restricted to southern China, the yellow tea thrips is gradually proliferating worldwide. Colored sticky card traps may be useful for monitoring and capturing these species, but a systematic analysis has not been conducted to identify the most effective trap color, height, and orientation. We performed indoor experiments using an orthogonal experimental design, as well as field tests in tea gardens, to identify the color most attractive to the two thrips species. Field tests were then conducted using color-optimized traps-lawngreen (RGB: 124, 252, 0) for yellow thrips and lime (RGB: 0, 255, 0) for stick tea thrips-to determine the most effective trap height and orientation. The greatest numbers of both yellow and stick tea thrips were captured on traps positioned 0-20 cm above the tea canopy in an east-west orientation. We also evaluated the performance of the color-optimized sticky card traps compared with commercially available yellow ones. Significantly more yellow and stick tea thrips and fewer natural enemies were captured on the color-optimized traps than on commercial ones. Although additional research is needed to explain the responses of the two different species and to increase trap effectiveness, our findings should assist in the control of these harmful insects.
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Allen WJ, Mitchell VJ, Colhoun K, Attfield BA, Stanbury ME, Suckling DM, El-Sayed AM. Development of an efficient trapping system for New Zealand flower thrips, Thrips obscuratus. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2015; 71:309-315. [PMID: 24796519 DOI: 10.1002/ps.3823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Revised: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND New Zealand flower thrips (NZFT), Thrips obscuratus (Crawford), is an economic pest of various horticultural crops in New Zealand and is recognised as a quarantine pest globally. Two chemical attractants (ethyl nicotinate and 6-pentyl-2H-pyran-2-one), three dispensers, three trap designs and four trap heights were investigated to determine the most effective method for monitoring NZFT. Phenology of NZFT at two locations was compared. RESULTS 6-Pentyl-2H-pyran-2-one in a polyethylene bag dispenser was the most attractive lure formulation and exhibited high stability in release rate trials. There was no difference in NZFT catch between vertical-panel and cross-panel traps, but both caught significantly more than delta traps. However, both types of panel trap had unacceptably high by-catch of native insects. Catch of thrips increased with height from 0 to 3 m. Phenology of NZFT showed similar population trends at both locations, but with a timing difference of around 50 days. CONCLUSIONS Delta traps containing 6-pentyl-2H-pyran-2-one in a polyethylene bag at 2 m above the ground is the recommended method for monitoring NZFT, significantly improving the sensitivity, accuracy and labour input compared with prior methods. Long-term monitoring of NZFT could lead to more accurate economic damage thresholds and timing for when to apply insecticides. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warwick J Allen
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Christchurch, New Zealand; Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
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Wilkinson DA, Lebon C, Wood T, Rosser G, Gouagna LC. Straightforward multi-object video tracking for quantification of mosquito flight activity. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 71:114-121. [PMID: 25450566 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2014.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Revised: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Mosquito flight activity has been studied using a variety of different methodologies, and largely concentrates on female mosquito activity as vectors of disease. Video recording using standard commercially available hardware has limited accuracy for the measurement of flight activity due to the lack of depth-perception in two-dimensional images, but multi-camera observation for three dimensional trajectory reconstructions remain challenging and inaccessible to the majority of researchers. Here, in silico simulations were used to quantify the limitations of two-dimensional flight observation. We observed that, under the simulated conditions, two dimensional observation of flight was more than 90% accurate for the determination of population flight speeds and thus that two dimensional imaging can be used to provide accurate estimates of mosquito population flight speeds, and to measure flight activity over long periods of time. We optimized single camera video imaging to study male Aedes albopictus mosquitoes over a 30 h time period, and tested two different multi-object tracking algorithms for their efficiency in flight tracking. A. Albopictus males were observed to be most active at the start of the day period (06h00-08h00) with the longest period of activity in the evening (15h00-18h00) and that a single mosquito will fly more than 600 m over the course of 24 h. No activity was observed during the night period (18h00-06h00). Simplistic tracking methodologies, executable on standard computational hardware, are sufficient to produce reliable data when video imaging is optimized under laboratory conditions. As this methodology does not require overly-expensive equipment, complex calibration of equipment or extensive knowledge of computer programming, the technology should be accessible to the majority of computer-literate researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Wilkinson
- Centre de Recherche et de Veille sur les maladies Emergentes dans l'Océan Indien (CRVOI), 97490 Sainte-Clotilde, La Réunion, France.
| | - Cyrille Lebon
- Centre de Recherche et de Veille sur les maladies Emergentes dans l'Océan Indien (CRVOI), 97490 Sainte-Clotilde, La Réunion, France.
| | - Trevor Wood
- Oxford Centre for Industrial Applied Mathematics, Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Andrew Wiles Building, Radcliffe Observatory Quarter, Woodstock Road, Oxford, OX2 6GG, UK.
| | - Gabriel Rosser
- UCL Civil, Environmental & Geomatic Engineering, University College London, Chadwick Building, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK.
| | - Louis Clément Gouagna
- Centre de Recherche et de Veille sur les maladies Emergentes dans l'Océan Indien (CRVOI), 97490 Sainte-Clotilde, La Réunion, France; Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), UM1-CNRS 5290-IRD 224: Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs - Ecologie-Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle (MIVEGEC), Montpellier, France.
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Byers JA, Naranjo SE. Detection and monitoring of pink bollworm moths and invasive insects using pheromone traps and encounter rate models. J Appl Ecol 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.12270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John A. Byers
- USDA-ARS; U.S. Arid-Land Agricultural Research Center; 21881 N. Cardon Lane Maricopa AZ 85138 USA
| | - Steven E. Naranjo
- USDA-ARS; U.S. Arid-Land Agricultural Research Center; 21881 N. Cardon Lane Maricopa AZ 85138 USA
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Byers JA. Modeling and Regression Analysis of Semiochemical Dose–Response Curves of Insect Antennal Reception and Behavior. J Chem Ecol 2013; 39:1081-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s10886-013-0328-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Revised: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Bell JR, Aralimarad P, Lim KS, Chapman JW. Predicting insect migration density and speed in the daytime convective boundary layer. PLoS One 2013; 8:e54202. [PMID: 23359799 PMCID: PMC3554750 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0054202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2012] [Accepted: 12/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Insect migration needs to be quantified if spatial and temporal patterns in populations are to be resolved. Yet so little ecology is understood above the flight boundary layer (i.e. >10 m) where in north-west Europe an estimated 3 billion insects km−1 month−1 comprising pests, beneficial insects and other species that contribute to biodiversity use the atmosphere to migrate. Consequently, we elucidate meteorological mechanisms principally related to wind speed and temperature that drive variation in daytime aerial density and insect displacements speeds with increasing altitude (150–1200 m above ground level). We derived average aerial densities and displacement speeds of 1.7 million insects in the daytime convective atmospheric boundary layer using vertical-looking entomological radars. We first studied patterns of insect aerial densities and displacements speeds over a decade and linked these with average temperatures and wind velocities from a numerical weather prediction model. Generalized linear mixed models showed that average insect densities decline with increasing wind speed and increase with increasing temperatures and that the relationship between displacement speed and density was negative. We then sought to derive how general these patterns were over space using a paired site approach in which the relationship between sites was examined using simple linear regression. Both average speeds and densities were predicted remotely from a site over 100 km away, although insect densities were much noisier due to local ‘spiking’. By late morning and afternoon when insects are migrating in a well-developed convective atmosphere at high altitude, they become much more difficult to predict remotely than during the early morning and at lower altitudes. Overall, our findings suggest that predicting migrating insects at altitude at distances of ≈100 km is promising, but additional radars are needed to parameterise spatial covariance.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R Bell
- Department of Agro-Ecology, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom.
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Byers JA. Estimating Insect Flight Densities from Attractive Trap Catches and Flight Height Distributions. J Chem Ecol 2012; 38:592-601. [DOI: 10.1007/s10886-012-0116-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2012] [Revised: 03/22/2012] [Accepted: 03/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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