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Liang H, Liu P, Wang Z, Xiong H, Yin C, Zhao D, Wu C, Chen L. TREM2 gene induces differentiation of induced pluripotent stem cells into dopaminergic neurons and promotes neuronal repair via TGF-β activation in 6-OHDA-lesioned mouse model of Parkinson's disease. CNS Neurosci Ther 2024; 30:e14630. [PMID: 38348765 PMCID: PMC10862187 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) hold a promising potential for rescuing dopaminergic neurons in therapy for Parkinson's disease (PD). This study clarifies a TREM2-dependent mechanism explaining the function of iPSC differentiation in neuronal repair of PD. METHODS PD-related differentially expressed genes were screened by bioinformatics analyses and their expression was verified using RT-qPCR in nigral tissues of 6-OHDA-lesioned mice. Following ectopic expression and depletion experiments in iPSCs, cell differentiation into dopaminergic neurons as well as the expression of dopaminergic neuronal markers TH and DAT was measured. Stereotaxic injection of 6-OHDA was used to develop a mouse model of PD, which was injected with iPSC suspension overexpressing TREM2 to verify the effect of TREM2 on neuronal repair. RESULTS TREM2 was poorly expressed in the nigral tissues of 6-OHDA-lesioned mice. In the presence of TREM2 overexpression, the iPSCs showed increased expression of dopaminergic neuronal markers TH and DAT, which facilitated the differentiation of iPSCs into dopaminergic neurons. Mechanistic investigations indicated that TREM2 activated the TGF-β pathway and induced iPSC differentiation into dopaminergic neurons. In vivo data showed that iPSCs overexpressing TREM2 enhanced neuronal repair in 6-OHDA-lesioned mice. CONCLUSION This work identifies a mechanistic insight for TREM2-mediated TGF-β activation in the regulation of neuronal repair in PD and suggests novel strategies for neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanbai Liang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of MedicineUniversity of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaChengduChina
| | - Ping Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of MedicineUniversity of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaChengduChina
| | - Zijing Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, West China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Huan Xiong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of MedicineUniversity of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaChengduChina
| | - Cheng Yin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of MedicineUniversity of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaChengduChina
| | - Dongdong Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of MedicineUniversity of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaChengduChina
| | - Chunhui Wu
- School of Life Science and TechnologyUniversity of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaChengduChina
| | - Longyi Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of MedicineUniversity of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaChengduChina
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Capuz A, Osien S, Karnoub MA, Aboulouard S, Laurent E, Coyaud E, Raffo-Romero A, Duhamel M, Bonnefond A, Derhourhi M, Trerotola M, El Yazidi-Belkoura I, Devos D, Zilkova M, Kobeissy F, Vanden Abeele F, Fournier I, Cizkova D, Rodet F, Salzet M. Astrocytes express aberrant immunoglobulins as putative gatekeeper of astrocytes to neuronal progenitor conversion. Cell Death Dis 2023; 14:237. [PMID: 37015912 PMCID: PMC10073301 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-05737-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/06/2023]
Abstract
Using multi-omics analyses including RNAseq, RT-PCR, RACE-PCR, and shotgun proteomic with enrichment strategies, we demonstrated that newborn rat astrocytes produce neural immunoglobulin constant and variable heavy chains as well as light chains. However, their edification is different from the ones found in B cells and they resemble aberrant immunoglobulins observed in several cancers. Moreover, the complete enzymatic V(D)J recombination complex has also been identified in astrocytes. In addition, the constant heavy chain is also present in adult rat astrocytes, whereas in primary astrocytes from human fetus we identified constant and variable kappa chains as well as the substitution lambda chains known to be involved in pre-B cells. To gather insights into the function of these neural IgGs, CRISPR-Cas9 of IgG2B constant heavy chain encoding gene (Igh6), IgG2B overexpression, proximal labeling of rat astrocytes IgG2B and targets identification through 2D gels were performed. In Igh6 KO astrocytes, overrepresentation of factors involved in hematopoietic cells, neural stem cells, and the regulation of neuritogenesis have been identified. Moreover, overexpression of IgG2B in astrocytes induces the CRTC1-CREB-BDNF signaling pathway known to be involved in gliogenesis, whereas Igh6 KO triggers the BMP/YAP1/TEAD3 pathway activated in astrocytes dedifferentiation into neural progenitors. Proximal labeling experiments revealed that IgG2B is N-glycosylated by the OST complex, addressed to vesicle membranes containing the ATPase complex, and behaves partially like CD98hc through its association with LAT1. These experiments also suggest that proximal IgG2B-LAT1 interaction occurs concomitantly with MACO-1 and C2CD2L, at the heart of a potentially novel cell signaling platform. Finally, we demonstrated that these chains are synthesized individually and associated to recognize specific targets. Indeed, intermediate filaments Eif4a2 and Pdia6 involved in astrocyte fate constitute targets for these neural IgGs. Taken together, we hypothese that neural aberrant IgG chains may act as gatekeepers of astrocytes' fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Capuz
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, U-1192 - Laboratoire Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse-PRISM, 59655, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Sylvain Osien
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, U-1192 - Laboratoire Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse-PRISM, 59655, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Mélodie Anne Karnoub
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, U-1192 - Laboratoire Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse-PRISM, 59655, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Soulaimane Aboulouard
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, U-1192 - Laboratoire Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse-PRISM, 59655, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Estelle Laurent
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, U-1192 - Laboratoire Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse-PRISM, 59655, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Etienne Coyaud
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, U-1192 - Laboratoire Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse-PRISM, 59655, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Antonella Raffo-Romero
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, U-1192 - Laboratoire Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse-PRISM, 59655, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Marie Duhamel
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, U-1192 - Laboratoire Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse-PRISM, 59655, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Amélie Bonnefond
- Univ. Lille, Inserm UMR1283, CNRS UMR8199, European Genomic Institute for Diabetes (EGID), Institut Pasteur de Lille, CHU de Lille, 1 place de Verdun, 59000, Lille, France
| | - Mehdi Derhourhi
- Univ. Lille, Inserm UMR1283, CNRS UMR8199, European Genomic Institute for Diabetes (EGID), Institut Pasteur de Lille, CHU de Lille, 1 place de Verdun, 59000, Lille, France
| | - Marco Trerotola
- Laboratory of Cancer Pathology, Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), University 'G. D'Annunzio', Chieti, Italy
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University 'G. D'Annunzio', Chieti, Italy
| | - Ikram El Yazidi-Belkoura
- Université de Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576 - UGSF - Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, 59655, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - David Devos
- Université de Lille, INSERM, U1172, CHU-Lille, Lille Neuroscience Cognition Research Centre, 1 place de Verdun, 59000, Lille, France
| | - Monika Zilkova
- Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 84510, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Firas Kobeissy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Fabien Vanden Abeele
- Université de Lille, INSERM U1003, Laboratory of Cell Physiology, 59655, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Isabelle Fournier
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, U-1192 - Laboratoire Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse-PRISM, 59655, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
- Institut Universitaire de France, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Dasa Cizkova
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, U-1192 - Laboratoire Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse-PRISM, 59655, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
- Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 84510, Bratislava, Slovakia
- Centre for Experimental and Clinical Regenerative Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Kosice, Kosice, Slovakia
| | - Franck Rodet
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, U-1192 - Laboratoire Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse-PRISM, 59655, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France.
| | - Michel Salzet
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, U-1192 - Laboratoire Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse-PRISM, 59655, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France.
- Institut Universitaire de France, 75005, Paris, France.
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Sardina F, Conte A, Paladino S, Pierantoni GM, Rinaldo C. HIPK2 in the physiology of nervous system and its implications in neurological disorders. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2023; 1870:119465. [PMID: 36935052 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2023.119465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/21/2023]
Abstract
HIPK2 is an evolutionary conserved serine/threonine kinase with multifunctional roles in stress response, embryonic development and pathological conditions, such as cancer and fibrosis. The heterogeneity of its interactors and targets makes HIPK2 activity strongly dependent on the cellular context, and allows it to modulate multiple signaling pathways, ultimately regulating cell fate and proliferation. HIPK2 is highly expressed in the central and peripheral nervous systems, and its genetic ablation causes neurological defects in mice. Moreover, HIPK2 is involved in processes, such as endoplasmic reticulum stress response and protein aggregate accumulation, and pathways, including TGF-β and BMP signaling, that are crucial in the pathogenesis of neurological disorders. Here, we review the data about the role of HIPK2 in neuronal development, survival, and homeostasis, highlighting the implications in the pathogenesis of neurological disorders, and pointing out HIPK2 potentiality as therapeutic target and diagnostic or prognostic marker.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Sardina
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology (IBPM), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), c/o Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - A Conte
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - S Paladino
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - G M Pierantoni
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - C Rinaldo
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology (IBPM), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), c/o Sapienza University, Rome, Italy.
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4
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Sibuea S, Ho JK, Pouton CW, Haynes JM. TGFβ3, dibutyryl cAMP and a notch inhibitor modulate phenotype late in stem cell-derived dopaminergic neuron maturation. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1111705. [PMID: 36819101 PMCID: PMC9928866 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1111705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The generation of midbrain dopaminergic neurons (mDAs) from pluripotent stem cells (hPSC) holds much promise for both disease modelling studies and as a cell therapy for Parkinson's disease (PD). Generally, dopaminergic neuron differentiation paradigms rely on inhibition of smad signalling for neural induction followed by hedgehog signalling and an elevation of β-catenin to drive dopaminergic differentiation. Post-patterning, differentiating dopaminergic neuron cultures are permitted time for maturation after which the success of these differentiation paradigms is usually defined by expression of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), the rate limiting enzyme in the synthesis of dopamine. However, during maturation, culture media is often supplemented with additives to promote neuron survival and or promote cell differentiation. These additives include dibutyryl cyclic adenosine monophosphate (dbcAMP), transforming growth factor β3 (TGFβ3) and or the γ-secretase inhibitor (DAPT). While these factors are routinely added to cultures, their impact upon pluripotent stem cell-derived mDA phenotype is largely unclear. In this study, we differentiate pluripotent stem cells toward a dopaminergic phenotype and investigate how the omission of dbcAMP, TGFβ3 or DAPT, late in maturation, affects the regulation of multiple dopaminergic neuron phenotype markers. We now show that the removal of dbcAMP or TGFβ3 significantly and distinctly impacts multiple markers of the mDA phenotype (FOXA2, EN1, EN2, FOXA2, SOX6), while commonly increasing both MSX2 and NEUROD1 and reducing expression of both tyrosine hydroxylase and WNT5A. Removing DAPT significantly impacted MSX2, OTX2, EN1, and KCNJ6. In the absence of any stressful stimuli, we suggest that these culture additives should be viewed as mDA phenotype-modifying, rather than neuroprotective. We also suggest that their addition to cultures is likely to confound the interpretation of both transplantation and disease modelling studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanti Sibuea
- Stem Cell Biology Group, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia,National Agency of Drug and Food Control, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Joan K. Ho
- Stem Cell Biology Group, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Colin W. Pouton
- Stem Cell Biology Group, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - John M. Haynes
- Stem Cell Biology Group, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia,*Correspondence: John M. Haynes,
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5
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Rigkou A, Magyar A, Speer JM, Roussa E. TGF-β2 Regulates Transcription of the K +/Cl - Cotransporter 2 (KCC2) in Immature Neurons and Its Phosphorylation at T1007 in Differentiated Neurons. Cells 2022; 11:cells11233861. [PMID: 36497119 PMCID: PMC9739967 DOI: 10.3390/cells11233861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
KCC2 mediates extrusion of K+ and Cl- and assuresthe developmental "switch" in GABA function during neuronal maturation. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying KCC2 regulation are not fully elucidated. We investigated the impact of transforming growth factor beta 2 (TGF-β2) on KCC2 during neuronal maturation using quantitative RT-PCR, immunoblotting, immunofluorescence and chromatin immunoprecipitation in primary mouse hippocampal neurons and brain tissue from Tgf-β2-deficient mice. Inhibition of TGF-β/activin signaling downregulates Kcc2 transcript in immature neurons. In the forebrain of Tgf-β2-/- mice, expression of Kcc2, transcription factor Ap2β and KCC2 protein is downregulated. AP2β binds to Kcc2 promoter, a binding absent in Tgf-β2-/-. In hindbrain/brainstem tissue of Tgf-β2-/- mice, KCC2 phosphorylation at T1007 is increased and approximately half of pre-Bötzinger-complex neurons lack membrane KCC2 phenotypes rescued through exogenous TGF-β2. These results demonstrate that TGF-β2 regulates KCC2 transcription in immature neurons, possibly acting upstream of AP2β, and contributes to the developmental dephosphorylation of KCC2 at T1007. The present work suggests multiple and divergent roles for TGF-β2 on KCC2 during neuronal maturation and provides novel mechanistic insights for TGF-β2-mediated regulation of KCC2 gene expression, posttranslational modification and surface expression. We propose TGF-β2 as a major regulator of KCC2 with putative implications for pathophysiological conditions.
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6
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Sabate-Soler S, Nickels SL, Saraiva C, Berger E, Dubonyte U, Barmpa K, Lan YJ, Kouno T, Jarazo J, Robertson G, Sharif J, Koseki H, Thome C, Shin JW, Cowley SA, Schwamborn JC. Microglia integration into human midbrain organoids leads to increased neuronal maturation and functionality. Glia 2022; 70:1267-1288. [PMID: 35262217 PMCID: PMC9314680 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The human brain is a complex, three-dimensional structure. To better recapitulate brain complexity, recent efforts have focused on the development of human-specific midbrain organoids. Human iPSC-derived midbrain organoids consist of differentiated and functional neurons, which contain active synapses, as well as astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. However, the absence of microglia, with their ability to remodel neuronal networks and phagocytose apoptotic cells and debris, represents a major disadvantage for the current midbrain organoid systems. Additionally, neuroinflammation-related disease modeling is not possible in the absence of microglia. So far, no studies about the effects of human iPSC-derived microglia on midbrain organoid neural cells have been published. Here we describe an approach to derive microglia from human iPSCs and integrate them into iPSC-derived midbrain organoids. Using single nuclear RNA Sequencing, we provide a detailed characterization of microglia in midbrain organoids as well as the influence of their presence on the other cells of the organoids. Furthermore, we describe the effects that microglia have on cell death and oxidative stress-related gene expression. Finally, we show that microglia in midbrain organoids affect synaptic remodeling and increase neuronal excitability. Altogether, we show a more suitable system to further investigate brain development, as well as neurodegenerative diseases and neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Sabate-Soler
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), Developmental and Cellular Biology, University of Luxembourg, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Sarah Louise Nickels
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), Developmental and Cellular Biology, University of Luxembourg, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Cláudia Saraiva
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), Developmental and Cellular Biology, University of Luxembourg, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Emanuel Berger
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), Developmental and Cellular Biology, University of Luxembourg, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Ugne Dubonyte
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), Developmental and Cellular Biology, University of Luxembourg, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Kyriaki Barmpa
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), Developmental and Cellular Biology, University of Luxembourg, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Yan Jun Lan
- Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, RIKEN, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan.,ETH Zurich, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Tsukasa Kouno
- Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, RIKEN, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Javier Jarazo
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), Developmental and Cellular Biology, University of Luxembourg, Belvaux, Luxembourg.,OrganoTherapeutics SARL-S, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Graham Robertson
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), Developmental and Cellular Biology, University of Luxembourg, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Jafar Sharif
- Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, RIKEN, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Haruhiko Koseki
- Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, RIKEN, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Christian Thome
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jay W Shin
- Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, RIKEN, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Sally A Cowley
- Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre, James Martin Stem Cell Facility, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jens C Schwamborn
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), Developmental and Cellular Biology, University of Luxembourg, Belvaux, Luxembourg
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Nebie O, Buée L, Blum D, Burnouf T. Can the administration of platelet lysates to the brain help treat neurological disorders? Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:379. [PMID: 35750991 PMCID: PMC9243829 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04397-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders of the central nervous system (CNS) and brain traumatic insults are characterized by complex overlapping pathophysiological alterations encompassing neuroinflammation, alterations of synaptic functions, oxidative stress, and progressive neurodegeneration that eventually lead to irreversible motor and cognitive dysfunctions. A single pharmacological approach is unlikely to provide a complementary set of molecular therapeutic actions suitable to resolve these complex pathologies. Recent preclinical data are providing evidence-based scientific rationales to support biotherapies based on administering neurotrophic factors and extracellular vesicles present in the lysates of human platelets collected from healthy donors to the brain. Here, we present the most recent findings on the composition of the platelet proteome that can activate complementary signaling pathways in vivo to trigger neuroprotection, synapse protection, anti-inflammation, antioxidation, and neurorestoration. We also report experimental data where the administration of human platelet lysates (HPL) was safe and resulted in beneficial neuroprotective effects in established rodent models of neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, traumatic brain injury, and stroke. Platelet-based biotherapies, prepared from collected platelet concentrates (PC), are emerging as a novel pragmatic and accessible translational therapeutic strategy for treating neurological diseases. Based on this assumption, we further elaborated on various clinical, manufacturing, and regulatory issues that need to be addressed to ensure the ethical supply, quality, and safety of HPL preparations for treating neurodegenerative and traumatic pathologies of the CNS. HPL made from PC may become a unique approach for scientifically based treatments of neurological disorders readily accessible in low-, middle-, and high-income countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ouada Nebie
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Graduate Institute of Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wu-Xing Street, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan
- University of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172 - LilNCog - Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, 59045, Lille, France
- Alzheimer and Tauopathies, LabEx DISTALZ, LiCEND, 59000, Lille, France
| | - Luc Buée
- University of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172 - LilNCog - Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, 59045, Lille, France
- Alzheimer and Tauopathies, LabEx DISTALZ, LiCEND, 59000, Lille, France
- NeuroTMULille International Laboratory, Univ. Lille, Lille, France
| | - David Blum
- University of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172 - LilNCog - Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, 59045, Lille, France.
- Alzheimer and Tauopathies, LabEx DISTALZ, LiCEND, 59000, Lille, France.
- NeuroTMULille International Laboratory, Univ. Lille, Lille, France.
- NeuroTMULille International Laboratory, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan.
| | - Thierry Burnouf
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Graduate Institute of Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wu-Xing Street, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan.
- NeuroTMULille International Laboratory, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan.
- International PhD Program in Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan.
- International PhD Program in Cell Therapy and Regeneration Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan.
- Brain and Consciousness Research Centre, Taipei Medical University Shuang-Ho Hospital, New Taipei City, 23561, Taiwan.
- Neuroscience Research Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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8
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Vicioso-Mantis M, Fueyo R, Navarro C, Cruz-Molina S, van Ijcken WFJ, Rebollo E, Rada-Iglesias Á, Martínez-Balbás MA. JMJD3 intrinsically disordered region links the 3D-genome structure to TGFβ-dependent transcription activation. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3263. [PMID: 35672304 PMCID: PMC9174158 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30614-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Enhancers are key regulatory elements that govern gene expression programs in response to developmental signals. However, how multiple enhancers arrange in the 3D-space to control the activation of a specific promoter remains unclear. To address this question, we exploited our previously characterized TGFβ-response model, the neural stem cells, focusing on a ~374 kb locus where enhancers abound. Our 4C-seq experiments reveal that the TGFβ pathway drives the assembly of an enhancer-cluster and precise gene activation. We discover that the TGFβ pathway coactivator JMJD3 is essential to maintain these structures. Using live-cell imaging techniques, we demonstrate that an intrinsically disordered region contained in JMJD3 is involved in the formation of phase-separated biomolecular condensates, which are found in the enhancer-cluster. Overall, in this work we uncover novel functions for the coactivator JMJD3, and we shed light on the relationships between the 3D-conformation of the chromatin and the TGFβ-driven response during mammalian neurogenesis. Here the authors demonstrate that TGFβ drives multi-enhancer contacts and ultimately gene activation during neuronal commitment, and that this requires the intrinsically disordered region (IDR) of the histone demethylase JMJD3 likely through its role in promoting phase-separated biomolecular condensates.
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9
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A phosphoproteomics study reveals a defined genetic program for neural lineage commitment of neural stem cells induced by olfactory ensheathing cell-conditioned medium. Pharmacol Res 2021; 172:105797. [PMID: 34352399 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Since both Olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) and neural stem cells (NSCs) have shown certain efficacy in the cellular therapy of nerve injury and disease, there have been a series of investigations in recent years looking at the co-culture of NSCs and OECs. Protein phosphorylation forms the basis for identifying a variety of cellular signaling pathways responsible for regulating the self-renewal and differentiation of NSCs induced by OECs. To better understand the signaling cascades in the early phases of OEC-induced NSC differentiation, changes in the NSC proteome and phosphoproteome during the first 24 h were determined using dimethyl labeling and TiO2 phosphorylation enrichment coupled with Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). A total of 565 proteins and 2511 phosphorylation sites were identified. According to quantitative phosphoproteomics analyses of NSC differentiation induced by OECs during the first 12 and 24 h, it was speculated that there were at least two different signal waves: one peaking within 12 h after stimulation and the second upsurge after 24 h. In addition to understanding the dynamics of the proteome and phosphoproteome in the early stages of NSC differentiation, our analyses identified a key role of the TGF-β3 protein secreted by OECs, which may be an initiating factor that promotes differentiation of NSCs into neurons induced by OECs. These findings not only redemonstrated a OECs-based therapeutic strategy in cell therapy, but also added a node to the regulatory network for the neural lineage commitment of NSCs induced by OECs.
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Kern F, Krammes L, Danz K, Diener C, Kehl T, Küchler O, Fehlmann T, Kahraman M, Rheinheimer S, Aparicio-Puerta E, Wagner S, Ludwig N, Backes C, Lenhof HP, von Briesen H, Hart M, Keller A, Meese E. Validation of human microRNA target pathways enables evaluation of target prediction tools. Nucleic Acids Res 2021; 49:127-144. [PMID: 33305319 PMCID: PMC7797041 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkaa1161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs are regulators of gene expression. A wide-spread, yet not validated, assumption is that the targetome of miRNAs is non-randomly distributed across the transcriptome and that targets share functional pathways. We developed a computational and experimental strategy termed high-throughput miRNA interaction reporter assay (HiTmIR) to facilitate the validation of target pathways. First, targets and target pathways are predicted and prioritized by computational means to increase the specificity and positive predictive value. Second, the novel webtool miRTaH facilitates guided designs of reporter assay constructs at scale. Third, automated and standardized reporter assays are performed. We evaluated HiTmIR using miR-34a-5p, for which TNF- and TGFB-signaling, and Parkinson's Disease (PD)-related categories were identified and repeated the pipeline for miR-7-5p. HiTmIR validated 58.9% of the target genes for miR-34a-5p and 46.7% for miR-7-5p. We confirmed the targeting by measuring the endogenous protein levels of targets in a neuronal cell model. The standardized positive and negative targets are collected in the new miRATBase database, representing a resource for training, or benchmarking new target predictors. Applied to 88 target predictors with different confidence scores, TargetScan 7.2 and miRanda outperformed other tools. Our experiments demonstrate the efficiency of HiTmIR and provide evidence for an orchestrated miRNA-gene targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Kern
- Chair for Clinical Bioinformatics, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Lena Krammes
- Institute of Human Genetics, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Karin Danz
- Department of Bioprocessing & Bioanalytics, Fraunhofer Institute for Biomedical Engineering, 66280 Sulzbach, Germany
| | - Caroline Diener
- Institute of Human Genetics, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Tim Kehl
- Center for Bioinformatics, Saarland Informatics Campus, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Oliver Küchler
- Chair for Clinical Bioinformatics, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Tobias Fehlmann
- Chair for Clinical Bioinformatics, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Mustafa Kahraman
- Chair for Clinical Bioinformatics, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | | | - Ernesto Aparicio-Puerta
- Chair for Clinical Bioinformatics, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany.,Department of Genetics, Faculty of Science, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs. Granada, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Sylvia Wagner
- Department of Bioprocessing & Bioanalytics, Fraunhofer Institute for Biomedical Engineering, 66280 Sulzbach, Germany
| | - Nicole Ludwig
- Institute of Human Genetics, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg, Germany.,Center of Human and Molecular Biology, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Christina Backes
- Chair for Clinical Bioinformatics, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Hans-Peter Lenhof
- Center for Bioinformatics, Saarland Informatics Campus, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Hagen von Briesen
- Department of Bioprocessing & Bioanalytics, Fraunhofer Institute for Biomedical Engineering, 66280 Sulzbach, Germany
| | - Martin Hart
- Institute of Human Genetics, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Keller
- Chair for Clinical Bioinformatics, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany.,Center for Bioinformatics, Saarland Informatics Campus, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany.,Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Eckart Meese
- Institute of Human Genetics, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg, Germany
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11
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Ravanidis S, Bougea A, Papagiannakis N, Koros C, Simitsi AM, Pachi I, Breza M, Stefanis L, Doxakis E. Validation of differentially expressed brain-enriched microRNAs in the plasma of PD patients. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2020; 7:1594-1607. [PMID: 32860338 PMCID: PMC7480914 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.51146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective There is a pressing need to identify and validate, minimally invasive, molecular biomarkers that will complement current practices and increase the diagnostic accuracy in Parkinson’s disease (PD). Brain‐enriched miRNAs regulate all aspects of neuron development and function; importantly, they are secreted by neurons in amounts that can be readily detected in the plasma. Τhe aim of the present study was to validate a set of previously identified brain‐enriched miRNAs with diagnostic potential for idiopathic PD and recognize the molecular pathways affected by these deregulated miRNAs. Methods RT‐qPCR was performed in the plasma of 92 healthy controls and 108 idiopathic PD subjects. Statistical and in silico analyses were used to validate deregulated miRNAs and pathways in PD, respectively. Results miR‐22‐3p, miR‐124‐3p, miR‐136‐3p, miR‐154‐5p, and miR‐323a‐3p levels were found to be differentially expressed between healthy controls and PD patients. miR‐330‐5p, miR‐433‐3p, and miR‐495‐3p levels were overall higher in male subjects. Most of these miRNAs are clustered at Chr14q32 displaying CREB1, CEBPB, and MAZ transcription factor binding sites. Gene Ontology annotation analysis of deregulated miRNA targets revealed that “Protein modification,” “Transcription factor activity,” and “Cell death” terms were over‐represented. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genome analysis revealed that “Long‐term depression,” “TGF‐beta signaling,” and “FoxO signaling” pathways were significantly affected. Interpretation We validated a panel of brain‐enriched miRNAs that can be used along with other measures for the detection of PD, revealed molecular pathways targeted by these deregulated miRNAs, and identified upstream transcription factors that may be directly implicated in PD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stylianos Ravanidis
- Center of Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, 11527, Greece
| | - Anastasia Bougea
- Center of Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, 11527, Greece.,Center of Clinical Research, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, 11527, Greece.,First Department of Neurology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Athens, 11528, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Papagiannakis
- Center of Clinical Research, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, 11527, Greece.,First Department of Neurology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Athens, 11528, Greece
| | - Christos Koros
- First Department of Neurology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Athens, 11528, Greece
| | - Athina Maria Simitsi
- First Department of Neurology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Athens, 11528, Greece
| | - Ioanna Pachi
- First Department of Neurology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Athens, 11528, Greece
| | - Marianthi Breza
- First Department of Neurology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Athens, 11528, Greece
| | - Leonidas Stefanis
- Center of Clinical Research, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, 11527, Greece.,First Department of Neurology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Athens, 11528, Greece
| | - Epaminondas Doxakis
- Center of Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, 11527, Greece
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12
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Abstract
Fetal neurodevelopment in utero is profoundly shaped by both systemic maternal immunity and local processes at the maternal-fetal interface. Immune pathways are a critical participant in the normal physiology of pregnancy and perturbations of maternal immunity due to infections during this period have been increasingly linked to a diverse array of poor neurological outcomes, including diseases that manifest much later in postnatal life. While experimental models of maternal immune activation (MIA) have provided groundbreaking characterizations of the maternal pathways underlying pathogenesis, less commonly examined are the immune factors that serve pathogen-independent developmental functions in the embryo and fetus. In this review, we explore what is known about the in vivo role of immune factors in fetal neurodevelopment during normal pregnancy and provide an overview of how MIA perturbs the proper orchestration of this sequence of events. Finally, we discuss how the dysregulation of immune factors may contribute to the manifestation of a variety of neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Lu-Culligan
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06519, USA
| | - Akiko Iwasaki
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06519, USA.,Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06519, USA; .,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06519, USA
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13
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TGF-β Signaling Regulates SLC8A3 Expression and Prevents Oxidative Stress in Developing Midbrain Dopaminergic and Dorsal Raphe Serotonergic Neurons. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21082735. [PMID: 32326436 PMCID: PMC7216069 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21082735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Calcium homeostasis is a cellular process required for proper cell function and survival, maintained by the coordinated action of several transporters, among them members of the Na+/Ca2+-exchanger family, such as SLC8A3. Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) signaling defines neuronal development and survival and may regulate the expression of channels and transporters. We investigated the regulation of SLC8A3 by TGF-β in a conditional knockout mouse with deletion of TGF-β signaling from Engrailed 1-expressing cells, i.e., in cells from the midbrain and rhombomere 1, and elucidated the underlying molecular mechanisms. The results show that SLC8A3 is significantly downregulated in developing dopaminergic and dorsal raphe serotonergic neurons in mutants and that low SLC8A3 abundance prevents the expression of the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-xL. TGF-β signaling affects SLC8A3 via the canonical and p38 signaling pathway and may increase the binding of Smad4 to the Slc8a3 promoter. Expression of the lipid peroxidation marker malondialdehyde (MDA) was increased following knockdown of Slc8a3 expression in vitro. In neurons lacking TGF-β signaling, the number of MDA- and 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE)-positive cells was significantly increased, accompanied with increased cellular 4-HNE abundance. These results suggest that TGF-β contributes to the regulation of SLC8A3 expression in developing dopaminergic and dorsal raphe serotonergic neurons, thereby preventing oxidative stress.
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14
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Akhlaghpour A, Parvaneh Tafreshi A, Roussa E, Bernard C, Zeynali B. TGFβ and Wnt Signaling Pathways Cooperatively Enhance Early Dopaminergic Differentiation of the Unrestricted Somatic Stem Cells. J Mol Neurosci 2020; 70:769-777. [PMID: 32043204 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-020-01487-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
So far no evidence is available as to whether TGFβ and Wnt signaling pathways cooperatively modulate dopaminergic differentiation of the adult stem cells. To investigate the interaction between the two pathways in early dopaminergic differentiation, we cultured the newly introduced unrestricted somatic stem cells (USSCs) in neuron differentiation media followed by treatments with inducers and inhibitors of Wnt and TGF beta pathways either alone or in combinations. Our results showed that the level of Nurr-1 as a marker for dopaminergic neuron precursors and that of the nuclear β-catenin as the key effector of the active Wnt pathway were significantly elevated following the treatment with either TGFβ or BIO (the Wnt pathway inducer). Conversely, Nurr-1 expression was significantly reduced following the combined treatments with SB431542 (the TGFβ inhibitor) plus BIO or with TGFβ plus Dkk1 (the specific Wnt inhibitor). Nuclear β-catenin was also significantly reduced following combined treatments with SB431542 plus either BIO or TGFβ. Altogether, our results imply that Wnt and TGFβ signaling pathways cooperatively ensure the early dopaminergic differentiation of the USSC adult stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azimeh Akhlaghpour
- Developmental Biology Lab, School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Azita Parvaneh Tafreshi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medical Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, 14965-161, Iran.
| | - Eleni Roussa
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Claude Bernard
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Bahman Zeynali
- Developmental Biology Lab, School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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15
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Ravanidis S, Bougea A, Papagiannakis N, Maniati M, Koros C, Simitsi AM, Bozi M, Pachi I, Stamelou M, Paraskevas GP, Kapaki E, Moraitou M, Michelakakis H, Stefanis L, Doxakis E. Circulating Brain-enriched MicroRNAs for detection and discrimination of idiopathic and genetic Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 2019; 35:457-467. [PMID: 31799764 DOI: 10.1002/mds.27928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 10/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A minimally invasive test for early detection and monitoring of Parkinson's disease (PD) is a highly unmet need for drug development and planning of patient care. Blood plasma represents an attractive source of biomarkers. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are conserved noncoding RNA molecules that serve as posttranscriptional regulators of gene expression. As opposed to ubiquitously expressed miRNAs that control house-keeping processes, brain-enriched miRNAs regulate diverse aspects of neuron development and function. These include neuron-subtype specification, axonal growth, dendritic morphogenesis, and spine density. Backed by a large number of studies, we now know that the differential expression of neuron-enriched miRNAs leads to brain dysfunction. OBJECTIVES The aim was to identify subsets of brain-enriched miRNAs with diagnostic potential for familial and idiopathic PD as well as specify the molecular pathways deregulated in PD. METHODS Initially, brain-enriched miRNAs were selected based on literature review and validation studies in human tissues. Subsequently, real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction was performed in the plasma of 100 healthy controls and 99 idiopathic and 53 genetic (26 alpha-synucleinA53T and 27 glucocerebrosidase) patients. Statistical and bioinformatics analyses were carried out to pinpoint the diagnostic biomarkers and deregulated pathways, respectively. RESULTS An explicit molecular fingerprint for each of the 3 PD cohorts was generated. Although the idiopathic PD fingerprint was different from that of genetic PD, the molecular pathways deregulated converged between all PD subtypes. CONCLUSIONS The study provides a group of brain-enriched miRNAs that may be used for the detection and differentiation of PD subtypes. It has also identified the molecular pathways deregulated in PD. © 2019 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stylianos Ravanidis
- Center of Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Anastasia Bougea
- Center of Clinical Research, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece.,1st Department of Neurology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Eginition Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Papagiannakis
- Center of Clinical Research, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece.,1st Department of Neurology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Eginition Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Matina Maniati
- Center of Clinical Research, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Christos Koros
- 1st Department of Neurology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Eginition Hospital, Athens, Greece.,2nd Department of Neurology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Athina-Maria Simitsi
- 1st Department of Neurology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Eginition Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Bozi
- 2nd Department of Neurology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Ioanna Pachi
- 1st Department of Neurology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Eginition Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Stamelou
- 1st Department of Neurology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Eginition Hospital, Athens, Greece.,Parkinson's disease and Movement disorders department, HYGEIA Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - George P Paraskevas
- 1st Department of Neurology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Eginition Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Elisabeth Kapaki
- 1st Department of Neurology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Eginition Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Marina Moraitou
- Department of Enzymology and Cellular Function, Institute of Child Health, Athens, Greece
| | - Helen Michelakakis
- Department of Enzymology and Cellular Function, Institute of Child Health, Athens, Greece
| | - Leonidas Stefanis
- Center of Clinical Research, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece.,1st Department of Neurology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Eginition Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Epaminondas Doxakis
- Center of Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
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16
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Chleilat E, Mallmann R, Spanagel R, Klugbauer N, Krieglstein K, Roussa E. Spatiotemporal Role of Transforming Growth Factor Beta 2 in Developing and Mature Mouse Hindbrain Serotonergic Neurons. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:427. [PMID: 31619968 PMCID: PMC6763588 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor betas are integral molecular components of the signalling cascades defining development and survival of several neuronal groups. Among TGF-β ligands, TGF-β2 has been considered as relatively more important during development. We have generated a conditional knockout mouse of the Tgf-β2 gene with knock-in of an EGFP reporter and subsequently a mouse line with cell-type specific deletion of TGF-β2 ligand from Krox20 expressing cells (i.e., in cells from rhombomeres r3 and r5). We performed a phenotypic analysis of the hindbrain serotonergic system during development and in adulthood, determined the neurochemical profile in hindbrain and forebrain, and assessed behavioural performance of wild type and mutant mice. Mutant mice revealed significantly decreased number of caudal 5-HT neurons at embryonic day (E) 14, and impaired development of caudal dorsal raphe, median raphe, raphe magnus, and raphe obscurus neurons at E18, a phenotype that was largely restored and even overshot in dorsal raphe of mutant adult mice. Serotonin levels were decreased in hindbrain but significantly increased in cortex of adult mutant mice, though without any behavioural consequences. These results highlight differential and temporal dependency of developing and adult neurons on TGF-β2. The results also indicate TGF-β2 being directly or indirectly potent to modulate neurotransmitter synthesis and metabolism. The novel floxed TGF-β2 mouse model is a suitable tool for analysing the in vivo functions of TGF-β2 during development and in adulthood in many organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enaam Chleilat
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Molecular Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Ludwigs University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Robert Mallmann
- Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Ludwigs University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Rainer Spanagel
- Institute of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health (ZI), Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Norbert Klugbauer
- Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Ludwigs University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Kerstin Krieglstein
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Molecular Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Ludwigs University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Eleni Roussa
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Molecular Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Ludwigs University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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17
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Harischandra DS, Rokad D, Ghaisas S, Verma S, Robertson A, Jin H, Anantharam V, Kanthasamy A, Kanthasamy AG. Enhanced differentiation of human dopaminergic neuronal cell model for preclinical translational research in Parkinson's disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2019; 1866:165533. [PMID: 31442530 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2019.165533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Human-derived neuronal cell lines are progressively being utilized in understanding neurobiology and preclinical translational research as they are biologically more relevant than rodent-derived cells lines. The Lund human mesencephalic (LUHMES) cell line comprises human neuronal cells that can be differentiated to post-mitotic neurons and is increasingly being used as an in vitro model for various neurodegenerative diseases. A previously published 2-step differentiation procedure leads to the generation of post-mitotic neurons within 5-days, but only a small proportion (10%) of the total cell population tests positive for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). Here we report on a novel differentiation protocol that we optimized by using a cocktail of neurotrophic factors, pleiotropic cytokines, and antioxidants to effectively generate proportionately more dopaminergic neurons within the same time period. Visualization and quantification of TH-positive cells revealed that under our new protocol, 25% of the total cell population expressed markers of dopaminergic neurons with the TH-positive neuron count peaking on day 5. These neurons showed spontaneous electrical activity and responded to known Parkinsonian toxins as expected by showing decreased cell viability and dopamine uptake and a concomitant increase in apoptotic cell death. Together, our results outline an improved method for generating a higher proportion of dopaminergic neurons, thus making these cells an ideal neuronal culture model of Parkinson's disease (PD) for translational research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilshan S Harischandra
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Parkinson's Disorder Research Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Dharmin Rokad
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Parkinson's Disorder Research Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Shivani Ghaisas
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Parkinson's Disorder Research Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Saurabh Verma
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Parkinson's Disorder Research Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Alan Robertson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Parkinson's Disorder Research Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Huajun Jin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Parkinson's Disorder Research Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Vellareddy Anantharam
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Parkinson's Disorder Research Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Arthi Kanthasamy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Parkinson's Disorder Research Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Anumantha G Kanthasamy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Parkinson's Disorder Research Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA.
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18
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Fueyo R, Iacobucci S, Pappa S, Estarás C, Lois S, Vicioso-Mantis M, Navarro C, Cruz-Molina S, Reyes JC, Rada-Iglesias Á, de la Cruz X, Martínez-Balbás MA. Lineage specific transcription factors and epigenetic regulators mediate TGFβ-dependent enhancer activation. Nucleic Acids Res 2019; 46:3351-3365. [PMID: 29438503 PMCID: PMC5909450 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gky093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
During neurogenesis, dynamic developmental cues, transcription factors and histone modifying enzymes regulate the gene expression programs by modulating the activity of neural-specific enhancers. How transient developmental signals coordinate transcription factor recruitment to enhancers and to which extent chromatin modifiers contribute to enhancer activity is starting to be uncovered. Here, we take advantage of neural stem cells as a model to unravel the mechanisms underlying neural enhancer activation in response to the TGFβ signaling. Genome-wide experiments demonstrate that the proneural factor ASCL1 assists SMAD3 in the binding to a subset of enhancers. Once located at the enhancers, SMAD3 recruits the histone demethylase JMJD3 and the remodeling factor CHD8, creating the appropriate chromatin landscape to allow enhancer transcription and posterior gene activation. Finally, to analyze the phenotypical traits owed to cis-regulatory regions, we use CRISPR–Cas9 technology to demonstrate that the TGFβ-responsive Neurog2 enhancer is essential for proper neuronal polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Fueyo
- Department of Molecular Genomics. Instituto de Biología Molecular de Barcelona (IBMB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Simona Iacobucci
- Department of Molecular Genomics. Instituto de Biología Molecular de Barcelona (IBMB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Stella Pappa
- Department of Molecular Genomics. Instituto de Biología Molecular de Barcelona (IBMB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Conchi Estarás
- Department of Molecular Genomics. Instituto de Biología Molecular de Barcelona (IBMB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Sergio Lois
- Vall d'Hebron Institute of Research (VHIR), Passeig de la Vall d'Hebron, 119; E-08035 Barcelona, Spain. Institut Català per la Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona 08018, Spain
| | - Marta Vicioso-Mantis
- Department of Molecular Genomics. Instituto de Biología Molecular de Barcelona (IBMB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Claudia Navarro
- Department of Molecular Genomics. Instituto de Biología Molecular de Barcelona (IBMB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Sara Cruz-Molina
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Robert-Koch-Strasse 21, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - José Carlos Reyes
- Centro Andaluz de Biología Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa-CABIMER, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-Universidad de Sevilla-Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Av. Americo Vespucio 41092 Seville, Spain
| | - Álvaro Rada-Iglesias
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Robert-Koch-Strasse 21, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Xavier de la Cruz
- Vall d'Hebron Institute of Research (VHIR), Passeig de la Vall d'Hebron, 119; E-08035 Barcelona, Spain. Institut Català per la Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona 08018, Spain
| | - Marian A Martínez-Balbás
- Department of Molecular Genomics. Instituto de Biología Molecular de Barcelona (IBMB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Barcelona 08028, Spain
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19
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Chleilat E, Skatulla L, Rahhal B, Hussein MT, Feuerstein M, Krieglstein K, Roussa E. TGF-β Signaling Regulates Development of Midbrain Dopaminergic and Hindbrain Serotonergic Neuron Subgroups. Neuroscience 2018; 381:124-137. [PMID: 29689292 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Molecular and functional diversity within midbrain dopaminergic (mDA) and hindbrain serotonergic (5-HT) neurons has emerged as a relevant feature that could underlie selective vulnerability of neurons in clinical disorders. We have investigated the role of transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) during development of mDA and 5-HT subgroups. We have generated TβRIIflox/flox::En1cre/+ mice where type II TGF-β receptor is conditionally deleted from engrailed 1-expressing cells and have investigated the hindbrain serotonergic system of these mice together with Tgf-β2-/- mice. The results show a significant decrease in the number of 5-HT neurons in TGF-β2-deficient mice at embryonic day (E) 12 and a selective significant decrease in the hindbrain paramedian raphe 5-HT neurons at E18, compared to wild type. Moreover, conditional deletion of TGF-β signaling from midbrain and rhombomere 1 leads to inactive TGF-β signaling in cre-expressing cells, impaired development of mouse mDA neuron subgroups and of dorsal raphe 5-HT neuron subgroups in a temporal manner. These results highlight a selective growth factor dependency of individual rostral hindbrain serotonergic subpopulations, emphasize the impact of TGF-β signaling during development of mDA and 5-HT subgroups, and suggest TGF-βs as potent candidates to establish diversity within the hindbrain serotonergic system. Thus, the data contribute to a better understanding of development and degeneration of mDA neurons and 5-HT-associated clinical disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enaam Chleilat
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Molecular Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Lena Skatulla
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Molecular Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Belal Rahhal
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Molecular Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; School of Medicine and Health Sciences, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine.
| | - Manal T Hussein
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Molecular Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Melanie Feuerstein
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Molecular Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Kerstin Krieglstein
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Molecular Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Eleni Roussa
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Molecular Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
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20
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Vezzali R, Weise SC, Hellbach N, Machado V, Heidrich S, Vogel T. The FOXG1/FOXO/SMAD network balances proliferation and differentiation of cortical progenitors and activates Kcnh3 expression in mature neurons. Oncotarget 2018; 7:37436-37455. [PMID: 27224923 PMCID: PMC5122323 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor β (TGFβ)-mediated anti-proliferative and differentiating effects promote neuronal differentiation during embryonic central nervous system development. TGFβ downstream signals, composed of activated SMAD2/3, SMAD4 and a FOXO family member, promote the expression of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor Cdkn1a. In early CNS development, IGF1/PI3K signaling and the transcription factor FOXG1 inhibit FOXO- and TGFβ-mediated Cdkn1a transcription. FOXG1 prevents cell cycle exit by binding to the SMAD/FOXO-protein complex. In this study we provide further details on the FOXG1/FOXO/SMAD transcription factor network. We identified ligands of the TGFβ- and IGF-family, Foxo1, Foxo3 and Kcnh3 as novel FOXG1-target genes during telencephalic development and showed that FOXG1 interferes with Foxo1 and Tgfβ transcription. Our data specify that FOXO1 activates Cdkn1a transcription. This process is under control of the IGF1-pathway, as Cdkn1a transcription increases when IGF1-signaling is pharmacologically inhibited. However, overexpression of CDKN1A and knockdown of Foxo1 and Foxo3 is not sufficient for neuronal differentiation, which is probably instructed by TGFβ-signaling. In mature neurons, FOXG1 activates transcription of the seizure-related Kcnh3, which might be a FOXG1-target gene involved in the FOXG1 syndrome pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Vezzali
- Department of Molecular Embryology, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Christopher Weise
- Department of Molecular Embryology, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Nicole Hellbach
- Department of Molecular Embryology, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Venissa Machado
- Department of Molecular Embryology, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Stefanie Heidrich
- Department of Molecular Embryology, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Tanja Vogel
- Department of Molecular Embryology, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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21
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TGF-β Signaling in Dopaminergic Neurons Regulates Dendritic Growth, Excitatory-Inhibitory Synaptic Balance, and Reversal Learning. Cell Rep 2017; 17:3233-3245. [PMID: 28009292 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.11.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Revised: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural circuits involving midbrain dopaminergic (DA) neurons regulate reward and goal-directed behaviors. Although local GABAergic input is known to modulate DA circuits, the mechanism that controls excitatory/inhibitory synaptic balance in DA neurons remains unclear. Here, we show that DA neurons use autocrine transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) signaling to promote the growth of axons and dendrites. Surprisingly, removing TGF-β type II receptor in DA neurons also disrupts the balance in TGF-β1 expression in DA neurons and neighboring GABAergic neurons, which increases inhibitory input, reduces excitatory synaptic input, and alters phasic firing patterns in DA neurons. Mice lacking TGF-β signaling in DA neurons are hyperactive and exhibit inflexibility in relinquishing learned behaviors and re-establishing new stimulus-reward associations. These results support a role for TGF-β in regulating the delicate balance of excitatory/inhibitory synaptic input in local microcircuits involving DA and GABAergic neurons and its potential contributions to neuropsychiatric disorders.
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22
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Hegarty SV, Wyatt SL, Howard L, Stappers E, Huylebroeck D, Sullivan AM, O'Keeffe GW. Zeb2 is a negative regulator of midbrain dopaminergic axon growth and target innervation. Sci Rep 2017; 7:8568. [PMID: 28819210 PMCID: PMC5561083 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-08900-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural connectivity requires neuronal differentiation, axon growth, and precise target innervation. Midbrain dopaminergic neurons project via the nigrostriatal pathway to the striatum to regulate voluntary movement. While the specification and differentiation of these neurons have been extensively studied, the molecular mechanisms that regulate midbrain dopaminergic axon growth and target innervation are less clear. Here we show that the transcription factor Zeb2 cell-autonomously represses Smad signalling to limit midbrain dopaminergic axon growth and target innervation. Zeb2 levels are downregulated in the embryonic rodent midbrain during the period of dopaminergic axon growth, when BMP pathway components are upregulated. Experimental knockdown of Zeb2 leads to an increase in BMP-Smad-dependent axon growth. Consequently there is dopaminergic hyperinnervation of the striatum, without an increase in the numbers of midbrain dopaminergic neurons, in conditional Zeb2 (Nestin-Cre based) knockout mice. Therefore, these findings reveal a new mechanism for the regulation of midbrain dopaminergic axon growth during central nervous system development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane V Hegarty
- Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, University College Cork (UCC), Cork, Ireland
| | - Sean L Wyatt
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Museum Avenue, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK
| | - Laura Howard
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Museum Avenue, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK
| | - Elke Stappers
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Laboratory of Molecular Biology (Celgen), KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 CN, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Danny Huylebroeck
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Laboratory of Molecular Biology (Celgen), KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 CN, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Aideen M Sullivan
- Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, University College Cork (UCC), Cork, Ireland. .,APC Microbiome Institute, UCC, Cork, Ireland.
| | - Gerard W O'Keeffe
- Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, University College Cork (UCC), Cork, Ireland. .,APC Microbiome Institute, UCC, Cork, Ireland. .,The INFANT Centre, CUMH and UCC, Cork, Ireland.
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23
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Feuerstein M, Chleilat E, Khakipoor S, Michailidis K, Ophoven C, Roussa E. Expression patterns of key Sonic Hedgehog signaling pathway components in the developing and adult mouse midbrain and in the MN9D cell line. Cell Tissue Res 2017; 370:211-225. [PMID: 28799057 PMCID: PMC5640734 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-017-2664-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Revised: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The temporal dynamic expression of Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) and signaling during early midbrain dopaminergic (mDA) neuron development is one of the key players in establishing mDA progenitor diversity. However, whether SHH signaling is also required during later developmental stages and in mature mDA neurons is less understood. We study the expression of SHH receptors Ptch1 and Gas1 (growth arrest-specific 1) and of the transcription factors Gli1, Gli2 and Gli3 in mouse midbrain during embryonic development [embryonic day (E) 12.5 onwards)], in newborn and adult mice using in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. Moreover, we examine the expression and regulation of dopaminergic neuronal progenitor markers, midbrain dopaminergic neuronal markers and markers of the SHH signaling pathway in undifferentiated and butyric acid-treated (differentiated) MN9D cells in the presence or absence of exogenous SHH in vitro by RT-PCR, immunoblotting and immunocytochemistry. Gli1 was expressed in the lateral mesencephalic domains, whereas Gli2 and Gli3 were expressed dorsolaterally and complemented by ventrolateral expression of Ptch1. Co-localization with tyrosine hydroxylase could not be observed. GAS1 was exclusively expressed in the dorsal mesencephalon at E11.5 and co-localized with Ki67. In contrast, MN9D cells expressed all the genes investigated and treatment of the cells with butyric acid significantly upregulated their expression. The results suggest that SHH is only indirectly involved in the differentiation and survival of mDA neurons and that the MN9D cell line is a valuable model for investigating early development but not the differentiation and survival of mDA neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Feuerstein
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Molecular Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Albertstrasse 17, D-79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Enaam Chleilat
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Molecular Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Albertstrasse 17, D-79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Shokoufeh Khakipoor
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Molecular Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Albertstrasse 17, D-79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Konstantinos Michailidis
- Neuroanatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Albertstrasse 17, D-79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christian Ophoven
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Molecular Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Albertstrasse 17, D-79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Eleni Roussa
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Molecular Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Albertstrasse 17, D-79104, Freiburg, Germany. .,Neuroanatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Albertstrasse 17, D-79104, Freiburg, Germany.
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24
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Meyers EA, Kessler JA. TGF-β Family Signaling in Neural and Neuronal Differentiation, Development, and Function. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2017; 9:cshperspect.a022244. [PMID: 28130363 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a022244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Signaling by the transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) family is necessary for proper neural development and function throughout life. Sequential waves of activation, inhibition, and reactivation of TGF-β family members regulate numerous elements of the nervous system from the earliest stages of embryogenesis through adulthood. This review discusses the expression, regulation, and function of TGF-β family members in the central nervous system at various developmental stages, beginning with induction and patterning of the nervous system to their importance in the adult as modulators of inflammatory response and involvement in degenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily A Meyers
- Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611
| | - John A Kessler
- Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611
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25
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Deficiency in Neuronal TGF-β Signaling Leads to Nigrostriatal Degeneration and Activation of TGF-β Signaling Protects against MPTP Neurotoxicity in Mice. J Neurosci 2017; 37:4584-4592. [PMID: 28363982 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2952-16.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Revised: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) plays an important role in the development and maintenance of embryonic dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the midbrain. To study the function of TGF-β signaling in the adult nigrostriatal system, we generated transgenic mice with reduced TGF-β signaling in mature neurons. These mice display age-related motor deficits and degeneration of the nigrostriatal system. Increasing TGF-β signaling in the substantia nigra through adeno-associated virus expressing a constitutively active type I receptor significantly reduces 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-induced dopaminergic neurodegeneration and motor deficits. These results suggest that TGF-β signaling is critical for adult DA neuron survival and that modulating this signaling pathway has therapeutic potential in Parkinson disease.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT We show that reducing Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling promotes Parkinson disease-related pathologies and motor deficits, and increasing TGF-β signaling reduces neurotoxicity of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine, a parkinsonism-inducing agent. Our results provide a rationale to pursue a means of increasing TGF-β signaling as a potential therapy for Parkinson's disease.
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26
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Roussa E, Speer JM, Chudotvorova I, Khakipoor S, Smirnov S, Rivera C, Krieglstein K. The membrane trafficking and functionality of the K+-Cl- co-transporter KCC2 is regulated by TGF-β2. J Cell Sci 2016; 129:3485-98. [PMID: 27505893 PMCID: PMC5047681 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.189860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Functional activation of the neuronal K(+)-Cl(-) co-transporter KCC2 (also known as SLC12A5) is a prerequisite for shifting GABAA responses from depolarizing to hyperpolarizing during development. Here, we introduce transforming growth factor β2 (TGF-β2) as a new regulator of KCC2 membrane trafficking and functional activation. TGF-β2 controls membrane trafficking, surface expression and activity of KCC2 in developing and mature mouse primary hippocampal neurons, as determined by immunoblotting, immunofluorescence, biotinylation of surface proteins and KCC2-mediated Cl(-) extrusion. We also identify the signaling pathway from TGF-β2 to cAMP-response-element-binding protein (CREB) and Ras-associated binding protein 11b (Rab11b) as the underlying mechanism for TGF-β2-mediated KCC2 trafficking and functional activation. TGF-β2 increases colocalization and interaction of KCC2 with Rab11b, as determined by 3D stimulated emission depletion (STED) microscopy and co-immunoprecipitation, respectively, induces CREB phosphorylation, and enhances Rab11b gene expression. Loss of function of either CREB1 or Rab11b suppressed TGF-β2-dependent KCC2 trafficking, surface expression and functionality. Thus, TGF-β2 is a new regulatory factor for KCC2 functional activation and membrane trafficking, and a putative indispensable molecular determinant for the developmental shift of GABAergic transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Roussa
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Molecular Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Albertstrasse 17, Freiburg D-79104, Germany Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Neuroanatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Albertstrasse 17, Freiburg D-79104, Germany
| | - Jan Manuel Speer
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Molecular Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Albertstrasse 17, Freiburg D-79104, Germany
| | - Ilona Chudotvorova
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Molecular Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Albertstrasse 17, Freiburg D-79104, Germany
| | - Shokoufeh Khakipoor
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Molecular Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Albertstrasse 17, Freiburg D-79104, Germany
| | - Sergei Smirnov
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 9, Helsinki FIN-00014, Finland
| | - Claudio Rivera
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 9, Helsinki FIN-00014, Finland
| | - Kerstin Krieglstein
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Molecular Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Albertstrasse 17, Freiburg D-79104, Germany
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27
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Rapacioli M, Palma V, Flores V. Morphogenetic and Histogenetic Roles of the Temporal-Spatial Organization of Cell Proliferation in the Vertebrate Corticogenesis as Revealed by Inter-specific Analyses of the Optic Tectum Cortex Development. Front Cell Neurosci 2016; 10:67. [PMID: 27013978 PMCID: PMC4794495 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2016.00067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The central nervous system areas displaying the highest structural and functional complexity correspond to the so called cortices, i.e., concentric alternating neuronal and fibrous layers. Corticogenesis, i.e., the development of the cortical organization, depends on the temporal-spatial organization of several developmental events: (a) the duration of the proliferative phase of the neuroepithelium, (b) the relative duration of symmetric (expansive) versus asymmetric (neuronogenic) sub phases, (c) the spatial organization of each kind of cell division, (e) the time of determination and cell cycle exit and (f) the time of onset of the post-mitotic neuronal migration and (g) the time of onset of the neuronal structural and functional differentiation. The first five events depend on molecular mechanisms that perform a fine tuning of the proliferative activity. Changes in any of them significantly influence the cortical size or volume (tangential expansion and radial thickness), morphology, architecture and also impact on neuritogenesis and synaptogenesis affecting the cortical wiring. This paper integrates information, obtained in several species, on the developmental roles of cell proliferation in the development of the optic tectum (OT) cortex, a multilayered associative area of the dorsal (alar) midbrain. The present review (1) compiles relevant information on the temporal and spatial organization of cell proliferation in different species (fish, amphibians, birds, and mammals), (2) revises the main molecular events involved in the isthmic organizer (IsO) determination and localization, (3) describes how the patterning installed by IsO is translated into spatially organized neural stem cell proliferation (i.e., by means of growth factors, receptors, transcription factors, signaling pathways, etc.) and (4) describes the morpho- and histogenetic effect of a spatially organized cell proliferation in the above mentioned species. A brief section on the OT evolution is also included. This section considers how the differential operation of cell proliferation could explain differences among species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melina Rapacioli
- Interdisciplinary Group in Theoretical Biology, Department of Biostructural Sciences, Favaloro UniversityBuenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Verónica Palma
- Laboratory of Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Science, University of ChileSantiago, Chile
| | - Vladimir Flores
- Interdisciplinary Group in Theoretical Biology, Department of Biostructural Sciences, Favaloro UniversityBuenos Aires, Argentina
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28
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Luo SX, Huang EJ. Dopaminergic Neurons and Brain Reward Pathways: From Neurogenesis to Circuit Assembly. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2015; 186:478-88. [PMID: 26724386 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2015.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Revised: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Midbrain dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta and ventral tegmental area regulate extrapyramidal movement and important cognitive functions, including motivation, reward associations, and habit learning. Dysfunctions in DA neuron circuitry have been implicated in several neuropsychiatric disorders, including addiction and schizophrenia, whereas selective degeneration of DA neurons in substantia nigra pars compacta is a key neuropathological feature in Parkinson disease. Efforts to understand these disorders have focused on dissecting the underlying causes, as well as developing therapeutic strategies to replenish dopamine deficiency. In particular, the promise of cell replacement therapies for clinical intervention has led to extensive research in the identification of mechanisms involved in DA neuron development. It is hoped that a comprehensive understanding of these mechanisms will lead to therapeutic strategies that improve the efficiency of DA neuron production, engraftment, and function. This review provides a comprehensive discussion on how Wnt/β-catenin and sonic hedgehog-Smoothened signaling mechanisms control the specification and expansion of DA progenitors and the differentiation of DA neurons. We also discuss how mechanisms involving transforming growth factor-β and transcriptional cofactor homeodomain interacting protein kinase 2 regulate the survival and maturation of DA neurons in early postnatal life. These results not only reveal fundamental mechanisms regulating DA neuron development, but also provide important insights to their potential contributions to neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah X Luo
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California; Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Eric J Huang
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California; Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California; Pathology Service 113B, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California.
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29
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Jiang H, Xu Z, Zhong P, Ren Y, Liang G, Schilling HA, Hu Z, Zhang Y, Wang X, Chen S, Yan Z, Feng J. Cell cycle and p53 gate the direct conversion of human fibroblasts to dopaminergic neurons. Nat Commun 2015; 6:10100. [PMID: 26639555 PMCID: PMC4672381 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The direct conversion of fibroblasts to induced dopaminergic (iDA) neurons and other cell types demonstrates the plasticity of cell fate. The low efficiency of these relatively fast conversions suggests that kinetic barriers exist to safeguard cell-type identity. Here we show that suppression of p53, in conjunction with cell cycle arrest at G1 and appropriate extracellular environment, markedly increase the efficiency in the transdifferentiation of human fibroblasts to iDA neurons by Ascl1, Nurr1, Lmx1a and miR124. The conversion is dependent on Tet1, as G1 arrest, p53 knockdown or expression of the reprogramming factors induces Tet1 synergistically. Tet1 knockdown abolishes the transdifferentiation while its overexpression enhances the conversion. The iDA neurons express markers for midbrain DA neurons and have active dopaminergic transmission. Our results suggest that overcoming these kinetic barriers may enable highly efficient epigenetic reprogramming in general and will generate patient-specific midbrain DA neurons for Parkinson's disease research and therapy. The efficiency of reprogramming of fibroblasts into induced dopaminergic neurons is often low. Here, Jiang et al. demonstrate increased transdifferentiation rates by inducing cell cycle arrest, suppressing p53, Tet 1 and by adding neurotrophic factors to the media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houbo Jiang
- Veterans Affairs Western New York Healthcare System, Buffalo, New York 14215, USA.,Department of Physiology and Biophysics, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14214, USA
| | - Zhimin Xu
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14214, USA.,Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Ping Zhong
- Veterans Affairs Western New York Healthcare System, Buffalo, New York 14215, USA.,Department of Physiology and Biophysics, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14214, USA
| | - Yong Ren
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14214, USA
| | - Gaoyang Liang
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Departments of Genetics &Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Haley A Schilling
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14214, USA
| | - Zihua Hu
- Center for Computational Research, New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics &Life Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14260, USA
| | - Yi Zhang
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Departments of Genetics &Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Xiaomin Wang
- Department of Neurobiology, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Disorders of the Ministry of Education, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Shengdi Chen
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Zhen Yan
- Veterans Affairs Western New York Healthcare System, Buffalo, New York 14215, USA.,Department of Physiology and Biophysics, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14214, USA
| | - Jian Feng
- Veterans Affairs Western New York Healthcare System, Buffalo, New York 14215, USA.,Department of Physiology and Biophysics, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14214, USA.,Department of Neurobiology, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Disorders of the Ministry of Education, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
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30
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Differentiation of human epidermal neural crest stem cells (hEPI-NCSC) into virtually homogenous populations of dopaminergic neurons. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2014; 10:316-26. [PMID: 24399192 PMCID: PMC3969515 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-013-9493-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Here we provide a protocol for the directed differentiation of hEPI-NCSC into midbrain dopaminergic neurons, which degenerate in Parkinson's disease. hEPI-NCSC are neural crest-derived multipotent stem cells that persist into adulthood in the bulge of hair follicles. The experimental design is distinctly different from conventional protocols for embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells. It includes pre-differentiation of the multipotent hEPI-NCSC into neural stem cell-like cells, followed by ventralizing, patterning, continued exposure to the TGFβ receptor inhibitor, SB431542, and at later stages of differentiation the presence of the WNT inhibitor, IWP-4. All cells expressed A9 midbrain dopaminergic neuron progenitor markers with gene expression levels comparable to those in normal human substantia nigra. The current study shows for the first time that virtually homogeneous populations of dopaminergic neurons can be derived ex vivo from somatic stem cells without the need for purification, with useful timeliness and high efficacy. This novel development is an important first step towards the establishment of fully functional dopaminergic neurons from an ontologically relevant stem cell type, hEPI-NCSC.
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Khanghahi AM, Zeynali B, Akhlaghpoor A, Tafreshi AP, Krieglstein K. Activation of TGFβ1 signaling enhances early dopaminergic differentiation in unrestricted somatic stem cells. Neurosci Lett 2014; 583:60-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2014.08.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2014] [Revised: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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An amino terminal phosphorylation motif regulates intranuclear compartmentalization of Olig2 in neural progenitor cells. J Neurosci 2014; 34:8507-18. [PMID: 24948806 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0309-14.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The bHLH transcription factor Olig2 is expressed in cycling neural progenitor cells but also in terminally differentiated, myelinating oligodendrocytes. Sustained expression of Olig2 is counterintuitive because all known functions of the protein in expansion of neural progenitors and specification of oligodendrocyte progenitors are completed with the formation of mature white matter. How are the biological functions of Olig2 suppressed in terminally differentiated oligodendrocytes? In previous studies, we have shown that a triple serine motif in the amino terminus of Olig2 is phosphorylated in cycling neural progenitors but not in their differentiated progeny. We now show that phosphorylation of the triple serine motif regulates intranuclear compartmentalization of murine Olig2. Phosphorylated Olig2 is preferentially localized to a transcriptionally active "open" chromatin compartment together with coregulator proteins essential for regulation of gene expression. Unphosphorylated Olig2, as seen in mature white matter, is localized mainly within a transcriptionally inactive, chromatin fraction characterized by condensed and inaccessible DNA. Of special note is the observation that the p53 tumor suppressor protein is confined to the open chromatin fraction. Proximity ligation assays show that phosphorylation brings Olig2 within 30 nm of p53 within the open chromatin compartment. The data thus shed light on previously noted promitogenic functions of phosphorylated Olig2, which reflect, at least in part, an oppositional relationship with p53 functions.
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Allodi I, Hedlund E. Directed midbrain and spinal cord neurogenesis from pluripotent stem cells to model development and disease in a dish. Front Neurosci 2014; 8:109. [PMID: 24904255 PMCID: PMC4033221 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2014.00109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Induction of specific neuronal fates is restricted in time and space in the developing CNS through integration of extrinsic morphogen signals and intrinsic determinants. Morphogens impose regional characteristics on neural progenitors and establish distinct progenitor domains. Such domains are defined by unique expression patterns of fate determining transcription factors. These processes of neuronal fate specification can be recapitulated in vitro using pluripotent stem cells. In this review, we focus on the generation of dopamine neurons and motor neurons, which are induced at ventral positions of the neural tube through Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling, and defined at anteroposterior positions by fibroblast growth factor (Fgf) 8, Wnt1, and retinoic acid (RA). In vitro utilization of these morphogenic signals typically results in the generation of multiple neuronal cell types, which are defined at the intersection of these signals. If the purpose of in vitro neurogenesis is to generate one cell type only, further lineage restriction can be accomplished by forced expression of specific transcription factors in a permissive environment. Alternatively, cell-sorting strategies allow for selection of neuronal progenitors or mature neurons. However, modeling development, disease and prospective therapies in a dish could benefit from structured heterogeneity, where desired neurons are appropriately synaptically connected and thus better reflect the three-dimensional structure of that region. By modulating the extrinsic environment to direct sequential generation of neural progenitors within a domain, followed by self-organization and synaptic establishment, a reductionist model of that brain region could be created. Here we review recent advances in neuronal fate induction in vitro, with a focus on the interplay between cell intrinsic and extrinsic factors, and discuss the implications for studying development and disease in a dish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilary Allodi
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eva Hedlund
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet Stockholm, Sweden
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Roles for the TGFβ superfamily in the development and survival of midbrain dopaminergic neurons. Mol Neurobiol 2014; 50:559-73. [PMID: 24504901 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-014-8639-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The adult midbrain contains 75% of all dopaminergic neurons in the CNS. Within the midbrain, these neurons are divided into three anatomically and functionally distinct clusters termed A8, A9 and A10. The A9 group plays a functionally non-redundant role in the control of voluntary movement, which is highlighted by the motor syndrome that results from their progressive degeneration in the neurodegenerative disorder, Parkinson's disease. Despite 50 years of investigation, treatment for Parkinson's disease remains symptomatic, but an intensive research effort has proposed delivering neurotrophic factors to the brain to protect the remaining dopaminergic neurons, or using these neurotrophic factors to differentiate dopaminergic neurons from stem cell sources for cell transplantation. Most neurotrophic factors studied in this context have been members of the transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) superfamily. In recent years, an intensive research effort has focused on understanding the function of these proteins in midbrain dopaminergic neuron development and their role in the molecular architecture that regulates the development of this brain region, with the goal of applying this knowledge to develop novel therapies for Parkinson's disease. In this review, the current evidence showing that TGFβ superfamily members play critical roles in the regulation of midbrain dopaminergic neuron induction, differentiation, target innervation and survival during embryonic and postnatal development is analysed, and the implications of these findings are discussed.
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Kraus S, Lehner B, Reichhart N, Couillard-Despres S, Wagner K, Bogdahn U, Aigner L, Strauß O. Transforming growth factor-β1 primes proliferating adult neural progenitor cells to electrophysiological functionality. Glia 2013; 61:1767-83. [DOI: 10.1002/glia.22551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2013] [Revised: 06/19/2013] [Accepted: 06/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Kraus
- Department of Experimental Ophthalmology, Eye Clinic; University Medical Center Regensburg; Regensburg Germany
| | - Bernadette Lehner
- Department of Neurology; University Medical Center Regensburg; Regensburg Germany
| | - Nadine Reichhart
- Department of Experimental Ophthalmology, Eye Clinic; University Medical Center Regensburg; Regensburg Germany
- Department of Experimental Ophthalmology, Ophthalmology; Charite Universitaetsmedizin Berlin; Berlin Germany
| | - Sebastien Couillard-Despres
- Institute of Molecular Regenerative Medicine; Paracelsus Medical University; Salzburg Austria
- Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg; Paracelsus Medical University; Salzburg Austria
| | - Katrin Wagner
- Institute of Molecular Regenerative Medicine; Paracelsus Medical University; Salzburg Austria
- Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg; Paracelsus Medical University; Salzburg Austria
| | - Ulrich Bogdahn
- Department of Neurology; University Medical Center Regensburg; Regensburg Germany
| | - Ludwig Aigner
- Institute of Molecular Regenerative Medicine; Paracelsus Medical University; Salzburg Austria
- Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg; Paracelsus Medical University; Salzburg Austria
| | - Olaf Strauß
- Department of Experimental Ophthalmology, Eye Clinic; University Medical Center Regensburg; Regensburg Germany
- Department of Experimental Ophthalmology, Ophthalmology; Charite Universitaetsmedizin Berlin; Berlin Germany
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Falk S, Joosten E, Kaartinen V, Sommer L. Smad4 and Trim33/Tif1γ redundantly regulate neural stem cells in the developing cortex. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 24:2951-63. [PMID: 23765158 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bht149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
During central nervous system (CNS) development, proliferation and differentiation of neural stem cells (NSCs) have to be regulated in a spatio-temporal fashion. Here, we report different branches of the transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) signaling pathway to be required for the brain area-specific control of NSCs. In the midbrain, canonical TGFβ signaling via Smad4 regulates the balance between proliferation and differentiation of NSCs. Accordingly, Smad4 deletion resulted in horizontal expansion of NSCs due to increased proliferation, decreased differentiation, and decreased cell cycle exit. In the developing cortex, however, ablation of Smad4 alone did not have any effect on proliferation and differentiation of NSCs. In contrast, concomitant mutation of both Smad4 and Trim33 led to an increase in proliferative cells in the ventricular zone due to decreased cell cycle exit, revealing a functional redundancy of Smad4 and Trim33. Furthermore, in Smad4-Trim33 double mutant embryos, cortical NSCs generated an excess of deep layer neurons concurrent with a delayed and reduced production of upper layer neurons and, in addition, failed to undergo the neurogenic to gliogenic switch at the right developmental stage. Thus, our data disclose that in different regions of the developing CNS different aspects of the TGFβ signaling pathway are required to ensure proper development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Falk
- Division of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Anatomy, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland, Current address: Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute for Stem Cell Research, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Esméé Joosten
- Division of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Anatomy, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Vesa Kaartinen
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA and
| | - Lukas Sommer
- Division of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Anatomy, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Midbrain dopaminergic neurons: a review of the molecular circuitry that regulates their development. Dev Biol 2013; 379:123-38. [PMID: 23603197 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2013.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2013] [Revised: 03/27/2013] [Accepted: 04/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Dopaminergic (DA) neurons of the ventral midbrain (VM) play vital roles in the regulation of voluntary movement, emotion and reward. They are divided into the A8, A9 and A10 subgroups. The development of the A9 group of DA neurons is an area of intense investigation to aid the generation of these neurons from stem cell sources for cell transplantation approaches to Parkinson's disease (PD). This review discusses the molecular processes that are involved in the identity, specification, maturation, target innervation and survival of VM DA neurons during development. The complex molecular interactions of a number of genetic pathways are outlined, as well as recent advances in the mechanisms that regulate subset identity within the VM DA neuronal pool. A thorough understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in the development of VM DA neurons will greatly facilitate the use of cell replacement therapy for the treatment of PD.
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Developmental neuroinflammation and schizophrenia. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2013; 42:20-34. [PMID: 22122877 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2011.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2011] [Revised: 10/18/2011] [Accepted: 11/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
There is increasing interest in and evidence for altered immune factors in the etiology and pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Stimulated by various epidemiological findings reporting elevated risk of schizophrenia following prenatal exposure to infection, one line of current research aims to explore the potential contribution of immune-mediated disruption of early brain development in the precipitation of long-term psychotic disease. Since the initial formulation of the "prenatal cytokine hypothesis" more than a decade ago, extensive epidemiological research and remarkable advances in modeling prenatal immune activation effects in animal models have provided strong support for this hypothesis by underscoring the critical role of cytokine-associated inflammatory events, together with downstream pathophysiological processes such as oxidative stress, hypoferremia and zinc deficiency, in mediating the short- and long-term neurodevelopmental effects of prenatal infection. Longitudinal studies in animal models further indicate that infection-induced developmental neuroinflammation may be pathologically relevant beyond the antenatal and neonatal periods, and may contribute to disease progression associated with the gradual development of full-blown schizophrenic disease. According to this scenario, exposure to prenatal immune challenge primes early pre- and postnatal alterations in peripheral and central inflammatory response systems, which in turn may disrupt the normal development and maturation of neuronal systems from juvenile to adult stages of life. Such developmental neuroinflammation may adversely affect processes that are pivotal for normal brain maturation, including myelination, synaptic pruning, and neuronal remodeling, all of which occur to a great extent during postnatal brain maturation. Undoubtedly, our understanding of the role of developmental neuroinflammation in progressive brain changes relevant to schizophrenia is still in infancy. Identification of these mechanisms would be highly warranted because they may represent a valuable target to attenuate or even prevent the emergence of full-blown brain and behavioral pathology, especially in individuals with a history of prenatal complications such as in-utero exposure to infection and/or inflammation.
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Buganim Y, Itskovich E, Hu YC, Cheng AW, Ganz K, Sarkar S, Fu D, Welstead G, Page DC, Jaenisch R. Direct reprogramming of fibroblasts into embryonic Sertoli-like cells by defined factors. Cell Stem Cell 2012; 11:373-86. [PMID: 22958931 PMCID: PMC3438668 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2012.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2011] [Revised: 02/22/2012] [Accepted: 07/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Sertoli cells are considered the "supporting cells" of the testis that play an essential role in sex determination during embryogenesis and in spermatogenesis during adulthood. Their essential roles in male fertility along with their immunosuppressive and neurotrophic properties make them an attractive cell type for therapeutic applications. Here we demonstrate the generation of induced embryonic Sertoli-like cells (ieSCs) by ectopic expression of five transcription factors. We characterize the role of specific transcription factor combinations in the transition from fibroblasts to ieSCs and identify key steps in the process. Initially, transduced fibroblasts underwent a mesenchymal to epithelial transition and then acquired the ability to aggregate, formed tubular-like structures, and expressed embryonic Sertoli-specific markers. These Sertoli-like cells facilitated neuronal differentiation and self-renewal of neural progenitor cells (NPCs), supported the survival of germ cells in culture, and cooperated with endogenous embryonic Sertoli and primordial germ cells in the generation of testicular cords in the fetal gonad.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosef Buganim
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, 9 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Elena Itskovich
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, 9 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Yueh-Chiang Hu
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, 9 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 4000 Jones Bridge Road, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
| | - Albert W. Cheng
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, 9 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 31 Ames Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Kibibi Ganz
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, 9 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Sovan Sarkar
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, 9 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Dongdong Fu
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, 9 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Grant Welstead
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, 9 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - David C. Page
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, 9 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 31 Ames Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 4000 Jones Bridge Road, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
| | - Rudolf Jaenisch
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, 9 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 31 Ames Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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Cellular programming and reprogramming: sculpting cell fate for the production of dopamine neurons for cell therapy. Stem Cells Int 2012; 2012:412040. [PMID: 22988464 PMCID: PMC3441013 DOI: 10.1155/2012/412040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2012] [Accepted: 07/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Pluripotent stem cells are regarded as a promising cell source to obtain human dopamine neurons in sufficient amounts and purity for cell replacement therapy. Importantly, the success of clinical applications depends on our ability to steer pluripotent stem cells towards the right neuronal identity. In Parkinson disease, the loss of dopamine neurons is more pronounced in the ventrolateral population that projects to the sensorimotor striatum. Because synapses are highly specific, only neurons with this precise identity will contribute, upon transplantation, to the synaptic reconstruction of the dorsal striatum. Thus, understanding the developmental cell program of the mesostriatal dopamine neurons is critical for the identification of the extrinsic signals and cell-intrinsic factors that instruct and, ultimately, determine cell identity. Here, we review how extrinsic signals and transcription factors act together during development to shape midbrain cell fates. Further, we discuss how these same factors can be applied in vitro to induce, select, and reprogram cells to the mesostriatal dopamine fate.
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Meyer AK, Jarosch A, Schurig K, Nuesslein I, Kißenkötter S, Storch A. Fetal mouse mesencephalic NPCs generate dopaminergic neurons from post-mitotic precursors and maintain long-term neural but not dopaminergic potential in vitro. Brain Res 2012; 1474:8-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2012.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2012] [Revised: 07/16/2012] [Accepted: 07/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Rodríguez-Martínez G, Molina-Hernández A, Velasco I. Activin A promotes neuronal differentiation of cerebrocortical neural progenitor cells. PLoS One 2012; 7:e43797. [PMID: 22928036 PMCID: PMC3425505 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0043797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2012] [Accepted: 07/26/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Activin A is a protein that participates principally in reproductive functions. In the adult brain, Activin is neuroprotective, but its role in brain development is still elusive. Methodology/Principal Findings We studied if Activin A influences proliferation, differentiation or survival in rat cerebrocortical neural progenitor cells (NPC). After stimulation of NPC with Activin A, phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of Smad 2/3 were induced. In proliferating NPC, Activin produced a significant decrease in cell area and also a discrete increase in the number of neurons in the presence of the mitogen Fibroblast Growth Factor 2. The percentages of cells incorporating BrdU, or positive for the undifferentiated NPC markers Nestin and Sox2, were unchanged after incubation with Activin. In differentiating conditions, continuous treatment with Activin A significantly increased the number of neurons without affecting astroglial differentiation or causing apoptotic death. In cells cultured by extended periods, Activin treatment produced further increases in the proportion of neurons, excluding premature cell cycle exit. In clonal assays, Activin significantly increased neuronal numbers per colony, supporting an instructive role. Activin-induced neurogenesis was dependent on activation of its receptors, since incubation with the type I receptor inhibitor SB431542 or the ligand-trap Follistatin prevented neuronal differentiation. Interestingly, SB431542 or Follistatin by themselves abolished neurogenesis and increased astrogliogenesis, to a similar extent to that induced by Bone Morphogenetic Protein (BMP)4. Co-incubation of these Activin inhibitors with the BMP antagonist Dorsomorphin restored neuronal and astrocytic differentiation to control levels. Conclusions Our results show an instructive neuronal effect of Activin A in cortical NPC in vitro, pointing out to a relevant role of this cytokine in the specification of NPC towards a neuronal phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anayansi Molina-Hernández
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular - Neurociencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, México
| | - Iván Velasco
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular - Neurociencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, México
- * E-mail:
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Baizabal JM, Cano-Martínez A, Valencia C, Santa-Olalla J, Young KM, Rietze RL, Bartlett PF, Covarrubias L. Glial commitment of mesencephalic neural precursor cells expanded as neurospheres precludes their engagement in niche-dependent dopaminergic neurogenesis. Stem Cells Dev 2011; 21:1047-58. [PMID: 21615282 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2011.0241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural precursor cells (NPCs) with high proliferative potential are commonly expanded in vitro as neurospheres. As a population, neurosphere cells show long-term self-renewal capacity and multipotentiality in vitro. These features have led to the assumption that neurosphere cells represent an expansion of the endogenous NPCs residing within the embryonic and adult brain. If this is the case, in principle, bona-fide expansion of endogenous NPCs should not significantly affect their capacity to respond to their original niche of differentiation. To address this issue, we generated primary neurospheres from the dopaminergic niche of the ventral mesencephalon and then transplanted these cells to their original niche within mesencephalic explant cultures. Primary neurosphere cells showed poor capacity to generate dopaminergic neurons in the mesencephalic niche of dopaminergic neurogenesis. Instead, most primary neurosphere cells showed glial commitment as they differentiated into astrocytes in an exclusively neurogenic niche. Subculture of primary cells demonstrated that the neurosphere assay does not amplify niche-responsive dopaminergic progenitors. Further, neurospheres cells were largely unable to acquire the endogenous positional identity within the Nkx6.1(+), Nkx2.2(+), and Pax7(+) domains of mesencephalic explants. Finally, we demonstrate that our observations are not specific for embryonic mesencephalic cells, as NPCs in the adult subventricular zone also showed an intrinsic fate switch from neuronal to glial potential upon neurosphere amplification. Our data suggest that neurosphere formation does not expand the endogenous neurogenic NPCs but rather promotes amplification of gliogenic precursors that do not respond to niche-derived signals of cellular specification and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- José-Manuel Baizabal
- Departamento de Genética del Desarrollo y Fisiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, México
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Kim BG, Lee JH, Yasuda J, Ryoo HM, Cho JY. Phospho-Smad1 modulation by nedd4 E3 ligase in BMP/TGF-β signaling. J Bone Miner Res 2011; 26:1411-24. [PMID: 21308777 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A considerable number of studies have focused on the regulation of mothers against decapentaplegic homologue (Smad)-dependent or -independent pathways in the signaling by each transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) superfamily member in diverse biologic contexts. The sophisticated regulation of the actions of these molecules and the underlying molecular mechanisms still remain elusive. Here we show new mechanisms of ambilateral R (receptor-regulated)-Smad regulation of bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2)/TGF-β1 signals. In a specific context, both signals regulate the nonclassic Smads pathway reciprocally, BMP-2 to Smad2/3 and TGF-β1 to Smad1/5/8, as well as their own classic linear Smad pathway. Interestingly, in this study, we found that C-terminal phosphorylated forms of each pathway Smad degraded rapidly 3 hours after stimulation of nonclassic signals but are dramatically restored by treatment with via proteasomal inhibition. Furthermore, an E3 ligase, neural precursor cell expressed, developmentally down-regulated 4 (Nedd4), also was found as one of the important modulators of the p-Smad1 in both BMP-2 and TGF-β1 action. Overexpressed Nedd4 suppressed the BMP-induced osteoblast transdifferentiation process of premyoblast C2C12 cells or alkaline phosphatase (ALP) level of human osteosarcoma cells and promoted TGF-β1-induced degradation of p-Smad1 via physical interaction and polyubiquitination. Conversely, siNedd4 potentiated BMP signals through upregulation of p-Smad1 and ALP activity, the effect of which led to an increased the rate of P(i) -induced calcification of human vascular smooth muscle cells. These new insights about proteasomal degradation-mediated phosphorylated nonclassic Smad regulation of BMP-2/TGF-β1 could, in part, help to unravel the complex mechanisms of abnormal nonosseous calcification by the aberrant activity of BMP/TGF-β/Smads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung-Gyu Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, and Second BK21 Program, Daegu 700-422, Korea
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Osterberg N, Wiehle M, Oehlke O, Heidrich S, Xu C, Fan CM, Krieglstein K, Roussa E. Sim1 is a novel regulator in the differentiation of mouse dorsal raphe serotonergic neurons. PLoS One 2011; 6:e19239. [PMID: 21541283 PMCID: PMC3082558 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0019239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2010] [Accepted: 03/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons (mDA) and serotonergic (5-HT) neurons are clinically important ventral neuronal populations. Degeneration of mDA is associated with Parkinson's disease; defects in the serotonergic system are related to depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and schizophrenia. Although these neuronal subpopulations reveal positional and developmental relationships, the developmental cascades that govern specification and differentiation of mDA or 5-HT neurons reveal missing determinants and are not yet understood. METHODOLOGY We investigated the impact of the transcription factor Sim1 in the differentiation of mDA and rostral 5-HT neurons in vivo using Sim1-/- mouse embryos and newborn pups, and in vitro by gain- and loss-of-function approaches. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We show a selective significant reduction in the number of dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) 5-HT neurons in Sim1-/- newborn mice. In contrast, 5-HT neurons of other raphe nuclei as well as dopaminergic neurons were not affected. Analysis of the underlying molecular mechanism revealed that tryptophan hydroxylase 2 (Tph2) and the transcription factor Pet1 are regulated by Sim1. Moreover, the transcription factor Lhx8 and the modulator of 5-HT(1A)-mediated neurotransmitter release, Rgs4, exhibit significant higher expression in ventral hindbrain, compared to midbrain and are target genes of Sim1. CONCLUSIONS The results demonstrate for the first time a selective transcription factor dependence of the 5-HT cell groups, and introduce Sim1 as a regulator of DRN specification acting upstream of Pet1 and Tph2. Moreover, Sim1 may act to modulate serotonin release via regulating RGS4. Our study underscores that subpopulations of a common neurotransmitter phenotype use distinct combinations of transcription factors to control the expression of shared properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadja Osterberg
- Department for Neuroanatomy, Georg-August-University Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
- DFG Research Center Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CMPB), Goettingen, Germany
| | - Michael Wiehle
- Department for Neuroanatomy, Georg-August-University Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Oliver Oehlke
- Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Molecular Embryology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Stefanie Heidrich
- Department for Neuroanatomy, Georg-August-University Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Cheng Xu
- Department of Embryology, Carnegie Institution, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Chen-Ming Fan
- Department of Embryology, Carnegie Institution, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kerstin Krieglstein
- DFG Research Center Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CMPB), Goettingen, Germany
- Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Molecular Embryology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Eleni Roussa
- Department for Neuroanatomy, Georg-August-University Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
- DFG Research Center Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CMPB), Goettingen, Germany
- Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Molecular Embryology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Malgrange B, Borgs L, Grobarczyk B, Purnelle A, Ernst P, Moonen G, Nguyen L. Using human pluripotent stem cells to untangle neurodegenerative disease mechanisms. Cell Mol Life Sci 2011; 68:635-49. [PMID: 20976521 PMCID: PMC11115022 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-010-0557-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2010] [Revised: 09/14/2010] [Accepted: 10/04/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cells, including embryonic (hES) and induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPS), retain the ability to self-renew indefinitely, while maintaining the capacity to differentiate into all cell types of the nervous system. While human pluripotent cell-based therapies are unlikely to arise soon, these cells can currently be used as an inexhaustible source of committed neurons to perform high-throughput screening and safety testing of new candidate drugs. Here, we describe critically the available methods and molecular factors that are used to direct the differentiation of hES or hiPS into specific neurons. In addition, we discuss how the availability of patient-specific hiPS offers a unique opportunity to model inheritable neurodegenerative diseases and untangle their pathological mechanisms, or to validate drugs that would prevent the onset or the progression of these neurological disorders.
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Fischer T, Faus-Kessler T, Welzl G, Simeone A, Wurst W, Prakash N. Fgf15-mediated control of neurogenic and proneural gene expression regulates dorsal midbrain neurogenesis. Dev Biol 2011; 350:496-510. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2010.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2010] [Revised: 11/14/2010] [Accepted: 12/13/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Neuroimmune pharmacology from a neuroscience perspective. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2010; 6:10-9. [PMID: 20717737 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-010-9239-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2010] [Accepted: 08/02/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The focus of this commentary is to describe how neuroscience, immunology, and pharmacology intersect and how interdisciplinary research involving these areas has expanded knowledge in the area of neuroscience, in particular. Examples are presented to illustrate that the brain can react to the peripheral immune system and possesses immune function and that resident immune molecules play a role in normal brain physiology. In addition, evidence is presented that the brain immune system plays an important role in mediating neurodegenerative diseases, the aging process, and neurodevelopment and synaptic plasticity. The identification of these mechanisms has been facilitated by pharmacological studies and has opened new possibilities for pharmacotherapeutic approaches to the treatment of brain disorders. The emerging field of neuroimmune pharmacology exemplifies this interdisciplinary approach and has facilitated the study of basic cellular and molecular events and disease states and opens avenues for novel therapies.
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49
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Craig EA, Austin AF, Vaillancourt RR, Barnett JV, Camenisch TD. TGFβ2-mediated production of hyaluronan is important for the induction of epicardial cell differentiation and invasion. Exp Cell Res 2010; 316:3397-405. [PMID: 20633555 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2010.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2010] [Revised: 06/27/2010] [Accepted: 07/03/2010] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
In the developing heart, the epicardium is a major source of progenitor cells that contribute to the formation of the coronary vessel system. These epicardial progenitors give rise to the different cellular components of the coronary vasculature by undergoing a number of morphological and physiological changes collectively known as epithelial to mesenchymal transformation (EMT). However, the specific signaling mechanisms that regulate epicardial EMT are yet to be delineated. In this study we investigated the role of TGFβ2 and hyaluronan (HA) during epicardial EMT and how signals from these two molecules are integrated during this important process. Here we show that TGFβ2 induces MEKK3 activation, which in turn promotes ERK1/2 and ERK5 phosphorylation. TGFβ2 also increases Has2 expression and subsequent HA production. Nevertheless, inhibition of MEKK3 kinase activity, silencing of ERK5 or pharmacological disruption of ERK1/2 activation significantly abrogates this response. Thus, TGFβ2 promotes Has2 expression and HA production through a MEKK3/ERK1/2/5-dependent cascade. Furthermore, TGFβ2 is able to induce epicardial cell invasion and differentiation but not proliferation. However, inhibition of MEKK3-dependent pathways, degradation of HA by hyaluronidases or blockade of CD44, significantly impairs the biological response to TGFβ2. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that TGFβ2 activation of MEKK3/ERK1/2/5 signaling modulates Has2 expression and HA production leading to the induction of EMT events. This is an important and novel mechanism showing how TGFβ2 and HA signals are integrated to regulate changes in epicardial cell behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evisabel A Craig
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
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50
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Uemura M, Refaat MM, Shinoyama M, Hayashi H, Hashimoto N, Takahashi J. Matrigel supports survival and neuronal differentiation of grafted embryonic stem cell-derived neural precursor cells. J Neurosci Res 2010; 88:542-51. [PMID: 19774667 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.22223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cell replacement therapy holds great promise as a means of treating neurological disorders, including Parkinson's disease. However, one of the major obstacles to the success of this treatment is the low survival rate of grafted cells, which probably results from mechanical damage, acute inflammation, and immunological rejection. To overcome this problem, we investigated the effect of different types of extracellular matrix (ECM) on the survival and differentiation of embryonic stem (ES) cell-derived neural precursor cells (NPCs). We tested materials from natural sources, including collagen, ornithine/laminin, and growth factor-reduced Matrigel (gfrMG), as well as the synthetic biomaterial PuraMatrix, which consists of self-assembling polypeptides. GfrMG efficiently supported cell survival, migration, and neurite outgrowth in vitro and promoted proliferation of grafted cells in vivo, resulting in larger graft volume and an increase in the number of TH-positive dopaminergic neurons in the graft. GfrMG did not induce dopaminergic differentiation directly; rather, it reduced the invasion of pan-leukocytic CD45-positive cells into the graft. Insofar as the inflammatory or immune response in the host brain inhibits neuronal differentiation of grafted NPCs, gfrMG may increase the number of TH-positive cells by suppressing this effect. Thus, gfrMG appears to provide a suitable scaffold that supports survival and differentiation of NPCs. However, because it is derived from mouse sarcomas, a human-derived matrix or synthetic biomaterial must be developed for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Uemura
- Department of Biological Repair, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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