1
|
Rodrigues de Moura R, Patrizi S, Athanasakis E, Schleef J, Pederiva F, d'Adamo AP. Genomic instability in congenital lung malformations in children. Pediatr Surg Int 2024; 40:248. [PMID: 39237666 DOI: 10.1007/s00383-024-05835-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/31/2024] [Indexed: 09/07/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE To study the biological relationship between congenital lung malformations (CLMs) and malignancy. METHODS Biopsies of 12 CPAMs, 6 intralobar sequestrations and 2 extralobar sequestrations were analyzed through whole-genome sequencing. Blood samples from 10 patients were used to confirm or exclude somatic mosaicism. Putative somatic Single Nucleotide Variants (SNVs) were called for each malformed sample with a Panel of Normals built with control DNA samples extracted from blood. The variants were subsequently confirmed by Sanger sequencing and searched, whenever possible, in the blood samples of patients. RESULTS All CLMs but one presented a signature of genomic instability by means of multiple clusters of cells with gene mutations. Seven tumor transformation-related SNVs were detected in 6/20 congenital lung malformations. Four very rare in the general population SNVs were found in a region previously linked to lung cancer in 5p15.33, upstream of TERT oncogene. Furthermore, we identified missense genetic variants, whose tumorigenic role is well known, in the RET, FANCA and MET genes. CONCLUSIONS Genomic instability in 95% of CLMs and genetic variants linked to tumor development in 30% of them, regardless of histopathology, are predisposing factors to malignancy, that combined with exposure to carcinogens, might trigger the development of malignancy and explain the association between CLMs and lung cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jurgen Schleef
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", Trieste, Italy
| | - Federica Pederiva
- Pediatric Surgery, "F. Del Ponte" Hospital, ASST Settelaghi, Via Filippo del Ponte 19, 21100, Varese, Italy.
| | - Adamo Pio d'Adamo
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", Trieste, Italy
- University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Al Mana AF, Culp K, Keeler A, Perrera O, Rajagopalan M, Jacky L, Brown B, Thyagarajan B. Performance of a Rapid Digital PCR Test for the Detection of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) Variants. Mol Diagn Ther 2024:10.1007/s40291-024-00732-y. [PMID: 39093547 DOI: 10.1007/s40291-024-00732-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Next-generation sequencing is widely used for comprehensive molecular profiling for many cancers including lung cancer. However, the complex workflows and long turnaround times limit its access and utility. ChromaCode's High Definition PCR Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Panel (HDPCR™ NSCLC Panel) is a low-cost, rapid turnaround, digital polymerase chain reaction assay that is designed to detect variants in nine NSCLC genes listed in National Comprehensive Cancer Network guidelines. METHODS This assay uses TaqMan® probe limiting chemistry and proprietary analysis software to enable multi-target detection within a single-color channel. We compared the performance of the HDPCR™ NSCLC Panel against an in-house, laboratory-developed, targeted next-generation sequencing panel used in the Molecular Diagnostics Laboratory at the University of Minnesota Medical Center to detect biomarkers for NSCLC. RESULTS The overall accuracy of the HDPCR panel was 99.48% (95% confidence interval 99.01-99.76) with a sensitivity of 95.35% (95% confidence interval 88.52-98.72) and a specificity of 99.69% (95% confidence interval 99.29-99.90). The HDPCR wet lab workflow was 4 h, and the time to generate variant calls from raw data using the ChromaCode Cloud was 2 minutes. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated that the HDPCR™ NSCLC Panel provides timely, comprehensive, and sensitive mutation detection in NSCLC samples with results in less than 24 h.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abdulaziz F Al Mana
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, 100 Church St SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | | | - Abby Keeler
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, 100 Church St SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Bharat Thyagarajan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, 100 Church St SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Alrouji M, Yasmin S, Alhumaydhi FA, Sharaf SE, Shahwan M, Shamsi A. ROS1 kinase inhibition reimagined: identifying repurposed drug via virtual screening and molecular dynamics simulations for cancer therapeutics. Front Chem 2024; 12:1392650. [PMID: 39136033 PMCID: PMC11317403 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2024.1392650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Precision medicine has revolutionized modern cancer therapeutic management by targeting specific molecular aberrations responsible for the onset and progression of tumorigenesis. ROS proto-oncogene 1 (ROS1) is a receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) that can induce tumorigenesis through various signaling pathways, such as cell proliferation, survival, migration, and metastasis. It has emerged as a promising therapeutic target in various cancer types. However, there is very limited availability of specific ROS1 inhibitors for therapeutic purposes. Exploring repurposed drugs for rapid and effective treatment is a useful approach. In this study, we utilized an integrated approach of virtual screening and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of repurposing existing drugs for ROS1 kinase inhibition. Using a curated library of 3648 FDA-approved drugs, virtual screening identified drugs capable of binding to ROS1 kinase domain. The results unveil two hits, Midostaurin and Alectinib with favorable binding profiles and stable interactions with the active site residues of ROS1. These hits were subjected to stability assessment through all-atom MD simulations for 200 ns. MD results showed that Midostaurin and Alectinib were stable with ROS1. Taken together, the study showed a rational framework for the selection of repurposed Midostaurin and Alectinib with ROS1 inhibitory potential for therapeutic management after further validation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Alrouji
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Shaqra University, Shaqra, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sabina Yasmin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fahad A Alhumaydhi
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sharaf E. Sharaf
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, College of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Moyad Shahwan
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
- Center of Medical and Bio-Allied Health Sciences Research (CMBHSR), Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
| | - Anas Shamsi
- Center of Medical and Bio-Allied Health Sciences Research (CMBHSR), Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Liu Y, Tan Y, Hu L, Li J, Yang J, Diao L, Yang J. Population pharmacokinetics and exposure-response analyses of SAF-189s in Chinese patients with ALK+/ROS1+ non-small cell lung cancer. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1418549. [PMID: 39081957 PMCID: PMC11286589 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1418549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective SAF-189s is a potent ALK/ROS1 inhibitor that is currently in clinical development for treating advanced ALK+/ROS1+ non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Comprehensive population pharmacokinetics (PopPK) and exposure-response models were developed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of SAF-189s by integrating data from two clinical studies. Methods The PopPK model was developed using plasma concentration data collected from patients with ALK+/ROS1+ advanced NSCLC (n = 299) and healthy subjects (n = 24). The covariates (demographics, laboratory values, subject types, and concomitant medications) were evaluated to determine their potential influence on the between-patient variability in the pharmacokinetics of SAF-189s. Individual exposure values were then used to investigate the relationships with the efficacy endpoints (overall response rate (ORR), progression-free survival (PFS), and duration of response (DOR)) and key safety endpoints (adverse events of interest). Results The final PopPK model of SAF-189s was described by a one-compartment model with delayed first-order absorption and time-dependent elimination by allowing the clearance to decrease stepwise over time. Age was included as a covariate for apparent clearance (CL/F), while prior anti-cancer therapy in ALK+ patients (ALKPOT) was included for apparent volume of distribution (V/F). There were no apparent exposure-response relationships for any of the efficacy endpoints at doses of 80-210 mg. The relationship between exposure and safety suggested that a higher steady-state exposure was associated with more frequent incidences of hyperglycemia and proteinuria; the 210-mg dose group was also less tolerated than the other low-dose groups. Conclusion PopPK and exposure-response models were developed for SAF-189s, and their results demonstrate that SAF-189s exposures are at the plateau of exposure-response for efficacy. The 210-mg dose group had a significantly higher safety risk, while the 160-mg dose group was well-tolerated. Thus, 160 mg of SAF-189s once daily was selected as the recommended phase III dose for the ALK+/ROS1+ or ROS1+ NSCLC patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yinhui Liu
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
- Shanghai Fosun Pharmaceutical Development Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Tan
- Department of Pharmacometrics, Mosim Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin Hu
- Shanghai Fosun Pharmaceutical Development Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Jinlong Li
- Shanghai Fosun Pharmaceutical Development Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Jiansong Yang
- Shanghai Fosun Pharmaceutical Development Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Diao
- Department of Pharmacometrics, Mosim Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Jin Yang
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Gemelli M, Albini A, Catalano G, Incarbone M, Cannone M, Balladore E, Ricotta R, Pelosi G. Navigating resistance to ALK inhibitors in the lorlatinib era: a comprehensive perspective on NSCLC. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2024; 24:347-361. [PMID: 38630549 DOI: 10.1080/14737140.2024.2344648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The emergence of anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) rearrangements in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has revolutionized targeted therapy. This dynamic landscape, featuring novel ALK inhibitors and combination therapies, necessitates a profound understanding of resistance mechanisms for effective treatment strategies. Recognizing two primary categories - on-target and off-target resistance - underscores the need for comprehensive assessment. AREAS COVERED This review delves into the intricacies of resistance to ALK inhibitors, exploring complexities in identification and management. Molecular testing, pivotal for early detection and accurate diagnosis, forms the foundation for patient stratification and resistance management. The literature search methodology involved comprehensive exploration of Pubmed and Embase. The multifaceted perspective encompasses new therapeutic horizons, ongoing clinical trials, and their clinical implications post the recent approval of lorlatinib. EXPERT OPINION Our expert opinion encapsulates the critical importance of understanding resistance mechanisms in the context of ALK inhibitors for shaping successful treatment approaches. With a focus on molecular testing and comprehensive assessment, this review contributes valuable insights to the evolving landscape of NSCLC therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Gemelli
- Medical Oncology Unit, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) MultiMedica, Milan, Italy
| | - Adriana Albini
- Departement of Scientific Directorate, European Institute of Oncology (IEO) Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Milan, Italy
| | - Gianpiero Catalano
- Radiation Oncology Center, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) MultiMedica, Milan, Italy
| | - Matteo Incarbone
- Department of Surgery, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) MultiMedica, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Cannone
- Inter-Hospital Division of Pathology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) MultiMedica, Milan, Italy
| | - Emanuela Balladore
- Inter-Hospital Division of Pathology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) MultiMedica, Milan, Italy
| | - Riccardo Ricotta
- Medical Oncology Unit, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) MultiMedica, Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Pelosi
- Inter-Hospital Division of Pathology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) MultiMedica, Milan, Italy
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Liang H, Xu Y, Zhao J, Chen M, Wang M. Hippo pathway in non-small cell lung cancer: mechanisms, potential targets, and biomarkers. Cancer Gene Ther 2024; 31:652-666. [PMID: 38499647 PMCID: PMC11101353 DOI: 10.1038/s41417-024-00761-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Lung cancer is the primary contributor to cancer-related deaths globally, and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) constitutes around 85% of all lung cancer cases. Recently, the emergence of targeted therapy and immunotherapy revolutionized the treatment of NSCLC and greatly improved patients' survival. However, drug resistance is inevitable, and extensive research has demonstrated that the Hippo pathway plays a crucial role in the development of drug resistance in NSCLC. The Hippo pathway is a highly conserved signaling pathway that is essential for various biological processes, including organ development, maintenance of epithelial balance, tissue regeneration, wound healing, and immune regulation. This pathway exerts its effects through two key transcription factors, namely Yes-associated protein (YAP) and transcriptional co-activator PDZ-binding motif (TAZ). They regulate gene expression by interacting with the transcriptional-enhanced associate domain (TEAD) family. In recent years, this pathway has been extensively studied in NSCLC. The review summarizes a comprehensive overview of the involvement of this pathway in NSCLC, and discusses the mechanisms of drug resistance, potential targets, and biomarkers associated with this pathway in NSCLC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongge Liang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Xu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Minjiang Chen
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Mengzhao Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Friedlaender A, Perol M, Banna GL, Parikh K, Addeo A. Oncogenic alterations in advanced NSCLC: a molecular super-highway. Biomark Res 2024; 12:24. [PMID: 38347643 PMCID: PMC10863183 DOI: 10.1186/s40364-024-00566-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer ranks among the most common cancers world-wide and is the first cancer-related cause of death. The classification of lung cancer has evolved tremendously over the past two decades. Today, non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), particularly lung adenocarcinoma, comprises a multitude of molecular oncogenic subsets that change both the prognosis and management of disease.Since the first targeted oncogenic alteration identified in 2004, with the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), there has been unprecedented progress in identifying and targeting new molecular alterations. Almost two decades of experience have allowed scientists to elucidate the biological function of oncogenic drivers and understand and often overcome the molecular basis of acquired resistance mechanisms. Today, targetable molecular alterations are identified in approximately 60% of lung adenocarcinoma patients in Western populations and 80% among Asian populations. Oncogenic drivers are largely enriched among non-smokers, east Asians, and younger patients, though each alteration has its own patient phenotype.The current landscape of druggable molecular targets includes EGFR, anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK), v-raf murine sarcoma viral oncogene homolog B (BRAF), ROS proto-oncogene 1 (ROS1), Kirstin rat sarcoma virus (KRAS), human epidermal receptor 2 (HER2), c-MET proto-oncogene (MET), neurotrophic receptor tyrosine kinase (NTRK), rearranged during transfection (RET), neuregulin 1 (NRG1). In addition to these known targets, others including Phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3K) and fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) have garnered significant attention and are the subject of numerous ongoing trials.In this era of personalized, precision medicine, it is of paramount importance to identify known or potential oncogenic drivers in each patient. The development of targeted therapy is mirrored by diagnostic progress. Next generation sequencing offers high-throughput, speed and breadth to identify molecular alterations in entire genomes or targeted regions of DNA or RNA. It is the basis for the identification of the majority of current druggable alterations and offers a unique window into novel alterations, and de novo and acquired resistance mechanisms.In this review, we discuss the diagnostic approach in advanced NSCLC, focusing on current oncogenic driver alterations, through their pathophysiology, management, and future perspectives. We also explore the shortcomings and hurdles encountered in this rapidly evolving field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alex Friedlaender
- Clinique Générale Beaulieu, Geneva, Switzerland
- Oncology Department, University Hospital Geneva, Rue Gentil Perret 4. 1205, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Maurice Perol
- Department of Medical Oncology, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - Giuseppe Luigi Banna
- Portsmouth Hospitals University NHS Trust, Portsmouth, UK
- Faculty of Science and Health, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | | | - Alfredo Addeo
- Oncology Department, University Hospital Geneva, Rue Gentil Perret 4. 1205, Geneva, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Keogh RJ, Barr MP, Keogh A, McMahon D, O’Brien C, Finn SP, Naidoo J. Genomic Landscape of NSCLC in the Republic of Ireland. JTO Clin Res Rep 2024; 5:100627. [PMID: 38333230 PMCID: PMC10850121 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtocrr.2023.100627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The identification of genomic "targets" through next-generation sequencing (NGS) of patient's NSCLC tumors has resulted in a rapid expansion of targeted treatment options for selected patients. This retrospective study aims to identify the proportion of patients with advanced NSCLC in the Republic of Ireland whose tumors harbor actionable genomic alterations through broad NGS panel testing. Methods Institutional review board approval was obtained before study initiation. Patients with NSCLC whose tumors underwent genomic testing through the largest available NGS panel at a nationally funded Cancer Molecular Diagnostics laboratory (St. James's Hospital) between June 2017 and June 2022 were identified. Patient demographics and tumor-related data were collected by retrospective review from all cancer centers in Ireland, referring to the Cancer Molecular Diagnostics laboratory. A total of 203 (9%) tumor samples were excluded due to insufficient neoplastic cell content. Genomic data were collected through retrospective search of Ion Reporter software. The spectrum and proportion of patients with oncogenic driver mutations were evaluated using descriptive statistics (SPSS version 29.0). Results In total, 2052 patients were identified. Patients were referred from 23 different hospital sites and all four geographic regions (Leinster = 1091, 53%; Munster = 763, 37.2%; Connacht = 191, 9.3%; Ulster = 7, 0.3%). Median age was 69 (range: 26-94) years; 53% were male. The most common tumor histologic subtype was adenocarcinoma (77%, n = 1577). An actionable genomic alteration was identified in 1099 cases (53%), the most common of which was KRAS (n = 657, 32%). Less frequently, NSCLC tumors harbored the following: MET exon 14 skipping (n = 53, 2.6%), MET amplification (n = 26, 1.3%), EGFR (n = 181, 8.8%), HER2 (n = 35, 1.7%), and BRAF (n = 72, 3.5%) mutations. Fusions were detected in 76 patients (3.7%) including ALK (n = 44, 58%), RET (n = 11, 14.5%), ROS1 (n = 16, 21%), and FGFR3 (n = 5, 6.6%), whereas no NTRK fusion was identified. Co-alterations were detected in 114 patients (5.6%), the most common of which was KRAS/PIK3CA (n = 19, 17%), EGFR/PIK3CA (n = 10, 8.5%), and KRAS/IDH1 (n = 9, 8%). Other co-alterations of interest identified included KRAS G12A/ROS1 fusion (n = 1) and KRAS G12C/BRAF G469A (n = 2). Conclusions This is the first retrospective study to comprehensively characterize the genomic landscape of NSCLC in Ireland, using the broadest available NGS panel. Actionable alterations were identified in 53.4% of the patients, and KRAS was the most common oncogenic driver alteration. Our study revealed a lower prevalence of patients whose tumor harbors ALK, ROS1, and RET fusions, compared with similar data sets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel J. Keogh
- Department of Medical Oncology, Beaumont RCSI Cancer Centre, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Martin P. Barr
- Thoracic Oncology Research Group, Trinity St James’s Cancer Institute, St James’s Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
- School of Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Anna Keogh
- School of Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Histopathology, St James’s Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - David McMahon
- Department Medical Oncology, St James’s Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Cathal O’Brien
- Cancer Molecular Diagnostics Laboratory, St James’s Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Stephen P. Finn
- Thoracic Oncology Research Group, Trinity St James’s Cancer Institute, St James’s Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
- School of Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Histopathology, St James’s Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
- Cancer Molecular Diagnostics Laboratory, St James’s Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jarushka Naidoo
- Department of Medical Oncology, Beaumont RCSI Cancer Centre, Dublin, Ireland
- Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
- RCSI University of Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Centre at Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Kim HH, Lee JC, Oh IJ, Kim EY, Yoon SH, Lee SY, Lee MK, Lee JE, Park CK, Lee KY, Lee SY, Kim SJ, Lim JH, Choi CM. Real-World Outcomes of Crizotinib in ROS1-Rearranged Advanced Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:528. [PMID: 38339278 PMCID: PMC10854608 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16030528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Revised: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Real-world data on the use and outcomes of crizotinib in ROS1-rearranged non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) are limited. This study aims to analyze the real-world efficacy of crizotinib in South Korea and explore the utilization of liquid biopsies that implement next-generation sequencing (NGS) using cell-free total nucleic acids. In this prospective multicenter cohort study, 40 patients with ROS1-rearranged NSCLC, either starting or already on crizotinib, were enrolled. Patients had a median age of 61 years, with 32.5% presenting brain/central nervous system (CNS) metastases at treatment initiation. At the data cutoff, 48.0% were still in treatment; four continued with it even after disease progression due to the clinical benefits. The objective response rate was 70.0%, with a median duration of response of 27.8 months. The median progression-free survival was 24.1 months, while the median overall survival was not reached. Adverse events occurred in 90.0% of patients, primarily with elevated transaminases, yet these were mostly manageable. The NGS assay detected a CD74-ROS1 fusion in 2 of the 14 patients at treatment initiation and identified emerging mutations, such as ROS1 G2032R, ROS1 D2033N, and KRAS G12D, during disease progression. These findings confirm crizotinib's sustained clinical efficacy and safety in a real-world context, which was characterized by a higher elderly population and higher rates of brain/CNS metastases. The study highlights the clinical relevance of liquid biopsy for detecting resistance mechanisms, suggesting its value in personalized treatment strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyeon Hwa Kim
- Division of Pulmonology and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea;
| | - Jae Cheol Lee
- Department of Oncology, Asan Medical Centre, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea;
| | - In-Jae Oh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School and Hwasun Hospital, Gwangju 58128, Republic of Korea;
| | - Eun Young Kim
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Hoon Yoon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea;
| | - Shin Yup Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu 41404, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Ki Lee
- Division of Pulmonology, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan 49241, Republic of Korea;
| | - Jeong Eun Lee
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan Kwon Park
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yeouido St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 16247, Republic of Korea;
| | - Kye Young Lee
- Departments of Internal Medicine, Konkuk University Medical Center, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul 05030, Republic of Korea;
| | - Sung Yong Lee
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Guro Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 08308, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Joon Kim
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 16247, Republic of Korea;
| | - Jun Hyeok Lim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Inha University Hospital, Incheon 22332, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-min Choi
- Division of Pulmonology and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea;
- Department of Oncology, Asan Medical Centre, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea;
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Tan X, Kong D, Tao Z, Cheng F, Zhang B, Wang Z, Mei Q, Chen C, Wu K. Simultaneous inhibition of FAK and ROS1 synergistically repressed triple-negative breast cancer by upregulating p53 signalling. Biomark Res 2024; 12:13. [PMID: 38273343 PMCID: PMC10809663 DOI: 10.1186/s40364-024-00558-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive breast cancer subtype lacking effective targeted therapies, necessitating innovative treatment approaches. While targeting ROS proto-oncogene 1 (ROS1) with crizotinib has shown promise, resistance remains a limitation. Recent evidence links focal adhesion kinase (FAK) to drug resistance, prompting our study to assess the combined impact of FAK inhibitor IN10018 and crizotinib in TNBC and elucidate the underlying mechanisms. METHODS We employed the Timer database to analyze FAK and ROS1 mRNA levels in TNBC and adjacent normal tissues. Furthermore, we investigated the correlation between FAK, ROS1, and TNBC clinical prognosis using the GSE database. We conducted various in vitro assays, including cell viability, colony formation, flow cytometry, EdU assays, and western blotting. Additionally, TNBC xenograft and human TNBC organoid models were established to assess the combined therapy's efficacy. To comprehensively understand the synergistic anti-tumor mechanisms, we utilized multiple techniques, such as RNA sequencing, immunofluorescence, cell flow cytometry, C11-BODIPY staining, MDA assay, and GSH assay. RESULTS The Timer database revealed higher levels of FAK and ROS1 in TNBC tissues compared to normal tissues. Analysis of GEO databases indicated that patients with high FAK and ROS1 expression had the poorest prognosis. Western blotting confirmed increased p-FAK expression in crizotinib-resistant TNBC cells. In vitro experiments showed that the combination therapy down-regulated cyclin B1, p-Cdc2, and Bcl2 while up-regulating BAX, cleaved-Caspase-3, cleaved-Caspase-9, and cleaved PARP. In TNBC xenograft models, the tumor volume in the combination therapy group was 73% smaller compared to the control group (p < 0.0001). Additionally, the combination therapy resulted in a 70% reduction in cell viability in human TNBC organoid models (p < 0.0001). RNA sequencing analysis of TNBC cells and xenograft tumor tissues highlighted enrichment in oxidative stress, glutathione metabolism, and p53 pathways. The combined group displayed a fivefold rise in the reactive oxygen species level, a 69% decrease in the GSH/GSSG ratio, and a sixfold increase in the lipid peroxidation in comparison to the control group. Western blotting demonstrated p53 upregulation and SCL7A11 and GPX4 downregulation in the combination group. The addition of a p53 inhibitor reversed these effects. CONCLUSION Our study demonstrates that the combination of IN10018 and crizotinib shows synergistic antitumor effects in TNBC. Mechanistically, this combination inhibits cell proliferation, enhances apoptosis, and induces ferroptosis, which is associated with increased p53 levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ximin Tan
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Deguang Kong
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 238 Ziyang Road, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Zhuoli Tao
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Fangling Cheng
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | | | - Zaiqi Wang
- InxMed (Shanghai) Co. Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Qi Mei
- Cancer Center, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Science, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030032, China.
- Cancer Center, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
| | - Chuang Chen
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 238 Ziyang Road, Wuhan, 430060, China.
| | - Kongming Wu
- Cancer Center, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Science, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030032, China.
- Cancer Center, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Chiarle R, Cheong TC, Jang A, Wang Q, Leonardi G, Ricciuti B, Alessi J, Federico AD, Awad M, Lehtinen M, Harris M. Mechanistic patterns and clinical implications of oncogenic tyrosine kinase fusions in human cancers. RESEARCH SQUARE 2024:rs.3.rs-3782958. [PMID: 38313284 PMCID: PMC10836111 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3782958/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
Tyrosine kinase (TK) fusions are frequently found in cancers, either as initiating events or as a mechanism of resistance to targeted therapy. Partner genes and exons in most TK fusions are typical and recurrent, but the underlying mechanisms and clinical implications of these patterns are poorly understood. Here, we investigated structures of > 8,000 kinase fusions and explore their generative mechanisms by applying newly developed experimental framework integrating high-throughput genome-wide gene fusion sequencing and clonal selection called Functionally Active Chromosomal Translocation Sequencing (FACTS). We discovered that typical oncogenic TK fusions recurrently seen in patients are selected from large pools of chromosomal rearrangements spontaneously occurring in cells based on two major determinants: active transcription of the fusion partner genes and protein stability. In contrast, atypical TK fusions that are rarely seen in patients showed reduced protein stability, decreased downstream oncogenic signaling, and were less responsive to inhibition. Consistently, patients with atypical TK fusions were associated with a reduced response to TKI therapies, as well as a shorter progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) compared to patients with typical TK fusions. These findings highlight the principles of oncogenic TK fusion formation and their selection in cancers, with clinical implications for guiding targeted therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ahram Jang
- Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School
| | - Qi Wang
- Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Marian Harris
- Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Panda GS, Noronha V, Patil V, Joshi A, Menon N, Kumar R, Pai T, Shetty O, Janu A, Chakrabarty N, Purandare N, Dey S, Prabhash K. Clinical outcomes of ROS1-positive non-small cell lung cancer with limited access to ROS1-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs): experience from an Indian tertiary referral centre. Ecancermedicalscience 2024; 18:1654. [PMID: 38425761 PMCID: PMC10901635 DOI: 10.3332/ecancer.2024.1654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction ROS1 as a driver mutation is observed in approximately 1%-2% of all non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Given its rarity, we share our experience regarding ROS1-positive NSCLC including the access to ROS1 tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) in a low-middle income country like India. Methods It is a retrospective analysis of ROS1-positive NSCLC patients registered between January 2015 to December 2021 for demographics, treatment patterns and outcomes i.e., overall survival (OS) and progression free survival (PFS). Results Baseline characteristics were available for 70 patients of 78 patients positive for ROS1 by fluorescent in situ hybridisation. Median age at presentation was 52 years, 39 (55.7%) were males, most (51, 72.86%) were non-smokers and ten patients (14.3%) had poor Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status (PS) i.e., PS >2 at presentation. A total of 67 patients receiving cancer directed therapy were analysed for survival. The first line (1L) therapies included - ROS1 TKIs in 38, chemotherapy in 20, epidermal growth factor receptor TKI in eight and chemotherapy-bevacizumab in one only. ROS1 TKI was provided to 20 patients as part of an assistance programme. The median OS for patients who received ROS1 TKI was not attained (95% CI 37.85-NA), while it was 8.11 (95% CI 6.31-NA) months for those who did not (HR-0.1673). The median PFS for the 1L ROS1 TKI compared to the no-TKI group was 27.07 (95% CI 24.28-NA) months versus 5.78 (95% CI 3.42-12) months (HR: 0.2047). Poor ECOG PS at presentation was the only independent prognosticator for survival. Conclusion Using ROS1 TKI improves clinical outcomes in all-comers though statistically not significant. To further improve outcomes, future trials should pay special attention to patients with poor PS and find a way to increase the current limited access to TKI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Goutam Santosh Panda
- Tata Memorial Hospital, Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI), Dr E Borges Road, Parel, Mumbai 400 012, India
| | - Vanita Noronha
- Tata Memorial Hospital, Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI), Dr E Borges Road, Parel, Mumbai 400 012, India
| | - Vijay Patil
- Tata Memorial Hospital, Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI), Dr E Borges Road, Parel, Mumbai 400 012, India
| | - Amit Joshi
- Tata Memorial Hospital, Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI), Dr E Borges Road, Parel, Mumbai 400 012, India
| | - Nandini Menon
- Tata Memorial Hospital, Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI), Dr E Borges Road, Parel, Mumbai 400 012, India
| | - Rajiv Kumar
- Tata Memorial Hospital, Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI), Dr E Borges Road, Parel, Mumbai 400 012, India
| | - Trupti Pai
- Tata Memorial Hospital, Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI), Dr E Borges Road, Parel, Mumbai 400 012, India
| | - Omshree Shetty
- Tata Memorial Hospital, Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI), Dr E Borges Road, Parel, Mumbai 400 012, India
| | - Amit Janu
- Tata Memorial Hospital, Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI), Dr E Borges Road, Parel, Mumbai 400 012, India
| | - Nivedita Chakrabarty
- Tata Memorial Hospital, Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI), Dr E Borges Road, Parel, Mumbai 400 012, India
| | - Nilendu Purandare
- Tata Memorial Hospital, Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI), Dr E Borges Road, Parel, Mumbai 400 012, India
| | - Sayak Dey
- Tata Memorial Hospital, Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI), Dr E Borges Road, Parel, Mumbai 400 012, India
| | - Kumar Prabhash
- Tata Memorial Hospital, Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI), Dr E Borges Road, Parel, Mumbai 400 012, India
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Ohishi Y, Nakanishi Y, Hirotani Y, Suzuki A, Tanino T, Nishimaki‐Watanabe H, Kobayashi H, Nozaki F, Ohni S, Tang X, Hayashi K, Nakagawa Y, Shimizu T, Tsujino I, Takahashi N, Gon Y, Masuda S. Different effects of crizotinib treatment in two non-small cell lung cancer patients with SDC4::ROS1 fusion variants. Thorac Cancer 2024; 15:89-93. [PMID: 38093515 PMCID: PMC10761618 DOI: 10.1111/1759-7714.15168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/04/2024] Open
Abstract
The possibility of stratifying patients according to differences in ROS proto-oncogene 1 (ROS1) fusion partners has been discussed. This study aimed to clarify the clinicopathological differences between two SDC4::ROS1 positive NSCLC cases who had different responses to crizotinib. Cytology and pathology samples from two NSCLC cases with SDC4::ROS1 who were diagnosed and treated with crizotinib at Nihon University Itabashi Hospital were obtained. Case 1 has been well-controlled with crizotinib for over 5 years, but case 2 was worse and overall survival was 19 months. Sequencing analysis of ROS1 fusion genes was performed by reverse-transcription-PCR and Sanger's sequencing methods. In addition, thyroid transcription factor (TTF)-1, ROS-1, Ki67, and phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (pERK)1/2 expression were investigated using immunohistochemistry. Sequencing analysis showed SDC4 exon2::ROS1 exon 32 (exon33 deleted) in case 1, and coexistence of SDC4 exon2::ROS1 exon 34 and SDC4 exon2::ROS1 exon35 in case 2. The Ki67 index was not different, but ROS1 and pERK1/2 expression levels tended to be higher in the tumor cells of case 2 than in case 1. Therapeutic response to crizotinib and patients' prognosis in ROS1 rearranged NSCLC may be related to the activation of ROS1 signaling, depending on ROS1 and pERK1/2 overexpression status, even if the ROS1 fusion partner is the same.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Ohishi
- Nihon University Itabashi HospitalTokyoJapan
| | - Yoko Nakanishi
- Division of Oncologic Pathology, Department Pathology and MicrobiologyNihon University School of MedicineTokyoJapan
| | - Yukari Hirotani
- Division of Oncologic Pathology, Department Pathology and MicrobiologyNihon University School of MedicineTokyoJapan
| | - Atsuko Suzuki
- Division of Pathology LaboratoryNihon University Itabashi HospitalTokyoJapan
| | - Tomoyuki Tanino
- Division of Oncologic Pathology, Department Pathology and MicrobiologyNihon University School of MedicineTokyoJapan
| | - Haruna Nishimaki‐Watanabe
- Division of Oncologic Pathology, Department Pathology and MicrobiologyNihon University School of MedicineTokyoJapan
| | - Hiroko Kobayashi
- Division of Oncologic Pathology, Department Pathology and MicrobiologyNihon University School of MedicineTokyoJapan
| | - Fumi Nozaki
- Division of Oncologic Pathology, Department Pathology and MicrobiologyNihon University School of MedicineTokyoJapan
| | - Sumie Ohni
- Division of Oncologic Pathology, Department Pathology and MicrobiologyNihon University School of MedicineTokyoJapan
| | - Xiaoyan Tang
- Division of Oncologic Pathology, Department Pathology and MicrobiologyNihon University School of MedicineTokyoJapan
| | - Kentaro Hayashi
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal MedicineNihon University School of MedicineTokyoJapan
| | - Yoshiko Nakagawa
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal MedicineNihon University School of MedicineTokyoJapan
| | - Tetsuo Shimizu
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal MedicineNihon University School of MedicineTokyoJapan
| | - Ichiro Tsujino
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal MedicineNihon University School of MedicineTokyoJapan
| | - Noriaki Takahashi
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal MedicineNihon University School of MedicineTokyoJapan
| | - Yasuhiro Gon
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal MedicineNihon University School of MedicineTokyoJapan
| | - Shinobu Masuda
- Division of Oncologic Pathology, Department Pathology and MicrobiologyNihon University School of MedicineTokyoJapan
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Arolt C, Dugan M, Wild R, Richartz V, Holz B, Scheel AH, Brägelmann J, Wagener-Ryczek S, Merkelbach-Bruse S, Wolf J, Buettner R, Catanzariti L, Scheffler M, Hillmer AM. KEAP1/NFE2L2 Pathway Signature Outperforms KEAP1/NFE2L2 Mutation Status and Reveals Alternative Pathway-Activating Mutations in NSCLC. J Thorac Oncol 2023; 18:1550-1567. [PMID: 37473958 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtho.2023.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Activation of the antioxidant KEAP1/NFE2L2 (NRF2) pathway leads to increased glutamine dependence and an aggressive phenotype in NSCLC. Because this pathway has been explored as a clinical target, we developed a transcriptomic signature for identifying KEAP1/NFE2L2-activated tumors. METHODS A total of 971 NSCLC samples were used to train an expression signature (K1N2-score) to predict KEAP1/NFE2L2 mutations. There were 348 in-house NSCLCs that were analyzed using a NanoString expression panel for validation. RESULTS The 46-gene K1N2 score robustly predicted KEAP1/NFE2L2 mutations in the validation set irrespective of histology and mutation (area under the curve: 89.5, sensitivity: 90.2%), suggesting that approximately 90% of KEAP1/NFE2L2 mutations are pathway-activating. The K1N2-score outperformed KEAP1/NFE2L2 mutational status when predicting patient survival (score p = 0.047; mutation p = 0.215). In K1N2 score-positive but KEAP1/NFE2L2 wild-type samples, enrichment testing identified SMARCA4/BRG1 and CUL3 mutations as mimics of KEAP1/NFE2L2 mutations. CONCLUSIONS The K1N2-score identified KEAP1/NFE2L2-activated NSCLC by robustly detecting KEAP1/NFE2L2mut cases and discovering alternative genomic activators. It is a potential means for selecting patients with a constitutively active KEAP1/NFE2L2 pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Arolt
- Institute of Pathology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Robert Wild
- Dracen Pharmaceuticals Inc., San Diego, California
| | - Vanessa Richartz
- Institute of Pathology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Barbara Holz
- Institute of Pathology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Andreas H Scheel
- Institute of Pathology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Johannes Brägelmann
- Institute of Pathology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Department of Translational Genomics, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Mildred Scheel School of Oncology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Svenja Wagener-Ryczek
- Institute of Pathology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Sabine Merkelbach-Bruse
- Institute of Pathology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Lung Cancer Group Cologne, Center for Integrated Oncology Cologne/Bonn, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Juergen Wolf
- Lung Cancer Group Cologne, Center for Integrated Oncology Cologne/Bonn, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Department I for Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Cologne/Bonn, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Reinhard Buettner
- Institute of Pathology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Lung Cancer Group Cologne, Center for Integrated Oncology Cologne/Bonn, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Matthias Scheffler
- Lung Cancer Group Cologne, Center for Integrated Oncology Cologne/Bonn, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Department I for Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Cologne/Bonn, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Axel M Hillmer
- Institute of Pathology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Brenner C, Sanders C, Vokuhl C. [Receptor tyrosine kinase- fusions in paediatric spindle cell tumors]. PATHOLOGIE (HEIDELBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 44:357-365. [PMID: 37819532 DOI: 10.1007/s00292-023-01228-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Pediatric spindle cell tumors are rare and often difficult to diagnose due to a similar morphology and a non-specific immunohistochemical profile. Genetic characterization of these lesions has been constantly improving, which has led to the identification of new subgroups that were partly included in the WHO classification. Receptor tyrosine kinase fusions play a special role in these tumors and their verification has diagnostic relevance and can be an option for target-oriented therapies. In the case of pediatric spindle cell tumors, genetic fusions form especially with NTRK1‑3, ALK, RET, and ROS1. Overall, pediatric tumors with receptor tyrosine kinase fusions are predominantly low-grade tumors, which are often subdivided into the group of intermediate-malign tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Brenner
- Sektion Kinderpathologie, Institut für Pathologie, Universitätsklinikum Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127, Bonn, Deutschland.
| | - Christine Sanders
- Institut für Pathologie, Universitätsklinikum Bonn, Bonn, Deutschland
| | - Christian Vokuhl
- Sektion Kinderpathologie, Institut für Pathologie, Universitätsklinikum Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127, Bonn, Deutschland
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Dülger O, Öz B. Comparison of Different ROS1 Immunohistochemistry Clones and Consistency with Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization Results in Non-Small Cell Lung Carcinoma. Balkan Med J 2023; 40:344-350. [PMID: 37318131 PMCID: PMC10500138 DOI: 10.4274/balkanmedj.galenos.2023.2022-12-88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The study of ROS1 rearrangement in non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) has gained importance as it enables personalized treatment of NSCLC with tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Therefore, it is important that the ROS1 assessment tests become more standardized. In this study, we compared the two immunohistochemistry (IHC) antibodies (D4D6 and SP384 clones) and consistency with the fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) results in NSCLC. Aims To investigate the effectiveness of the commonly used two IHC antibodies (SP384 and D4D6 clones) to detect ROS1 rearrangement in NSCLC. Study Design A retrospective cohort study. Methods The study included 103 samples diagnosed with NSCLC, confirmed using IHC and FISH ROS1 results (14 positives, four discordant, and 85 consecutive negatives), with sufficient tissue samples (≥ 50 tumor cells). All samples were initially tested with ROS1-IHC antibodies (D4D6 and SP384 clones); their ROS1 status was then analyzed using the FISH method. Finally, samples with discordant IHC and FISH results were confirmed using the reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction method. Results The sensitivity of SP384 and D4D6 clones of ROS1 antibody was 100% with a ≥ 1 + cut-off. When the ≥ 2 + cut-off was used, the sensitivity rate for the SP384 clone was 100%, whereas the sensitivity for the D4D6 clone was 42.86%. ROS1 FISH rearranged samples were positive for both clones, but SP384 had generally higher intensity than D4D6. The mean IHC score was + 2 for SP384 and + 1.17 for D4D6. SP384 mostly tended to have a higher IHC score intensity, which made the evaluation easier than D4D6. SP384 has a higher sensitivity than D4D6. However, false positives were found in both clones. There was no significant correlation between ROS1 FISH-positivity percentage with SP384 (p = 0.713, p = 0.108) and D4D6 (p = 0.26, p = -0.323) IHC staining intensity. The staining patterns of both clones were similar (homogeneity/heterogeneity). Conclusion Our findings show that the SP384 clone is more sensitive than D4D6. However, SP384 can also cause false positive results like D4D6. Knowing the variable diagnostic performance of different ROS1 antibodies before using them in clinical applications is necessary. IHC-positive results should be confirmed using FISH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Onur Dülger
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine, İstanbul University, İstanbul, Turkey
- Institute of Graduate Studies in Health Sciences, İstanbul University, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Büge Öz
- Department of Pathology, Cerrahpaşa Medical Faculty, İstanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, İstanbul, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Jiang B, Hu L, Dong D, Guo Z, Wei W, Wang C, Shao W, Ma T, Chen Y, Li Q, Hu W. TP53 or CDKN2A/B covariation in ALK/RET/ROS1-rearranged NSCLC is associated with a high TMB, tumor immunosuppressive microenvironment and poor prognosis. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2023; 149:10041-10052. [PMID: 37261522 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-023-04924-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION ALK-rearranged lung adenocarcinomas with TP53 mutations have more unstable genomic features, poorer ALK-TKI efficacy and a worse prognosis than ALK-rearranged lung adenocarcinomas with wild-type TP53. Here, we examine the gene variations that co-occur with ALK/RET/ROS1 rearrangements in NSCLC and the corresponding tumor immune microenvironment, as well as their association with prognosis. METHODS A total of 155 patients with ALK/RET/ROS1 fusions were included retrospectively. Tumor genome mutation analysis was performed by next-generation sequencing. PD-L1 expression and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes were assessed by multiplex immunohistochemistry. The correlations among gene covariation, the tumor immune microenvironment, and clinicopathological characteristics were analyzed. RESULTS Among the 155 patients, concomitant TP53 mutation appeared most frequently (31%), followed by CDKN2A/B copy number loss (15%). The ALK/RET/ROS1 fusion and TP53 or CDKN2A/B covariation group had more males and patients with stage IV disease (p < 0.001, p = 0.0066). Patients with TP53 or CDKN2A/B co-occurrence had higher tumor mutation burdens and more neoantigens (p < 0.001, p = 0.0032). PD-L1 expression was higher in the tumor areas of the TP53 or CDKN2A/B co-occurring group (p = 0.00038). However, the levels of CD8+, CD8+PD1-, and CD8+PD-L1- TILs were lower in the tumor areas of this group (p = 0.043, p = 0.029, p = 0.025). In the TCGA NSCLC cohorts, the top 2 mutated genes were CDKN2A/B (24%) and TP53 (16%). The TP53 or CDKN2A/B co-occurring group had higher tumor mutation burdens and shorter OS (p < 0.001, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Patients with co-occurring TP53/CDKN2A/B variations and ALK/RET/ROS1 rearrangements are associated with high TMB, more neoantigens, an immunosuppressive microenvironment and a worse prognosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Jiang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Guiqian International General Hospital, Guiyang, 550000, China
| | - Liwen Hu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, No. 169 Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Daling Dong
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Guiqian International General Hospital, Guiyang, 550000, China
| | - Zixin Guo
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, No. 169 Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Wei Wei
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Guiqian International General Hospital, Guiyang, 550000, China
| | - Chao Wang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Guiqian International General Hospital, Guiyang, 550000, China
| | - Weikang Shao
- Genecast Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Wuxi, 214000, China
| | - Ting Ma
- Genecast Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Wuxi, 214000, China
| | - Yanhui Chen
- Genecast Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Wuxi, 214000, China
| | - Qingyun Li
- Genecast Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Wuxi, 214000, China
| | - Weidong Hu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, No. 169 Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430071, China.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Cai R, Zhu H, Liu Y, Sha H, Peng W, Yin R, Zhou G, Fang Y. To be, or not to be: the dilemma of immunotherapy for non-small cell lung cancer harboring various driver mutations. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2023; 149:10027-10040. [PMID: 37261523 PMCID: PMC10423141 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-023-04919-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Lung cancer is one of primary cancer type with high incidence and mortality, non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the most common type of lung cncer. For advanced lung cancer, traditional chemotherapy and targeted therapy become difficult to solve the dilemma of further progress. In recent years, with the clinical application of immunotherapy, the therapeutic strategy of lung cancer has changed dramatically. At present, immunotherapy has shown conspicuous efficacy in NSCLC patients with high expression of programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) and high tumor mutational burden (TMB). The discovery of driver mutations brings delightful hope for targeted cancer therapy. However, it remains controversial whether immunotherapy can be used in NSCLC patients with these specific driver mutations. METHOD This article summarized the latest research progresses of immunotherapy in advanced NSCLC. We paid close attention to the relevance of various driver mutations and immunotherapy in NSCLC patients, and summarized the predictive effects of several driver mutations and immunotherapy. RESULTS The mutations of KRAS, KRAS+TP53, EPHA (especially EPHA5), ZFHX3, ZFHX3+TP53, NOTCH, BRAF and LRP1B+FAT3 have potential to be used as biomarkers to predict the positive effectiveness of immunotherapy. ZFHX3, ZFHX3+TP53, STKII/LKB1+KEAP1+SMARCA4+PBRM1 mutations in LUAD patients get more positive effect in immunotherapy. While the mutations of EGFR, KEAP1, STKII/LKB1+KRAS, EML4-ALK, MET exon 14 skipping mutation, PBRM1, STKII/LKB1+KEAP1+SMARCA4+PBRM1, ERBB2, PIK3CA and RET often indicate poor benefit from immunotherapy. CONCLUSION Many gene mutations have been shown to be associated with immunotherapy efficacy. Gene mutations should be combined with PD-L1, TMB, etc. to predict the effect of immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruoxue Cai
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Baiziting 42, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongyu Zhu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Baiziting 42, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Huanhuan Sha
- Department of Oncology, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiwei Peng
- Department of Oncology, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Rong Yin
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Cancer Research, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital & Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoren Zhou
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Baiziting 42, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ying Fang
- Department of Oncology, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Miyazaki I, Odintsov I, Ishida K, Lui AJW, Kato M, Suzuki T, Zhang T, Wakayama K, Kurth RI, Cheng R, Fujita H, Delasos L, Vojnic M, Khodos I, Yamada Y, Ishizawa K, Mattar MS, Funabashi K, Chang Q, Ohkubo S, Yano W, Terada R, Giuliano C, Lu YC, Bonifacio A, Kunte S, Davare MA, Cheng EH, de Stanchina E, Lovati E, Iwasawa Y, Ladanyi M, Somwar R. Vepafestinib is a pharmacologically advanced RET-selective inhibitor with high CNS penetration and inhibitory activity against RET solvent front mutations. NATURE CANCER 2023; 4:1345-1361. [PMID: 37743366 PMCID: PMC10518257 DOI: 10.1038/s43018-023-00630-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
RET receptor tyrosine kinase is activated in various cancers (lung, thyroid, colon and pancreatic, among others) through oncogenic fusions or gain-of-function single-nucleotide variants. Small-molecule RET kinase inhibitors became standard-of-care therapy for advanced malignancies driven by RET. The therapeutic benefit of RET inhibitors is limited, however, by acquired mutations in the drug target as well as brain metastasis, presumably due to inadequate brain penetration. Here, we perform preclinical characterization of vepafestinib (TAS0953/HM06), a next-generation RET inhibitor with a unique binding mode. We demonstrate that vepafestinib has best-in-class selectivity against RET, while exerting activity against commonly reported on-target resistance mutations (variants in RETL730, RETV804 and RETG810), and shows superior pharmacokinetic properties in the brain when compared to currently approved RET drugs. We further show that these properties translate into improved tumor control in an intracranial model of RET-driven cancer. Our results underscore the clinical potential of vepafestinib in treating RET-driven cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Igor Odintsov
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Allan J W Lui
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | - Tom Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Renate I Kurth
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ryan Cheng
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Lukas Delasos
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Cleveland Clinic Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Morana Vojnic
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Northwell Health Cancer Institute, Lenox Hill Hospital, New York, NY, USA
| | - Inna Khodos
- Antitumor Assessment Core Facility, Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Kota Ishizawa
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Education and Support for Regional Medicine, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan
| | - Marissa S Mattar
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Qing Chang
- Antitumor Assessment Core Facility, Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Wakako Yano
- Taiho Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Tsukuba, Japan
| | | | | | - Yue Christine Lu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Siddharth Kunte
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Dana Cancer Center, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Monika A Davare
- Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Emily H Cheng
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Elisa de Stanchina
- Antitumor Assessment Core Facility, Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | | | | | - Marc Ladanyi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Romel Somwar
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Gouda MA, Subbiah V. Precision oncology with selective RET inhibitor selpercatinib in RET-rearranged cancers. Ther Adv Med Oncol 2023; 15:17588359231177015. [PMID: 37360768 PMCID: PMC10288430 DOI: 10.1177/17588359231177015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Rearranged during transfection (RET) is a protooncogene that encodes for receptor tyrosine kinase with downstream effects on multiple cellular pathways. Activating RET alterations can occur and lead to uncontrolled cellular proliferation as a hallmark of cancer development. Oncogenic RET fusions are present in nearly 2% of patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), 10-20% of patients with thyroid cancer, and <1% across the pan-cancer spectrum. In addition, RET mutations are drivers in 60% of sporadic medullary thyroid cancers and 99% of hereditary thyroid cancers. The discovery, rapid clinical translation, and trials leading to FDA approvals of selective RET inhibitors, selpercatinib and pralsetinib, have revolutionized the field of RET precision therapy. In this article, we review the current status on the use of the selective RET inhibitor, selpercatinib, in RET fusion-positive tumors: NSCLC, thyroid cancers, and the more recent tissue-agnostic activity leading to FDA approval.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A. Gouda
- Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center. Houston, TX, USA
| | - Vivek Subbiah
- Sarah Cannon Research Institute, 1100 Dr. Martin L. King Jr. Blvd. Suite 800. Nashville, TN 37203, USA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Muminovic M, Carracedo Uribe CR, Alvarez-Pinzon A, Shan K, Raez LE. Importance of ROS1 gene fusions in non-small cell lung cancer. CANCER DRUG RESISTANCE (ALHAMBRA, CALIF.) 2023; 6:332-344. [PMID: 37457125 PMCID: PMC10344718 DOI: 10.20517/cdr.2022.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Targeted therapy has become one of the standards of care for advanced lung cancer. More than 10 genetic aberrations have been discovered that are actionable and several tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) have been approved to target each of them. Among several genetic aberrations that are actionable in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), ROS1 translocations also known as gene fusion proteins, are found in only 1%-2% of the patient population. ROS1 mutations can usually be detected using a combination of techniques such as immunohistochemistry (IHC), Fluorescence in-situ testing (FISH), polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and next-generation sequencing (NGS). However, RNA NGS and ctDNA NGS (liquid biopsies) also contribute to the diagnosis. There are currently numerous FDA-approved agents for these tumors, including crizotinib and entrectinib; however, there is in-vitro sensitivity data and clinical data documenting responses to ceritinib and lorlatinib. Clinical responses and survival rates with these agents are frequently among the best compared to other TKIs with genetic aberrations; however, intrinsic or extrinsic mechanisms of resistance may develop, necessitating research for alternative treatment modalities. To combat the mechanisms of resistance, novel agents such as repotrectenib, cabozantinib, talotrectinib, and others are being developed. In this article, we examine the literature pertaining to patients with ROS1 tumors, including epidemiology, clinical outcomes, resistance mechanisms, and treatment options.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meri Muminovic
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, Memorial Cancer Institute/Memorial Health Care System, Florida International University, Pembroke Pines, FL 33028, USA
| | - Carlos Rodrigo Carracedo Uribe
- Department of Internal Medicine, Memorial Health Care System, Florida International University, Pembroke Pines, FL 33028, USA
| | - Andres Alvarez-Pinzon
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, Memorial Cancer Institute/Memorial Health Care System, Florida International University, Pembroke Pines, FL 33028, USA
- Office of Human Research, Memorial Healthcare System, Pembroke Pines, FL 33028, USA
| | - Khine Shan
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, Memorial Cancer Institute/Memorial Health Care System, Florida International University, Pembroke Pines, FL 33028, USA
| | - Luis E. Raez
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, Memorial Cancer Institute/Memorial Health Care System, Florida International University, Pembroke Pines, FL 33028, USA
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Hu X, Khatri U, Shen T, Wu J. Progress and challenges in RET-targeted cancer therapy. Front Med 2023; 17:207-219. [PMID: 37131086 DOI: 10.1007/s11684-023-0985-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The rearranged during transfection (RET) is a receptor protein tyrosine kinase. Oncogenic RET fusions or mutations are found most often in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and in thyroid cancer, but also increasingly in various types of cancers at low rates. In the last few years, two potent and selective RET protein tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), pralsetinib (BLU-667) and selpercatinib (LOXO-292, LY3527723) were developed and received regulatory approval. Although pralsetinib and selpercatinib gave high overall response rates (ORRs), < 10% of patients achieved a complete response (CR). The RET TKI-tolerated residual tumors inevitably develop resistance by secondary target mutations, acquired alternative oncogenes, or MET amplification. RET G810 mutations located at the kinase solvent front site were identified as the major on-target mechanism of acquired resistance to both selpercatinib and pralsetinib. Several next-generation of RET TKIs capable of inhibiting the selpercatinib/pralsetinib-resistant RET mutants have progressed to clinical trials. However, it is likely that new TKI-adapted RET mutations will emerge to cause resistance to these next-generation of RET TKIs. Solving the problem requires a better understanding of the multiple mechanisms that support the RET TKI-tolerated persisters to identify a converging point of vulnerability to devise an effective co-treatment to eliminate the residual tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xueqing Hu
- Peggy and Charles Stephenson Cancer Center, and Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Ujjwol Khatri
- Peggy and Charles Stephenson Cancer Center, and Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Tao Shen
- Peggy and Charles Stephenson Cancer Center, and Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Jie Wu
- Peggy and Charles Stephenson Cancer Center, and Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Lai LT, Ren YH, Huai YJ, Liu Y, Liu Y, Wang SS, Mei JH. Identification and validation of novel prognostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets for non-small cell lung cancer. Front Genet 2023; 14:1139994. [PMID: 37007961 PMCID: PMC10060803 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1139994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Despite the significant survival benefits of anti-PD-1/PD-L1 immunotherapy, non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) remains one of the most common tumors and major causes of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Thus, there is an urgent need to identify new therapeutic targets for this refractory disease.Methods: In this study, microarray datasets GSE27262, GSE75037, GSE102287, and GSE21933 were integrated by Venn diagram. We performed functional clustering and pathway enrichment analyses using R. Through the STRING database and Cytoscape, we conducted protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis and identified the key genes, which were verified by the GEPIA2 and UALCAN portal. Validation of actin-binding protein anillin (ANLN) was performed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting. Additionally, Kaplan-Meier methods were used to compute the survival analyses.Results: In total, 126 differentially expressed genes were identified, which were enriched in mitotic nuclear division, mitotic cell cycle G2/M transition, vasculogenesis, spindle, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor signaling pathway. 12 central node genes were identified in the PPI network complex. The survival analysis revealed that high transcriptional levels were associated with inferior survival in NSCLC patients. The clinical implication of ANLN was further explored; its protein expression showed a gradually increasing trend from grade I to III.Conclusion: These Key genes may be involved in the carcinogenesis and progression of NSCLC, which may serve as useful targets for NSCLC diagnosis and treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li-Ting Lai
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yuan-Hui Ren
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
- Institute of Molecular Pathology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Ya-Jun Huai
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
- Institute of Molecular Pathology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
- Institute of Molecular Pathology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Shan-Shan Wang
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
- Institute of Molecular Pathology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
- *Correspondence: Shan-Shan Wang, ; Jin-Hong Mei,
| | - Jin-Hong Mei
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
- Institute of Molecular Pathology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
- *Correspondence: Shan-Shan Wang, ; Jin-Hong Mei,
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Hashimoto T, Takahashi K, Ota S, Okumura N, Kondo H, Fukatsu A, Hara T. Successful Treatment with Low-dose Crizotinib in a Patient with ROS1-rearranged Lung Cancer Who Developed Crizotinib-induced Heart Failure. Intern Med 2023; 62:281-284. [PMID: 35732445 PMCID: PMC9908384 DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.9157-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Crizotinib shows antitumor activity against C-ros oncogene 1-rearranged non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). While corrected QT interval (QTc) prolongation and bradycardia are known as cardiac adverse effects, little is known about crizotinib-related heart failure. Our patient with C-ros oncogene 1-rearranged NSCLC on a reduced dose of crizotinib (200 mg twice daily) after initially experiencing bradycardia and QTc prolongation developed crizotinib-induced heart failure. With further dose reduction (250 mg once daily), there was no recurrence of any cardiac adverse effects, and the patient achieved a long-term response. Although crizotinib can cause heart failure, continuation of crizotinib at a low dose may be an effective treatment option.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takahiko Hashimoto
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | | | - Sachiko Ota
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Anjo Kosei Hospital, Japan
| | - Nobumasa Okumura
- Disease Control and Prevention Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Japan
| | - Haruka Kondo
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Anjo Kosei Hospital, Japan
| | - Asuki Fukatsu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Anjo Kosei Hospital, Japan
| | - Toru Hara
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Anjo Kosei Hospital, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Li D, Jiang H, Jin F, Pan L, Xie Y, Zhang L, Li C. Concurrent classic driver oncogenes mutation with ROS1 rearrangement predicts superior clinical outcome in NSCLC patients. Genes Genomics 2023; 45:93-102. [PMID: 36445572 DOI: 10.1007/s13258-022-01326-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is high mortality rate and poor prognosis in lung cancer, especially non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Recent study showed that concurrent classic driver oncogene mutation with ROS1 rearrangement was found in NSCLC patients. However, whether this would affect the development and prognosis of NSCLC is still unclear. OBJECTIVE To explore the clinical characteristics and prognosis of NSCLC patients harboring concurrent classic driver oncogene mutation with ROS1 rearrangement. METHODS A retrospective study was conducted on 220 patients diagnosed with NSCLC. All samples were screened for EGFR and KRAS using amplification-refractory mutation system assay, and for ALK, ROS1 using RT-PCR. The clinical characteristics and clinical outcomes of concurrent gene alterations with ROS1 rearrangement were analyzed. RESULTS In 220 patients, 12 (5.45%) were ROS1 rearrangement, who tend to be younger, non-smokers. The mutation rates of EGFR, KRAS, ALK and ROS1 in NSCLC were 28.64%, 1.82%, 3.64% and 5.45%, respectively. ROS1 rearrangement was identified to co-occur in 5 (2.27%) NSCLC patients. ROS1/EGFR co-alterations were found in 3.17% of NSCLC patients, 16.67% of ROS1-positive NSCLC patients. Concomitant ROS1/ALK rearrangement constituted 37.50% in ALK-positive patients, and 25.00% in ROS1-positive patients. SDC4-ROS1 was the most common fusion partner in concurrent ROS1 rearrangement patients. The median overall survival of NSCLC with concurrent ROS1 rearrangement group and single ROS1 rearrangement group were 25 months and 14 months. CONCLUSION Concurrent driver oncogenes mutation with ROS1 rearrangement defines a unique subgroup of NSCLC. Patients with concomitant ROS1 rearrangement might have a better prognosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Li
- Department of Respiration, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, 710000, China
| | - Hua Jiang
- Department of Respiration, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, 710000, China
| | - Faguang Jin
- Department of Respiration, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, 710000, China
| | - Lei Pan
- Department of Respiration, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, 710000, China
| | - Yonghong Xie
- Department of Respiration, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, 710000, China
| | - Liang Zhang
- Medical Team of Chinese People's Liberation Army of 93932 Unit, Qinghai, 810000, China
| | - Chunmei Li
- Department of Respiration, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, 710000, China.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
RET rearrangements in non-small cell lung cancer: Evolving treatment landscape and future challenges. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2022; 1877:188810. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2022.188810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
|
27
|
Wu Q, Qian W, Sun X, Jiang S. Small-molecule inhibitors, immune checkpoint inhibitors, and more: FDA-approved novel therapeutic drugs for solid tumors from 1991 to 2021. J Hematol Oncol 2022; 15:143. [PMID: 36209184 PMCID: PMC9548212 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-022-01362-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The United States Food and Drug Administration (US FDA) has always been a forerunner in drug evaluation and supervision. Over the past 31 years, 1050 drugs (excluding vaccines, cell-based therapies, and gene therapy products) have been approved as new molecular entities (NMEs) or biologics license applications (BLAs). A total of 228 of these 1050 drugs were identified as cancer therapeutics or cancer-related drugs, and 120 of them were classified as therapeutic drugs for solid tumors according to their initial indications. These drugs have evolved from small molecules with broad-spectrum antitumor properties in the early stage to monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and antibody‒drug conjugates (ADCs) with a more precise targeting effect during the most recent decade. These drugs have extended indications for other malignancies, constituting a cancer treatment system for monotherapy or combined therapy. However, the available targets are still mainly limited to receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), restricting the development of antitumor drugs. In this review, these 120 drugs are summarized and classified according to the initial indications, characteristics, or functions. Additionally, RTK-targeted therapies and immune checkpoint-based immunotherapies are also discussed. Our analysis of existing challenges and potential opportunities in drug development may advance solid tumor treatment in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qing Wu
- School of Medical Imaging, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, 310053 Zhejiang China
| | - Wei Qian
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009 Zhejiang China
| | - Xiaoli Sun
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003 Zhejiang China
| | - Shaojie Jiang
- School of Medical Imaging, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, 310053 Zhejiang China
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Mito JK, Weber MC, Corbin A, Murphy GF, Zon LI. Modeling Spitz melanoma in zebrafish using sequential mutagenesis. Dis Model Mech 2022; 15:276442. [PMID: 36017742 PMCID: PMC9438928 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.049452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Spitz neoplasms are a diverse group of molecularly and histologically defined melanocytic tumors with varying biologic potentials. The precise classification of Spitz neoplasms can be challenging. Recent studies have revealed recurrent fusions involving multiple kinases in a large proportion of Spitz tumors. In this study, we generated a transgenic zebrafish model of Spitz melanoma using a previously identified ZCCHC8-ROS1 fusion gene. Animals developed grossly apparent melanocytic proliferations as early as 3 weeks of age and overt melanoma as early as 5 weeks. By 7 weeks, ZCCHC8-ROS1 induced a histologic spectrum of neoplasms ranging from hyperpigmented patches to melanoma. Given the swift onset of these tumors during development, we extended this approach into adult fish using a recently described electroporation technique. Tissue-specific expression of ZCCHC8-ROS1 in adults led to melanocyte expansion without overt progression to melanoma. Subsequent electroporation with tissue-specific CRISPR, targeting only tp53 was sufficient to induce transformation to melanoma. Our model exhibits the use of sequential mutagenesis in the adult zebrafish, and demonstrates that ZCCHC8-ROS1 induces a spectrum of melanocytic lesions that closely mimics human Spitz neoplasms. Summary: We describe the first animal model of Spitz neoplasms and demonstrate its use for modeling sequential mutagenesis and its potential for studying melanocyte development in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey K Mito
- Stem Cell Program and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02215, USA.,Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Margaret C Weber
- Stem Cell Program and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Alexandra Corbin
- Stem Cell Program and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - George F Murphy
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Leonard I Zon
- Stem Cell Program and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02215, USA.,Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
López-Castro R, García-Peña T, Mielgo-Rubio X, Riudavets M, Teixidó C, Vilariño N, Couñago F, Mezquita L. Targeting molecular alterations in non-small-cell lung cancer: what's next? Per Med 2022; 19:341-359. [PMID: 35748237 DOI: 10.2217/pme-2021-0059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, major advances have been achieved in our understanding of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with oncogenic driver alterations and in the specific treatment of these with tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Currently, state-of-the-art management of patients with NSCLC (particularly adenocarcinoma or non-adenocarcinoma but with mild tobacco exposure) consists of the determination of EGFR, ALK, ROS1 and BRAF status, as they have US FDA and EMA approved targeted therapies. The increase in molecular knowledge of NSCLC and the development of drugs against other targets has settled new therapeutic indications. In this review we have incorporated the development around MET, KRAS and NTRK in the diagnosis of NSCLC given the therapeutic potential that they represent, as well as the drugs approved for these indications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rafael López-Castro
- Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid, 47003, Spain
| | - Tania García-Peña
- Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid, 47003, Spain
| | - Xabier Mielgo-Rubio
- Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Universitario Fundación Alcorcón, Alcorcón, Madrid, 28922, Spain
| | - Mariona Riudavets
- Medical Oncology Department, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, 94805, France
| | - Cristina Teixidó
- Thoracic Tumors Unit, Pathology Department, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Barcelona, 08036, Spain
| | - Noelia Vilariño
- Medical Oncology Department, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Hospital Duran i Reynals, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, 08908, Spain
| | - Felipe Couñago
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Hospital Universitario Quirónsalud Madrid, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, 28223, Spain.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Hospital La Luz, Madrid, 28003, Spain.,Medicine Department, School of Biomedical Sciences, Universidad Europea, Villaviciosa de Odón, Madrid, 28670, Spain
| | - Laura Mezquita
- Thoracic Tumors Unit, Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Barcelona, 08036, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Yu ZQ, Wang M, Zhou W, Mao MX, Chen YY, Li N, Peng XC, Cai J, Cai ZQ. ROS1-positive non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC): Biology, Diagnostics, Therapeutics and Resistance. J Drug Target 2022; 30:845-857. [PMID: 35658765 DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2022.2085730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
ROS1 is a proto-oncogene encoding a receptor tyrosine protein kinase (RTK), homologous to the v - Ros sequence of University of Manchester tumours virus 2(UR2) sarcoma virus, whose ligands are still being investigated. ROS1 fusion genes have been identified in various types of tumours. As an oncoprotein, it promotes cell proliferation, activation and cell cycle progression by activating downstream signalling pathways, accelerating the development and progression of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Studies have demonstrated that ROS1 inhibitors are effective in patients with ROS1-positive NSCLC and are used for first-line clinical treatment. These small molecule inhibitors provide a rational therapeutic option for the treatment of ROS1-positive patients. Inevitably, ROS1 inhibitor resistance mutations occur, leading to tumours recurrence or progression. Here, we comprehensively review the identified biological properties and Differential subcellular localization of ROS1 fusion oncoprotein promotes tumours progression. We summarize recently completed and ongoing clinical trials of the classic and new ROS1 inhibitors. More importantly, we classify the complex evolving tumours cell resistance mechanisms. This review contributes to our understanding of the biological properties of ROS1 and current therapeutic advances and resistant tumours cells, and the future directions to develop ROS1 inhibitors with durable effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Qiong Yu
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Yangtze University
| | - Meng Wang
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Yangtze University
| | - Wen Zhou
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Yangtze University
| | - Meng-Xia Mao
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Yangtze University
| | - Yuan-Yuan Chen
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Yangtze University
| | - Na Li
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Yangtze University
| | - Xiao-Chun Peng
- Laboratory of Oncology, Center for Molecular Medicine.,Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434023, P.R. China
| | - Jun Cai
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Yangtze University
| | - Zhi-Qiang Cai
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Yangtze University
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
K Shukla S, Nguyen V, Goyal M, Gupta V. Cationically modified inhalable nintedanib niosomes: enhancing therapeutic activity against non-small-cell lung cancer. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2022; 17:935-958. [PMID: 36004583 PMCID: PMC9583758 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2022-0045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: This study was designed to develop and test nintedanib-loaded niosomes as inhalable carriers for enhancing its therapeutic efficacy via localized drug accumulation and addressing issues such as low bioavailability and severe toxicity. Methods: Niosomes were prepared by thin-film hydration method and were evaluated for in vitro therapeutic effectiveness in lung cancer cells. Results: The optimized niosomal formulation displayed optimized vesicle size, controlled and extended release of drug, and efficient aerodynamic properties indicating its suitability as an aerosolized formulation. In vitro studies revealed significantly superior cytotoxicity of nintedanib-loaded niosomes which was further validated by 3D spheroids. Conclusion: These findings establish the effectiveness of niosomes as inhalable delivery carriers which could serve as a promising strategy for delivery of nintedanib to treat several lung cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Snehal K Shukla
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy & Health Sciences, St. John's University, NY 11439, USA
- Current Affiliation: Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - Veronica Nguyen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy & Health Sciences, St. John's University, NY 11439, USA
| | - Mimansa Goyal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy & Health Sciences, St. John's University, NY 11439, USA
| | - Vivek Gupta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy & Health Sciences, St. John's University, NY 11439, USA
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Huang L, Liao Z, Liu Z, Chen Y, Huang T, Xiao H. Application and Prospect of CRISPR/Cas9 Technology in Reversing Drug Resistance of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:900825. [PMID: 35620280 PMCID: PMC9127258 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.900825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer drug resistance has always been a major factor affecting the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer, which reduces the quality of life of patients. The clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR associated protein 9 (CRISPR/Cas9) technology, as an efficient and convenient new gene-editing technology, has provided a lot of help to the clinic and accelerated the research of cancer and drug resistance. In this review, we introduce the mechanisms of drug resistance in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), discuss how the CRISPR/Cas9 system can reverse multidrug resistance in NSCLC, and focus on drug resistance gene mutations. To improve the prognosis of NSCLC patients and further improve patients' quality of life, it is necessary to utilize the CRISPR/Cas9 system in systematic research on cancer drug resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lu Huang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Sichuan Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Sichuan Cancer Hospital and Institute, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China.,Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhi Liao
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhixi Liu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Sichuan Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Sichuan Cancer Hospital and Institute, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China.,Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Yan Chen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Sichuan Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Sichuan Cancer Hospital and Institute, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Tingwenli Huang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Sichuan Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Sichuan Cancer Hospital and Institute, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China.,Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Hongtao Xiao
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Sichuan Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Sichuan Cancer Hospital and Institute, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China.,Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Wang HS, Liu CY, Hsu SC, Huang SC, Hung TH, Ng KF, Chen TC. A Single-Institute Experience with C-ros Oncogene 1 Translocation in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancers in Taiwan. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:5789. [PMID: 35628598 PMCID: PMC9145855 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: The C-ros oncogene 1 (ROS1) gene translocation is an important biomarker for selecting patients for crizotinib-targeted therapy. The aim of this study was to understand the incidence, diagnostic algorithm, clinical course and objective response to crizotinib in ROS1 translocated lung non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLCs) in Taiwan. (2) Methods: First, we retrospectively studied the ROS1 status in 100 NSCLC samples using break-apart fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) and immunohistochemical (IHC) staining to establish a diagnostic algorithm. Then, we performed routine ROS1 IHC tests in 479 NSCLCs, as crizotinib was available from 2018 in Taiwan. We analyzed the objective response rate and the survival impact of crizotinib. (3) Results: Four ROS1 translocations were clustered in epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) wild-type adenocarcinomas but not in cases with EGFR mutations. Strong ROS1 expression was positively correlated with ROS1 translocation (p < 0.001). NSCLCs with ROS1 translocation had a poor prognosis compared to those without ROS1 translocation (p = 0.004) in the pre-crizotinib stage. Twenty NSCLCs were detected with ROS1 translocation in 479 wild-type EGFR specimens from 2018. Therefore, the incidence of ROS1 translocation is approximately 4.18% in EGFR wild-type NSCLCs. In these 20 ROS1 translocation cases, 19 patients received crizotinib treatment, with an objective response rate (ORR) of 78.95% (confidence interval = 69.34% to 88.56%), including 1 complete response, 14 partial responses, 3 stable cases and 1 progressive case. Overall survival and progression-free survival were better in the 19 ROS1-translocated NSCLCs of the prospective group with crizotinib treatment than the four ROS1-translocated NSCLCs of the retrospective group without crizotinib treatment. (4) Conclusions: ROS1-translocated NSCLCs had a poor prognosis and could have a beneficial outcome with crizotinib.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hsiang-Sheng Wang
- Department of Pathology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University School of Medicine, Kwei-Shan, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan; (H.-S.W.); (S.-C.H.); (S.-C.H.); (K.-F.N.)
| | - Chien-Ying Liu
- Department & Centers of Lung Cancer and Interventional Bronchoscopy, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University School of Medicine, Kwei-Shan, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan;
| | - Sheng-Chi Hsu
- Department of Pathology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University School of Medicine, Kwei-Shan, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan; (H.-S.W.); (S.-C.H.); (S.-C.H.); (K.-F.N.)
| | - Shih-Chiang Huang
- Department of Pathology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University School of Medicine, Kwei-Shan, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan; (H.-S.W.); (S.-C.H.); (S.-C.H.); (K.-F.N.)
| | - Tsai-Hsien Hung
- Institute of Stem Cell & Translational Cancer Research, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou and Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan;
| | - Kwai-Fong Ng
- Department of Pathology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University School of Medicine, Kwei-Shan, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan; (H.-S.W.); (S.-C.H.); (S.-C.H.); (K.-F.N.)
| | - Tse-Ching Chen
- Department of Pathology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University School of Medicine, Kwei-Shan, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan; (H.-S.W.); (S.-C.H.); (S.-C.H.); (K.-F.N.)
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
TABBÒ F, DE FILIPPIS M, JACOBS F, NOVELLO S. Strengths and pitfalls of brigatinib in non-small cell lung cancer patients' management. Minerva Med 2022; 113:315-332. [DOI: 10.23736/s0026-4806.21.07693-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
|
35
|
Liu M, Dai J, Wei M, Pan Q, Zhu W. An updated patent review of small-molecule ROS1 kinase inhibitors (2015-2021). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2022; 32:713-729. [PMID: 35343863 DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2022.2058872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION : C-ros oncogene 1 (ROS1) is the sole member of the ROS1 receptor tyrosine kinase (ROS1-RTK) family, which is involved in the formation of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), gastric adenocarcinoma, colorectal cancer and other malignant tumors. At present, only crizotinib was approved for the treatment of advanced ROS1-positive NSCLC, and there have been reports of ROS1 mutations resulting in drug resistance. Consequently, it is necessary to develop new generations of inhibitors to overcome the existing problems. AREAS COVERED This review summarizes the inhibitors with ROS1 inhibitory activity which are undergoing clinical trials and recent advances in patented ROS1 small molecular inhibitors from 2015 to 2021. EXPERT OPINION ROS1 rearrangements have been found in approximately 1%-2% of patients with NSCLC. Since the approval of crizotinib as multi-targeted ALK/MET/ROS1 kinase inhibitor for ALK-mutated NSCLC therapy, the researchers are focusing on ROS1-mutated tumors, especially NSCLC. However, drug-resistant mutations have already been found in clinical application. Therefore, it is still urgent to develop new generation of ROS1 inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meng Liu
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, 605 Fenglin Road, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330013, China
| | - Jintian Dai
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, 605 Fenglin Road, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330013, China
| | - Mudan Wei
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, 605 Fenglin Road, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330013, China
| | - Qingshan Pan
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, 605 Fenglin Road, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330013, China
| | - Wufu Zhu
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, 605 Fenglin Road, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330013, China
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Xiang Y, Luettich K, Martin F, Battey JND, Trivedi K, Neau L, Wong ET, Guedj E, Dulize R, Peric D, Bornand D, Ouadi S, Sierro N, Büttner A, Ivanov NV, Vanscheeuwijck P, Hoeng J, Peitsch MC. Discriminating Spontaneous From Cigarette Smoke and THS 2.2 Aerosol Exposure-Related Proliferative Lung Lesions in A/J Mice by Using Gene Expression and Mutation Spectrum Data. FRONTIERS IN TOXICOLOGY 2022; 3:634035. [PMID: 35295134 PMCID: PMC8915865 DOI: 10.3389/ftox.2021.634035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Mice, especially A/J mice, have been widely employed to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of lung tumor formation and progression and to derive human-relevant modes of action. Cigarette smoke (CS) exposure induces tumors in the lungs; but, non-exposed A/J mice will also develop lung tumors spontaneously with age, which raises the question of discriminating CS-related lung tumors from spontaneous ones. However, the challenge is that spontaneous tumors are histologically indistinguishable from the tumors occurring in CS-exposed mice. We conducted an 18-month inhalation study in A/J mice to assess the impact of lifetime exposure to Tobacco Heating System (THS) 2.2 aerosol relative to exposure to 3R4F cigarette smoke (CS) on toxicity and carcinogenicity endpoints. To tackle the above challenge, a 13-gene gene signature was developed based on an independent A/J mouse CS exposure study, following by a one-class classifier development based on the current study. Identifying gene signature in one data set and building classifier in another data set addresses the feature/gene selection bias which is a well-known problem in literature. Applied to data from this study, this gene signature classifier distinguished tumors in CS-exposed animals from spontaneous tumors. Lung tumors from THS 2.2 aerosol-exposed mice were significantly different from those of CS-exposed mice but not from spontaneous tumors. The signature was also applied to human lung adenocarcinoma gene expression data (from The Cancer Genome Atlas) and discriminated cancers in never-smokers from those in ever-smokers, suggesting translatability of our signature genes from mice to humans. A possible application of this gene signature is to discriminate lung cancer patients who may benefit from specific treatments (i.e., EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors). Mutational spectra from a subset of samples were also utilized for tumor classification, yielding similar results. “Landscaping” the molecular features of A/J mouse lung tumors highlighted, for the first time, a number of events that are also known to play a role in human lung tumorigenesis, such as Lrp1b mutation and Ros1 overexpression. This study shows that omics and computational tools provide useful means of tumor classification where histopathological evaluation alone may be unsatisfactory to distinguish between age- and exposure-related lung tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Xiang
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Karsta Luettich
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Florian Martin
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - James N D Battey
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Keyur Trivedi
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Laurent Neau
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Ee Tsin Wong
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris International Research Laboratories Pte. Ltd., Singapore, Singapore
| | - Emmanuel Guedj
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Remi Dulize
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Dariusz Peric
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - David Bornand
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Sonia Ouadi
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Sierro
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | | | - Nikolai V Ivanov
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | | | - Julia Hoeng
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Manuel C Peitsch
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Zhang C, Mei W, Zeng C. Oncogenic Neuregulin 1 gene (NRG1) fusions in cancer: A potential new therapeutic opportunities. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2022; 1877:188707. [PMID: 35247506 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2022.188707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
It is widely established that chromosomal rearrangements induce oncogenesis in solid tumors. However, discovering chromosomal rearrangements that are targetable and actionable remains a difficulty. Targeting gene fusion or chromosomal rearrangement seems to be a powerful strategy to address malignancies characterized by gene rearrangement. Oncogenic NRG1 fusions are relatively rare drivers that infrequently occur across most tumor types. NRG1 fusions exhibit unique biological properties and are difficult to identify owing to their large intronic regions. NRG1 fusions can be detected using a variety of techniques, including fluorescence in situ hybridization, immunohistochemistry, or next-generation sequencing (NGS), with NGS-based RNA sequencing being the most sensitive. Previous studies have shown that NRG1 fusion protein induces tumorigenesis, and numerous therapies targeting the ErbB signaling pathway, such as ErbB kinase inhibitors and monoclonal antibodies, have initially demonstrated encouraging anticancer efficacy in malignant tumors carrying NRG1 fusions. In this review, we present the characteristics and prevalence of NRG1 fusions in solid tumors. Additionally, we discuss the laboratory approaches for diagnosing NRG1 gene fusions. More importantly, we outline promising strategies for treating malignancies with NRG1 fusion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Congwang Zhang
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Shenzhen Longhua District Central Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Shenzhen 518110, China
| | - Wuxuan Mei
- Clinical Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, Hubei 437100, China
| | - Changchun Zeng
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Shenzhen Longhua District Central Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Shenzhen 518110, China.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Durvalumab consolidation in patients with unresectable stage III non-small cell lung cancer with driver genomic alterations. Eur J Cancer 2022; 167:142-148. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2022.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
39
|
Botticelli A, Pomati G, Marchetti P. Target therapy in cancer treatment. Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-822960-6.00152-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
|
40
|
Waterhouse D, Iadeluca L, Sura S, Wilner K, Emir B, Krulewicz S, Espirito J, Bartolome L. Real-World Outcomes Among Crizotinib-Treated Patients with ROS1-Positive Advanced Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer: A Community Oncology-Based Observational Study. Target Oncol 2021; 17:25-33. [PMID: 34964940 PMCID: PMC8783880 DOI: 10.1007/s11523-021-00860-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Crizotinib was the first oral targeted therapy approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), on 11 March 2016, for c-ros oncogene 1 (ROS1)-positive advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Data to support long-term clinical benefit in a real-world setting are limited. Objective This study aimed to assess real-world clinical outcomes among patients with ROS1-positive advanced NSCLC treated with crizotinib in the US community oncology setting. Patients and Methods We conducted a retrospective cohort study using iKnowMed electronic health record data to identify adult patients with ROS1-positive advanced NSCLC who initiated crizotinib between 17 January 2013 (time of the addition of crizotinib for ROS1-positive NSCLC to National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) treatment guidelines) and 1 June 2019 with a potential follow-up period through 1 December 2019. Patient characteristics were assessed descriptively. Kaplan–Meier analyses were used to evaluate time to treatment discontinuation (TTD), time to next treatment (TTNT), and overall survival (OS). A Cox proportional hazards model was conducted to determine factors associated with OS. Results The study cohort included 38 ROS1-positive patients treated with crizotinib. The median age was 68 years (interquartile range 60.0–73.0) and 65.8% were female. Over 50% were current/former smokers, and 18.4% had an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status of 2. Overall, 21 (55.3%) patients remained on crizotinib, 10 (26.3%) had evidence of subsequent treatment, and 16 (42.1%) died. The median TTD, TTNT, and OS were 25.2 months [95% confidence interval (CI): 5.2–not reached (NR)], 25.0 months (95% CI 5.2–61.0), and 36.2 months (95% CI 15.9–NR), respectively. In a multivariate Cox regression model, ECOG performance status of 2 was associated with a 4.9-fold higher risk of death (hazard ratio = 4.9; 95% CI 1.1–21.4) compared to ECOG performance status of 0 or 1. Conclusions This ROS1-positive NSCLC real-world population was older and had a higher proportion of smokers and of patients with poorer ECOG performance status than those investigated in clinical trials. Nevertheless, our findings support the clinical benefit of crizotinib in this patient population with ROS1-positive advanced NSCLC. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11523-021-00860-z.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Waterhouse
- Oncology Hematology Care, The US Oncology Network, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- The US Oncology Network, McKesson Life Sciences, The Woodlands, TX, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Immunotherapy in Patients with Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Lacking Driver Mutations and Future Perspectives. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 14:cancers14010122. [PMID: 35008287 PMCID: PMC8749892 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14010122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
From a complete literature review, we were able to present in this paper what is most current in the treatment with immunotherapy for advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Especially the use of immunotherapy, particularly inhibitors of PD-1 (programmed cell death protein 1), PDL-1 (programmed cell death protein ligand 1), and CTLA-4 (cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4). Since 2015, these drugs have transformed the treatment of advanced NSCLC lacking driver mutations, evolving from second-line therapy to first-line, with excellent results. The arrival of new checkpoint inhibitors such as cemiplimab and the use of checkpoint inhibitors earlier in the therapy of advanced and metastatic cancers has been making the future prospects for treating NSCLC lacking driver mutations more favorable and optimistic. In addition, for those patients who have low PDL-1 positivity tumors, the combination of cytotoxic chemotherapy, VEGF inhibitor, and immunotherapy have shown an important improvement in global survival and progression free survival regardless the PDL-1 status. We also explored the effectiveness of adding radiotherapy to immunotherapy and the most current results about this combination. One concern that cannot be overlooked is the safety profile of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) and the most common toxicities are described throughout this paper as well as tumor resistance to ICI.
Collapse
|
42
|
Ahuja J, Shroff GS, Strange CD, Vlahos I, Benveniste MFK, Truong MT. Pearls and Pitfalls in the Imaging of Targeted Therapy and Immunotherapy in Lung Cancer. Semin Ultrasound CT MR 2021; 42:552-562. [PMID: 34895611 DOI: 10.1053/j.sult.2021.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Most lung cancers are diagnosed at advanced stage when the cancer has metastasized outside the lung. These patients are not eligible for curative surgery or radiation therapy and treated with systemic therapy. Advances in the understanding of the biology of lung cancer has resulted in the development of targeted therapy aimed at specific genetic mutations identified with non-small cell lung cancer and immunotherapy that helps the immune system recognize tumors as foreign, stimulates the immune system, and removes the inhibition that allows growth and spread of cancer cells. Tumors treated with targeted or immunotherapies respond differently when compared with traditional chemotherapy and not captured by conventional response criteria such as the World Health Organization criteria and Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors. Therefore, several modified criteria have been developed to appropriately address the treatment response when using these novel agents. Numerous treatment-related side effects have been described that are important to recognize to avoid misinterpretation as worsening tumor and to ensure appropriate management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jitesh Ahuja
- Department of Thoracic Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston TX.
| | - Girish S Shroff
- Department of Thoracic Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston TX
| | - Chad D Strange
- Department of Thoracic Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston TX
| | - Ioannis Vlahos
- Department of Thoracic Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston TX
| | - Marcelo F K Benveniste
- Department of Thoracic Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston TX
| | - Mylene T Truong
- Department of Thoracic Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston TX
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Pathak N, Chitikela S, Malik PS. Recent advances in lung cancer genomics: Application in targeted therapy. ADVANCES IN GENETICS 2021; 108:201-275. [PMID: 34844713 DOI: 10.1016/bs.adgen.2021.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Genomic characterization of lung cancer has not only improved our understanding of disease biology and carcinogenesis but also revealed several therapeutic opportunities. Targeting tumor dependencies on specific genomic alterations (oncogene addiction) has accelerated the therapeutic developments and significantly improved the outcomes even in advanced stage of disease. Identification of genomic alterations predicting response to specific targeted treatment is the key to success for this "personalized treatment" approach. Availability of multiple choices of therapeutic options for specific genomic alterations highlight the importance of optimum sequencing of drugs. Multiplex gene testing has become mandatory in view of constantly increasing number of therapeutic targets and effective treatment options. Influence of genomic characteristics on response to immunotherapy further makes comprehensive genomic profiling necessary before therapeutic decision making. A comprehensive elucidation of resistance mechanisms and directed treatments have made the continuum of care possible and transformed this deadly disease into a chronic condition. Liquid biopsy-based approach has made the dynamic monitoring of disease possible and enabled treatment optimizations accordingly. Current lung cancer management is the perfect example of "precision-medicine" in clinical oncology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neha Pathak
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dr. B.R.A.I.R.C.H., All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Sindhura Chitikela
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dr. B.R.A.I.R.C.H., All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Prabhat Singh Malik
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dr. B.R.A.I.R.C.H., All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Guaitoli G, Bertolini F, Bettelli S, Manfredini S, Maur M, Trudu L, Aramini B, Masciale V, Grisendi G, Dominici M, Barbieri F. Deepening the Knowledge of ROS1 Rearrangements in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: Diagnosis, Treatment, Resistance and Concomitant Alterations. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:12867. [PMID: 34884672 PMCID: PMC8657497 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222312867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
ROS proto-oncogene 1 (ROS1) rearrangements are reported in about 1-2% of non-squamous non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). After efficacy of crizotinib was demonstrated, identification of ROS1 translocations in advanced disease became fundamental to give patients the chance of specific and effective treatment. Different methods are available for detection of rearrangements, and probably the real prevalence of ROS1 rearrangements is higher than that reported in literature, as our capacity to detect gene rearrangements is improving. In particular, with next generation sequencing (NGS) techniques, we are currently able to assess multiple genes simultaneously with increasing sensitivity. This is leading to overcome the "single oncogenic driver" paradigm, and in the very near future, the co-existence of multiple drivers will probably emerge more frequently and represent a therapeutic issue. Since recently, crizotinib has been the only available therapy, but today, many other tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) are emerging and seem promising both in first and subsequent lines of treatment. Indeed, novel inhibitors are also able to overcome resistance mutations to crizotinib, hypothesizing a possible sequential strategy also in ROS1-rearranged disease. In this review, we will focus on ROS1 rearrangements, dealing with diagnostic aspects, new therapeutic options, resistance issues and the coexistence of ROS1 translocations with other molecular alterations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Guaitoli
- Ph.D. Program Clinical and Experimental Medicine (CEM), Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
- Oncology and Hematology, Modena University Hospital, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy; (L.T.); (M.D.)
| | - Federica Bertolini
- Oncology and Hematology, Modena University Hospital, 41125 Modena, Italy; (F.B.); (M.M.); (F.B.)
| | - Stefania Bettelli
- Molecular Pathology, Modena University Hospital, 41125 Modena, Italy; (S.B.); (S.M.)
| | - Samantha Manfredini
- Molecular Pathology, Modena University Hospital, 41125 Modena, Italy; (S.B.); (S.M.)
| | - Michela Maur
- Oncology and Hematology, Modena University Hospital, 41125 Modena, Italy; (F.B.); (M.M.); (F.B.)
| | - Lucia Trudu
- Oncology and Hematology, Modena University Hospital, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy; (L.T.); (M.D.)
| | - Beatrice Aramini
- Thoracic Surgery Unit, Department of Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine—DIMES of the Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, G.B. Morgagni—L. Pierantoni Hospital, 47121 Forlì, Italy;
| | - Valentina Masciale
- Laboratory of Cellular Therapy, Program of Cell Therapy and Immuno-Oncology, Division of Oncology, University-Hospital of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children & Adults, 41125 Modena, Italy; (V.M.); (G.G.)
| | - Giulia Grisendi
- Laboratory of Cellular Therapy, Program of Cell Therapy and Immuno-Oncology, Division of Oncology, University-Hospital of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children & Adults, 41125 Modena, Italy; (V.M.); (G.G.)
| | - Massimo Dominici
- Oncology and Hematology, Modena University Hospital, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy; (L.T.); (M.D.)
- Laboratory of Cellular Therapy, Program of Cell Therapy and Immuno-Oncology, Division of Oncology, University-Hospital of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children & Adults, 41125 Modena, Italy; (V.M.); (G.G.)
| | - Fausto Barbieri
- Molecular Pathology, Modena University Hospital, 41125 Modena, Italy; (S.B.); (S.M.)
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Shi M, Wang W, Zhang J, Li B, Lv D, Wang D, Wang S, Cheng D, Ma T. Identification of RET fusions in a Chinese multicancer retrospective analysis by next-generation sequencing. Cancer Sci 2021; 113:308-318. [PMID: 34710947 PMCID: PMC8748217 DOI: 10.1111/cas.15181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusion of RET with different partner genes has been detected in papillary thyroid, lung, colorectal, pancreatic, and breast cancer. Approval of selpercatinib for treatment of lung and thyroid cancer with RET gene mutations or fusions calls for studies to explore RET fusion partners and their eligibility for RET‐based targeted therapy. In this study, RET fusion patterns in a large group of Chinese cancer patients covering several cancer types were identified using next‑generation sequencing. A total of 44 fusion patterns were identified in the study cohort with KIF5B, CCDC6, and ERC1 being the most common RET fusion partners. Notably, 17 novel fusions were first reported in this study. Prevalence of functional RET fusions was 1.05% in lung cancer, 6.03% in thyroid cancer, 0.39% in colorectal cancer, and less than 0.1% in gastric cancer and hepatocellular carcinoma. Analysis showed a preference for fusion partners in different tumor types, with KIF5B being the common type in lung cancer, CCDC6 in thyroid cancer, and NCOA4 in colorectal cancer. Co‐occurrence of EGFR mutations and RET fusions with rare partner genes (rather than KIF5B) in lung cancer patients was correlated with epidermal growth factor receptor‐tyrosine kinase inhibitor resistance and could predict response to targeted therapies. Findings from this study provide a guide to clinicians in determining tumors with specific fusion patterns as candidates for RET targeted therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Minke Shi
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Weiran Wang
- Department of Translational Medicine, Genetron Health (Beijing) Technology, Co. Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Jinku Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pathology and Early Diagnosis of Tumor in Hebei Province, The First Centre Hospital of Baoding, Baoding, China
| | - Bobo Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shandong Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Dongxiao Lv
- Tumor Research and Therapy Center, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Danhua Wang
- Department of Translational Medicine, Genetron Health (Beijing) Technology, Co. Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Sizhen Wang
- Genetron Health (Beijing) Technology, Co. Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Dezhi Cheng
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Tonghui Ma
- Department of Translational Medicine, Genetron Health (Beijing) Technology, Co. Ltd., Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Ramesh P, Shin WH, Veerappapillai S. Discovery of a Potent Candidate for RET-Specific Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer-A Combined In Silico and In Vitro Strategy. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13111775. [PMID: 34834190 PMCID: PMC8619101 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13111775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Rearranged during transfection (RET) is a tyrosine kinase oncogenic receptor, activated in several cancers including non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Multiple kinase inhibitors vandetanib and cabozantinib are commonly used in the treatment of RET-positive NSCLC. However, specificity, toxicity, and reduced efficacy limit the usage of multiple kinase inhibitors in targeting RET protein. Thus, in the present investigation, we aimed to figure out novel and potent candidates for the inhibition of RET protein using combined in silico and in vitro strategies. In the present study, screening of 11,808 compounds from the DrugBank repository was accomplished by different hypotheses such as pharmacophore, e-pharmacophore, and receptor cavity-based models in the initial stage. The results from the different hypotheses were then integrated to eliminate the false positive prediction. The inhibitory activities of the screened compounds were tested by the glide docking algorithm. Moreover, RF score, Tanimoto coefficient, prime-MM/GBSA, and density functional theory calculations were utilized to re-score the binding free energy of the docked complexes with high precision. This procedure resulted in three lead molecules, namely DB07194, DB03496, and DB11982, against the RET protein. The screened lead molecules together with reference compounds were then subjected to a long molecular dynamics simulation with a 200 ns time duration to validate the inhibitory activity. Further analysis of compounds using MM-PBSA and mutation studies resulted in the identification of potent compound DB07194. In essence, a cell viability assay with RET-specific lung cancer cell line LC-2/ad was also carried out to confirm the in vitro biological activity of the resultant compound, DB07194. Indeed, the results from our study conclude that DB07194 can be effectively translated for this new therapeutic purpose, in contrast to the properties for which it was originally designed and synthesized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Ramesh
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632014, India;
| | - Woong-Hee Shin
- Department of Chemical Science Education, College of Education, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Korea
- Department of Advanced Components and Materials Engineering, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Korea
- Correspondence: (W.-H.S.); (S.V.)
| | - Shanthi Veerappapillai
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632014, India;
- Correspondence: (W.-H.S.); (S.V.)
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
The genomic landscape of lung adenocarcinoma—insights towards personalized medicine. PROCEEDINGS OF THE INDIAN NATIONAL SCIENCE ACADEMY 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s43538-021-00054-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
48
|
Jarahian M, Marofi F, Maashi MS, Ghaebi M, Khezri A, Berger MR. Re-Expression of Poly/Oligo-Sialylated Adhesion Molecules on the Surface of Tumor Cells Disrupts Their Interaction with Immune-Effector Cells and Contributes to Pathophysiological Immune Escape. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:5203. [PMID: 34680351 PMCID: PMC8534074 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13205203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycans linked to surface proteins are the most complex biological macromolecules that play an active role in various cellular mechanisms. This diversity is the basis of cell-cell interaction and communication, cell growth, cell migration, as well as co-stimulatory or inhibitory signaling. Our review describes the importance of neuraminic acid and its derivatives as recognition elements, which are located at the outermost positions of carbohydrate chains linked to specific glycoproteins or glycolipids. Tumor cells, especially from solid tumors, mask themselves by re-expression of hypersialylated neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM), neuropilin-2 (NRP-2), or synaptic cell adhesion molecule 1 (SynCAM 1) in order to protect themselves against the cytotoxic attack of the also highly sialylated immune effector cells. More particularly, we focus on α-2,8-linked polysialic acid chains, which characterize carrier glycoproteins such as NCAM, NRP-2, or SynCam-1. This characteristic property correlates with an aggressive clinical phenotype and endows them with multiple roles in biological processes that underlie all steps of cancer progression, including regulation of cell-cell and/or cell-extracellular matrix interactions, as well as increased proliferation, migration, reduced apoptosis rate of tumor cells, angiogenesis, and metastasis. Specifically, re-expression of poly/oligo-sialylated adhesion molecules on the surface of tumor cells disrupts their interaction with immune-effector cells and contributes to pathophysiological immune escape. Further, sialylated glycoproteins induce immunoregulatory cytokines and growth factors through interactions with sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-like lectins. We describe the processes, which modulate the interaction between sialylated carrier glycoproteins and their ligands, and illustrate that sialic acids could be targets of novel therapeutic strategies for treatment of cancer and immune diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa Jarahian
- German Cancer Research Center, Toxicology and Chemotherapy Unit Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany;
| | - Faroogh Marofi
- Department of Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 5165665931, Iran;
| | - Marwah Suliman Maashi
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Unit at King Fahad Medical Research Centre, Jeddah 11211, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Mahnaz Ghaebi
- Cancer Gene Therapy Research Center (CGRC), Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan 4513956184, Iran;
| | - Abdolrahman Khezri
- Department of Biotechnology, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, 2418 Hamar, Norway;
| | - Martin R. Berger
- German Cancer Research Center, Toxicology and Chemotherapy Unit Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany;
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Wu CH, Su PL, Hsu CW, Chu CY, Lin CC. Small cell transformation in crizotinib-resistant ROS1-rearranged non-small cell lung cancer with retention of ROS1 fusion: A case report. Thorac Cancer 2021; 12:3068-3071. [PMID: 34623764 PMCID: PMC8590892 DOI: 10.1111/1759-7714.14175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
C-ros oncogene 1 receptor tyrosine kinase (ROS1) rearrangement has been detected in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Although ROS1 tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) provide a survival benefit for patients with ROS1-rearranged advanced NSCLC, subsequent therapy remains limited. Small cell transformation is an important mechanism of drug resistance in epidermal growth factor receptor-mutant NSCLC. However, its significance in mediating ROS1 resistance has not been determined yet. Here, we present the case of a 63-year-old man with ROS1-rearranged advanced NSCLC who had disease progression with small cell transformation of the mediastinal lymph node after 8 months of treatment with crizotinib. More importantly, fluorescence in situ hybridization of post-progression tumor biopsy demonstrated retention of ROS1 rearrangement. Tissue biopsy remains indispensable for patients who acquire resistance to ROS1 TKIs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Hao Wu
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Po-Lan Su
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Che-Wei Hsu
- Department of Pathology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Yao Chu
- Department of Pathology, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Chung Lin
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Cristina Mendonça Nogueira T, Vinicius Nora de Souza M. New FDA oncology small molecule drugs approvals in 2020: Mechanism of action and clinical applications. Bioorg Med Chem 2021; 46:116340. [PMID: 34416511 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2021.116340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In 2020, fifty-three new drugs, including forty small-molecules (thirty-six new chemical entities and four new diagnostic agents) and thirteen biologic drugs were approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). This year, small-molecules continue to play a role in innovative treatments representing around 75% of all drugs accepted by FDA. The dominant therapeutic area was oncology, accounting for twenty-three new approvals, including thirteen new chemical entities, four new diagnostic agents, and thirteen biologic drugs. Recognizing the importance of small-molecules on cancer treatment, this review aims to provide an overview regarding the clinical applications and mechanism of action of the thirteen new small-molecules (excluding new diagnostic agents) approved by FDA in 2020.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thais Cristina Mendonça Nogueira
- Instituto de Tecnologia em Fármacos-Far Manguinhos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rua Sizenando Nabuco 100, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21041- 250 Brazil
| | - Marcus Vinicius Nora de Souza
- Instituto de Tecnologia em Fármacos-Far Manguinhos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rua Sizenando Nabuco 100, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21041- 250 Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|