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Dhasmana A, Dhasmana S, Kotnala S, A A, Kashyap VK, Shaji PD, Laskar P, Khan S, Pellicano R, Fagoonee S, Haque S, Yallapu MM, Chauhan SC, Jaggi M. A topography of immunotherapies against gastrointestinal malignancies. Panminerva Med 2021; 64:56-71. [PMID: 34664484 DOI: 10.23736/s0031-0808.21.04541-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal (GI) cancers are one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Although various approaches are implemented to improve the health condition of GI patients, none of the treatment protocols promise for eradicating cancer. However, a treatment mechanism against any kind of disease condition is already existing executing inside the human body. The 'immune system' is highly efficient to detect and destroy the unfavourable events of the body including tumor cells. The immune system can restrict the growth and proliferation of cancer. Cancer cells behave much smarter and adopt new mechanisms for hiding from the immune cells. Thus, cancer immunotherapy might play a decisive role to train the immune system against cancer. In this review, we have discussed the immunotherapy permitted for the treatment of GI cancers. We have discussed various methods and mechanisms, periodic development of cancer immunotherapies, approved biologicals, completed and ongoing clinical trials, role of various biopharmaceuticals, and epigenetic factors involved in GI cancer immunotherapies (graphical abstract Figure 1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Anupam Dhasmana
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX, USA.,South Texas Center of Excellence in Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX, USA.,Department of Biosciences and Cancer Research Institute, Himalayan Institute of Medical Sciences, Swami Rama Himalayan University, Dehradun, India
| | - Swati Dhasmana
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX, USA.,South Texas Center of Excellence in Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX, USA
| | - Sudhir Kotnala
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX, USA.,South Texas Center of Excellence in Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX, USA
| | - Anukriti A
- Department of Biosciences, School of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Mody University, Lakshamgarh, Rajasthan, India
| | - Vivek K Kashyap
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX, USA.,South Texas Center of Excellence in Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX, USA
| | - Poornima D Shaji
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX, USA
| | - Partha Laskar
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX, USA.,South Texas Center of Excellence in Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX, USA
| | - Sheema Khan
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX, USA.,South Texas Center of Excellence in Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX, USA
| | | | - Sharmila Fagoonee
- Institute of Biostructure and Bioimaging (CNR), Molecular Biotechnology Center, Turin, Italy
| | - Shafiul Haque
- Research and Scientific Studies Unit, College of Nursing and Allied Health Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia.,Bursa Uludağ University Faculty of Medicine, Görükle Campus, Nilüfer, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Murali M Yallapu
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX, USA.,South Texas Center of Excellence in Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX, USA
| | - Subhash C Chauhan
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX, USA.,South Texas Center of Excellence in Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX, USA
| | - Meena Jaggi
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX, USA - meena.jaggi @utrgv.edu.,South Texas Center of Excellence in Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX, USA
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2
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Zanwar S, Nandakumar B, Kumar S. Immune-based therapies in the management of multiple myeloma. Blood Cancer J 2020; 10:84. [PMID: 32829378 PMCID: PMC7443188 DOI: 10.1038/s41408-020-00350-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a clonal plasma cell malignancy affecting a predominantly elderly population. The continued development of newer therapies with novel mechanisms of action has reshaped the treatment paradigm of this disorder in the last two decades, leading to a significantly improved prognosis. This has in turn resulted in an increasing number of patients in need of therapy for relapsed/refractory disease. Immune-based therapies, including monoclonal antibodies, immune checkpoint inhibitors, and most promisingly, adoptive cellular therapies represent important therapeutic strategies in these patients due to their non-cross resistant mechanisms of actions with the usual frontline therapies comprising of immunomodulatory drugs (IMiDs) and proteasome inhibitors (PIs). The anti-CD38 antibodies daratumumab and more recently isatuximab, with their excellent efficacy and safety profile along with its synergy in combination with IMiDs and PIs, are being increasingly incorporated in the frontline setting. Chimeric antigen receptor-T cell (CART) therapies and bi-specific T-cell engager (BiTE) represent exciting new options that have demonstrated efficacy in heavily pretreated and refractory MM. In this review, we discuss the rationale for use of immune-based therapies in MM and summarize the currently available literature for common antibodies and CAR-T therapies that are utilized in MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh Zanwar
- Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Shaji Kumar
- Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
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Kaur K, Khatik GL. Cancer Immunotherapy: An Effective Tool in Cancer Control and Treatment. CURRENT CANCER THERAPY REVIEWS 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1573394715666190913184853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Background::
Cancer immunotherapy is a type of cancer treatment which effectively
harnesses the natural ability of the immune system to fight against cancer cells. This approach
takes into consideration the fact that cancer cells express various types of antigens on their surface.
Such tumor antigens can be detected by the immune system. However, cancer cells normally
develop resistance to the defensive mechanisms presented by the immune system. Thus, cancer
immunotherapy has some challenges in its path but due to its impressive clinical effectiveness, it
is considered as the potential and effective mode of treatment for cancer.
Methods::
We searched the scientific database using cancer, immunotherapy, and tumor antigens
as the keywords. Herein, only peer-reviewed research articles were collected which were useful to
our current work.
Results::
Cells responsible for incurring natural immunity to the body are engineered in such a
way that they become able to efficiently recognize and bind to tumor antigens. Such type of immunotherapy
is referred to as active immunotherapy. Another type is passive immunotherapy,
which involves the process of modifying the existing natural immune responses against cancer
cells. A hybrid type of immunotherapy has also been developed which involves the combinative
use of both active and passive immunotherapy. Cancer immunotherapy has so far proven to be an
effective treatment for cancer as this therapy primarily aims at attacking cancer cells and not the
healthy body cells lying in close vicinity to them.
Conclusion::
In the review, we described the significance of immunotherapy in the management
of various types of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kawalpreet Kaur
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar- Delhi G.T. Road, Phagwara, Punjab (144411), India
| | - Gopal L. Khatik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar- Delhi G.T. Road, Phagwara, Punjab (144411), India
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Marin-Acevedo JA, Soyano AE, Dholaria B, Knutson KL, Lou Y. Cancer immunotherapy beyond immune checkpoint inhibitors. J Hematol Oncol 2018; 11:8. [PMID: 29329556 PMCID: PMC5767051 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-017-0552-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant cells have the capacity to rapidly grow exponentially and spread in part by suppressing, evading, and exploiting the host immune system. Immunotherapy is a form of oncologic treatment directed towards enhancing the host immune system against cancer. In recent years, manipulation of immune checkpoints or pathways has emerged as an important and effective form of immunotherapy. Agents that target cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated molecule-4 (CTLA-4), programmed cell death receptor-1 (PD-1), and programmed cell death ligand-1 (PD-L1) are the most widely studied and recognized. Immunotherapy, however, extends beyond immune checkpoint therapy by using new molecules such as chimeric monoclonal antibodies and antibody drug conjugates that target malignant cells and promote their destruction. Genetically modified T cells expressing chimeric antigen receptors are able to recognize specific antigens on cancer cells and subsequently activate the immune system. Native or genetically modified viruses with oncolytic activity are of great interest as, besides destroying malignant cells, they can increase anti-tumor activity in response to the release of new antigens and danger signals as a result of infection and tumor cell lysis. Vaccines are also being explored, either in the form of autologous or allogenic tumor peptide antigens, genetically modified dendritic cells that express tumor peptides, or even in the use of RNA, DNA, bacteria, or virus as vectors of specific tumor markers. Most of these agents are yet under development, but they promise to be important options to boost the host immune system to control and eliminate malignancy. In this review, we have provided detailed discussion of different forms of immunotherapy agents other than checkpoint-modifying drugs. The specific focus of this manuscript is to include first-in-human phase I and phase I/II clinical trials intended to allow the identification of those drugs that most likely will continue to develop and possibly join the immunotherapeutic arsenal in a near future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aixa E Soyano
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Bhagirathbhai Dholaria
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
- Current address: Department of Blood and Marrow Transplant and Cellular Immunotherapy, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Keith L Knutson
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Yanyan Lou
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA.
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Exosomes: novel implications in diagnosis and treatment of gastrointestinal cancer. Langenbecks Arch Surg 2016; 401:1097-1110. [PMID: 27342853 DOI: 10.1007/s00423-016-1468-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Amongst all cancer subtypes, gastrointestinal tumours are responsible for most cancer-related deaths. In most of the cases, the limitation of the prognosis of patients with malignant gastrointestinal tumours can be attributed to delayed diagnosis of the disease. In the last decade, secondary prevention strategies, in particular tumour screenings, have been identified to significantly improve the identification of patients with early-stage disease, leading to more effective therapeutic interventions. Therefore, new screening methods and further innovative treatment approaches may lead to an increase in progression-free and overall survival rates. PURPOSE Exosomes are small microvesicles with a size of 50-150 nm. They are formed in the endosomal system of many different cell types, where they are packed with nucleotides and proteins from the parental cell. After their release into the extracellular space, exosomes can deliver their cargo into recipient cells. By this mechanism, tumour cells can recruit and manipulate the adjacent and systemic microenvironment in order to support invasion and dissemination. Cancer-derived exosomes in the blood may provide detailed information about the tumour biology of each individual patient. Moreover, tumour-derived exosomes can be used as targetable factors and drug delivery agents in clinical practice. CONCLUSION In this review, we summarise new aspects about novel implications in the diagnosis and treatment of gastrointestinal cancer and show how circulating exosomes have come into the spotlight of research as a high potential source of 'liquid biopsies'.
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Rijavec E, Biello F, Genova C, Barletta G, Maggioni C, Dal Bello MG, Coco S, Truini A, Vanni I, Alama A, Beltramini S, Grassi MA, Boccardo F, Grossi F. Belagenpumatucel-L for the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2015. [DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2015.1073709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Tavernaro I, Hartmann S, Sommer L, Hausmann H, Rohner C, Ruehl M, Hoffmann-Roeder A, Schlecht S. Synthesis of tumor-associated MUC1-glycopeptides and their multivalent presentation by functionalized gold colloids. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:81-97. [PMID: 25212389 DOI: 10.1039/c4ob01339e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The mucin MUC1 is a glycoprotein involved in fundamental biological processes, which can be found over-expressed and with a distinctly altered glycan pattern on epithelial tumor cells; thus it is a promising target structure in the quest for effective carbohydrate-based cancer vaccines and immunotherapeutics. Natural glycopeptide antigens indicate only a low immunogenicity and a T-cell independent immune response; however, this major drawback can be overcome by coupling of glycopeptide antigens multivalently to immunostimulating carrier platforms. In particular, gold nanoparticles are well suited as templates for the multivalent presentation of glycopeptide antigens, due to their remarkably high surface-to-volume ratio in combination with their high biostability. In this work the synthesis of novel MUC1-glycopeptide antigens and their coupling to gold nanoparticles of different sizes are presented. In addition, the development of a new dot-blot immunoassay to test the potential antigen-antibody binding is introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Tavernaro
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 58, 35392 Giessen, Germany.
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Chen J, Li Z, Huang H, Yang Y, Ding Q, Mai J, Guo W, Xu Y. Improved antigen cross-presentation by polyethyleneimine-based nanoparticles. Int J Nanomedicine 2011; 6:77-84. [PMID: 21289984 PMCID: PMC3025594 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s15457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose In the development of therapeutic vaccines against cancer, it is important to design strategies for antigen cross-presentation to stimulate cell-mediated immune responses against tumor antigens. Methods We developed a polyethyleneimine (PEI)-based protein antigen delivery system to promote cross-presentation through the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) I pathway using ovalbumin (OVA) as a model antigen. PEIs formed nanoparticles with OVA by electrostatic interactions, as demonstrated by electrophoresis analysis, scanning electron microscopy, and photon correlation spectroscopy analysis. Results The nanoparticles were used to stimulate mouse bone marrow-derived dendritic cells in vitro and resulted in significantly more OVA257–264/MHC I complex presentation on dendritic cell surfaces. The activated dendritic cells interacted specifically with RF33.70 to stimulate interleukin-2 secretion. The cross-presentation promoting effect was more prominent in dendritic cells that had been cultured for longer periods of time (13 days). Further studies comparing the antigen presentation efficacies by other polyanionic agents, such as PLL or lysosomotropic agents, suggested that the unique “proton sponge effect” of PEI facilitated antigen escape from the endosome toward the MHC I pathway. Conclusion Such a PEI-based nanoparticle system may have the potential to be developed into an effective therapeutic vaccine delivery system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Chen
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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9
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Abdul-Alim CS, Li Y, Yee C. Conditional superagonist CTL ligands for the promotion of tumor-specific CTL responses. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 184:6514-21. [PMID: 20483791 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0900448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Although it has been demonstrated that CTLs can be raised against tumor-associated self-antigens, achieving consistent and effective clinical responses has proven challenging. Superagonist altered peptide ligands (APLs) can often elicit potent antitumor CTL responses where the native tumor-associated epitope fails. Current methods have identified a limited number of superagonist APLs, including the prototypic 27L mutant of MART-1. However, more comprehensive screening strategies would be desirable. In this study, we use a novel genetic screen, involving recombinant technology and class I Ag cross-presentation, to search for supraoptimal superagonists of the 27L MART-1 mutant by surveying the effectiveness of virtually every single amino acid substitution mutant of 27L to activate human Ag-specific CTL clones recognizing the wild-type MART-1(26-35) epitope. We identify three novel mutant epitopes with superagonist properties that are functionally superior to 27L; however, the ability of a given analogue to act as superagonist varies among patients and suggests that a given superagonist APL may be ideally suited to different patients. These findings endorse the use of comprehensive methods to establish panels of potential superagonist APLs to individualize tumor peptide vaccines among patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Siddiq Abdul-Alim
- Program in Immunology, Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
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10
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Daftarian P, Mansour M, Benoit AC, Pohajdak B, Hoskin DW, Brown RG, Kast WM. Eradication of established HPV 16-expressing tumors by a single administration of a vaccine composed of a liposome-encapsulated CTL-T helper fusion peptide in a water-in-oil emulsion. Vaccine 2006; 24:5235-44. [PMID: 16675074 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.03.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2005] [Revised: 02/26/2006] [Accepted: 03/24/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV)-induced cervical cancer is the second most common cancer among women worldwide with half a million new cases per year. Despite the encouraging development of a preventive vaccine for HPV, a therapeutic vaccine for cervical cancer or pre-cancerous lesions remains a high priority. The preclinical study reported here used VacciMax((R)) (VM) to deliver a peptide-based vaccine composed of an HPV 16 E7-derived cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) epitope fused to the T helper epitope PADRE (FP) and combined with CpG or lipopeptide adjuvant. In the study, C57BL/6 mice received 0.5million HPV 16-expressing C3 tumor cells. Mice were inoculated post-tumor challenge with a single s.c. injection of FP-CpG-VM on either day 4, 5, 6, 9, or 14. All mice that received the FP-CpG-VM vaccine were tumor-free to day 130 when the experiment was terminated. In contrast, only a minority of mice that received a control vaccine were tumor-free on day 60. Cytotoxicity assays, ELISPOT and intracellular staining for interferon (IFN)-gamma showed the immune response was specific for the selected CTL epitope. All mice that received the FP-CpG-VM vaccine remained tumor-free when re-challenged with 6million C3 cells. Cytotoxicity assays 4 months post-challenge showed that only splenocytes from mice inoculated with the FP-CpG-VM vaccine had high lysis activity. These results indicate that VacciMax((R)) causes a rapid, robust, durable and therapeutic CTL response to HPV 16 E7 protein expressing tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pirouz Daftarian
- ImmunoVaccine Technologies, 1819 Granville St., Suite 303, Halifax, NS, Canada B3J 3R1.
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Kaneko H, Hori T, Yanagita S, Kadowaki N, Uchiyama T. Introduction of OX40 ligand into lymphoma cells elicits anti-lymphoma immunity in vivo. Exp Hematol 2005; 33:336-43. [PMID: 15730857 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2004.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2004] [Revised: 10/14/2004] [Accepted: 11/21/2004] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE OX40, a member of the TNF receptor superfamily, and its ligand (OX40L) play crucial roles in induction and maintenance of integrated T cell immune response. Engagement of OX40L delivers a costimulatory signal to T cells. In this study, we investigated whether inoculation of OX40L-transfected EL4, a murine T cell lymphoma cell line, could induce anti-lymphoma immunity in mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS Female C57BL/6 mice were inoculated with 1 x 10(5) cells of parental EL4, OX40L-transfected EL4 (EL4-OX40L), or mock control vector-transfected EL4 (EL4-mock), and then the tumor size, overall survival, CTL activity of spleen cells, and the immunohistochemistry were compared. RESULTS While both parental EL4 and EL4-mock grew rapidly, EL4-OX40L was rejected or grew slower than parental EL4 or EL4-mock. Pretreatment of mice with either anti-CD4 or anti-CD8 mAb accelerated the growth of EL4-OX40L, suggesting that both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were involved in anti-lymphoma immunity. The immunohistochemical study revealed the infiltration of CD8+ T cells into the tumor of EL4-OX40L. In vitro CTL assay demonstrated that spleen cells of mice that had rejected EL4-OX40L had significant cytotoxic activity against parental EL4. CONCLUSION The gene transfer of OX40L into lymphoma cells is an eligible and efficient modality to induce anti-lymphoma immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitomi Kaneko
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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12
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Spassova MK, Bornmann WG, Ragupathi G, Sukenick G, Livingston PO, Danishefsky SJ. Synthesis of Selected LeY and KH-1 Analogues: A Medicinal Chemistry Approach to Vaccine Optimization. J Org Chem 2005; 70:3383-95. [PMID: 15844973 DOI: 10.1021/jo048016l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
[structure: see text] As part of our ongoing anticancer vaccine program, we recently found that antibodies generated in response to the KH-1-KLH construct recognized not only KH-1 antigen but also the Lewis Y (Le(y)) antigen as well, with antibody titer levels much higher than those observed after immunization with individual Le(y)-KLH vaccine constructs. In an attempt to explore the structure-antigenic relationship of these carbohydrate epitopes, several analogues of both KH-1 and Le(y) were synthesized. A convergent synthetic approach to the analogues was designed on the basis of well-established glycal methodology, employing a minimum number of building blocks to generate competent antigens with high stereoselectivity and reasonable yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria K Spassova
- Organic Synthesis Core Facility, Sloan-Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10021, USA
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES To review malignant cell characteristics, which serve as the basis for the development of molecular, targeted cancer therapies. To provide an introduction and overview of new targeted agents, including monoclonal antibodies, enzyme inhibitors, antiangiogenic agents, gene therapy, and vaccines. DATA SOURCES Published scientific papers, review articles, and book chapters. CONCLUSION Through new understandings and theories of how cancer cells survive, thrive, and metastasize, researchers have created new targeted therapies for cancer treatment to minimize the harmful systemic effects of traditional therapy. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING PRACTICE As with any new therapeutic modality, scientific rationale and mechanism of action must be appreciated by health care staff to build a solid foundation for patient education and to provide astute management of acute and latent effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Gemmill
- Departments of Surgical Oncology and Medical Oncology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
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Abstract
The complex of humoral factors and immune cells comprises two interleaved systems, innate and acquired. Immune cells scan the occurrence of any molecule that it considers to be nonself. Transformed cells acquire antigenicity that is recognized as nonself. A specific immune response is generated that results in the proliferation of antigen-specific lymphocytes. Immunity is acquired when antibodies and T-cell receptors are expressed and up-regulated through the formation and release of lymphokines, chemokines, and cytokines. Both innate and acquired immune systems interact to initiate antigenic responses against carcinomas. A new approach to the treatment of cancer has been immunotherapy, which aims to up-regulate the immune system in order that it may better control carcinogenesis. Currently, several forms of immunotherapy that use natural biological substances to activate the immune system are being explored therapeutically. The various forms of immunotherapy fall into three main categories: monoclonal antibodies, immune response modifiers, and vaccines. While these modalities have individually shown some promise, it is likely that the best strategy to combat cancer may require multiple immunotherapeutic strategies in order to demonstrate benefit in different patient populations. It may be that the best results are obtained with vaccines in combination with a variety of immunotherapy combinations. Another potent strategy may be in combining with more traditional cancer drugs as evidenced from the benefit derived from enhancing the efficacy of chemotherapy with cytokines. Through such concerted efforts, a durable, therapeutic antitumour immune response may be achieved and maintained over the course of a patient's lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamila K Adam
- Department of Medical Science, Durban Institute of Technology (ML Sultan Campus), Durban, South Africa
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Frijhoff AFW, Conti CJ, Senderowicz AM. Second symposium of novel molecular targets for cancer therapy. Oncologist 2003; 7 Suppl 3:1-3. [PMID: 12165649 DOI: 10.1634/theoncologist.7-suppl_3-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Anita F W Frijhoff
- Department of Carcinogenesis, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Science Park- Research Division, Smithville, Texas, USA
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