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Abdel-Moneim AME, Elbaz AM, Khidr RES, Badri FB. Effect of in Ovo Inoculation of Bifidobacterium spp. on Growth Performance, Thyroid Activity, Ileum Histomorphometry, and Microbial Enumeration of Broilers. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2021; 12:873-882. [PMID: 31709505 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-019-09613-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Early colonization by beneficial bacteria stimulates the function and development of the digestive tract, on which the performance and vitality of broilers rely. This experiment evaluated the effects of in ovo injection of bifidobacteria on the performance, thyroid activity, bacterial enumeration, and ileal histomorphometry of broiler chickens. A total of 360 fertile eggs were inoculated into the yolk sac, on day 17 of embryogenesis, and allocated to six experimental groups: negative control (not injected, G1), positive control (injected with sterilized distilled water, G2), and groups inoculated with 2 × 108 CFU of Bifidobacterium bifidum, G3; B. animalis, G4; B. longum, G5; or B. infantis, G6. The results revealed an increase (P < 0.01) in body weight and weight gain in all treated groups increases of at least 5.38 and 8.27%, respectively, compared with the control. Feed consumption was not affected during all experimental periods, while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) was enhanced (P < 0.01) only for the overall experimental period (1-28 days of age). The G3 birds recorded the lowest FCR (1.38), while the highest was observed in G1 birds (1.57). Serum concentrations of thyroxin and triiodothyronine were elevated (P < 0.05) with probiotic inoculation. The antioxidant status and immune response of bifidobacteria injected birds were improved; the serum contents of superoxide dismutase and immunoglobulins Y, M, and A were increased (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01), while the malondialdehyde content was decreased (P < 0.01). Ileal architecture was improved in the bifidobacteria treated groups; the highest values of villus height and the villus height/crypt depth ratio were recorded in G3 (936.6 and 11.80) compared with those of G1 (537.1 and 6.93). Moreover, ileal lactic acid bacteria and Bifidobacterium spp. counts increased by at least 10.64 and 51.75%, while total coliform and bacterial counts reduced by at least 15.46 and 15.18%, respectively, compared with those of the control. In conclusion, all tested strains of bifidobacteria enhanced broiler growth performance, ileal function, and thyroid hormone metabolism without obvious differences among them.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Faisal Bayoumi Badri
- Poultry Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
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Shah M, Zaneb H, Masood S, Khan RU, Mobashar M, Khan I, Din S, Khan MS, Rehman HU, Tinelli A. Single or Combined Applications of Zinc and Multi-strain Probiotic on Intestinal Histomorphology of Broilers Under Cyclic Heat Stress. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2021; 12:473-480. [PMID: 31154611 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-019-09561-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Two-hundred-eighty-day-old broiler chicks were divided into seven groups. The groups were designated as T1, thermoneutral zone; T2, heat stressed (HS); T3, HS + zinc (Zn) supplementation (30 mg/kg); T4, HS + Zn (60 mg/kg); T5, HS + probiotic (0.1 g/kg); T6, HS + probiotic (0.1 g/kg) + Zn (30 mg/kg); and T7, HS + Zn (60 mg/kg) + probiotic (0.1 g/kg). Significant decrease (p < 0.05) was observed in villus height (VH), VH to crypt depth ratio, and villus surface area of all intestinal segments in the T2 group when compared with the T1 group. The same parameters had significantly higher (p < 0.05) values in the jejunum and ileum of the Zn- and probiotic-supplemented groups (alone + combination) when compared with the T2 group. The birds exposed to HS showed fewer (p < 0.05) intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) in the jejunum and ileum than the T1 group, while their count increased in the jejunum and ileum with dietary treatments. In conclusion, Zn and probiotic positively modulated the intestinal microstructures of broilers kept under high environmental temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muqader Shah
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, University of Agriculture, Peshawar, Pakistan.
| | - Hafsa Zaneb
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Biosciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Saima Masood
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Biosciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Rifat Ullah Khan
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, University of Agriculture, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Mobashar
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Science, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Imad Khan
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Biosciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Salahud Din
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Biosciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Shoaib Khan
- Department of Bio-Sciences, Gomal College of Veterinary Sciences, Gomal University, D. I. Khan, Pakistan
| | - Habib Ur Rehman
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biosciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Antonella Tinelli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Valenzano, BA, Italy
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KOWALSKA JUSTYNAD, NOWAK ADRIANA, ŚLIŻEWSKA KATARZYNA, STAŃCZYK MAŁGORZATA, ŁUKASIAK MAGDALENA, DASTYCH JAROSŁAW. Anti-Salmonella Potential of New Lactobacillus Strains with the Application in the Poultry Industry. Pol J Microbiol 2020; 69:5-18. [PMID: 32189480 PMCID: PMC7256722 DOI: 10.33073/pjm-2020-001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Probiotics are considered an alternative to antibiotics in the prevention and treatment of Salmonella diseases in poultry. However, to use probiotics as proposed above, it is necessary to evaluate their properties in detail and to select the most effective bacterial strains in the application targeted. In this study, probiotic properties of new Lactobacillus sp. strains were investigated and their antimicrobial activity against 125 environmental strains of Salmonella sp. was determined using the agar slab method. Furthermore, their survival in the presence of bile salts and at low pH, antibiotics susceptibility, aggregation and coaggregation ability, adherence to polystyrene and Caco-2 cells, and cytotoxicity were investigated. Each strain tested showed antagonistic activity against at least 96% of the environmental Salmonella sp. strains and thus representing a highly epidemiologically differentiated collection of poultry isolates. In addition, the probiotic properties of new Lactobacillus strains are promising. Therefore, all strains examined showed a high potential for use in poultry against salmonellosis. Probiotics are considered an alternative to antibiotics in the prevention and treatment of Salmonella diseases in poultry. However, to use probiotics as proposed above, it is necessary to evaluate their properties in detail and to select the most effective bacterial strains in the application targeted. In this study, probiotic properties of new Lactobacillus sp. strains were investigated and their antimicrobial activity against 125 environmental strains of Salmonella sp. was determined using the agar slab method. Furthermore, their survival in the presence of bile salts and at low pH, antibiotics susceptibility, aggregation and coaggregation ability, adherence to polystyrene and Caco-2 cells, and cytotoxicity were investigated. Each strain tested showed antagonistic activity against at least 96% of the environmental Salmonella sp. strains and thus representing a highly epidemiologically differentiated collection of poultry isolates. In addition, the probiotic properties of new Lactobacillus strains are promising. Therefore, all strains examined showed a high potential for use in poultry against salmonellosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - ADRIANA NOWAK
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Lodz University of Technology, Lodz, Poland
| | - KATARZYNA ŚLIŻEWSKA
- Institute of Fermentation Technology and Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Lodz University of Technology, Lodz, Poland
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Effects of Lactobacillus acidophilus and natural antibacterials on growth performance and Salmonella colonization in broiler chickens challenged with Salmonella enteritidis. Livest Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2020.103948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Jiang S, Mohammed AA, Jacobs JA, Cramer TA, Cheng HW. Effect of synbiotics on thyroid hormones, intestinal histomorphology, and heat shock protein 70 expression in broiler chickens reared under cyclic heat stress. Poult Sci 2020; 99:142-150. [PMID: 32416795 PMCID: PMC7587863 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pez571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
This study examined effect of a dietary synbiotic supplement on the concentrations of plasma thyroid hormones, expressions of heat shock protein 70 (HSP70), and intestinal histomorphology in broiler chickens exposed to cyclic heat stress (HS). Three hundred and sixty day old male Ross 708 broiler chicks were randomly distributed among 3 dietary treatments containing a synbiotic (PoultryStar meUS) at 0 (control), 0.5 (0.5×), and 1.0 (1.0×) g/kg. Each treatment contained 8 replicates of 15 birds each housed in floor pens in a temperature and lighting controlled room. Heat stimulation was established from days 15 to 42 at 32°C for 9 h daily. The results indicated that under the HS condition, both synbiotic fed groups had lower liver and hypothalamus HSP70 levels (P < 0.001) compared to control group; however, HSP70 mRNA expression was not different among treatments (P > 0.05). There were no treatment effects on the levels of triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) as well as T3/T4 ratio (P > 0.05). Compared to controls, 1.0× HS broilers had greater villus height in the duodenum (P < 0.01), and greater villus height and villus height:crypt depth ratios in the ileum (P < 0.01). There were no differences among treatments on the measured intestinal parameters in the jejunum (P > 0.05). The results suggest that the synbiotic may ameliorate the negative effects of HS on chicken health as indicated by the changes in the intestinal architecture and the levels of HSP70. Dietary synbiotic supplement could be a feasible nutritive strategy for the poultry industry to improve the health and welfare of chickens when exposed to hot environmental temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Jiang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - A A Mohammed
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, 915 West State Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Department of Animal Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71526, Egypt
| | - J A Jacobs
- USDA Agricultural Research Service, 125 South Russell Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - T A Cramer
- Department of Animal and Food Science, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | - H W Cheng
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, 915 West State Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
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Arreguin-Nava MA, Hernández-Patlán D, Solis-Cruz B, Latorre JD, Hernandez-Velasco X, Tellez G, El-Ashram S, Hargis BM, Tellez-Isaias G. Isolation and Identification of Lactic Acid Bacteria Probiotic Culture Candidates for the Treatment of Salmonella enterica Serovar Enteritidis in Neonatal Turkey Poults. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:ani9090696. [PMID: 31533370 PMCID: PMC6770488 DOI: 10.3390/ani9090696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of Lactobacillus spp.-based probiotic candidates on Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis (SE) colonization was evaluated in two separate experiments. In each experiment, sixty-one day-of-hatch female turkey poults were obtained from a local hatchery. In both experiments, poults were challenged via oral gavage with 104 cfu/poult of SE and randomly allocated to one of two groups (n = 30 poults): (1) the positive control group and (2) the probiotic treated group. Heated brooder batteries were used for housing each group separately and poults were allowed ad libitum access to water and unmedicated turkey starter feed. 1 h following the SE challenge, poults were treated with 106 cfu/poult of probiotic culture via oral gavage or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS)to control groups. A total of 24 h post-treatment, poults were euthanized and the ceca and cecal tonsils from twenty poults were collected aseptically for SE recovery. In both trials, a significant reduction in the incidence and log10 cfu/g of SE were observed in poults treated with the probiotic when compared with control poults (p ≤ 0.05). The results of the present study suggest that the administration of this lactic acid-producing bacteria (LAB)-based probiotic 1 h after an SE challenge can be useful in reducing the cecal colonization of this pathogen in neonatal poults.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel Hernández-Patlán
- Laboratorio 5: LEDEFAR, Unidad de Investigación Multidisciplinaria, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Cuautitlán Izcalli Estado de México 54714, Mexico; (D.H.-P.); (B.S.-C.)
| | - Bruno Solis-Cruz
- Laboratorio 5: LEDEFAR, Unidad de Investigación Multidisciplinaria, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Cuautitlán Izcalli Estado de México 54714, Mexico; (D.H.-P.); (B.S.-C.)
| | - Juan D. Latorre
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA; (J.D.L.); (B.M.H.)
| | - Xochitl Hernandez-Velasco
- Departamento de Medicina y Zootecnia de Aves, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, UNAM, Cd. de Mexico 04510, Mexico;
| | - Guillermo Tellez
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA; (J.D.L.); (B.M.H.)
| | - Saeed El-Ashram
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528231, Guangdong, China;
- Faculty of Science, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr el-Sheikh 33516, Egypt
| | - Billy M. Hargis
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA; (J.D.L.); (B.M.H.)
| | - Guillermo Tellez-Isaias
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA; (J.D.L.); (B.M.H.)
- Correspondence:
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Song D, Wang YW, Lu ZX, Wang WW, Miao HJ, Zhou H, Wang L, Li AK. Effects of dietary supplementation of microencapsulated Enterococcus fecalis and the extract of Camellia oleifera seed on laying performance, egg quality, serum biochemical parameters, and cecal microflora diversity in laying hens. Poult Sci 2019; 98:2880-2887. [PMID: 30850828 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pez033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of microencapsulted Enterococcus faecalis (MEF) and the extract of Camellia oleifera seed (ECOS) on laying performance, serum biochemical parameters, and cecal microflora diversity in laying hens. A total of 180 Hy-Line Brown laying hens, 26-wk-old, were randomly allocated to 6 treatments with 10 replicates and 3 hens per replicate. Dietary treatments were as follows: (A) control group, basal diet; (B) basal diet + 100 mg MEF/kg diet (1 × 1010 cfu/g MEF); (C) basal diet + 300 mg ECOS/kg diet; (D) basal diet + 100 mg MEF/kg diet + 300 mg ECOS/kg diet; (E) basal diet + 500 mg ECOS/kg diet; (F) basal diet + 100 mg MEF/kg diet + 500 mg ECOS/kg diet. The results showed that diets supplemented with MEF and ECOS had no significant effects on laying rate, average egg size, average daily feed intake, feed conversion ratio, eggshell thickness, albumen height, and yolk color (P > 0.05), but had significant effects on egg shape index, eggshell strength, and Haugh unit (P < 0.05) during whole feeding phases. Compared to the control group, the serum IgA and IgG levels of birds in Group F significantly increased (P < 0.05). The serum total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, total triglyceride, and blood urea nitrogen levels of birds in Group D and Group F significantly reduced (P < 0.05), and the high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level of birds in Group D and Group F significantly increased (P < 0.05). At the phylum level, Firmicutes decreased (P < 0.05) and Bacteroidetes increased (P < 0.05) in the birds of Group D. Ruminococcus and Bacteroides were significantly affected by dietary treatments (P < 0.05), and Bacteroides in the birds of Group D significantly increased at the genus level. Therefore, diet supplemented with MEF and ECOS can significantly improve serum biochemical parameters and increase cecal microflora diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Song
- Academy of State Administration of Grain, Beijing 100037, P. R. China
| | - Y W Wang
- Academy of State Administration of Grain, Beijing 100037, P. R. China
| | - Z X Lu
- Academy of State Administration of Grain, Beijing 100037, P. R. China
| | - W W Wang
- Academy of State Administration of Grain, Beijing 100037, P. R. China
| | - H J Miao
- Academy of State Administration of Grain, Beijing 100037, P. R. China
| | - H Zhou
- Academy of State Administration of Grain, Beijing 100037, P. R. China
| | - L Wang
- Academy of State Administration of Grain, Beijing 100037, P. R. China
| | - A K Li
- Academy of State Administration of Grain, Beijing 100037, P. R. China
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Thomas JV, Nair DVT, Noll S, Johnson TJ, Cardona C, Johny AK. Effect of Turkey-Derived Beneficial Bacteria Lactobacillus salivarius and Lactobacillus ingluviei on a Multidrug-Resistant Salmonella Heidelberg Strain in Turkey Poults. J Food Prot 2019; 82:435-440. [PMID: 30794457 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-18-286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Effects of turkey-derived beneficial bacteria Lactobacillus ingluviei UMNPBX19 and Lactobacillus salivarius UMNPBX2 on Salmonella Heidelberg (SH) in turkey poults was investigated. Using in vitro studies, we determined each strain's resistance to pH 2.5 and 0.3% bile salts and their β-hemolysis activity. We also tested each strain's adherence to avian epithelial cells and exhibition of antimicrobial activity against major poultry-associated Salmonella. Moreover, using three in vivo experiments, we determined the effect of the strains in combination (LBIS) against SH in turkey poults. The treatment groups were negative control (-SH, -LBIS), SH control (+SH, -LBIS), and LBIS group (+SH, +LBIS). Supplementation of LBIS was done in drinking water throughout the study at a dose of 8 log CFU/gal. On day 7, poults were challenged with a 2011 ground turkey outbreak strain of SH at 5 × 105 CFU/mL, and the surviving pathogens were determined on day 7 postinoculation from the cecum, spleen, and liver. Both Lactobacillus strains exerted resistance to low pH and bile salts ( P < 0.05), showed adhesion to epithelial cells ( P < 0.05), but did not exhibit β-hemolysis. Cell-free culture supernatants of strains showed antimicrobial activity against Salmonella ( P < 0.05). Results from the in vivo studies revealed that LBIS significantly reduced dissemination of SH to the liver and spleen in all experiments, and colonization in the cecum in two of the three experiments (1.9- and 3.9-log CFU/g reductions), compared with the control. The results indicate that turkey-derived L. ingluviei UMNPBX19 and L. salivarius UMNPBX2 have potential beneficial effects against SH in turkeys. However, more studies to this effect are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Divek V T Nair
- 1 Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota 55108, USA
| | - Sally Noll
- 1 Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota 55108, USA
| | - Timothy J Johnson
- 2 Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota 55108, USA
| | - Carol Cardona
- 2 Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota 55108, USA
| | - Anup Kollanoor Johny
- 1 Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota 55108, USA
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Lactic acid bacteria isolated from fermented flour of finger millet, its probiotic attributes and bioactive properties. ANN MICROBIOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s13213-018-1399-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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10
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Al-Khalaifah HS. Benefits of probiotics and/or prebiotics for antibiotic-reduced poultry. Poult Sci 2018; 97:3807-3815. [PMID: 30165527 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pey160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotics have been used for many years as growth promoters. They contribute to build the immunocompetence (i.e. ability of the body to produce a normal immune response following exposure to an antigen) of birds against infectious diseases and as growth promoters. Antibiotics have been widely used as growth promoters in the field of animal production since 1940s. There is a hypothesis that is effect is brought about by dynamic biological interaction with the micro-flora in the intestine. In 1951, the United States Food and Drug Administration approved the use of antibiotics as animal additives to prevent disease in general and, in some cases, to improve efficiency without veterinary prescription. In the 1950s and 1960s, each European state approved its own national regulations about the use of antibiotics in animal feeds. However, using antibiotics may develop bacteria resistant to these drugs. Accordingly, the use of antibiotics has been minimized and replaced by effective dietary supplements such as probiotics and/or prebiotics that are claimed to enhance growth and positively modulate the immune response. The current review paper sheds light on the benefits of using probiotics and/or prebiotics in poultry feed versus the risk of using antibiotics and the mechanisms by which they exert their effects, as well as the economic analysis of using these beneficial additives in poultry feed.
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Affiliation(s)
- H S Al-Khalaifah
- Environment and Life sciences Research Centre, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, P.O. Box 24885, 13109 Safat- KUWAIT
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11
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Lan RX, Lee SI, Kim IH. Effects of Enterococcus faecium SLB 120 on growth performance, blood parameters, relative organ weight, breast muscle meat quality, excreta microbiota shedding, and noxious gas emission in broilers. Poult Sci 2018; 96:3246-3253. [PMID: 28549196 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pex101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This 5-week study was conducted to determine the effects of Enterococcus faecium (SLB 120) on growth performance, blood parameters, relative organ weight, breast muscle meat quality, excreta microbiota shedding, and noxious gas emission in broilers. A total of 816 one-day-old male broilers were allocated to 4 groups with 12 replications (17 broilers/pen) according to body weight (43.2 ± 0.32 g). Dietary treatment groups were: (1) CON, basal diet, (2) T1, CON + 0.05% E. faecium, (3) T2, CON + 0.10% E. faecium, (4) T3, CON + 0.20% E. faecium. From day 1 to 21, dietary E. faecium supplementation showed linear increase (P < 0.05) in gain:feed ratio. From day 21 to 35 and the overall period, dietary E. faecium supplementation showed a linear increase (P < 0.05) in body weight gain and gain:feed ratio. On day 35, dietary E. faecium supplementation showed a linear increase (P < 0.05) in the apparent total tract digestibility of dry matter and nitrogen, and the relative weight of bursa of Fabricius; no differences were observed in white blood cells, red blood cells or lymphocyte counts. Dietary E. faecium supplementation showed a linear decrease (P < 0.05) in excreta E.coli counts on day 7 and 35, while excreta Lactobacillus counts were linearly increased (P < 0.05) on day 35. On day 35, dietary E. faecium supplementation linearly decreased (P < 0.05) excreta NH3, H2S, and total mercaptans emission, but only H2S emission was linearly decreased (P < 0.05) on day 7. In conclusion, the supplementation of E. faecium improved growth performance, the digestibility of dry matter and nitrogen, the relative weight of bursa of Fabricius, and shifted excreta microbiota by increasing Lactobacillus and decreasing E.coli counts, as well as decreased excreta NH3, H2S, and total mercaptans gas emission.
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Affiliation(s)
- R X Lan
- Department of Animal Resource & Science, Dankook University, Cheonan, Choongnam 330-714, South Korea
| | - S I Lee
- Department of Animal Resource & Science, Dankook University, Cheonan, Choongnam 330-714, South Korea
| | - I H Kim
- Department of Animal Resource & Science, Dankook University, Cheonan, Choongnam 330-714, South Korea.
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Choi H, Jung SK, Kim JS, Kim KW, Oh KB, Lee PY, Byun SJ. Effects of dietary recombinant chlorella supplementation on growth performance, meat quality, blood characteristics, excreta microflora, and nutrient digestibility in broilers. Poult Sci 2017; 96:710-716. [PMID: 27697932 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pew345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of chlorella as an immune stimulant to enhance nonspecific host defense mechanisms or as an antimicrobial to inhibit bacterial growth has been reported. Thus, the aim of the present study was to clarify the effect of recombinant chlorella supplementation on growth performance, meat quality, and the blood profile, excreta microflora, and nutrient digestibility in broilers. A total of 375 one-day-old ROSS 308 broilers (male and female) were allotted to 5 dietary treatments using 5 cages with 15 chicks per cage. Treatments were: 1) NC, basal diet supplemented with 1.0% E. coli fermented liquor (EFL); 2) PC1, 0.2% EFL with chlorella; 3) PC2, 1.0% EFL with chlorella; 4) T1, 0.2% EFL with chlorella (anti-viral); and 5) T2, 1.0% EFL with chlorella (anti-viral). The broilers in the T2 treatment groups showed higher body weight gain (BGW) by 2.55% (P < 0.01) and lower feed conversion ratio (FCR) by 2.75% (P < 0.05) compared with those fed the control NC treatment group. Moreover, the blood contents of blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, and IgA in the broilers of the T2 treatment group were significantly increased by 28.12, 23.07, and 29.72%, respectively -more than those found in the broilers of the NC treatment group (P < 0.01). In contrast, the LDL/C in the blood from the animals in the T2 treatment group was significantly decreased by 23.23% - more than that in the blood from the NC broilers (P < 0.05). Based on these results, we suggest that the dietary supplementation of broilers with recombinant chlorella could improve their growth performance, increase the concentration of IgA and apparently metabolizable nitrogen in the blood, and decrease ammonia emissions. Therefore, our findings have important implications for the effect of recombinant chlorella supplementation through increasing the concentration of IgA and the level of metabolizable nitrogen.
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Siadati SA, Ebrahimnezhad Y, Salehi Jouzani G, Shayegh J. Evaluation of Probiotic Potential of Some Native Lactobacillus Strains on the Growth Performance and Serum Biochemical Parameters of Japanese Quails (Coturnix Coturnix Japonica) during Rearing Period. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF POULTRY SCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.1590/1806-9061-2016-0393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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14
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Teague K, Graham L, Dunn J, Cheng H, Anthony N, Latorre J, Menconi A, Wolfenden R, Wolfenden A, Mahaffey B, Baxter M, Hernandez-Velasco X, Merino-Guzman R, Bielke L, Hargis B, Tellez G. In ovo evaluation of FloraMax®-B11 on Marek’s disease HVT vaccine protective efficacy, hatchability, microbiota composition, morphometric analysis, and Salmonella enteritidis infection in broiler chickens. Poult Sci 2017; 96:2074-2082. [DOI: 10.3382/ps/pew494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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Colonisation of poultry by Salmonella Enteritidis S1400 is reduced by combined administration of Lactobacillus salivarius 59 and Enterococcus faecium PXN-33. Vet Microbiol 2016; 199:100-107. [PMID: 28110775 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2016.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Revised: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella Enteritidis remains a significant issue within the poultry industry and one potential solution is to use probiotic bacteria to prevent Salmonella colonisation through competitive exclusion (CE). We demonstrate that combined administration of Lactobacillus salivarius 59 and Enterococcus faecium PXN33 were effective competitive excluders of Salmonella Enteritidis S1400 in poultry. Two models were developed to evaluate the efficacy of probiotic where birds received Salmonella Enteritidis S1400 by a) oral gavage and b) sentinel bird to bird transmission. A statistically significant (p<0.001) 2 log reduction of Salmonella Enteritidis S1400 colonisation was observed in the ileum, caecum and colon at day 43 using combined administration of the two probiotic bacteria. However, no Salmonella Enteritidis S1400 colonisation reduction was observed when either probiotic was administered individually. In the sentinel bird model the combined probiotic administered at days 12 and 20 was more effective than one-off or double administrations at age 1 and 12days. In vitro cell free culture supernatant studies suggest the mechanism of Salmonella Enteritidis S1400 inhibition was due to a reduction in pH by the probiotic bacteria. Our current study provides further evidence that probiotics can significantly reduce pathogenic bacterial colonisation in poultry and that mixed preparation of probiotics provide superior performance when compared to individual bacterial preparations.
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Manafi M, Khalaji S, Hedayati M. Assessment of a probiotic Containing Bacillus Subtilis on the Performance and Gut Health of Laying Japanese Quails (Coturnix Coturnix Japonica). BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF POULTRY SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.1590/1806-9061-2016-0220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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17
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Morales-Barrera E, Calhoun N, Lobato-Tapia JL, Lucca V, Prado-Rebolledo O, Hernandez-Velasco X, Merino-Guzman R, Petrone-García VM, Latorre JD, Mahaffey BD, Teague KD, Graham LE, Wolfenden AD, Baxter MFA, Hargis BM, Tellez G. Risks Involved in the Use of Enrofloxacin for Salmonella Enteritidis or Salmonella Heidelberg in Commercial Poultry. Front Vet Sci 2016; 3:72. [PMID: 27630995 PMCID: PMC5005317 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2016.00072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the risks involved in the use of Enrofloxacin for Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) or Salmonella Heidelberg (SH) in commercial poultry and determine the effects of a probiotic as an antibiotic alternative. Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the risks involved in the use of Enrofloxacin for SE or SH in commercial poultry. Experiment 1 consisted of two trials. In each trial, chickens were assigned to one of three groups; control + SE challenged; Enrofloxacin 25 mg/kg + SE; and Enrofloxacin 50 mg/kg + SE. Chickens received Enrofloxacin in the drinking water from days 1 to 5 of age. On day 6, all groups received fresh water without any treatment. All chickens were orally gavaged with 107 cfu/chick of SE at 7 days of age and euthanized on 8 days of age. In Experiment 2, turkey poults were assigned to one of the three groups; control + SH; probiotic + SH; and Enrofloxacin 50 mg/kg + SH. Poults received probiotic or Enrofloxacin in the drinking water from days 1 to 5 of age. On day 6, poults received fresh water without any treatment. Poults were orally gavaged with 107 cfu/poult of SH at 7 days of age. Poults were weighed and humanely killed 24 h post-SH challenge to evaluate serum concentration of fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran to evaluate intestinal permeability, metagenomics, and SH infection. In both trials of Experiment 1, chickens treated with Enrofloxacin were more susceptible to SE organ invasion and intestinal colonization when compared with control non-treated chickens (P < 0.05). In Experiment 2, poults treated with 50 mg/kg of Enrofloxacin showed an increase in body weight, however, this group also showed an increase in SH susceptibility, intestinal permeability, and lower proportion of Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes, but with control group had the highest proportion of Proteobacteria. By contrast, poults that received the probiotic had the highest proportion of Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes, but lowest Proteobacteria. The results of the present study suggest that prophylactic utilization of Enrofloxacin at five times the recommended dose in poultry increases the susceptibility to salmonellae infections, and confirms that probiotics may be an effective tool in salmonellae infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Morales-Barrera
- Departamento de Producción Agrícola y Animal, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana , Mexico City , México
| | - Nicole Calhoun
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas , Fayetteville, AR , USA
| | - Jose L Lobato-Tapia
- Departamento de Producción Agrícola y Animal, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana , Mexico City , México
| | - Vivian Lucca
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinaria, Centro de Ciencias Rurais, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria , Santa Maria , Brazil
| | - Omar Prado-Rebolledo
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad de Colima , Colima , México
| | - Xochitl Hernandez-Velasco
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , Ciudad de México , México
| | - Ruben Merino-Guzman
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , Ciudad de México , México
| | - Victor M Petrone-García
- Departamento de ciencias pecuarias, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán UNAM , Cuautitlán , México
| | - Juan D Latorre
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas , Fayetteville, AR , USA
| | - Brittany D Mahaffey
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas , Fayetteville, AR , USA
| | - Kyle D Teague
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas , Fayetteville, AR , USA
| | - Lucas E Graham
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas , Fayetteville, AR , USA
| | - Amanda D Wolfenden
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas , Fayetteville, AR , USA
| | - Mikayla F A Baxter
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas , Fayetteville, AR , USA
| | - Billy M Hargis
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas , Fayetteville, AR , USA
| | - Guillermo Tellez
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas , Fayetteville, AR , USA
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Zhang L, Li J, Yun T, Qi W, Liang X, Wang Y, Li A. Effects of pre-encapsulated and pro-encapsulated Enterococcus faecalis on growth performance, blood characteristics, and cecal microflora in broiler chickens. Poult Sci 2015; 94:2821-30. [DOI: 10.3382/ps/pev262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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19
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Penha Filho RAC, Díaz SJA, Fernando FS, Chang YF, Andreatti Filho RL, Berchieri Junior A. Immunomodulatory activity and control of Salmonella Enteritidis colonization in the intestinal tract of chickens by Lactobacillus based probiotic. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2015; 167:64-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2015.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Revised: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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20
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Téllez G, Lauková A, Latorre JD, Hernandez-Velasco X, Hargis BM, Callaway T. Food-producing animals and their health in relation to human health. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY IN HEALTH AND DISEASE 2015; 26:25876. [PMID: 25651994 PMCID: PMC4315780 DOI: 10.3402/mehd.v26.25876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The fields of immunology, microbiology, and nutrition converge in an astonishing way. Dietary ingredients have a profound effect on the composition of the gut microflora, which in turn regulates the physiology of metazoans. As such, nutritional components of the diet are of critical importance not only for meeting the nutrient requirements of the host, but also for the microbiome. During their coevolution, bacterial microbiota has established multiple mechanisms to influence the eukaryotic host, generally in a beneficial fashion. The microbiome encrypts a variety of metabolic functions that complements the physiology of their hosts. Over a century ago Eli Metchnikoff proposed the revolutionary idea to consume viable bacteria to promote health by modulating the intestinal microflora. The idea is more applicable now than ever, since bacterial antimicrobial resistance has become a serious worldwide problem both in medical and agricultural fields. The impending ban of antibiotics in animal feed due to the current concern over the spread of antibiotic resistance genes makes a compelling case for the development of alternative prophylactics. Nutritional approaches to counteract the debilitating effects of stress and infection may provide producers with useful alternatives to antibiotics. Improving the disease resistance of animals grown without antibiotics will benefit the animals’ health, welfare, and production efficiency, and is also a key strategy in the effort to improve the microbiological safe status of animal-derived food products (e.g. by poultry, rabbits, ruminants, or pigs). This review presents some of the alternatives currently used in food-producing animals to influence their health in relation to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Téllez
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA;
| | - Andrea Lauková
- Institute of Animal Physiology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Juan D Latorre
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Xochitl Hernandez-Velasco
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City, México
| | - Billy M Hargis
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
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21
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Some aspects of control of salmonella infection in poultry for minimising contamination in the food chain. WORLD POULTRY SCI J 2014. [DOI: 10.1017/s0043933914000579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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22
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Marietto-Gonçalves GA, SMR C, Baptista AAS, Donato TC, Takahira RK, Sequeira JL, Andreatti Filho RL. Effects of Lactobacillus Probiotic, P22 Bacteriophage and Salmonella Typhimurium on the Heterophilic Burst Activity of Broiler Chickens. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF POULTRY SCIENCE 2014. [DOI: 10.1590/1516-635x1603257-264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - TC Donato
- Universidade Estadual Paulista, Brazil
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23
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Delgado R, Latorre J, Vicuña E, Hernandez-Velasco X, Vicente J, Menconi A, Kallapura G, Layton S, Hargis B, Téllez G. Glycerol supplementation enhances the protective effect of dietary FloraMax-B11 against Salmonella Enteritidis colonization in neonate broiler chickens. Poult Sci 2014; 93:2363-9. [DOI: 10.3382/ps.2014-03927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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24
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Ahmed ST, Islam M, Mun HS, Sim HJ, Kim YJ, Yang CJ. Effects of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens as a probiotic strain on growth performance, cecal microflora, and fecal noxious gas emissions of broiler chickens. Poult Sci 2014; 93:1963-71. [PMID: 24902704 DOI: 10.3382/ps.2013-03718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens probiotic (BAP) as a direct-fed microbial on growth performance, cecal microflora, serum immunoglobulin levels, and fecal noxious gas emissions of broiler chickens. A total of 400 one-day-old broiler chicks (Ross 308) were randomly assigned to 1 of 5 treatment diets formulated to supply 0, 1, 5, 10, and 20 g/kg of BAP and were fed for 35 d. Each treatment had 8 replicate pens with 10 birds per replicate. On completion of the growth trial, fecal samples were collected, and ammonia (NH3) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) emissions were measured. Increasing concentration of BAP had positive linear effect on the ADG of broilers (P < 0.05) throughout the experimental period, with the highest values being observed in broilers offered 20 g/kg of BAP. The ADFI increased linearly (P < 0.02) with the inclusion of BAP during the overall experimental period (d 0 to 35). Providing BAP had a negative linear effect on FCR from d 0 to 21 and d 0 to 35 (P < 0.01). Supplementation with BAP did not affect cecal Lactobacillus and Bacillus content, but exerted negative linear effect on cecal Escherichia coli (P < 0.05) with increasing the level of BAP in broiler diets. Additionally, BAP modified immune response of broilers by linearly increasing serum IgG and IgA (P < 0.01). Dietary BAP resulted in decreased fecal NH3 emissions at 0 (linear, P < 0.001), 3, 6, 12, 24, and 48 h of incubation (linear, P < 0.05; quadratic, P < 0.01). Supplementation of BAP exerted negative linear and quadratic effects on fecal emissions of H2S (P < 0.001) throughout the incubation period except at 48 h, and the optimum effect was found when BAP was provided at 5 g/kg of diet. Based on these results, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens could be suggested as a potential feed additive of broiler diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Tabasum Ahmed
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Sunchon National University, 255 Jungangno, Suncheon, Jeonnam 540-950, Republic of Korea
| | - Manirul Islam
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Sunchon National University, 255 Jungangno, Suncheon, Jeonnam 540-950, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong-Seok Mun
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Sunchon National University, 255 Jungangno, Suncheon, Jeonnam 540-950, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon-Ju Sim
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Sunchon National University, 255 Jungangno, Suncheon, Jeonnam 540-950, Republic of Korea
| | - Ye-Jin Kim
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Sunchon National University, 255 Jungangno, Suncheon, Jeonnam 540-950, Republic of Korea
| | - Chul-Ju Yang
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Sunchon National University, 255 Jungangno, Suncheon, Jeonnam 540-950, Republic of Korea
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25
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Latorre JD, Hernandez-Velasco X, Kallapura G, Menconi A, Pumford NR, Morgan MJ, Layton SL, Bielke LR, Hargis BM, Téllez G. Evaluation of germination, distribution, and persistence of Bacillus subtilis spores through the gastrointestinal tract of chickens. Poult Sci 2014; 93:1793-800. [PMID: 24812242 DOI: 10.3382/ps.2013-03809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Spores are popular as direct-fed microbials, though little is known about their mode of action. Hence, the first objective of the present study was to evaluate the in vitro germination and growth rate of Bacillus subtilis spores. Approximately 90% of B. subtilis spores germinate within 60 min in the presence of feed in vitro. The second objective was to determine the distribution of these spores throughout different anatomical segments of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) in a chicken model. For in vivo evaluation of persistence and dissemination, spores were administered to day-of-hatch broiler chicks either as a single gavage dose or constantly in the feed. During 2 independent experiments, chicks were housed in isolation chambers and fed sterile corn-soy-based diets. In these experiments one group of chickens was supplemented with 10(6) spores/g of feed, whereas a second group was gavaged with a single dose of 10(6) spores per chick on day of hatch. In both experiments, crop, ileum, and cecae were sampled from 5 chicks at 24, 48, 72, 96, and 120 h. Viable B. subtilis spores were determined by plate count method after heat treatment (75°C for 10 min). The number of recovered spores was constant through 120 h in each of the enteric regions from chickens receiving spores supplemented in the feed. However, the number of recovered B. subtilis spores was consistently about 10(5) spores per gram of digesta, which is about a 1-log10 reduction of the feed inclusion rate, suggesting approximately a 90% germination rate in the GIT when fed. On the other hand, recovered B. subtilis spores from chicks that received a single gavage dose decreased with time, with only approximately 10(2) spores per gram of sample by 120 h. This confirms that B. subtilis spores are transiently present in the GIT of chickens, but the persistence of vegetative cells is presently unknown. For persistent benefit, continuous administration of effective B. subtilis direct-fed microbials as vegetative cells or spores is advisable.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Latorre
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville 72701
| | - X Hernandez-Velasco
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, México
| | - G Kallapura
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville 72701
| | - A Menconi
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville 72701
| | - N R Pumford
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville 72701
| | - M J Morgan
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville 72701
| | - S L Layton
- Argentina Vetanco S.A. Chile 33 (B1603CMA) Vicente López, Buenos Aires, Argentina 1638
| | - L R Bielke
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville 72701
| | - B M Hargis
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville 72701
| | - G Téllez
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville 72701
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26
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Menconi A, Kallapura G, Latorre JD, Morgan MJ, Pumford NR, Hargis BM, Tellez G. Identification and characterization of lactic Acid bacteria in a commercial probiotic culture. BIOSCIENCE OF MICROBIOTA FOOD AND HEALTH 2014; 33:25-30. [PMID: 24936379 PMCID: PMC4034328 DOI: 10.12938/bmfh.33.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 08/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to describe the identification and characterization (physiological properties) of two strains of lactic acid bacteria (LAB 18 and 48) present in a commercial probiotic culture, FloraMax(®)-B11. Isolates were characterized morphologically, and identified biochemically. In addition, the MIDI System ID, the Biolog ID System, and 16S rRNA sequence analyses for identification of LAB 18 and LAB 48 strains were used to compare the identification results. Tolerance and resistance to acidic pH, high osmotic concentration of NaCl, and bile salts were tested in broth medium. In vitro assessment of antimicrobial activity against enteropathogenic bacteria and susceptibility to antibiotics were also tested. The results obtained in this study showed tolerance of LAB 18 and LAB 48 to pH 3.0, 6.5% NaCl and a high bile salt concentration (0.6%). Both strains evaluated showed in vitro antibacterial activity against Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis, Escherichia coli (O157:H7), and Campylobacter jejuni. These are important characteristics of lactic acid bacteria that should be evaluated when selecting strains to be used as probiotics. Antimicrobial activity of these effective isolates may contribute to efficacy, possibly by direct antimicrobial activity in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Menconi
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - Gopala Kallapura
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - Juan D Latorre
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - Marion J Morgan
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - Neil R Pumford
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - Billy M Hargis
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - Guillermo Tellez
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
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27
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Biloni A, Quintana CF, Menconi A, Kallapura G, Latorre J, Pixley C, Layton S, Dalmagro M, Hernandez-Velasco X, Wolfenden A, Hargis BM, Tellez G. Evaluation of effects of EarlyBird associated with FloraMax-B11 on Salmonella Enteritidis, intestinal morphology, and performance of broiler chickens. Poult Sci 2013; 92:2337-46. [PMID: 23960116 DOI: 10.3382/ps.2013-03279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A posthatch fasting period of 24 to 72 h is a common and inevitable practice in commercial poultry production. This delay in start of feed intake has been reported to negatively affect yolk utilization, gastrointestinal development, slaughter weight, breast meat yield, performance, and to also depress immunological development, making the birds more susceptible to infection from pathogens such as Salmonella. Furthermore, public concerns regarding the considerable human rates of illness reported and the emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains of Salmonella have doubled the challenge on the poultry industry to find alternative means of Salmonella control. In the present study, we evaluated the effects of a combination of early feeding with probiotic supplementation on morphological development of mucosa, control of Salmonella, and overall performance in broiler chickens. We used a blend of a commercially available perinatal supplement, EarlyBird (EB; Pacific Vet Group USA Inc., Fayetteville, AR), and a successful probiotic supplement, FloraMax-B11 (FM; Pacific Vet Group USA Inc.), to evaluate the effects on gut morphology, Salmonella intestinal colonization, and horizontal transmission, along with its effects on BW and related performance in broiler chickens under simulated commercial hatching management and shipping conditions. Morphometric analysis showed increased villus height, villus width, villus to crypt ratio, and villus surface area index in chickens treated with EB + FM groups. Significant reductions in Salmonella recovery, incidence, and horizontal transmission were also observed among the same groups, suggesting beneficial effects of early feeding and competitive exclusion by probiotic bacteria. Improved gut morphology and Salmonella exclusion was very well supported by BW data with significantly lower early BW loss and overall BW gains in birds treated with EB + FM mixture. The results of this study demonstrated that the combination of EB and FM improved gut morphology, reduced the amount of Salmonella that could be recovered, as well as improved BW when compared with controls and each product individually. These data address both animal welfare and food safety concerns faced by the poultry industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Biloni
- Universidad Nacional del Nordeste, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Corrientes Argentina, C.P. 3400, Argentina
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Oladunjoye A, Soni KA, Nannapaneni R, Schilling MW, Silva JL, Mikel B, Bailey RH, Mahmoud BS, Sharma CS. Synergistic activity between lauric arginate and carvacrol in reducing Salmonella in ground turkey. Poult Sci 2013; 92:1357-65. [DOI: 10.3382/ps.2012-02620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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29
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Bai S, Wu A, Ding X, Lei Y, Bai J, Zhang K, Chio J. Effects of probiotic-supplemented diets on growth performance and intestinal immune characteristics of broiler chickens. Poult Sci 2013; 92:663-70. [DOI: 10.3382/ps.2012-02813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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30
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Layton SL, Hernandez-Velasco X, Chaitanya S, Xavier J, Menconi A, Latorre JD, Kallapura G, Kuttappan VA, Wolfenden RE, Filho RLA, Hargis BM, Téllez G. The Effect of a<i> Lactobacillus</i>-Based Probiotic for the Control of Necrotic Enteritis in Broilers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4236/fns.2013.411a001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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31
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Mappley LJ, Tchórzewska MA, Nunez A, Woodward MJ, Bramley PM, La Ragione RM. Oral treatment of chickens with Lactobacillus reuteri LM1 reduces Brachyspira pilosicoli-induced pathology. J Med Microbiol 2012; 62:287-296. [PMID: 23161764 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.051862-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Avian intestinal spirochaetosis (AIS) results from the colonization of the caeca and colon of poultry by pathogenic Brachyspira, notably Brachyspira pilosicoli. Following the ban on the use of antibiotic growth promoters in the European Union in 2006, the number of cases of AIS has increased, which, alongside emerging antimicrobial resistance in Brachyspira, has driven renewed interest in alternative intervention strategies. Lactobacillus-based probiotics have been shown to protect against infection with common enteric pathogens in livestock. Our previous studies have shown that Lactobacillus reuteri LM1 antagonizes aspects of the pathobiology of Brachyspira in vitro. Here, we showed that L. reuteri LM1 mitigates the clinical symptoms of AIS in chickens experimentally challenged with B. pilosicoli. Two groups of 15 commercial laying hens were challenged experimentally by oral gavage with B. pilosicoli B2904 at 18 weeks of age; one group received unsupplemented drinking water and the other received L. reuteri LM1 in drinking water from 1 week prior to challenge with Brachyspira and thereafter for the duration of the study. This treatment regime was protective. Specifically, B. pilosicoli was detected by culture in fewer birds, bird weights were higher, faecal moisture contents were significantly lower (P<0.05) and egg production as assessed by egg weight and faecal staining score was improved (P<0.05). Also, at post-mortem examination, significantly fewer B. pilosicoli were recovered from treated birds (P<0.05), with only mild-moderate histopathological changes observed. These data suggest that L. reuteri LM1 may be a useful tool in the control of AIS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke J Mappley
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey TW20 OEX, UK.,Department of Bacteriology, Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Monika A Tchórzewska
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey TW20 OEX, UK.,Department of Bacteriology, Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Alejandro Nunez
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, Berkshire RG6 6AP, UK
| | - Martin J Woodward
- Pathology Unit, Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Peter M Bramley
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey TW20 OEX, UK
| | - Roberto M La Ragione
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guilford, Surrey GU2 7XH, UK.,Department of Bacteriology, Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
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Yang CM, Cao GT, Ferket PR, Liu TT, Zhou L, Zhang L, Xiao YP, Chen AG. Effects of probiotic, Clostridium butyricum, on growth performance, immune function, and cecal microflora in broiler chickens. Poult Sci 2012; 91:2121-9. [PMID: 22912445 DOI: 10.3382/ps.2011-02131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Four hundred and fifty 1-d-old male Lingnan Yellow broiler chickens were used to investigate the effects of Clostridium butyricum on growth performance, immune function, and cecal microflora. The birds were randomly assigned to 5 treatments and offered the same antibiotic-free basal diets for 42 d. The treatments were as follows: no addition (control), 1 × 10(7) cfu C. butyricum/kg of diet (CB1), 2 × 10(7) cfu C. butyricum/kg of diet (CB2), 3 × 10(7) cfu C. butyricum/kg of diet (CB3), and 10 mg of colistine sulfate/kg of diet (antibiotic). Birds fed either CB2 or antibiotic had greater overall BW than those in the control group. During d 1 to 7, d 21 to 42, and d 1 to 42, birds fed either CB2 or CB3 or the antibiotic diet had greater ADG compared with those in the control group. No significant differences were observed in BW or ADG among the CB2, CB3, and antibiotic groups. Birds fed the CB2 or CB3 diet had greater concentrations of IgA and IgG in the serum from d 14 to 42 and greater IgM in the serum from d 21 to 42 than those in the control group. Birds fed the CB3 diet had a greater concentration of complement component 3 in the serum than those in the control group from d 7 to 42. Dietary C. butyricum decreased (P < 0.05) Escherichia coli in cecal contents on d 14 and 42, and both CB2 and CB3 decreased (P < 0.05) cecal Salmonella and Clostridium perfringen from d 14 to 42 compared with the control. Broilers fed either CB2 or CB3 had greater cecal Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium counts from d 21 to 42, and birds fed C. butyricum had greater cecal C. butyricum counts during the whole period compared with those in the control group. The results indicate that C. butyricum promotes growth performance and immune function and benefits the balance of the intestinal microflora in broiler chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Yang
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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Chen CY, Tsen HY, Lin CL, Yu B, Chen CS. Oral administration of a combination of select lactic acid bacteria strains to reduce the Salmonella invasion and inflammation of broiler chicks. Poult Sci 2012; 91:2139-47. [PMID: 22912447 DOI: 10.3382/ps.2012-02237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
One-day-old chicks are susceptible to infection by strains of Salmonella enterica subspecies. Because multistrain probiotics are suggested to be more effective than monostrain probiotics due to the additive and synergistic effects, in this study, we prepared a multistrain formula A (MFA) consisting of 4 lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains selected by enhancing the TNF-α production for mouse macrophage 264.7 cells. The antagonistic effect of this MFA against the cecal colonization, viscera invasiveness, as well as the inflammation of 1-d-old chicks challenged with Salmonella Typhimurium were then assayed. One-day-old chicks were fed with MFA from d 1 to d 3, and on d 4, chicks were challenged with Salmonella Typhimurium (200 μL, 10(6) cfu/mL). The livers, spleens, and cecal tonsils of chicks were then removed on d 3 and 6 postinfection. Compared with the multistrain formula B (MFB) which consisted of LAB strains selected at random, the efficacy of MFA to reduce the Salmonella counts recovered from the cecal tonsils, spleens, and livers of chicks were significantly higher. Moreover, when the levels of proinflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1β, IL-6, interferon (IFN)-γ, and anti-inflmmatory cytokine, that is, IL-10, in cecal tonsils were measured by reverse-transcription real-time quantitative PCR; it was found that chicks fed with MFA for 3 d had lower levels of IL-1β, IL-6, IFN-γ and a higher level of IL-10 in the cecal tonsils of chicks as compared with those of the chicks fed with MFB or without LAB. These results suggest that multistrain probiotics consisting of LAB strains selected by immunomodulatory activity and adherence are more effective than those consisting of strains selected at random in antagonistic effect against Salmonella colonization, invasion, and the induced inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C-Y Chen
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung County 402, Taiwan, R. O. C
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Jerzsele A, Szeker K, Csizinszky R, Gere E, Jakab C, Mallo JJ, Galfi P. Efficacy of protected sodium butyrate, a protected blend of essential oils, their combination, and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens spore suspension against artificially induced necrotic enteritis in broilers. Poult Sci 2012; 91:837-43. [PMID: 22399722 DOI: 10.3382/ps.2011-01853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Necrotic enteritis caused by Clostridium perfringens leads to serious economical losses to the poultry industry. There is a growing need to find effective, nontoxic, antibiotic alternatives to prevent and cure the disease. In our study, the efficacy of protected sodium butyrate at 1.5 g/kg (BP70), a Bacillus amyloliquefaciens spore suspension with 10(9) cfu/g (BAL; Ecobiol), a protected blend of essential oils (1%) at 1.5 g/kg (EO), and a combination of sodium butyrate with essential oils (1%) protected with vegetable fat at 1.5 g/kg (BP70+EO; Natesse) was investigated in an artifical C. perfringens-infection model. Body weight gain, gross pathological and histopathological lesion scores, villus lengths, and villus length:crypt depth ratio was determined and compared with the control group. Broilers infected with C. perfringens and treated with essential oils or the combination of sodium butyrate and essential oils showed significantly better BW gain (P < 0.05), increased villus length and villus length:crypt depth ratio (P < 0.001), and decreased gross pathological and histopathological lesion scores (P < 0.05) compared with the control. Sodium butyrate alone and B. amyloliquefaciens spore suspension had no beneficial effects on the course of the disease in this study. According to our results, the protected combination of sodium butyrate and essential oils, as well as the protected essential oils, can be potential candidates for the prevention and treatment of necrotic enteritis in broiler chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Jerzsele
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Szent Istvan University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, H-1078, Budapest, Hungary.
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Deng W, Dong XF, Tong JM, Zhang Q. The probiotic Bacillus licheniformis ameliorates heat stress-induced impairment of egg production, gut morphology, and intestinal mucosal immunity in laying hens. Poult Sci 2012; 91:575-82. [PMID: 22334732 DOI: 10.3382/ps.2010-01293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated the effect of a 12-d exposure to 34°C plus dietary inclusion of the probiotic Bacillus licheniformis on the egg production, gut morphology, and intestinal mucosal immunity of laying hens. Ninety-six commercial hens (Hy-Line Brown) at the age of 60 wk were randomly allocated to 4 groups. After a period of laying rate adjustment (14 d), all the hens were subjected to 2 temperature treatments (12 d). Birds in 1 group were raised at 21°C and fed a basal diet, and birds in the other 3 groups were raised at 34°C and fed a basal diet supplemented with 0, 10(6), or 10(7) cfu of B. licheniformis per gram of feed, respectively. Rearing at 34°C depressed egg production and feed intake (P < 0.05). Compared with birds kept at 21°C, birds kept at 34°C had elevated serum levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (d 6), IL-1 (d 6 and 12), and corticosterone (d 6); decreased villus height (ileum: d 6; cecum: d 6 and 12) and ratio of villus height to crypt depth (ileum: d 6; cecum: d 6 and 12); fewer intraepithelial lymphocytes (ileum: d 6; cecum: d 6) and IgA-secreting cells (ileum: d 6; cecum: d 6 and 12); and more mast cells (ileum: d 6; cecum: d 6 and 12; P < 0.05). The number of goblet cells in the cecum increased at d 6 in heat-treated birds, and then deceased at d 12 (P < 0.05). Moreover, morphological examination showed injury to the villi of birds kept at 34°C. In general, inclusion of 10(7) cfu/g of B. licheniformis in the diet of heat-stressed hens was effective in overcoming the observed decline in egg production and feed intake, restoring the impaired villus structure, and sustaining a balanced mucosal immune response. Therefore, the probiotic B. licheniformis may be useful for ameliorating the adverse influence of heat on the egg production and gut health of laying hens.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
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36
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Tellez G, Pixley C, Wolfenden R, Layton S, Hargis B. Probiotics/direct fed microbials for Salmonella control in poultry. Food Res Int 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2011.03.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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37
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Lactobacilli antagonize the growth, motility, and adherence of Brachyspira pilosicoli: a potential intervention against avian intestinal spirochetosis. Appl Environ Microbiol 2011; 77:5402-11. [PMID: 21666022 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00185-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian intestinal spirochetosis (AIS) results from the colonization of the ceca and colorectum of poultry by pathogenic Brachyspira species. The number of cases of AIS has increased since the 2006 European Union ban on the use of antibiotic growth promoters, which, together with emerging antimicrobial resistance in Brachyspira, has driven renewed interest in alternative intervention strategies. Probiotics have been reported as protecting livestock against infection with common enteric pathogens, and here we investigate which aspects of the biology of Brachyspira they antagonize in order to identify possible interventions against AIS. The cell-free supernatants (CFS) of two Lactobacillus strains, Lactobacillus reuteri LM1 and Lactobacillus salivarius LM2, suppressed the growth of Brachyspira pilosicoli B2904 in a pH-dependent manner. In in vitro adherence and invasion assays with HT29-16E three-dimensional (3D) cells and in a novel avian cecal in vitro organ culture (IVOC) model, the adherence and invasion of B. pilosicoli in epithelial cells were reduced significantly by the presence of lactobacilli (P < 0.001). In addition, live and heat-inactivated lactobacilli inhibited the motility of B. pilosicoli, and electron microscopic observations indicated that contact between the lactobacilli and Brachyspira was crucial in inhibiting both adherence and motility. These data suggest that motility is essential for B. pilosicoli to adhere to and invade the gut epithelium and that any interference of motility may be a useful tool for the development of control strategies.
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Higgins SE, Wolfenden AD, Tellez G, Hargis BM, Porter TE. Transcriptional profiling of cecal gene expression in probiotic- and Salmonella-challenged neonatal chicks. Poult Sci 2011; 90:901-13. [PMID: 21406379 DOI: 10.3382/ps.2010-00907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Probiotics are currently used to improve health and reduce enteric pathogens in poultry. However, the mechanisms by which they reduce or prevent disease are not known. Salmonella are intracellular pathogens that cause acute gastroenteritis in humans, and infections by nontyphoid species of Salmonella also can result in diarrhea, dehydration, and depression in poultry. Frequently, however, no clinical signs of infection are apparent in poultry flocks. In this study, day-of-hatch chicks were challenged with Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis (SE) and treated 1 h later with a poultry-derived, Lactobacillus-based probiotic culture (FloraMax-B11, Pacific Vet Group USA Inc., Fayetteville, AR). Cecae were collected 12 and 24 h posttreatment for Salmonella detection and RNA isolation for microarray analysis of gene expression. At both 12 and 24 h, SE was significantly reduced in chicks treated with the probiotic as compared with the birds challenged with only SE (P < 0.05). Microarray analysis revealed gene expression differences among all treatment groups. At 12 h, 170 genes were expressed at significantly different levels (P < 0.05), with a minimum difference in expression of 1.2-fold. At 24 h, the number of differentially regulated genes with a minimum 1.2-fold change was 201. Pathway analysis revealed that at both time points, genes associated with the nuclear factor kappa B complex, as well as genes involved in apoptosis, were significantly regulated. Based on this analysis, probiotic-induced differential regulation of the genes growth arrest-specific 2 (GAS2) and cysteine-rich, angiogenic inducer, 61 (CYR61) may result in increased apoptosis in the cecae of chicks. Because Salmonella is an intracellular pathogen, we suggest that increased apoptosis may be a mechanism by which the probiotic culture reduces Salmonella infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Higgins
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, 20742, USA.
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Menconi A, Wolfenden A, Shivaramaiah S, Terraes J, Urbano T, Kuttel J, Kremer C, Hargis B, Tellez G. Effect of lactic acid bacteria probiotic culture for the treatment of Salmonella enterica serovar Heidelberg in neonatal broiler chickens and turkey poults. Poult Sci 2011; 90:561-5. [DOI: 10.3382/ps.2010-01220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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Higgins JP, Higgins SE, Wolfenden AD, Henderson SN, Torres-Rodriguez A, Vicente JL, Hargis BM, Tellez G. Effect of lactic acid bacteria probiotic culture treatment timing on Salmonella Enteritidis in neonatal broilers. Poult Sci 2010; 89:243-7. [PMID: 20075275 DOI: 10.3382/ps.2009-00436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, a series of experiments were conducted to evaluate the ability of a combination of 3 ATCC lactobacilli (LAB3) or a commercially available probiotic culture (PROB) to reduce Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis (Salmonella Enteritidis) in broiler chicks. Additionally, we varied the timing of PROB administration in relationship to Salmonella challenge and determined the influence on recovery of enteric Salmonella. In experiments 1 to 3, chicks were randomly assigned to treatment groups and were then challenged via oral gavage with Salmonella Enteritidis. Chicks were treated 1 h after Salmonella Enteritidis challenge with LAB3 or PROB. Twenty-four hours posttreatment, cecal tonsils were collected for recovery of enteric Salmonella. In experiments 4 to 7, day-of-hatch chicks were randomly assigned to treatment groups and were then treated with PROB via oral gavage and placed into pens. Chicks were challenged with Salmonella Enteritidis 24 h after treatment via oral gavage. At 24 h after Salmonella Enteritidis challenge, cecal tonsils were collected and recovery of enteric Salmonella was determined. In experiments 8 to 10, 1-d-old chicks were randomly assigned to treatment groups and were then challenged via oral gavage with Salmonella Enteritidis and placed into pens. Chicks were treated 24 h after challenge with PROB via oral gavage. Twenty-four hours post PROB treatment, cecal tonsils were collected and enriched as described above. It was found that PROB significantly reduced cecal Salmonella Enteritidis recovery 24 h after treatment as compared with controls or LAB3-treated chicks in experiments 1 to 3 (P<0.05). Administration of PROB 24 h before Salmonella Enteritidis challenge significantly reduced recovery of Salmonella Enteritidis in 2 out of 4 experiments and no reduction in cecal Salmonella Enteritidis was observed when chicks were challenged with Salmonella Enteritidis and treated 24 h later with PROB. These data demonstrate that PROB more effectively reduced Salmonella Enteritidis than LAB3, and the timing of PROB treatment affects Salmonella Enteritidis-associated reductions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Higgins
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, National Cancer Institute/National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Mountzouris KC, Tsitrsikos P, Palamidi I, Arvaniti A, Mohnl M, Schatzmayr G, Fegeros K. Effects of probiotic inclusion levels in broiler nutrition on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, plasma immunoglobulins, and cecal microflora composition. Poult Sci 2010; 89:58-67. [PMID: 20008803 DOI: 10.3382/ps.2009-00308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 258] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this work was to investigate the effect of inclusion levels of a 5-bacterial species probiotic in broiler nutrition. Five hundred twenty-five 1-d-old male Cobb broilers were allocated in 5 experimental treatments for 6 wk. The experimental treatments received a corn-soybean coccidiostat-free basal diet and depending on the addition were labeled as follows: no addition (C), 10(8) cfu probiotic/kg of diet (P1), 10(9) cfu probiotic/kg of diet (P2), 10(10) cfu probiotic/kg of diet (P3), and 2.5 mg of avilamycin/kg of diet (A). Each treatment had 3 replicates of 35 broilers each. Treatment effects on broiler growth performance and biomarkers such as ileal and total tract nutrient digestibility, plasma Ig concentration, and cecal microflora composition were determined. Differences among treatments were considered significant when P < or = 0.05. Overall BW gain was significantly higher in treatment P1 (2,293 g) compared with P2 (2,163 g), C (2,165 g), and P3 (2,167 g), with A (2,230 g) being intermediate and not different from P1. Overall feed conversion ratio values were similar and significantly better for P1 (1.80) and A (1.80) compared with P2 (1.87), C (1.89), and P3 (1.92). Ileal apparent digestibility coefficients (ADC) of CP and ether extract were higher in A. Generally, treatments A and P1 showed an improved total tract ADC for DM, organic matter, ash, ether extract, and AME(n) values. The total tract ADC of CP was higher in P1, C, and P2. There were no differences between treatments regarding plasma Ig in 14- and 42-d-old broilers. Treatments P2 and P3 were effective at beneficially modulating cecal microflora composition. In particular, the lower cecal coliform concentration (log cfu/g of wet digesta) was seen in P2 (6.12) and P3 (4.90) in 14- and 42-d-old broilers, respectively, whereas at 42 d, P3 and P2 had the highest Bifidobacterium (8.31; 8.08) and Lactobacillus concentrations (8.20; 7.86), respectively. It is concluded that probiotic inclusion level had a significant effect on broiler growth responses, nutrient ADC, AME(n), and cecal microflora composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- K C Mountzouris
- Department of Nutritional Physiology and Feeding, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 11855, Greece.
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Flint J, Garner M. Feeding beneficial bacteria: A natural solution for increasing efficiency and decreasing pathogens in animal agriculture. J APPL POULTRY RES 2009. [DOI: 10.3382/japr.2008-00133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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Carter AJ, Adams MR, Woodward MJ, La Ragione RM. Control strategies forSalmonellacolonisation of poultry: the probiotic perspective. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1616/1476-2137.15682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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