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Hanscom RJ, Hill JL, Patterson C, Marbach T, Sukumaran J, Higham TE, Clark RW. Cryptic behavior and activity cycles of a small mammal keystone species revealed through accelerometry: a case study of Merriam's kangaroo rats (Dipodomys merriami). MOVEMENT ECOLOGY 2023; 11:72. [PMID: 37919756 PMCID: PMC10621205 DOI: 10.1186/s40462-023-00433-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Kangaroo rats are small mammals that are among the most abundant vertebrates in many terrestrial ecosystems in Western North America and are considered both keystone species and ecosystem engineers, providing numerous linkages between other species as both consumers and resources. However, there are challenges to studying the behavior and activity of these species due to the difficulty of observing large numbers of individuals that are small, secretive, and nocturnal. Our goal was to develop an integrated approach of miniaturized animal-borne accelerometry and radiotelemetry to classify the cryptic behavior and activity cycles of kangaroo rats and test hypotheses of how their behavior is influenced by light cycles, moonlight, and weather. METHODS We provide a proof-of-concept approach to effectively quantify behavioral patterns of small bodied (< 50 g), nocturnal, and terrestrial free-ranging mammals using large acceleration datasets by combining low-mass, miniaturized animal-borne accelerometers with radiotelemetry and advanced machine learning techniques. We developed a method of attachment and retrieval for deploying accelerometers, a non-disruptive method of gathering observational validation datasets for acceleration data on free-ranging nocturnal small mammals, and used these techniques on Merriam's kangaroo rats to analyze how behavioral patterns relate to abiotic factors. RESULTS We found that Merriam's kangaroo rats are only active during the nighttime phases of the diel cycle and are particularly active during later light phases of the night (i.e., late night, morning twilight, and dawn). We found no reduction in activity or foraging associated with moonlight, indicating that kangaroo rats are actually more lunarphilic than lunarphobic. We also found that kangaroo rats increased foraging effort on more humid nights, most likely as a mechanism to avoid cutaneous water loss. CONCLUSIONS Small mammals are often integral to ecosystem functionality, as many of these species are highly abundant ecosystem engineers driving linkages in energy flow and nutrient transfer across trophic levels. Our work represents the first continuous detailed quantitative description of fine-scale behavioral activity budgets in kangaroo rats, and lays out a general framework for how to use miniaturized biologging devices on small and nocturnal mammals to examine behavioral responses to environmental factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J Hanscom
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA.
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA.
| | - Jessica L Hill
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Charlotte Patterson
- Department of Forestry and Wildlife Management, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Koppang, Norway
| | - Tyler Marbach
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Jeet Sukumaran
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Timothy E Higham
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Rulon W Clark
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
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Taylor P, Swan M, Sitters H, Smith A, Di Stefano J. Small mammals reduce activity during high moon illumination under risk of predation by introduced predators. Sci Rep 2023; 13:10532. [PMID: 37386037 PMCID: PMC10310734 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-37166-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Predation influences prey survival and drives evolution of anti-predator behaviour. Anti-predator strategies by prey are stimulated by direct encounters with predators, but also by exposure to indicators of risk such as moonlight illumination and vegetation cover. Many prey species will suffer increased risk on moonlit nights, but risk may be reduced by the presence of dense vegetation. Determining the role of vegetation in reducing perceived risk is important, especially given predictions of increased global wildfire, which consumes vegetation and increases predation. We used remote cameras in southeastern Australia to compare support for the predation risk and habitat-mediated predation risk hypotheses. We examined the influence of moonlight and understorey cover on seven 20-2500 g mammalian prey species and two introduced predators, red foxes and feral cats. Activity of all prey species reduced by 40-70% with increasing moonlight, while one species (bush rat) reduced activity in response to increasing moonlight more sharply in low compared to high understorey cover. Neither predator responded to moonlight. Our findings supported the predation risk hypothesis and provided limited support for the habitat-mediated predation risk hypothesis. For prey, perceived costs of increased predation risk on moonlit nights outweighed any benefits of a brighter foraging environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Taylor
- School of Agriculture, Food and Ecosystem Sciences, The University of Melbourne, 4 Water Street, Creswick, VIC, 3363, Australia
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Vertebrate Pest Research Unit, 1447 Forest Road, Orange, NSW, 2800, Australia
| | - M Swan
- School of Agriculture, Food and Ecosystem Sciences, The University of Melbourne, 4 Water Street, Creswick, VIC, 3363, Australia.
| | - H Sitters
- School of Agriculture, Food and Ecosystem Sciences, The University of Melbourne, 4 Water Street, Creswick, VIC, 3363, Australia
| | - A Smith
- School of Agriculture, Food and Ecosystem Sciences, The University of Melbourne, 4 Water Street, Creswick, VIC, 3363, Australia
| | - J Di Stefano
- School of Agriculture, Food and Ecosystem Sciences, The University of Melbourne, 4 Water Street, Creswick, VIC, 3363, Australia
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Guiden PW, Burke A, Fliginger J, Rowland-Schaefer EG, Savage K, Jones HP. Reintroduced megaherbivores indirectly shape small-mammal responses to moonlight. Ecology 2023; 104:e3884. [PMID: 36208094 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Moonlight structures activity patterns of many nocturnal species. Bright moonlight often limits the activity of nocturnal prey, but dense vegetation weakens this effect. Using 8 years of live-trapping data, we asked whether reintroduced megaherbivores (Bison bison) indirectly altered moonlight avoidance by small mammals in tallgrass prairies. In plots with bison, plants intercepted 20% less light, allowing more moonlight to reach ground level. During nights with no moonlight, Peromyscus maniculatus activity was similar in plots with and without bison. During nights with peak moonlight, P. maniculatus activity was four times greater in plots without bison compared to plots with bison. Conversely, Microtus ochrogaster activity was twice as great during full moons compared to new moons, but only in plots with bison. We also equipped a subset of traps with temperature sensors to estimate trap-entry time. Although M. ochrogaster was more active on bright nights, most activity occurred before moonrise or after moonset, avoiding periods of bright moonlight. We conclude that megaherbivores play an unappreciated but important indirect role in tallgrass prairies by inducing behavioral shifts in other animal species. Because overlap in activity patterns can predict the likelihood of predator-prey encounters, such activity shifts have important implications for trophic interactions throughout restored prairie food webs. Additional work to understand interspecific and intraspecific variation in response to moonlight may improve efforts to forecast changes in community assembly due to restoration and land-use change.
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Affiliation(s)
- P W Guiden
- Biology Department, Hamilton College, Clinton, New York, USA
| | - Angela Burke
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois, USA
| | - Jessica Fliginger
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois, USA
| | | | - Kirstie Savage
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois, USA
| | - Holly P Jones
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois, USA.,Institute for the Study of the Environment, Sustainability and Energy, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois, USA
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Night lighting and anthropogenic noise alter the activity and body condition of pinyon mice (
Peromyscus truei
). Ecosphere 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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Karasov-Olson A, Kelt DA. Small mammal assemblage composition and habitat associations across an elevational gradient in southern California. J Mammal 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/jmammal/gyz178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Elevational gradients coincide with expansive climatic gradients and diverse plant and animal communities. We evaluated the small mammal assemblages in eight distinct vegetation types across an elevational gradient in southern California, the Deep Canyon Transect, to determine how assemblage composition changes across the gradient and to identify species with similar habitat associations. Livetrapping efforts (4,800 trap-nights) yielded 1,097 captures of 713 individuals, representing 14 heteromyid and cricetid species. Heteromyids dominated the six lower-elevation vegetation types (< 1,300 m a.s.l.), whereas cricetids dominated the upper end of the gradient. Richness and diversity exhibited bimodal responses to elevation, which do not conform to mid-domain effect null predictions. Canonical correspondence analysis revealed that 75% of the variation in small mammal abundances was explainable by habitat characteristics, and cluster analysis grouped small mammals into three ecologically distinct groups based on their habitat associations. One contained only Chaetodipus penicillatus, while the others were comprised of low- and high-elevation species, respectively. The low-elevation species exhibit unusual levels of sympatry (and syntopy) among closely related species of pocket mice (Chaetodipus). Further efforts should investigate the mechanisms of coexistence for Chaetodipus species with nearly identical associations and seasonal effects on richness and diversity. Repeated surveys of entire gradients such as the Deep Canyon Transect will help refine our understanding of temporal dynamics of community assemblage and diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aviv Karasov-Olson
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Douglas A Kelt
- Department of Wildlife, Fish and Conservation Biology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
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Widick IV, Bean WT. Evaluating current and future range limits of an endangered, keystone rodent (
Dipodomys ingens
). DIVERS DISTRIB 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.12914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ivy V. Widick
- Department of Wildlife Humboldt State University Arcata California
| | - William T. Bean
- Department of Wildlife Humboldt State University Arcata California
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Lortie CJ, Filazzola A, Kelsey R, Hart AK, Butterfield HS. Better late than never: a synthesis of strategic land retirement and restoration in California. Ecosphere 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.2367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J. Lortie
- The National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis; University of California; Santa Barbara California 93101 USA
- Department of Biology; York University; Toronto Ontario M3J 1P3 Canada
| | - A. Filazzola
- Department of Biology; York University; Toronto Ontario M3J 1P3 Canada
| | - R. Kelsey
- The Nature Conservancy; San Francisco California 94105 USA
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Kline MP, Alvarez JA, Parizeau N. Kleptoparasitism of Harvester Ants by the Giant Kangaroo Rat (Dipodomys ingens) in the Carrizo Plain, California. WEST N AM NATURALIST 2018. [DOI: 10.3398/064.078.0212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Gigliotti LC, Diefenbach DR. Risky behavior and its effect on survival: snowshoe hare behavior under varying moonlight conditions. J Zool (1987) 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/jzo.12532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L. C. Gigliotti
- Pennsylvania Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit; Pennsylvania State University; University Park PA USA
| | - D. R. Diefenbach
- U.S. Geological Survey; Pennsylvania Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit; Pennsylvania State University; University Park PA USA
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Jacob SA, Matter SF, Cameron GN. Interactive effects of vegetation and illumination on foraging behavior of white-footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus). J Mammal 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/jmammal/gyx012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Onorati M, Vignoli L. The darker the night, the brighter the stars: consequences of nocturnal brightness on amphibian reproduction. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blw007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Noble TJ, Lortie CJ, Westphal M, Butterfield HS. A picture is worth a thousand data points: an imagery dataset of paired shrub-open microsites within the Carrizo Plain National Monument. Gigascience 2016; 5:40. [PMID: 27687002 PMCID: PMC5041587 DOI: 10.1186/s13742-016-0145-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Carrizo Plain National Monument (San Joaquin Desert, California, USA) is home to many threatened and endangered species including the blunt-nosed leopard lizard (Gambelia sila). Vegetation is dominated by annual grasses, and shrubs such as Mormon tea (Ephedra californica), which is of relevance to our target species, the federally listed blunt-nosed leopard lizard, and likely also provides key ecosystem services. We used relatively nonintrusive camera traps, or trail cameras, to capture interactions between animals and these shrubs using a paired shrub-open deployment. Cameras were placed within the shrub understory and in open microhabitats at ground level to estimate animal activity and determine species presence. FINDINGS Twenty cameras were deployed from April 1st, 2015 to July 5th, 2015 at paired shrub-open microsites at three locations. Over 425,000 pictures were taken during this time, of which 0.4 % detected mammals, birds, insects, and reptiles including the blunt-nosed leopard lizard. Trigger rate was very high on the medium sensitivity camera setting in this desert ecosystem, and rates did not differ between microsites. CONCLUSIONS Camera traps are an effective, less invasive survey method for collecting data on the presence or absence of desert animals in shrub and open microhabitats. A more extensive array of cameras within an arid region would thus be an effective tool to estimate the presence of desert animals and potentially detect habitat use patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor J Noble
- Department of Biology, York University, 244 Farquharson Life Sciences Building, 4700 Keele Street, M3J 1P3, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Christopher J Lortie
- Department of Biology, York University, 244 Farquharson Life Sciences Building, 4700 Keele Street, M3J 1P3, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Michael Westphal
- U.S. Bureau of Land Management, Central Coast Field Office, Marina, CA, USA
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Ruzicka RE, Rollins D, Lacoste LM, Wester DB. Factors affecting trapping success of northern bobwhites in the rolling plains of Texas. WILDLIFE SOC B 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/wsb.676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rebekah E. Ruzicka
- Rolling Plains Quail Research Foundation; 1262 U.S. Highway 180 W Rotan TX 79546 USA
| | - Dale Rollins
- Rolling Plains Quail Research Foundation; 1262 U.S. Highway 180 W Rotan TX 79546 USA
| | - Lloyd M. Lacoste
- Rolling Plains Quail Research Foundation; 1262 U.S. Highway 180 W Rotan TX 79546 USA
| | - David B. Wester
- Caesar Kleberg Wildlife Research Institute; Texas A&M University-Kingsville; Kingsville TX 78363 USA
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Beaver (Castor fiber) activity patterns in a predator-free landscape. What is keeping them in the dark? Mamm Biol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mambio.2015.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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15
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Fontúrbel FE, Candia AB, Botto-Mahan C. Nocturnal activity patterns of the monito del monte (Dromiciops gliroides) in native and exotic habitats. J Mammal 2014. [DOI: 10.1644/13-mamm-a-304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Endicott RL, Prugh LR, Brashares JS. Surplus-killing by endangered San Joaquin kit foxes ( Vulpes macrotis mutica) is linked to a local population decline of endangered giant kangaroo rats ( Dipodomys ingens). SOUTHWEST NAT 2014. [DOI: 10.1894/n01-jkf-39.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Prugh LR, Golden CD. Does moonlight increase predation risk? Meta-analysis reveals divergent responses of nocturnal mammals to lunar cycles. J Anim Ecol 2013; 83:504-14. [PMID: 24102189 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The risk of predation strongly affects mammalian population dynamics and community interactions. Bright moonlight is widely believed to increase predation risk for nocturnal mammals by increasing the ability of predators to detect prey, but the potential for moonlight to increase detection of predators and the foraging efficiency of prey has largely been ignored. Studies have reported highly variable responses to moonlight among species, calling into question the assumption that moonlight increases risk. Here, we conducted a quantitative meta-analysis examining the effects of moonlight on the activity of 59 nocturnal mammal species to test the assumption that moonlight increases predation risk. We examined patterns of lunarphilia and lunarphobia across species in relation to factors such as trophic level, habitat cover preference and visual acuity. Across all species included in the meta-analysis, moonlight suppressed activity. The magnitude of suppression was similar to the presence of a predator in experimental studies of foraging rodents (13.6% and 18.7% suppression, respectively). Contrary to the expectation that moonlight increases predation risk for all prey species, however, moonlight effects were not clearly related to trophic level and were better explained by phylogenetic relatedness, visual acuity and habitat cover. Moonlight increased the activity of prey species that use vision as their primary sensory system and suppressed the activity of species that primarily use other senses (e.g. olfaction, echolocation), and suppression was strongest in open habitat types. Strong taxonomic patterns underlay these relationships: moonlight tended to increase primate activity, whereas it tended to suppress the activity of rodents, lagomorphs, bats and carnivores. These results indicate that visual acuity and habitat cover jointly moderate the effect of moonlight on predation risk, whereas trophic position has little effect. While the net effect of moonlight appears to increase predation risk for most nocturnal mammals, our results highlight the importance of sensory systems and phylogenetic history in determining the level of risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura R Prugh
- Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, 311 Irving 1, Fairbanks, AK, 99775, USA
| | - Christopher D Golden
- Dept of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Landmark Center West, Rm 405, Box 15677, 401 Park Drive, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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Poindexter CJ, Schnell GD, Sánchez-Hernández C, Romero-Almaraz MDL, Kennedy ML, Best TL, Wooten MC, Waits JL. Demographic Features and Habitat Preferences ofOsgoodomys banderanus(Osgood's Deermouse) in Colima, Mexico. SOUTHWEST NAT 2013. [DOI: 10.1894/0038-4909-58.1.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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20
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Bean WT, Stafford R, Prugh LR, Scott Butterfield H, Brashares JS. An evaluation of monitoring methods for the endangered giant kangaroo rat. WILDLIFE SOC B 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/wsb.171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Eads DA, Jachowski DS, Millspaugh JJ, Biggins DE. Importance of Lunar and Temporal Conditions for Spotlight Surveys of Adult Black-Footed Ferrets. WEST N AM NATURALIST 2012. [DOI: 10.3398/064.072.0207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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22
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Kelt DA. Comparative ecology of desert small mammals: a selective review of the past 30 years. J Mammal 2011. [DOI: 10.1644/10-mamm-s-238.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Prugh LR, Brashares JS. Partitioning the effects of an ecosystem engineer: kangaroo rats control community structure via multiple pathways. J Anim Ecol 2011; 81:667-78. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2656.2011.01930.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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