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Robinson AL, Elliott Smith EA, Besser AC, Newsome SD. Tissue-specific carbon isotope patterns of amino acids in southern sea otters. Oecologia 2024; 204:13-24. [PMID: 38227253 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-023-05505-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
The measurement of stable isotope values of individual compounds, such as amino acids (AAs), has become a powerful tool in animal ecology and ecophysiology. As with any emerging technique, questions remain regarding the capabilities and limitations of this approach, including how metabolism and tissue synthesis impact the isotopic values of individual AAs and subsequent multivariate patterns. We measured carbon isotope (δ13C) values of essential (AAESS) and nonessential (AANESS) AAs in bone collagen, whisker, muscle, and liver from ten southern sea otters (Enhydra lutris nereis) that stranded in Monterey Bay, California. Sea otters in this population exhibit high degrees of individual dietary specialization, making this an excellent dataset to explore differences in AA δ13C values among tissues in a wild population. We found the δ13C values of the AANESS glutamic acid, proline, serine, and glycine and the AAESS threonine differed significantly among tissues, indicating possible isotopic discrimination during tissue synthesis. Threonine δ13C values were higher in liver relative to bone collagen and muscle, which may indicate catabolism of threonine for gluconeogenesis, an interpretation further supported by correlations between the δ13C values of threonine and its gluconeogenic products glycine and serine in liver. This intraindividual isotopic variation yielded different ecological interpretations among tissues; for 6/10 of the sea otter individuals analyzed, at least one tissue indicated reliance on a different primary producer source than the other tissues. Our results highlight the importance of gluconeogenesis in a carnivorous marine mammal and indicate that metabolic processes influence AAESS and AANESS δ13C values and multivariate AA δ13C patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alana L Robinson
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA.
| | - Emma A Elliott Smith
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
- Department of Anthropology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, 20560, USA
| | - Alexi C Besser
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
- School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
| | - Seth D Newsome
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
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Southern Sea Otter Rehabilitation: Lessons and Impacts from the Monterey Bay Aquarium. JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGICAL AND BOTANICAL GARDENS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/jzbg3040047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
As biodiversity continues to decline across the globe, conservation of wildlife species and the ecosystems they inhabit is more important than ever. When species dwindle, ecosystems that depend on them are also impacted, often leading to a decrease in the life-giving services healthy ecosystems provide to humans, wildlife, and the global environment. Methods of wildlife conservation are complex and multi-faceted, ranging from education and advocacy to, research, restoration, and rehabilitation. Here, we review a conservation program focused on helping recover the federally listed threatened southern sea otter (Enhydra lutris nereis) population. We describe the development of unique rehabilitation methods and steps taken to advance the program’s conservation impact. Understanding this evolution can inform conservation efforts for other vulnerable species and their ecosystems.
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Karpovich S, Skinner JP, Miller CN, Polasek LK, Pendleton G. Growth and Shedding of Harbor Seal (Phoca vitulina) Whiskers. CAN J ZOOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1139/cjz-2021-0205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Accurate and precise estimates of the timing of whisker growth and shedding are necessary to interpret biochemical information stored in whiskers. This fine-scale examination of harbor seal (Phoca vitulina Linnaeus, 1758) whisker growth and shedding identified an asymptotic growth pattern with initial rapid growth that decays over time that can be defined with the von Bertalanffy curve. Initial growth rates were similar among whiskers, but estimated growth coefficients (K) and asymptotic lengths (L<sub>∞</sub> ) differed by follicle positions suggesting that differences in total whisker lengths result from dissimilarly shaped growth curves. In other words, longer whisker length is attained by delaying the growth rate decay. There was substantial intra- and inter-seal variation in shedding dates; whisker shedding began at the caudal margin of the whisker bed and progressed toward the nose. Shedding of marked whiskers from the three study seals took from 78 to 133 d, however, selecting whiskers only from the most caudal follicle of the bottom three rows constrained the period of whisker shedding to 7 to 43 d. These differences in growth and shedding of harbor seal whiskers emphasize the importance of considering follicle position to select whiskers that are the most similar for analyses of information stored in whiskers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawna Karpovich
- State of Alaska Department of Fish and Game, 10936, Marine Mammal Program, Fairbanks, Alaska, United States
| | - John P. Skinner
- State of Alaska Department of Fish and Game, 10936, Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Anchorage, Alaska, United States
| | - Carlene N. Miller
- State of Alaska Department of Fish and Game, 10936, Marine Mammal Program, Fairbanks, Alaska, United States
- Alaska SeaLife Center, Seward, Alaska, United States
| | - Lori K. Polasek
- Alaska SeaLife Center, Seward, Alaska, United States
- University of Alaska Fairbanks, 11414, College of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences, Fairbanks, Alaska, United States
- State of Alaska Department of Fish and Game, 10936, Marine Mammal Program, Juneau, Alaska, United States
| | - Grey Pendleton
- State of Alaska Department of Fish and Game, 10936, Wildlife Conservation, Juneau, Alaska, United States,
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Carrasco TS, de Lima RC, Botta S, Machado R, Simões-Lopes PC, Ott PH, Secchi ER. Temporal and individual variation in the diet of the Neotropical otter, Lontra longicaudis (Olfers, 1818) (Carnivora, Mustelidae), as revealed by stable isotope analysis of vibrissae. Mamm Biol 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s42991-020-00060-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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5
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Studying animal niches using bulk stable isotope ratios: an updated synthesis. Oecologia 2020; 193:27-51. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-020-04654-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Effects of urbanization on resource use and individual specialization in coyotes (Canis latrans) in southern California. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0228881. [PMID: 32023321 PMCID: PMC7001990 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0228881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Urban environments are unique because fragments of natural or semi-natural habitat are embedded within a potentially permeable matrix of human-dominated areas, creating increased landscape and, potentially, habitat heterogeneity. In addition, urban areas can provide diet subsidies for wildlife species in the form of fruiting ornamental plants, trash, and domestic animals. Ecological opportunity in the forms of habitat and food heterogeneity are thought to be important mechanisms in maintaining individual specialization. Identifying which contexts, traits, and mechanisms determine the success or failure of individuals within an urban wildlife population could potentially provide predictions about which populations may succeed in human-dominated landscapes and which may experience local extinction. We used both scat and stable isotope analysis of whiskers to investigate the degree to which coyotes (Canis latrans) utilized anthropogenic subsidies and exhibited individual diet specialization across the urban-rural gradient in southern California. Land use surrounding scat and isotope sample locations was also evaluated to determine the effect of land cover on diet. Human food constituted a significant portion of urban coyote diet (22% of scats, 38% of diet estimated by stable isotope analysis). Domestic cats (Felis catus) and ornamental fruit and seeds were also important items in urban coyote diets. Consumption of anthropogenic items decreased with decreasing urbanization. In suburban areas, seasonality influenced the frequency of occurrence of anthropogenic subsidies with increased consumption in the dry season. The amount of altered open space (areas such as golf courses, cemeteries, and landscaped parks) nearby had a negative effect on the consumption of anthropogenic items in both urban and suburban areas. Contrary to our hypothesis, urban coyotes displayed reduced between-individual variation compared to suburban and rural coyotes. It is possible that the core urban areas of cities are so densely developed and subsidized that wildlife inhabiting these areas actually have reduced ecological opportunity. Suburban animals had the broadest isotopic niches and maintained similar individual specialization to rural coyotes. Wildlife in suburban areas still have access to relatively undisturbed natural areas while being able to take advantage of anthropogenic subsidies in neighboring residential areas. Therefore, areas with intermediate urban development may be associated with increased ecological opportunity and specialization.
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Jacquier M, Simon L, Ruette S, Vandel JM, Hemery A, Devillard S. Isotopic evidence of individual specialization toward free-ranging chickens in a rural population of red foxes. EUR J WILDLIFE RES 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10344-019-1352-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas E Tomasi
- Department of Biology, Missouri State University, Springfield, MO, USA
| | - Briana N Anderson
- Department of Biology, Missouri State University, Springfield, MO, USA
| | - Theodore Garland
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, University of California – Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
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Mutirwara R, Radloff FGT, Codron D. Growth rate and stable carbon and nitrogen isotope trophic discrimination factors of lion and leopard whiskers. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2018; 32:33-47. [PMID: 28971533 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 09/23/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Stable isotope analysis (SIA) of whiskers has been used to identify temporal feeding habits, intra-population diet variation, as well as individual dietary specialisation of marine and terrestrial carnivores. However, the potential of the method to disclose such dietary information for large wild felids is hampered by lack of information on species-specific whisker growth rates, whisker growth patterns and whisker-diet trophic discrimination factors (TDFs). METHODS Whisker growth rates and growth patterns were measured for four lions (Panthera leo) and one leopard (Panthera pardus) held at the National Zoological Gardens, Pretoria, South Africa. Actively growing whiskers of the felids were 'marked' four times over 185 days using 13 C-depleted, C3 -based giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis) meat. The periods with low δ13 C values, identified following serial sectioning of the regrown whiskers at 1 mm intervals and isotopic analysis, were then correlated to specific giraffe meat feeding bouts and hence growth periods. δ13 C and δ15 N whisker-diet TDFs were estimated for five lions whose diet remained consistent over multiple years. RESULTS The whisker growth rates of three lionesses and the leopard were similar (mean = 0.65 mm day-1 ), despite species, sex and age differences. There was a decrease in whisker growth rate over time, suggesting a non-linear whisker growth pattern. However, linear and non-linear growth simulations showed slight differences between the two growth patterns for the proximal ~50 mm of whiskers. δ13 C and δ15 N lion whisker-diet TDFs were also similar amongst individuals (mean = 2.7 ± 0.12 ‰ for δ13 C values and 2.5 ± 0.08 ‰ for δ15 N values), irrespective of age and sex. CONCLUSIONS The whisker growth rate and δ13 C and δ15 N lion whisker-diet TDFs obtained in this study can be applied in future studies to assign dietary information contained in analysed felid whiskers to the correct time period and improve deductions of prey species consumed by wild felids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruwimbo Mutirwara
- Department of Conservation and Marine Sciences, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, PO Box 652, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa
| | - Frans G T Radloff
- Department of Conservation and Marine Sciences, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, PO Box 652, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa
| | - Daryl Codron
- Florisbad Quaternary Research Department, National Museum, PO Box 266, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa
- Centre for Environmental Management, University of the Free State, PO Box 339, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa
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Rogers TL, Fung J, Slip D, Steindler L, O'Connell TC. Calibrating the time span of longitudinal biomarkers in vertebrate tissues when fine‐scale growth records are unavailable. Ecosphere 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.1449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tracey L. Rogers
- Evolution and Ecology Research Centre Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences University of New South Wales Sydney New South Wales 2052 Australia
| | - Jeffery Fung
- Evolution and Ecology Research Centre Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences University of New South Wales Sydney New South Wales 2052 Australia
| | - David Slip
- Taronga Conservation Society Australia Bradley's Head Road Mosman, Sydney New South Wales 2088 Australia
| | - Lisa Steindler
- Evolution and Ecology Research Centre Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences University of New South Wales Sydney New South Wales 2052 Australia
| | - Tamsin C. O'Connell
- Department of Archaeology and Anthropology University of Cambridge Cambridge UK
- McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research University of Cambridge Cambridge UK
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11
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Watts DE, Newsome SD. Exploitation of marine resources by wolves in southwestern Alaska. J Mammal 2016. [DOI: 10.1093/jmammal/gyw153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Beltran RS, Peterson SH, McHuron EA, Reichmuth C, Hückstädt LA, Costa DP. Seals and sea lions are what they eat, plus what? Determination of trophic discrimination factors for seven pinniped species. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2016; 30:1115-1122. [PMID: 27060839 PMCID: PMC4830913 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Revised: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Mixing models are a common method for quantifying the contribution of prey sources to the diet of an individual using stable isotope analysis; however, these models rely upon a known trophic discrimination factor (hereafter, TDF) that results from fractionation between prey and animal tissues. Quantifying TDFs in captive animals is ideal, because diet is controlled and the proportional contributions and isotopic values of all prey items are known. METHODS To calculate TDFs for the Hawaiian monk seal, northern elephant seal, bearded seal, ringed seal, spotted seal, harbor seal, and California sea lion, we obtained whiskers, serum, plasma, red blood cells, and prey items from nine captive individuals. We obtained δ(13) C and δ(15) N values using continuous-flow isotope-ratio mass spectrometry. The average δ(13) C and δ(15) N values from bulk and lipid-corrected prey from the diet were subtracted from the δ(13) C and δ(15) N values of each blood and whisker sample to calculate tissue-specific TDFs for each individual (∆(13) C or ∆(15) N). RESULTS The ∆(13) C values ranged from +1.7 to +3.2‰ (bulk prey) and from +0.8 to +1.9‰ (lipid-corrected prey) for the various blood components, and from +3.9 to +4.6‰ (bulk prey) or +2.6 to +3.9‰ (lipid-corrected prey) for whiskers. The ∆(15) N values ranged from +2.2 to +4.3‰ for blood components and from +2.6 to +4.0‰ for whiskers. The TDFs tended to group by tissue, with whiskers having greater ∆(13) C values than blood components. In contrast, the ∆(15) N values were greater in serum and plasma than in red blood cells and whiskers. CONCLUSIONS By providing the first TDF values for five seal species (family Phocidae) and one otariid species (family Otariidae), our study facilitates more accurate mixing models for these species. These values are particularly important for critically endangered Hawaiian monk seals and the three Arctic seal species (bearded, ringed, and spotted) that are faced with a rapidly changing environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxanne S. Beltran
- University of California, Santa Cruz, Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Santa Cruz, CA 95060, USA
| | - Sarah H. Peterson
- University of California, Santa Cruz, Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Santa Cruz, CA 95060, USA
| | - Elizabeth A. McHuron
- University of California, Santa Cruz, Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Santa Cruz, CA 95060, USA
| | - Colleen Reichmuth
- Institute of Marine Sciences, Long Marine Laboratory, Santa Cruz, CA 95060, USA
| | - Luis A. Hückstädt
- University of California, Santa Cruz, Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Santa Cruz, CA 95060, USA
| | - Daniel P. Costa
- University of California, Santa Cruz, Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Santa Cruz, CA 95060, USA
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Rode KD, Stricker CA, Erlenbach J, Robbins CT, Cherry SG, Newsome SD, Cutting A, Jensen S, Stenhouse G, Brooks M, Hash A, Nicassio N. Isotopic Incorporation and the Effects of Fasting and Dietary Lipid Content on Isotopic Discrimination in Large Carnivorous Mammals. Physiol Biochem Zool 2016; 89:182-97. [DOI: 10.1086/686490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Newsome SD, Garbe HM, Wilson EC, Gehrt SD. Individual variation in anthropogenic resource use in an urban carnivore. Oecologia 2015; 178:115-28. [PMID: 25669449 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-014-3205-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
With increasing urbanization, some animals are adapting to human-dominated systems, offering unique opportunities to study individual adaptation to novel environments. One hypothesis for why some wildlife succeed in urban areas is that they are subsidized with anthropogenic food. Here, we combine individual-level movement patterns with diet composition based on stable isotope analysis to assess the degree to which a rapidly growing population of coyotes (Canis latrans) in Chicago consumes anthropogenic resources. We used telemetry to classify coyotes into three groups based on social class and home range composition: (1) residents with home ranges in urban nature preserves; (2) residents with home ranges that had a high proportion of urban land; and (3) transients that had relatively large home ranges and variable use of urban land. We found that natural and anthropogenic resources in this system can be reliably partitioned with carbon isotopes. Mixing models revealed that resident coyotes associated with most urban nature preserves consumed trace to minimal amounts of anthropogenic resources, while coyotes that live in the urban matrix consume moderate (30-50%) to high (>50%) proportions of anthropogenic resources. Lastly, we found evidence of prey switching between natural and anthropogenic resources and a high degree of inter-individual variation in diet among coyotes. In contrast to the expectation that urban adaptation may dampen ecological variation, our results suggest individuality in movement and diet exemplifies the successful establishment of coyotes in urban Chicago. Our study also suggests that direct anthropogenic food subsidization is not a prerequisite for successful adaptation to urban environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth D Newsome
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA,
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Smith EAE, Newsome SD, Estes JA, Tinker MT. The cost of reproduction: differential resource specialization in female and male California sea otters. Oecologia 2015; 178:17-29. [PMID: 25669450 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-014-3206-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Intraspecific variation in behavior and diet can have important consequences for population and ecosystem dynamics. Here, we examine how differences in reproductive investment and spatial ecology influence individual diet specialization in male and female southern sea otters (Enhydra lutris nereis). We hypothesize that greater reproductive constraints and smaller home ranges of females lead to more pronounced intraspecific competition and increased specialization. We integrate stable carbon (δ(13)C) and nitrogen (δ(15)N) isotope analysis of sea otter vibrissae with long-term observational studies of five subpopulations in California. We define individual diet specialization as low ratios of within-individual variation (WIC) to total population niche width (TNW). We compare isotopic and observational based metrics of WIC/TNW for males and females to data on population densities, and movement patterns using both general linear and linear mixed-effects models. Consistent with our hypothesis, increasing population density is associated with increased individual diet specialization by females but not by males. Additionally, we find the amount of coastline in a sea otter's home range positively related with individual dietary variability, with increased range span resulting in weaker specialization for both males and females. We attribute our results to sex-based differences in movement, with females needing to specialize in their small ranges to maximize energy gain, and posit that the paradigm of individual prey specialization in sea otters with increased intraspecific competition may be a pattern driven largely by females. Our work highlights a potentially broader role of sex in the mechanistic pressures promoting and maintaining diet specialization.
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Elofsson R, Tuminaite I, Kröger RHH. A complex sensory organ in the nose skin of the prosimian primateLemur catta. J Morphol 2015; 276:649-56. [DOI: 10.1002/jmor.20363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2014] [Revised: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rolf Elofsson
- Unit of Functional Zoology; Department of Biology; Lund University; Lund Sweden
| | - Inga Tuminaite
- Unit of Functional Zoology; Department of Biology; Lund University; Lund Sweden
| | - Ronald H. H. Kröger
- Unit of Functional Zoology; Department of Biology; Lund University; Lund Sweden
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Newsome SD, Wolf N, Peters J, Fogel ML. Amino Acid 13C Analysis Shows Flexibility in the Routing of Dietary Protein and Lipids to the Tissue of an Omnivore. Integr Comp Biol 2014; 54:890-902. [DOI: 10.1093/icb/icu106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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18
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Whisker growth in wild Eurasian badgers Meles meles: implications for stable isotope and bait marking studies. EUR J WILDLIFE RES 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10344-012-0679-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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