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Brenner EE, Alexander AB, Londoño LA, Stacy NI, Crevasse SE, Hernandez JA, Wellehan JFX. USE OF VISCOELASTIC COAGULATION TESTING IN MEGACHIROPTERA ( PTEROPUS HYPOMELANUS AND PTEROPUS VAMPYRUS) REVEALS HIGH VARIABILITY IN CLOT KINETICS. J Zoo Wildl Med 2024; 55:393-403. [PMID: 38875195 DOI: 10.1638/2023-0037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Megachiroptera is a mammalian suborder that includes old world fruit bats. Common clinical problems among captive Megachiroptera, such as liver disease (e.g., iron storage disease), kidney disease (e.g., protein-losing nephropathy), and heart disease (e.g., dilated cardiomyopathy), carry elevated risk for hemostatic derangements. The assessment of viscoelastic coagulation assays, however, has not yet been reported in bats. The main objective of the study was to describe viscoelastography data using the Viscoelastic Coagulation Monitor (VCM) Vet in captive large flying foxes (Pteropus vampyrus) (n = 20) and variable flying foxes (Pteropus hypomelanus) (n = 10). Additional objectives were to compare viscoelastic and clotting parameters (1) between healthy P. vampyrus and P. hypomelanus bats and (2) between untreated bats and those treated with meloxicam or aspirin, and (3) to examine relationships between activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) and potentially homologous viscoelastic parameters clotting time (CT) and clot formation time (CFT). The results showed marked variability among clinically normal bats. The intrinsic pathway, as measured by aPTT, had prolonged times compared with most terrestrial mammals, but similar times to birds, marine mammals, and sea turtles. A search of P. vampyrus genome found stop codons present in two exons of the factor XI gene; alterations in factor XI expression would be expected to alter intrinsic coagulation. Because of the high variability, no statistically significant findings were noted in the secondary objectives. Correlation between aPTT and CT or CFT was not strong (rs = 0.406 or 0.192, respectively). The results from this study suggest that clot kinetics vary widely among Megachiroptera when using the VCM Vet with untreated blood. A prolonged intrinsic coagulation pathway, as has been found in other megachiropteran species, and activation of the extrinsic coagulation pathway during venipuncture may be responsible for the inconsistent results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily E Brenner
- Department of Comparative, Diagnostic, and Population Medicine, University of Florida, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610-0126, USA,
| | - Amy B Alexander
- Department of Comparative, Diagnostic, and Population Medicine, University of Florida, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610-0126, USA
| | - Leonel A Londoño
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610-0126, USA
| | - Nicole I Stacy
- Department of Comparative, Diagnostic, and Population Medicine, University of Florida, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610-0126, USA
| | - Sarah E Crevasse
- Department of Comparative, Diagnostic, and Population Medicine, University of Florida, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610-0126, USA
| | - Jorge A Hernandez
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610-0126, USA
| | - James F X Wellehan
- Department of Comparative, Diagnostic, and Population Medicine, University of Florida, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610-0126, USA
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Burke A, Reems M, Spriggs M. Point-of-care viscoelastic coagulation monitor parameters in Amazon parrots (Amazona spp.). J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2024; 34:238-244. [PMID: 38761063 DOI: 10.1111/vec.13386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the feasibility of the point-of-care viscoelastic coagulation monitor (VCM) in Amazon parrots (Amazona spp.) and describe the parameters with fresh whole-blood samples in healthy Amazon parrots. DESIGN A total of 18 Amazon parrots were enrolled. Physical examinations, a CBC, and a biochemistry profile, including bile acids, were performed on all parrots. VCM tracings were obtained at the time of venipuncture for baseline laboratory work. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS The median clot time was 2102 seconds (range: 38.6-3599 s), median clot formation time was 929 seconds (range: 21.4-1711 s), median alpha angle was 20 (range: 6-67), and the median maximum clot formation was 8.5 (range: 0-36). The median lysis index at 30 minutes (LI30) was 100 (range: 98-100), and the median lysis index at 45 minutes (LI45) was 100 (range: 90-100). Of 18 samples, alpha angles were not reported in 7 samples, LI30 was not reported in 10 samples, and LI45 was not reported in 12 samples. Of the qualitative curves, 6 reflected normal mammalian curves, and the remainder were consistent with a hypocoaguable state. CONCLUSIONS The results were markedly variable, with the majority of VCM tracings being hypocoagulable in comparison with reference intervals established for dogs and cats. Using these protocols, the VCM is not reliable in Amazon parrots. Future areas of investigation include altering the temperature during sample analysis, the use of activators, or an exchange of clotting reagents for an extrinsic pathway activator, which may contribute to the success of this device in avian species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Burke
- Emergency & Critical Care Department, BluePearl Veterinary Partners, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Miryam Reems
- Emergency & Critical Care Department, BluePearl Veterinary Partners, Tampa, Florida, USA
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Leclerc LA, Vergneau-Grosset C, Fitzgerald G, Brandão J, Gara-Boivin C. Determination of Coagulation Parameters by Whole Blood Dynamic Viscoelastic Coagulometry in Strigiformes. J Avian Med Surg 2023; 37:99-107. [PMID: 37733449 DOI: 10.1647/22-00046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
No reference values are available in Strigiformes to evaluate blood coagulation using dynamic viscoelastic coagulometry (DVC) with the Sonoclot (Sienco, Boulder, CO, USA) analyzer. The objectives of this study were 1) to assess the feasibility of DVC in Strigiformes, 2) to calculate the index of individuality of each coagulation parameter, and 3) to assess interspecies variability and establish reference intervals, if relevant, based on the index of individuality. Fresh whole blood samples were obtained from healthy Strigiformes, including 13 barred owls (Strix varia), 10 great horned owls (Bubo virginianus), 6 snowy owls (Bubo scandiacus), and 7 eastern screech owls (Megascops asio), and analyzed with DVC with glass bead (gb) and kaolin clay (k) coagulation activators. Activated clotting time (ACT), clot rate (CR), and platelet function were determined immediately after collection using fresh native whole blood. Intraindividual variability was assessed with a second fresh native whole blood sample from 5 barred owls. Interindividual variability was assessed using a Kruskall-Wallis test. For the parameters gbACT (n = 35), gbCR (n = 34), and kACT (n = 27), no significant differences were detected between species (all P ≥ 0.05). Based on low index of individuality, global Strigiformes reference intervals were determined for gbACT (32.3-852.5 seconds; n = 35), gbCR (0-20.1 units/min; n = 29), and kACT (0-1570.3 seconds; n = 27). In conclusion, DVC can be used in Strigiformes and the gb coagulation activator would be more appropriate when basal individual values are not available in a tested individual.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydie-Amy Leclerc
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vétérinaire affiliated with the Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada, J2S 2M2
| | - Claire Vergneau-Grosset
- Département de Sciences Cliniques, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada, J2S 2M2,
| | - Guy Fitzgerald
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vétérinaire affiliated with the Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada, J2S 2M2
| | - João Brandão
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Carolyn Gara-Boivin
- Département de Pathologie et Microbiologie, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada, J2S 2M2
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4
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Baden R, Tully TN, Brandão J, Liu CC, Grasperge B. Evaluation of Prothrombin Time and Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time in Native and Citrated Whole Blood in Hispaniolan Amazon Parrots ( Amazona ventralis) With a Handheld Point-of-Care Analyzer. J Avian Med Surg 2023; 36:356-361. [PMID: 36935206 DOI: 10.1647/22-00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Objective assessment of coagulation in birds is difficult, and traditional methods of measuring prothrombin time (PT) and activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) with the use of mammalian reagents have not been validated in birds. Avian-specific reagents must be prepared from brain extract and are not practical for clinical use. The objective of this investigation was to determine whether the InSight qLabs point-of-care analyzer (Micropoint Biotechnologies Inc, Guangdong, China) could measure PT and aPTT in Hispaniolan Amazon parrots (Amazona ventralis) in native and citrated whole blood, and whether the values obtained correlated with clinical appearance and basic hematologic and biochemical parameters from the bird. The qLabs analyzer was able to measure aPTT reliably, but not PT. Activated partial thromboplastin time of citrated blood was significantly different from the aPTT measured from native whole blood (P < 0.001). On the basis of this study, the qLabs machine may be used to measure aPTT, but clinical application between avian species requires further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Baden
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA, badendvm@ gmail.com
| | - Thomas N Tully
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - João Brandão
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Chin-Chi Liu
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Britton Grasperge
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
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Visser I, Koenraadt CJ, Koopmans MP, Rockx B. The significance of mosquito saliva in arbovirus transmission and pathogenesis in the vertebrate host. One Health 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2023.100506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
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Cummings CO, Eisenbarth J, deLaforcade A. Viscoelastic Coagulation Testing in Exotic Animals. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract 2022; 25:597-612. [PMID: 36122942 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvex.2022.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Whole blood viscoelastic coagulation testing (VCT) allows global assessment of hemostasis and fibrinolysis. Although not widely used in exotic animal practice, VCT has been used in exotic animal research settings. Differences in patient demographics and analytical variables can result in dramatically different results with the same analyzer. To improve the utility of VCT in exotic animal medicine, standardization of protocols is necessary to facilitate the establishment of reference intervals. Despite these challenges, the quantitative/qualitative nature of VCT has already proved its real-world value to some clinicians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles O Cummings
- Tufts Clinical and Translational Science Institute, Tufts Medical Center, 35 Kneeland Street Suite 8, Boston, MA 0211, USA.
| | - Jessica Eisenbarth
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, 200 Westboro Road, North Grafton, MA 01536, USA
| | - Armelle deLaforcade
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, 200 Westboro Road, North Grafton, MA 01536, USA
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7
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WHOLE BLOOD THROMBOELASTOGRAPHY IN HEALTHY ADULT CAMELIDS (VICUGNA PACOS AND CAMELUS DROMEDARIUS). J Zoo Wildl Med 2022; 53:133-140. [DOI: 10.1638/2021-0033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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8
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Abstract
Over the last 10 years, exotic animal clinical pathology has been evolving, improving health assessment in avian, mammal, fish, reptile, and amphibian patients. These advances are reviewed in this article. Species-specific reference intervals for blood parameters are becoming more available (eg, for ionized calcium, endocrine panels, and vitamin D plasmatic concentrations). In addition, new technologies are being developed to facilitate targeted metabolite detection and result acquisition by veterinarians. Novel techniques, biomarkers, and clinical changes related to disease have been described in avian, mammal, fish, reptile and amphibian species. The use of mobile applications may also be helpful.
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9
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Rodenbaugh CI, Lyon SD, Hanzlicek AS, Kanda I, Payton ME, Rizzi TE, Holland LA, Brandão J. Dynamic viscoelastic coagulometry of blood obtained from healthy chickens. Am J Vet Res 2019; 80:441-448. [PMID: 31034267 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.80.5.441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess feasibility of the use of a dynamic viscoelastic coagulometer on chicken blood and compare coagulation variables for fresh whole blood and sodium citrate-preserved whole blood as well as effects of 3 coagulation activators on blood from chickens. SAMPLE Blood samples from 30 hens. PROCEDURES Chickens were allowed to rest undisturbed for 1 hour. A blood sample was collected from an ulnar vein; 1.4 mL was analyzed immediately, and 1.8 mL was mixed with sodium citrate and subsequently recalcified and analyzed. A separate coagulation activator (glass beads, kaolin clay, or tissue factor) was in each of the 2 channels of the analyzer. Chickens were allowed a 1-hour rest period, and another blood sample was collected from the contralateral ulnar vein; it was processed in the same manner as for the first sample, except both channels of the analyzer contained the same coagulation activator. RESULTS Compared with fresh samples, citrated samples had higher values for activated clotting time and platelet function and lower clotting rates. Intra-assay coefficients of variation of coagulation profiles for citrated samples were markedly greater than the limit of 10%, whereas values for fresh samples were close to or < 10%. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results suggested that use of a dynamic viscoelastic coagulometer on chicken blood was feasible and that analysis of fresh whole blood from healthy chickens provided results with less variability than did analysis of citrated blood. Samples preserved with sodium citrate were associated with significant relative hypocoagulability, compared with results for fresh blood.
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10
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Barratclough A, Hanel R, Stacy NI, Ruterbories LK, Christiansen E, Harms CA. Establishing a protocol for thromboelastography in sea turtles. Vet Rec Open 2018; 5:e000240. [PMID: 30167312 PMCID: PMC6109949 DOI: 10.1136/vetreco-2017-000240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Thromboelastography (TEG) provides a global evaluation of haemostasis. This diagnostic test is widely used in mammals but has not previously been performed in reptiles, mainly due to the limited availability of taxon-specific reagents. The objective of this pilot study was to establish a protocol to perform TEG in sea turtles. Pooled citrated plasma, stored at −80°C, from four green turtles (Chelonia mydas) was assayed on a TEG 5000. Several initiators were evaluated: kaolin (n=2), RapidTEG (n=2), fresh (n=2) and frozen (n=6) thromboplastin extracted from pooled brain tissue from several chelonian species, human recombinant tissue factor at 1:100 (n=1), Reptilase (n=2), and rabbit thromboplastin (n=1). Both fresh and frozen chelonian thromboplastin were superior in producing quantifiable TEG reaction time compared with all other reagents. These findings are consistent with the lack of an intrinsic pathway in turtles and confirmed a lack of coagulation in the turtle samples in response to mammalian thromboplastin. A TEG protocol was subsequently established for harvested species-specific frozen thromboplastin. The frozen thromboplastin reagent remained stable after one year of storage at −80°C. The developed protocol will be useful as a basis for future studies that aim to understand the pathophysiology of haemostatic disorders in various stranding conditions of sea turtles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Barratclough
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Rita Hanel
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Nicole I Stacy
- Department of Diagnostic, Comparative and Population Medicine, University of Florida, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Laura K Ruterbories
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Emily Christiansen
- North Carolina Aquariums, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA.,Department of Clinical Sciences and Environmental Medicine Consortium, College of Veterinary Medicine, Center for Marine Sciences and Technology, North Carolina State University, Morehead City, North Carolina, USA
| | - Craig A Harms
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Environmental Medicine Consortium, College of Veterinary Medicine, Center for Marine Sciences and Technology, North Carolina State University, Morehead City, North Carolina, USA
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11
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Murray GGR, Soares AER, Novak BJ, Schaefer NK, Cahill JA, Baker AJ, Demboski JR, Doll A, Da Fonseca RR, Fulton TL, Gilbert MTP, Heintzman PD, Letts B, McIntosh G, O'Connell BL, Peck M, Pipes ML, Rice ES, Santos KM, Sohrweide AG, Vohr SH, Corbett-Detig RB, Green RE, Shapiro B. Natural selection shaped the rise and fall of passenger pigeon genomic diversity. Science 2018; 358:951-954. [PMID: 29146814 DOI: 10.1126/science.aao0960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The extinct passenger pigeon was once the most abundant bird in North America, and possibly the world. Although theory predicts that large populations will be more genetically diverse, passenger pigeon genetic diversity was surprisingly low. To investigate this disconnect, we analyzed 41 mitochondrial and 4 nuclear genomes from passenger pigeons and 2 genomes from band-tailed pigeons, which are passenger pigeons' closest living relatives. Passenger pigeons' large population size appears to have allowed for faster adaptive evolution and removal of harmful mutations, driving a huge loss in their neutral genetic diversity. These results demonstrate the effect that selection can have on a vertebrate genome and contradict results that suggested that population instability contributed to this species's surprisingly rapid extinction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma G R Murray
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - André E R Soares
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Ben J Novak
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA.,Revive & Restore, Sausalito, CA 94965, USA
| | - Nathan K Schaefer
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - James A Cahill
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Allan J Baker
- Department of Natural History, Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto, ON M5S 2C6, Canada
| | - John R Demboski
- Department of Zoology, Denver Museum of Nature and Science, Denver, CO 80205, USA
| | - Andrew Doll
- Department of Zoology, Denver Museum of Nature and Science, Denver, CO 80205, USA
| | - Rute R Da Fonseca
- Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Øster Voldgade 5-7, 1350 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tara L Fulton
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA.,Environment and Climate Change Canada, 9250-49th Street, Edmonton, AB T6B 1K5, Canada
| | - M Thomas P Gilbert
- Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Øster Voldgade 5-7, 1350 Copenhagen, Denmark.,NTNU University Museum, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Peter D Heintzman
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA.,Tromsø University Museum, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Brandon Letts
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - George McIntosh
- Collections Department, Rochester Museum and Science Center, Rochester, NY 14607, USA
| | - Brendan L O'Connell
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Mark Peck
- Department of Zoology, Denver Museum of Nature and Science, Denver, CO 80205, USA
| | | | - Edward S Rice
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Kathryn M Santos
- Collections Department, Rochester Museum and Science Center, Rochester, NY 14607, USA
| | | | - Samuel H Vohr
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Russell B Corbett-Detig
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA.,University of California Santa Cruz Genomics Institute, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Richard E Green
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA.,University of California Santa Cruz Genomics Institute, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Beth Shapiro
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA. .,University of California Santa Cruz Genomics Institute, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
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12
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COAGULATION ASSESSMENT: UNDERUTILIZED DIAGNOSTIC TOOLS IN ZOO AND AQUATIC ANIMAL MEDICINE. J Zoo Wildl Med 2018; 48:947-953. [PMID: 29297814 DOI: 10.1638/2016-0145r.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Veterinarians specializing in nondomestic species are faced with unique challenges regarding research and diagnostic capabilities given the wild and frequently dangerous nature of their patients. Standard diagnostic techniques used in small or large animal practice are not always possible due to anatomical constraints, size, tractability, or the inherent risk of anesthesia in highly valued, rare species. Diagnostic modalities that utilize simple, relatively noninvasive techniques show promise in evaluating nondomestic species and elucidating the pathophysiology behind poorly characterized disease processes in both wild and captive populations. Coagulation profiles, which may include prothrombin time (PT), partial thromboplastin time (PTT), D-dimer concentration, platelet count, and thromboelastography (TEG) are frequently used in domestic species but often overlooked in exotic medicine due to lack of normal reference values and/or availability. Whenever possible, coagulation profiles should be utilized in the evaluation of various disease processes including neoplasia, sepsis, trauma, inflammation, toxin exposure, and envenomation. There are several reports of coagulopathies in both wild and captive species; however, few studies on coagulation profiles have been published on nondomestic species. Clinicians should consider coagulation testing as part of the diagnostic work-up in nondomestic species. A review of available coagulation diagnostic tests is provided here in addition to summarizing the pertinent coagulation disorders currently established in the literature.
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Abstract
This article presents relevant advances in avian medicine and surgery over the past 5 years. New information has been published to improve clinical diagnosis in avian diseases. This article also describes new pharmacokinetic studies. Advances in the understanding and treatment of common avian disorders are presented in this article, as well. Although important progress has been made over the past years, there is still much research that needs to be done regarding the etiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of avian diseases and evidence-based information is still sparse in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noémie M Summa
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, 3200, rue Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 7M2, Canada
| | - David Sanchez-Migallon Guzman
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, 1 Garrod Drive, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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14
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Ribeiro ÂM, Zepeda-Mendoza ML, Bertelsen MF, Kristensen AT, Jarvis ED, Gilbert MTP, da Fonseca RR. A refined model of the genomic basis for phenotypic variation in vertebrate hemostasis. BMC Evol Biol 2015; 15:124. [PMID: 26123414 PMCID: PMC4486697 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-015-0409-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Hemostasis is a defense mechanism that enhances an organism’s survival by minimizing blood loss upon vascular injury. In vertebrates, hemostasis has been evolving with the cardio-vascular and hemodynamic systems over the last 450 million years. Birds and mammals have very similar vascular and hemodynamic systems, thus the mechanism that blocks ruptures in the vasculature is expected to be the same. However, the speed of the process varies across vertebrates, and is particularly slow for birds. Understanding the differences in the hemostasis pathway between birds and mammals, and placing them in perspective to other vertebrates may provide clues to the genetic contribution to variation in blood clotting phenotype in vertebrates. We compiled genomic data corresponding to key elements involved in hemostasis across vertebrates to investigate its genetic basis and understand how it affects fitness. Results We found that: i) fewer genes are involved in hemostasis in birds compared to mammals; and ii) the largest differences concern platelet membrane receptors and components from the kallikrein-kinin system. We propose that lack of the cytoplasmic domain of the GPIb receptor subunit alpha could be a strong contributor to the prolonged bleeding phenotype in birds. Combined analysis of laboratory assessments of avian hemostasis with the first avian phylogeny based on genomic-scale data revealed that differences in hemostasis within birds are not explained by phylogenetic relationships, but more so by genetic variation underlying components of the hemostatic process, suggestive of natural selection. Conclusions This work adds to our understanding of the evolution of hemostasis in vertebrates. The overlap with the inflammation, complement and renin-angiotensin (blood pressure regulation) pathways is a potential driver of rapid molecular evolution in the hemostasis network. Comparisons between avian species and mammals allowed us to hypothesize that the observed mammalian innovations might have contributed to the diversification of mammals that give birth to live young. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12862-015-0409-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ângela M Ribeiro
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research-CIIMAR/CIMAR, University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas 289, 4050-123, Porto, Portugal.
| | - M Lisandra Zepeda-Mendoza
- Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Øster Voldgade 5-7, 1350, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Mads F Bertelsen
- Centre for Zoo and Wild Animal Health, Copenhagen Zoo, Roskildevej 38, 2000, Frederiksberg, Denmark.
| | - Annemarie T Kristensen
- Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | - Erich D Jarvis
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Centre, Durham, NC, 27710, USA. .,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, 20815, USA.
| | - M Thomas P Gilbert
- Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Øster Voldgade 5-7, 1350, Copenhagen, Denmark. .,Trace and Environmental DNA Laboratory, Department of Environment and Agriculture, Curtin University, Perth, WA, 6102, Australia.
| | - Rute R da Fonseca
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research-CIIMAR/CIMAR, University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas 289, 4050-123, Porto, Portugal. .,Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Øster Voldgade 5-7, 1350, Copenhagen, Denmark. .,The Bioinformatics Centre, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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