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Yamada Y, Imaoka T, Iwasaki T, Kobayashi J, Misumi M, Sakai K, Sugihara T, Suzuki K, Tauchi H, Yasuda H, Yoshinaga S, Sasatani M, Tanaka S, Doi K, Tomita M, Iizuka D, Kakinuma S, Sasaki M, Kai M. Establishment and activity of the planning and acting network for low dose radiation research in Japan (PLANET): 2016-2023. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2024; 65:561-574. [PMID: 39007844 PMCID: PMC11420843 DOI: 10.1093/jrr/rrae049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
The Planning and Acting Network for Low Dose Radiation Research in Japan (PLANET) was established in 2017 in response to the need for an all-Japan network of experts. It serves as an academic platform to propose strategies and facilitate collaboration to improve quantitative estimation of health risks from ionizing radiation at low-doses and low-dose-rates. PLANET established Working Group 1 (Dose-Rate Effects in Animal Experiments) to consolidate findings from animal experiments on dose-rate effects in carcinogenesis. Considering international trends in this field as well as the situation in Japan, PLANET updated its priority research areas for Japanese low-dose radiation research in 2023 to include (i) characterization of low-dose and low-dose-rate radiation risk, (ii) factors to be considered for individualization of radiation risk, (iii) biological mechanisms of low-dose and low-dose-rate radiation effects and (iv) integration of epidemiology and biology. In this context, PLANET established Working Group 2 (Dose and Dose-Rate Mapping for Radiation Risk Studies) to identify the range of doses and dose rates at which observable effects on different endpoints have been reported; Working Group 3 (Species- and Organ-Specific Dose-Rate Effects) to consider the relevance of stem cell dynamics in radiation carcinogenesis of different species and organs; and Working Group 4 (Research Mapping for Radiation-Related Carcinogenesis) to sort out relevant studies, including those on non-mutagenic effects, and to identify priority research areas. These PLANET activities will be used to improve the risk assessment and to contribute to the revision of the next main recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Yamada
- Department of Radiation Effects Research, Institute for Radiological Science, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Tatsuhiko Imaoka
- Department of Radiation Effects Research, Institute for Radiological Science, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Toshiyasu Iwasaki
- Sustainable System Research Laboratory, Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry, 1646 Abiko, Abiko, Chiba 270-1194, Japan
| | - Junya Kobayashi
- Department of Radiological Sciences, School of Health Sciences at Narita, International University of Health and Welfare, 4-3, Kozunomori, Narita, Chiba 286-8686, Japan
| | - Munechika Misumi
- Department of Statistics, Radiation Effects Research Foundation, 5-2 Hijiyama Park, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 732-0815, Japan
| | - Kazuo Sakai
- Tokyo Healthcare University, 2-5-1 Higashiaoka, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8558, Japan
| | - Takashi Sugihara
- Department of Radiobiology, Institute for Environmental Sciences, 1-7 Ienomae, Obuchi, Rokkasho-mura, Kamikita-gun, Aomori 039-3212, Japan
| | - Keiji Suzuki
- Department of Radiation Medical Sciences, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Tauchi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ibaraki University, Bunkyo 2-1-1, Mito, Ibaraki 310-8512, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yasuda
- Department of Radiation Biophysics, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Shinji Yoshinaga
- Department of Environmetrics and Biometrics, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Megumi Sasatani
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Satoshi Tanaka
- Department of Radiobiology, Institute for Environmental Sciences, 1-7 Ienomae, Obuchi, Rokkasho-mura, Kamikita-gun, Aomori 039-3212, Japan
| | - Kazutaka Doi
- Department of Radiation Regulatory Science Research, Institute for Radiological Science, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Masanori Tomita
- Sustainable System Research Laboratory, Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry, 1646 Abiko, Abiko, Chiba 270-1194, Japan
| | - Daisuke Iizuka
- Department of Radiation Effects Research, Institute for Radiological Science, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Shizuko Kakinuma
- Department of Radiation Effects Research, Institute for Radiological Science, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Michiya Sasaki
- Sustainable System Research Laboratory, Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry, 1646 Abiko, Abiko, Chiba 270-1194, Japan
| | - Michiaki Kai
- Nippon Bunri University, 1727-162 Ichiki, Oita, Oita 870-0397, Japan
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Tsuruoka C, Shinagawa M, Shang Y, Amasaki Y, Sunaoshi M, Imaoka T, Morioka T, Shimada Y, Kakinuma S. Relative Biological Effectiveness of Carbon Ion Beams for Induction of Medulloblastoma with Radiation-specific Chromosome 13 Deletion in Ptch1+/- Mice. Radiat Res 2024; 202:503-509. [PMID: 39048112 DOI: 10.1667/rade-23-00229.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Carbon ion radiotherapy (CIRT) for pediatric cancer is currently limited because of the unknown risk of induction of secondary cancers. Medulloblastoma of Ptch1+/- mice offers a unique experimental system for radiation-induced carcinogenesis, in which tumors are classified into spontaneous and radiation-induced subtypes based on their features of loss of heterozygosity (LOH) that affect the wild-type Ptch1 allele. The present study aims to investigate in young Ptch1+/- mice the carcinogenic effect, and its age dependence, of the low-linear energy transfer (LET, ∼13 keV/µm) carbon ions, to which normal tissues in front of the tumor are exposed during therapy. We irradiated Ptch1+/- mice at postnatal day (P) 1, 4, or 10 with 290 MeV/u carbon ions (0.05-0.5 Gy; LET, 13 keV/µm) and monitored them for medulloblastoma development. Loss of heterozygosity of seven genetic markers on chromosome 13 (where Ptch1 resides) was studied to classify the tumors. Carbon ion exposure induced medulloblastoma most effectively at P1. The LOH patterns of tumors were either telomeric or interstitial, the latter occurring almost exclusively in the irradiated groups, allowing the use of interstitial LOH as a biomarker of radiation-induced tumors. Radiation-induced tumors developed during a narrow age window (most strongly at P1 and only moderately at P4, with suppressed tumorigenesis at P10). Calculated using previous results using 137Cs gamma rays, the values for relative biological effectiveness (RBE) regarding radiation-induced tumors were 4.1 (3.4, 4.8) and 4.3 (3.3, 5.2) (mean and 95% confidence interval) for exposure at P1 and 4, respectively. Thus, the RBE of carbon ions for medulloblastoma induction in Ptch1+/- mice was higher than the generally recognized RBE of 1-2 for cell killing, chromosome aberrations, and skin reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chizuru Tsuruoka
- Department of Radiation Effects Research, Institute for Radiological Science, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Mayumi Shinagawa
- Department of Radiation Effects Research, Institute for Radiological Science, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yi Shang
- Department of Radiation Effects Research, Institute for Radiological Science, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Amasaki
- Department of Radiation Effects Research, Institute for Radiological Science, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Masaaki Sunaoshi
- Department of Radiation Effects Research, Institute for Radiological Science, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Tatsuhiko Imaoka
- Department of Radiation Effects Research, Institute for Radiological Science, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Takamitsu Morioka
- Department of Radiation Effects Research, Institute for Radiological Science, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yoshiya Shimada
- Institute for Environmental Sciences, Kamikita-gun, Aomori, Japan
| | - Shizuko Kakinuma
- Department of Radiation Effects Research, Institute for Radiological Science, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
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Iizuka D, Sasatani M, Ishikawa A, Daino K, Hirouchi T, Kamiya K. Newly discovered genomic mutation patterns in radiation-induced small intestinal tumors of ApcMin/+ mice. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0292643. [PMID: 37824459 PMCID: PMC10569626 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0292643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Among the small intestinal tumors that occur in irradiated mice of the established mouse model B6/B6-Chr18MSM-F1 ApcMin/+, loss of heterozygosity analysis can be utilized to estimate whether a deletion in the wild-type allele containing the Adenomatous polyposis coli (Apc) region (hereafter referred to as Deletion), a duplication in the mutant allele with a nonsense mutation at codon 850 of Apc (Duplication), or no aberration (Unidentified) has occurred. Previous research has revealed that the number of Unidentified tumors tends to increase with the radiation dose. In the present study, we investigated the molecular mechanisms underlying the development of an Unidentified tumor type in response to radiation exposure. The mRNA expression levels of Apc were significantly lower in Unidentified tumors than in normal tissues. We focused on epigenetic suppression as the mechanism underlying this decreased expression; however, hypermethylation of the Apc promoter region was not observed. To investigate whether deletions occur that cannot be captured by loss of heterozygosity analysis, we analyzed chromosome 18 using a customized array comparative genomic hybridization approach designed to detect copy-number changes in chromosome 18. However, the copy number of the Apc region was not altered in Unidentified tumors. Finally, gene mutation analysis of the Apc region using next-generation sequencing suggested the existence of a small deletion (approximately 3.5 kbp) in an Unidentified tumor from a mouse in the irradiated group. Furthermore, nonsense and frameshift mutations in Apc were found in approximately 30% of the Unidentified tumors analyzed. These results suggest that radiation-induced Unidentified tumors arise mainly due to decreased Apc expression of an unknown regulatory mechanism that does not depend on promoter hypermethylation, and that some tumors may result from nonsense mutations which are as-yet undefined point mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Iizuka
- Department of Radiation Effects Research, Institute for Radiological Science, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Megumi Sasatani
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Atsuko Ishikawa
- Department of Radiation Effects Research, Institute for Radiological Science, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Daino
- Department of Radiation Effects Research, Institute for Radiological Science, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Tokuhisa Hirouchi
- Department of Radiobiology, Institute for Environmental Sciences, Rokkasho, Japan
| | - Kenji Kamiya
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
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Yanagihara H, Morioka T, Yamazaki S, Yamada Y, Tachibana H, Daino K, Tsuruoka C, Amasaki Y, Kaminishi M, Imaoka T, Kakinuma S. Interstitial deletion of the Apc locus in β-catenin-overexpressing cells is a signature of radiation-induced intestinal tumors in C3B6F1 ApcMin/+ mice†. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2023; 64:622-631. [PMID: 37117033 DOI: 10.1093/jrr/rrad021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have identified interstitial deletions in the cancer genome as a radiation-related mutational signature, although most of them do not fall on cancer driver genes. Pioneering studies in the field have indicated the presence of loss of heterozygosity (LOH) spanning Apc in a subset of sporadic and radiation-induced intestinal tumors of ApcMin/+ mice, albeit with a substantial subset in which LOH was not detected; whether copy number losses accompany such LOH has also been unclear. Herein, we analyzed intestinal tumors of C3B6F1 ApcMin/+ mice that were either left untreated or irradiated with 2 Gy of γ-rays. We observed intratumor mosaicism with respect to the nuclear/cytoplasmic accumulation of immunohistochemically detectable β-catenin, which is a hallmark of Apc+ allele loss. An immunoguided laser microdissection approach enabled the detection of LOH involving the Apc+ allele in β-catenin-overexpressing cells; in contrast, the LOH was not observed in the non-overexpressing cells. With this improvement, LOH involving Apc+ was detected in all 22 tumors analyzed, in contrast to what has been reported previously. The use of a formalin-free fixative facilitated the LOH and microarray-based DNA copy number analyses, enabling the classification of the aberrations as nondisjunction/mitotic recombination type or interstitial deletion type. Of note, the latter was observed only in radiation-induced tumors (nonirradiated, 0 of 8; irradiated, 11 of 14). Thus, an analysis considering intratumor heterogeneity identifies interstitial deletion involving the Apc+ allele as a causative radiation-related event in intestinal tumors of ApcMin/+ mice, providing an accurate approach for attributing individual tumors to radiation exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromi Yanagihara
- Department of Radiation Effects Research, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Takamitsu Morioka
- Department of Radiation Effects Research, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Yamazaki
- Department of Radiation Effects Research, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yutaka Yamada
- Department of Radiation Effects Research, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Tachibana
- Department of Radiation Effects Research, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Daino
- Department of Radiation Effects Research, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Chizuru Tsuruoka
- Department of Radiation Effects Research, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Amasaki
- Department of Radiation Effects Research, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Mutsumi Kaminishi
- Department of Radiation Effects Research, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Tatsuhiko Imaoka
- Department of Radiation Effects Research, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Shizuko Kakinuma
- Department of Radiation Effects Research, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
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Nakayama T, Sunaoshi M, Shang Y, Takahashi M, Saito T, Blyth BJ, Amasaki Y, Daino K, Shimada Y, Tachibana A, Kakinuma S. Calorie restriction alters the mechanisms of radiation-induced mouse thymic lymphomagenesis. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0280560. [PMID: 36662808 PMCID: PMC9858762 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0280560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Calorie restriction (CR) suppresses not only spontaneous but also chemical- and radiation-induced carcinogenesis. Our previous study revealed that the cancer-preventive effect of CR is tissue dependent and that CR does not effectively prevent the development of thymic lymphoma (TL). We investigated the association between CR and the genomic alterations of resulting TLs to clarify the underlying resistance mechanism. TLs were obtained from previous and new experiments, in which B6C3F1 mice were exposed to radiation at 1 week of age and fed with a CR or standard (non-CR) diet from 7 weeks throughout their lifetimes. All available TLs were used for analysis of genomic DNA. In contrast to the TLs of the non-CR group, those of the CR group displayed suppression of copy-neutral loss of heterozygosity (LOH) involving relevant tumor suppressor genes (Cdkn2a, Ikzf1, Trp53, Pten), an event regarded as cell division-associated. However, CR did not affect interstitial deletions of those genes, which were observed in both groups. In addition, CR affected the mechanism of Ikzf1 inactivation in TLs: the non-CR group exhibited copy-neutral LOH with duplicated inactive alleles, whereas the CR group showed expression of dominant-negative isoforms accompanying a point mutation or an intragenic deletion. These results suggest that, even though CR reduces cell division-related genomic rearrangements by suppressing cell proliferation, tumors arise via diverse carcinogenic pathways including inactivation of tumor suppressors via interstitial deletions and other mutations. These findings provide a molecular basis for improved prevention strategies that overcome the CR resistance of lymphomagenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takafumi Nakayama
- Department of Radiation Effects Research, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Tumor and Diagnostic Pathology, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ibaraki University, Mito, Japan
| | - Masaaki Sunaoshi
- Department of Radiation Effects Research, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yi Shang
- Department of Radiation Effects Research, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Mizuki Takahashi
- Department of Radiation Effects Research, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ibaraki University, Mito, Japan
| | - Takato Saito
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ibaraki University, Mito, Japan
| | - Benjamin J. Blyth
- Department of Radiation Effects Research, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Amasaki
- Department of Radiation Effects Research, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Daino
- Department of Radiation Effects Research, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yoshiya Shimada
- Department of Radiation Effects Research, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Akira Tachibana
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ibaraki University, Mito, Japan
| | - Shizuko Kakinuma
- Department of Radiation Effects Research, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
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Nakamura N. Reexamining the role of tissue inflammation in radiation carcinogenesis: a hypothesis to explain an earlier onset of cancer. Int J Radiat Biol 2021; 97:1341-1351. [PMID: 34270352 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2021.1955998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Ionizing radiation is a well-known carcinogen, and epidemiologic efforts have been made to evaluate cancer risks following a radiation exposure. The basic approach has been to estimate increased levels of cancer mortality resulting from exposures to radiation, which is consistent with the somatic mutation theory of cancer. However, the possibility that an irradiation might cause an earlier onset of cancer has also been raised since the earliest days of animal studies. Recently, the mutation induction model has been challenged because it is unable to explain the observed dose-related parallel shift of entire mouse survival curves toward younger ages following an irradiation. This is because if it is assumed that only a fraction of the irradiated individuals are affected, the irradiated population would consist of two subpopulations with different mean lifespans, which makes the overall distribution of individual lifespans broader, and hence the slope of the survival curves shallower. To explain this parallel shift, it is necessary to assume that all individuals of a population are affected. As a result of these observations, possible mechanisms which could account for the parallel shift of mouse survival curves were sought by examining the radiation induction of various types of tissue damage which could facilitate an earlier onset of spontaneously arising cancers. CONCLUSION A proposed mechanism postulates that a radiation exposure leads to tissue inflammation which subsequently stimulates spontaneously arising cancers and allows them to appear earlier than usual. This notion is not unprecedented, and because the background incidence of cancer increases exponentially with an increase in age, a slight shift of the onset age toward younger ages may make it appear as if the risk is increased. In this scenario, a radiation exposure induces DNA damage, cell death, chromosome aberrations etc., which leads to the multi-pathway responses including activation of stromal fibroblasts, macrophages and various inflammatory factors. Such an inflamed microenvironment favors the growth of spontaneously arising tumor cells although currently, the sequential order or relative importance of the individual factors remains to be known.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nori Nakamura
- Department, of Molecular Biosciences, Radiation Effects Research Foundation, Hiroshima, Japan
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Tsuruoka C, Kaminishi M, Shinagawa M, Shang Y, Amasaki Y, Shimada Y, Kakinuma S. High Relative Biological Effectiveness of 2 MeV Fast Neutrons for Induction of Medulloblastoma in Ptch1+/- Mice with Radiation-specific Deletion on Chromosome 13. Radiat Res 2021; 196:225-234. [PMID: 34046685 DOI: 10.1667/rade-20-00025.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Neutron radiation, a high-linear energy transfer radiation, has a high relative biological effectiveness (RBE) for various end points. The age at exposure is an important modifier of the effects of radiation, including carcinogenesis, with infants being generally more radiosensitive. Ptch1+/- mice offer a unique experimental system for assessing radiation carcinogenesis. Spontaneous development of medulloblastoma tumors occurs in nonirradiated animals that lose their Ptch1+ allele, most frequently by a loss of heterozygosity (LOH) of chromosome 13 via recombination or non-disjunction (referred to as S-type tumors). In contrast, tumors occur in irradiated Ptch1+/- mice as a result of chromosome 13 LOH with an interstitial deletion (R-type), making spontaneous and radiation-induced tumors discernible. To elucidate the influence of age on the effect of fast neutrons, we irradiated Ptch1+/- mice with neutrons (mean energy, ∼2 MeV) or γ rays on embryonic day (E)14 and E17 and on postnatal day (P)1, 4 or 10 and classified the resulting medulloblastomas based on chromosome 13 aberrations. Instead of LOH, some tumors harbored mutations in their Ptch1+ gene via a nonirradiation-associated mechanism such as duplication, insertion, base substitution or deletion with microhomology-mediated end joining; thus, these tumors were classified as S-type. The RBE regarding the induction of R-type tumors was 12.9 (8.6, 17.2), 9.6 (6.9, 12.3), 21.5 (17.2, 25.8), and 7.1 (4.7, 9.5) (mean and 95% confidence interval) for mice irradiated on E14, E17, P1 and P4, respectively, with the highest value seen during the most active development of the tissue and P10 being completely resistant. These results indicate that the developmental stage at exposure of the tissue influences the RBE of neutrons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chizuru Tsuruoka
- Department of Radiation Effects Research, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Mutsumi Kaminishi
- Department of Radiation Effects Research, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Mayumi Shinagawa
- Department of Radiation Effects Research, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yi Shang
- Department of Radiation Effects Research, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Amasaki
- Department of Radiation Effects Research, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yoshiya Shimada
- Institute for Environmental Science, Kamikita-gun, Aomori, Japan
| | - Shizuko Kakinuma
- Department of Radiation Effects Research, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
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Paunesku T, Stevanović A, Popović J, Woloschak GE. Effects of low dose and low dose rate low linear energy transfer radiation on animals - review of recent studies relevant for carcinogenesis. Int J Radiat Biol 2021; 97:757-768. [PMID: 33289582 PMCID: PMC9216178 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2020.1859155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: Carcinogenic effects of radiation are often assumed to be universally understood, more often than, for example, carcinogenic effects of many different chemicals. This in turn leads to an assumption that any dose of radiation, delivered at any dose rate, poses a serious health challenge. This remains an issue of dispute and low dose radiation research is focused on understanding whether these exposures contribute to cancer incidence. This review is focused on the low linear energy transfer (low LET) radiation exposures for which the data is the most abundant in recent years. Materials and methods: Review of the literature between 2008 and today, highlighting some of the most diverse studies in low dose research. Results: Low dose and low dose rate, low LET ionizing radiation animal studies suggest that the effects of exposure very much depend on animal genotype and health status.Conclusions: Only the integration of all of the data from different models and studies will lead to a fuller understanding of low dose radiation effects. Therefore, we hope to see an increase in international archival efforts and exchange of raw data information opening the possibilities for new types of meta analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatjana Paunesku
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Aleksandra Stevanović
- Multidisciplinary Studies of History and Philosophy of Natural Sciences and Technology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jelena Popović
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Gayle E Woloschak
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
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Nakamura N. A hypothesis: radiation carcinogenesis may result from tissue injuries and subsequent recovery processes which can act as tumor promoters and lead to an earlier onset of cancer. Br J Radiol 2020; 93:20190843. [PMID: 31860335 PMCID: PMC8519633 DOI: 10.1259/bjr.20190843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer risks from radiation can be observed as an increase in mortality when compared to a control group. However, it is unknown if this increased risk results from the induction of cancer or from an earlier onset of cancer. In mouse studies, it has been repeatedly shown that after an irradiation, the survival curve is shifted toward lower ages, but remains parallel to the control curve, and the extent of the shift in time to lower ages is dose-dependent. This shift is not satisfactorily explained by the induction model which assumes that cancers in the exposed group consist of spontaneous and induced events. Consequently, it seems that this shift could be interpreted to mean that all animals in the exposed group had suffered from life shortening. Under this scenario, however, it turns out that the radiation effects can no longer be interpreted as the result of oncogenic mutations, because these effects would have to involve all tumors, and the effectiveness of radiation changes with the dose. This leads to the speculation that radiation exposures induce a broad range of tissue injuries, and that these injuries are subsequently subjected to longlasting systemic recovery processes which act as promoters for tumor cells. In other words, potential cancer stem cells which were located in the irradiated field can escape oncogenic damage but undergo stimulation later in life toward the development of malignancy from radiation-induced activated microenvironment. This is an unusual form of the non-targeted or bystander effects of radiation. It is worth noting that this model suggests that there could be a path or paths which could be used to intervene in the process of post-exposure carcinogenesis, and that cancer risks at low doses could be described as days or weeks of life lost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nori Nakamura
- Dept. of Molecular Biosciences, Radiation Effects Research Foundation, Hiroshima city, Japan
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10
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Applegate KE, Rühm W, Wojcik A, Bourguignon M, Brenner A, Hamasaki K, Imai T, Imaizumi M, Imaoka T, Kakinuma S, Kamada T, Nishimura N, Okonogi N, Ozasa K, Rübe CE, Sadakane A, Sakata R, Shimada Y, Yoshida K, Bouffler S. Individual response of humans to ionising radiation: governing factors and importance for radiological protection. RADIATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOPHYSICS 2020; 59:185-209. [PMID: 32146555 DOI: 10.1007/s00411-020-00837-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Tissue reactions and stochastic effects after exposure to ionising radiation are variable between individuals but the factors and mechanisms governing individual responses are not well understood. Individual responses can be measured at different levels of biological organization and using different endpoints following varying doses of radiation, including: cancers, non-cancer diseases and mortality in the whole organism; normal tissue reactions after exposures; and, cellular endpoints such as chromosomal damage and molecular alterations. There is no doubt that many factors influence the responses of people to radiation to different degrees. In addition to the obvious general factors of radiation quality, dose, dose rate and the tissue (sub)volume irradiated, recognized and potential determining factors include age, sex, life style (e.g., smoking, diet, possibly body mass index), environmental factors, genetics and epigenetics, stochastic distribution of cellular events, and systemic comorbidities such as diabetes or viral infections. Genetic factors are commonly thought to be a substantial contributor to individual response to radiation. Apart from a small number of rare monogenic diseases such as ataxia telangiectasia, the inheritance of an abnormally responsive phenotype among a population of healthy individuals does not follow a classical Mendelian inheritance pattern. Rather it is considered to be a multi-factorial, complex trait.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - W Rühm
- Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - A Wojcik
- Centre for Radiation Protection Research, MBW Department, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M Bourguignon
- Department of Biophysics and Nuclear Medicine, University of Paris Saclay (UVSQ), Verseilles, France
| | - A Brenner
- Department of Epidemiology, Radiation Effects Research Foundation, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - K Hamasaki
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Radiation Effects Research Foundation, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - T Imai
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Sciences and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - M Imaizumi
- Department of Nagasaki Clinical Studies, Radiation Effects Research Foundation, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - T Imaoka
- Department of Radiation Effects Research, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institute for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - S Kakinuma
- Department of Radiation Effects Research, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institute for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - T Kamada
- QST Hospital, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institute for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - N Nishimura
- Department of Radiation Effects Research, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institute for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - N Okonogi
- QST Hospital, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institute for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - K Ozasa
- Department of Epidemiology, Radiation Effects Research Foundation, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - C E Rübe
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - A Sadakane
- Department of Epidemiology, Radiation Effects Research Foundation, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - R Sakata
- Department of Epidemiology, Radiation Effects Research Foundation, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Y Shimada
- National Institute for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
- Institute for Environmental Sciences, Aomori, Japan
| | - K Yoshida
- Immunology Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biosciences, Radiation Effects Research Foundation, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - S Bouffler
- Radiation Effects Department, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Public Health England, Chilto, Didcot, UK
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11
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Furukawa S, Nagamatsu A, Nenoi M, Fujimori A, Kakinuma S, Katsube T, Wang B, Tsuruoka C, Shirai T, Nakamura AJ, Sakaue-Sawano A, Miyawaki A, Harada H, Kobayashi M, Kobayashi J, Kunieda T, Funayama T, Suzuki M, Miyamoto T, Hidema J, Yoshida Y, Takahashi A. Space Radiation Biology for "Living in Space". BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:4703286. [PMID: 32337251 PMCID: PMC7168699 DOI: 10.1155/2020/4703286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Space travel has advanced significantly over the last six decades with astronauts spending up to 6 months at the International Space Station. Nonetheless, the living environment while in outer space is extremely challenging to astronauts. In particular, exposure to space radiation represents a serious potential long-term threat to the health of astronauts because the amount of radiation exposure accumulates during their time in space. Therefore, health risks associated with exposure to space radiation are an important topic in space travel, and characterizing space radiation in detail is essential for improving the safety of space missions. In the first part of this review, we provide an overview of the space radiation environment and briefly present current and future endeavors that monitor different space radiation environments. We then present research evaluating adverse biological effects caused by exposure to various space radiation environments and how these can be reduced. We especially consider the deleterious effects on cellular DNA and how cells activate DNA repair mechanisms. The latest technologies being developed, e.g., a fluorescent ubiquitination-based cell cycle indicator, to measure real-time cell cycle progression and DNA damage caused by exposure to ultraviolet radiation are presented. Progress in examining the combined effects of microgravity and radiation to animals and plants are summarized, and our current understanding of the relationship between psychological stress and radiation is presented. Finally, we provide details about protective agents and the study of organisms that are highly resistant to radiation and how their biological mechanisms may aid developing novel technologies that alleviate biological damage caused by radiation. Future research that furthers our understanding of the effects of space radiation on human health will facilitate risk-mitigating strategies to enable long-term space and planetary exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Furukawa
- Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, 2-1-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8505, Japan
| | - Aiko Nagamatsu
- Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, 2-1-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8505, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Nenoi
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology (QST), 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Akira Fujimori
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology (QST), 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Shizuko Kakinuma
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology (QST), 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Takanori Katsube
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology (QST), 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Bing Wang
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology (QST), 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Chizuru Tsuruoka
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology (QST), 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Shirai
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology (QST), 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Asako J. Nakamura
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Ibaraki University, 2-1-1, Bunkyo, Mito, Ibaraki 310-8512, Japan
| | - Asako Sakaue-Sawano
- Lab for Cell Function and Dynamics, CBS, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Atsushi Miyawaki
- Lab for Cell Function and Dynamics, CBS, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Harada
- Radiation Biology Center, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Yoshida Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Minoru Kobayashi
- Radiation Biology Center, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Yoshida Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Junya Kobayashi
- Radiation Biology Center, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Yoshida Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Takekazu Kunieda
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Tomoo Funayama
- Takasaki Advanced Radiation Research Institute, QST, 1233 Watanuki-machi, Takasaki, Gunma 370-1292, Japan
| | - Michiyo Suzuki
- Takasaki Advanced Radiation Research Institute, QST, 1233 Watanuki-machi, Takasaki, Gunma 370-1292, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Miyamoto
- Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Kasumi 1-2-3, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Jun Hidema
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8577, Japan
- Division for the Establishment of Frontier Sciences of the Organization for Advanced Studies, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8577, Japan
| | - Yukari Yoshida
- Gunma University Heavy Ion Medical Center, 3-39-22 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
| | - Akihisa Takahashi
- Gunma University Heavy Ion Medical Center, 3-39-22 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
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12
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Inoue T, Kokubo T, Daino K, Yanagihara H, Watanabe F, Tsuruoka C, Amasaki Y, Morioka T, Homma‐Takeda S, Kobayashi T, Hino O, Shimada Y, Kakinuma S. Interstitial chromosomal deletion of the tuberous sclerosis complex 2 locus is a signature for radiation-associated renal tumors in Eker rats. Cancer Sci 2020; 111:840-848. [PMID: 31925975 PMCID: PMC7060461 DOI: 10.1111/cas.14307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Ionizing radiation can damage DNA and, therefore, is a risk factor for cancer. Eker rats, which carry a heterozygous germline mutation in the tumor-suppressor gene tuberous sclerosis complex 2 (Tsc2), are susceptible to radiation-induced renal carcinogenesis. However, the molecular mechanisms involved in Tsc2 inactivation are unclear. We subjected Fischer 344 × Eker (Long Evans Tsc2+/- ) F1 hybrid rats to gamma-irradiation (2 Gy) at gestational day 19 (GD19) or postnatal day 5 (PND5) and investigated the patterns of genomic alterations in the Tsc2 allele of renal tumors that developed at 1 year after irradiation (N = 24 tumors for GD19, N = 10 for PND5), in comparison with spontaneously developed tumors (N = 8 tumors). Gamma-irradiation significantly increased the multiplicity of renal tumors. The frequency of LOH at the chromosome 10q12 region, including the Tsc2 locus, was 38%, 29% and 60% in renal carcinomas developed from the nonirradiated, GD19 and PND5 groups, respectively. Array comparative genomic hybridization analysis revealed that the LOH patterns on chromosome 10 in renal carcinomas were classified into chromosomal missegregation, mitotic recombination and chromosomal deletion types. LOH of the interstitial chromosomal deletion type was observed only in radiation-associated carcinomas. Sequence analysis for the wild-type Tsc2 allele in the LOH-negative carcinomas identified deletions (nonirradiated: 26%; GD19: 21%) and base-substitution mutations (GD19: 4%). Reduced expression of Tsc2 was also observed in the majority of the LOH-negative carcinomas. Our results suggest that interstitial chromosomal deletion is a characteristic mutagenic event caused by ionizing radiation, and it may contribute to the assessment of radiation-induced cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Inoue
- Department of Radiation Effects ResearchNational Institute of Radiological SciencesNational Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and TechnologyChibaJapan
- Department of RadiologyJuntendo University Urayasu HospitalChibaJapan
| | - Toshiaki Kokubo
- Laboratory Animal and Genome Sciences SectionNational Institute of Radiological SciencesNational Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and TechnologyChibaJapan
| | - Kazuhiro Daino
- Department of Radiation Effects ResearchNational Institute of Radiological SciencesNational Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and TechnologyChibaJapan
| | - Hiromi Yanagihara
- Department of Radiation Effects ResearchNational Institute of Radiological SciencesNational Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and TechnologyChibaJapan
| | - Fumiko Watanabe
- Department of Radiation Effects ResearchNational Institute of Radiological SciencesNational Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and TechnologyChibaJapan
| | - Chizuru Tsuruoka
- Department of Radiation Effects ResearchNational Institute of Radiological SciencesNational Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and TechnologyChibaJapan
| | - Yoshiko Amasaki
- Department of Radiation Effects ResearchNational Institute of Radiological SciencesNational Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and TechnologyChibaJapan
| | - Takamitsu Morioka
- Department of Radiation Effects ResearchNational Institute of Radiological SciencesNational Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and TechnologyChibaJapan
| | - Shino Homma‐Takeda
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences for Radiation DamagesNational Institute of Radiological SciencesNational Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and TechnologyChibaJapan
| | - Toshiyuki Kobayashi
- Department of Pathology and OncologyFaculty of MedicineJuntendo UniversityTokyoJapan
| | - Okio Hino
- Department of Pathology and OncologyFaculty of MedicineJuntendo UniversityTokyoJapan
| | - Yoshiya Shimada
- National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and TechnologyChibaJapan
- Present address:
Institute for Environmental SciencesAomoriJapan
| | - Shizuko Kakinuma
- Department of Radiation Effects ResearchNational Institute of Radiological SciencesNational Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and TechnologyChibaJapan
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13
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OKAWA A, MORIOKA T, IMAOKA T, KAKINUMA S, MATSUMOTO Y. Differential expression of DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit in the brain of neonatal mice and young adult mice. PROCEEDINGS OF THE JAPAN ACADEMY. SERIES B, PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2020; 96:171-179. [PMID: 32389917 PMCID: PMC7248211 DOI: 10.2183/pjab.96.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
It is generally thought that younger people are more susceptible to cancer development after exposure to ionizing radiation in reference to epidemiological studies and animal experiments. However, little is known about the age-dependent alteration in DNA repair ability. In the present study, we examined the expression levels of proteins involved in the repair of DNA double-strand breaks through non-homologous end joining (NHEJ), i.e., DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs), X-ray repair cross-complementing 4 (XRCC4) and XRCC4-like factor (XLF). We found that the expression of DNA-PKcs in brain tissues was higher in neonatal mice (1 week after birth) than in young adult mice (7 weeks after birth). In association with this, DNA double-strand breaks were repaired more rapidly in the brain tissues of neonatal mice than in those of young adult mice. The current results suggested a possible role for DNA-PKcs protecting developing brain tissues from DNA double-strand breaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aoi OKAWA
- Laboratory for Advanced Nuclear Energy, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takamitsu MORIOKA
- Department of Radiation Effects Research, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Tatsuhiko IMAOKA
- Department of Radiation Effects Research, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Shizuko KAKINUMA
- Department of Radiation Effects Research, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa MATSUMOTO
- Laboratory for Advanced Nuclear Energy, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan
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14
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Gomolka M, Blyth B, Bourguignon M, Badie C, Schmitz A, Talbot C, Hoeschen C, Salomaa S. Potential screening assays for individual radiation sensitivity and susceptibility and their current validation state. Int J Radiat Biol 2019; 96:280-296. [PMID: 31347938 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2019.1642544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: The workshop on 'Individual Radiosensitivity and Radiosusceptibility' organized by MELODI and CONCERT on Malta in 2018, evaluated the current state of assays to identify sensitive and susceptible subgroups. The authors provide an overview on potential screening assays detecting individuals showing moderate to severe early and late radiation reactions or are at increased risk to develop cancer upon radiation exposure.Conclusion: It is necessary to separate clearly between tissue reactions and stochastic effects such as cancer when comparing the existing literature to validate various test systems. Requirements for the assays are set up. The literature is reviewed for assays that are reliable and robust. Sensitivity and specificity of the assays are regarded and scrutinized for modifying factors. Accuracy of an assay system is required to be more than 90% to balance risks of adverse reactions against risk to fail to cure the cancer. No assay/biomarker is in routine use. Assays that have shown predictive potential for radiosensitivity include SNPs, the RILA assay, and the pATM assay. A tree of risk guideline for radiologists is provided to assist medical treatment decisions. Recommendations for effective research include the setup of common retrospective and prospective cohorts/biobanks to validate current and future tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Gomolka
- Federal Office for Radiation Protection, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Benjamin Blyth
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Christophe Badie
- Cancer Mechanisms and Biomarkers Group, Radiation Effects Department Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards Public Health England, Didcot, United Kingdom
| | - Annette Schmitz
- Institut de Radiobiologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire, Institut de Biologie François Jacob, Direction de la Recherche Fondamentale, CEA, Paris, France
| | - Christopher Talbot
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Christoph Hoeschen
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Institute for Medical Technology, Otto-von-Guericke-University, Magdeburg, Germany
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15
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Morioka T, Blyth BJ, Imaoka T, Nishimura M, Takeshita H, Shimomura T, Ohtake J, Ishida A, Schofield P, Grosche B, Kulka U, Shimada Y, Yamada Y, Kakinuma S. Establishing the Japan-Store house of animal radiobiology experiments (J-SHARE), a large-scale necropsy and histopathology archive providing international access to important radiobiology data. Int J Radiat Biol 2019; 95:1372-1377. [PMID: 31145030 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2019.1625458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: Projects evaluating the effects of radiation, within the National Institutes of Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology (QST), National Institute of Radiological Sciences (NIRS), have focused on risk analyses for life shortening and cancer prevalence using laboratory animals. Genetic and epigenetic alterations in radiation-induced tumors have been also analyzed with the aim of better understanding mechanisms of radiation carcinogenesis. As well as the economic and practical limitations of repeating such large-scale experiments, ethical considerations make it vital that we store and share the pathological data and samples of the animal experiments for future use. We are now constructing such an archive called the Japan-Storehouse of Animal Radiobiology Experiments (J-SHARE). Methods: J-SHARE records include information such as detailed experimental protocols, necropsy records and photographs of organs at necropsy. For each animal organs and tumor tissues are dissected, and parts are stored as frozen samples at -80 °C. Samples fixed with formalin are also embedded in paraffin blocks for histopathological analyses. Digital copies of stained tissues are being systematically saved using a virtual slide system linked to original records by barcodes. Embedded and frozen tissues are available for molecular analysis. Conclusion: Similar archive systems for radiation biology have also been under construction in the USA and Europe, the Northwestern University Radiation Archive (NURA), and STORE at the BfS, respectively. The J-SHARE will be linked with the sister-archives and made available for collaborative research to institutions and universities all over the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takamitsu Morioka
- Department of Radiation Effects Research, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology , Chiba , Japan
| | - Benjamin J Blyth
- Department of Radiation Effects Research, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology , Chiba , Japan
| | - Tatsuhiko Imaoka
- Department of Radiation Effects Research, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology , Chiba , Japan
| | - Mayumi Nishimura
- Department of Radiation Effects Research, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology , Chiba , Japan
| | | | - Takeo Shimomura
- Department of Information Technology, NIRS, QST , Chiba , Japan
| | - Jun Ohtake
- Department of Information Technology, NIRS, QST , Chiba , Japan
| | - Atsuro Ishida
- Department of Information Technology, NIRS, QST , Chiba , Japan
| | - Paul Schofield
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge , Cambridge , UK
| | - Bernd Grosche
- Federal Office for Radiation Protection, Radiation and Health , Oberschleissheim , Germany
| | - Ulrike Kulka
- Federal Office for Radiation Protection, Radiation and Health , Oberschleissheim , Germany
| | | | - Yutaka Yamada
- Department of Radiation Effects Research, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology , Chiba , Japan.,Fukushima Project Headquarters, NIRS, QST , Chiba , Japan
| | - Shizuko Kakinuma
- Department of Radiation Effects Research, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology , Chiba , Japan
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16
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Masunaga SI, Kobayashi J, Tano K, Sanada Y, Suzuki M, Ono K. The Effect of p53 Status on Radio-Sensitivity of Quiescent Tumor Cell Population Irradiated With γ-Rays at Various Dose Rates. J Clin Med Res 2018; 10:815-821. [PMID: 30344816 PMCID: PMC6188028 DOI: 10.14740/jocmr3610w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of the study was to clarify the effect of p53 status of tumor cells on radio-sensitivity of solid tumors following γ-ray irradiation at various dose rates, referring to the response of intratumor quiescent (Q) cells. Methods Human head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cells transfected with mutant TP53 (SAS/mp53) or with neo vector (SAS/neo) were injected subcutaneously into hind legs of nude mice. Tumor bearing mice received 5-bromo-2’-deoxyuridine (BrdU) continuously to label all intratumor proliferating (P) cells. They received γ-rays at a high, middle or low dose rate. Immediately or 9 h after the high dose-rate irradiation (HDR, 2.5 Gy/min), or immediately after the middle (MDR, 0.039 Gy/min) or low (LDR, 0.00098 Gy/min) dose-rate irradiation, the tumor cells were isolated and incubated with a cytokinesis blocker, and the micronucleus (MN) frequency in cells without BrdU labeling (Q cells) was determined using immunofluorescence staining for BrdU. Results Following γ-ray irradiation, SAS/neo tumor cells, especially intratumor Q cells, showed a marked reduction in sensitivity due to the recovery from radiation-induced damage, compared with the total or Q cells within SAS/mp53 tumors that showed little repair capacity. The recovery capacities following γ-ray irradiation were greater in Q than total cell population and increased in the following order of 9 h after HDR < MDR < LDR. Thus, the difference in radio-sensitivity between the total (P + Q) and Q cells after γ-ray irradiation increased in the same order. Conclusion To secure controlling solid tumors as a whole, difference in sensitivity between total and Q tumor cells especially in solid tumors irrespective of p53 status has to be suppressed as irradiation dose rate decreases, for instance, through employing combined method for enhancing the response of Q tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-Ichiro Masunaga
- Particle Radiation Biology, Institute for Integrated Radiation and Nuclear Science, Kyoto University, 2-1010, Asashiro-nishi, Kumatori-cho, Sennan-gun, Osaka 590-0494, Japan
| | - Junya Kobayashi
- Genome Repair Dynamics, Radiation Biology Center, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Keizo Tano
- Particle Radiation Biology, Institute for Integrated Radiation and Nuclear Science, Kyoto University, 2-1010, Asashiro-nishi, Kumatori-cho, Sennan-gun, Osaka 590-0494, Japan
| | - Yu Sanada
- Particle Radiation Biology, Institute for Integrated Radiation and Nuclear Science, Kyoto University, 2-1010, Asashiro-nishi, Kumatori-cho, Sennan-gun, Osaka 590-0494, Japan
| | - Minoru Suzuki
- Particle Radiation Oncology, Institute for Integrated Radiation and Nuclear Science, Kyoto University, 2-1010, Asashiro-nishi, Kumatori-cho, Sennan-gun, Osaka 590-0494, Japan
| | - Koji Ono
- Kansai BNCT Collaborative Research Center, Osaka Medical College, 2-7, Daigaku-cho, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-8686, Japan
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17
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Koyama S, Narita E, Shinohara N, Miyakoshi J. Recovery kinetics of micronucleus formation by fractionated X-ray irradiation in various types of human cells. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2018; 59:547-554. [PMID: 29961812 PMCID: PMC6151641 DOI: 10.1093/jrr/rry051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
High-dose ionizing radiation is sufficient for breaking DNA strands, leading to cell death and mutations. By contrast, the effects of fractionated ionizing radiation on human-derived cells remain unclear. To better understand the genotoxic effects of fractionated ionizing radiation, as well as the cellular recovery rate, we investigated the frequency of micronucleus (MN) formation in various types of human cells. We irradiated cells with fractionated X-ray doses of 2 Gy at a rate of 0.0635 Gy/min, separated into two to eight smaller doses. After irradiation, we investigated the frequency of MN formation. In addition, we investigated the rate of decrease in MN frequency after irradiation with 1 or 2 Gy X-rays at various recovery periods. Fractionated irradiation decreased MN frequency in a dose-dependent manner. When the total dose of X-rays was the same, the MN frequencies were lower after fractionated X-ray irradiation than acute irradiation in every cell type examined. The rate of MN decrease was faster in KMST-6 cells, which were derived from a human embryo, than in the other cells. The rate of MN decrease was higher in cells exposed to fractionated X-rays than in those exposed to acute irradiation. Recovery rates were very similar among cell lines, except in KMST-6 cells, which recovered more rapidly than other cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin Koyama
- Kyoto University, Laboratory of Applied Radio Engineering for Humanosphere, Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Eijiro Narita
- Kyoto University, Laboratory of Applied Radio Engineering for Humanosphere, Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Naoki Shinohara
- Kyoto University, Laboratory of Applied Radio Engineering for Humanosphere, Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Junji Miyakoshi
- Kyoto University, Laboratory of Applied Radio Engineering for Humanosphere, Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto, Japan
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Otsuka K, Suzuki K, Fujimichi Y, Tomita M, Iwasaki T. Cellular responses and gene expression profiles of colonic Lgr5+ stem cells after low-dose/low-dose-rate radiation exposure. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2018; 59:ii18-ii22. [PMID: 29281035 PMCID: PMC5941159 DOI: 10.1093/jrr/rrx078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We previously found that high-dose-rate radiation induced a replenishment of the colonic Lgr5+ stem cell pool, whereas low-dose-rate radiation did not. To identify key molecules that determine the dose-rate effects on this stem cell pool, we harvested colonic Lgr5+ stem cells by cell sorting at 2 weeks after exposure to 1 Gy of high-dose-rate (30 Gy/h) or low-dose-rate (0.003 Gy/h) radiation and analyzed their gene expression profiles using RNA-Seq. We found that pathways related to DNA damage response, cell growth, cell differentiation and cell death were upregulated in Lgr5+ stem cells irradiated with high dose rates, whereas pathways related to apical junctions and extracellular signaling were upregulated in low-dose-rate-irradiated colonic Lgr5+ stem cells. Interestingly, biological events involving apical junctions are known to play an important role in the exclusion of transformed cells that are surrounded by normal epithelial cells through 'cell competition'. We speculated that cell competition, through apical junctions and extracellular ligands, might contribute to the dose-rate effect on Lgr5+ cell replenishment. To understand this mechanism, we focused on 69 genes that were significantly upregulated in low-dose-rate-irradiated cells, which we named DREDGE (Dose-Rate Effect Determining GEnes). Based on these findings, we propose a possible mechanism underlying the dose-rate effect observed in the colonic stem cell pool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kensuke Otsuka
- Radiation Safety Research Center, Nuclear Technology Research Laboratory, Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry (CRIEPI), 2-11-1 Iwado-kita, Komae, Tokyo 201-8511, Japan
| | - Keiji Suzuki
- Department of Radiation Medical Sciences, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Yuki Fujimichi
- Radiation Safety Research Center, Nuclear Technology Research Laboratory, Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry (CRIEPI), 2-11-1 Iwado-kita, Komae, Tokyo 201-8511, Japan
| | - Masanori Tomita
- Radiation Safety Research Center, Nuclear Technology Research Laboratory, Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry (CRIEPI), 2-11-1 Iwado-kita, Komae, Tokyo 201-8511, Japan
| | - Toshiyasu Iwasaki
- Radiation Safety Research Center, Nuclear Technology Research Laboratory, Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry (CRIEPI), 2-11-1 Iwado-kita, Komae, Tokyo 201-8511, Japan
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Habash M, Bohorquez LC, Kyriakou E, Kron T, Martin OA, Blyth BJ. Clinical and Functional Assays of Radiosensitivity and Radiation-Induced Second Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2017; 9:cancers9110147. [PMID: 29077012 PMCID: PMC5704165 DOI: 10.3390/cancers9110147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Revised: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Whilst the near instantaneous physical interaction of radiation energy with living cells leaves little opportunity for inter-individual variation in the initial yield of DNA damage, all the downstream processes in how damage is recognized, repaired or resolved and therefore the ultimate fate of cells can vary across the population. In the clinic, this variability is observed most readily as rare extreme sensitivity to radiotherapy with acute and late tissue toxic reactions. Though some radiosensitivity can be anticipated in individuals with known genetic predispositions manifest through recognizable phenotypes and clinical presentations, others exhibit unexpected radiosensitivity which nevertheless has an underlying genetic cause. Currently, functional assays for cellular radiosensitivity represent a strategy to identify patients with potential radiosensitivity before radiotherapy begins, without needing to discover or evaluate the impact of the precise genetic determinants. Yet, some of the genes responsible for extreme radiosensitivity would also be expected to confer susceptibility to radiation-induced cancer, which can be considered another late adverse event associated with radiotherapy. Here, the utility of functional assays of radiosensitivity for identifying individuals susceptible to radiotherapy-induced second cancer is discussed, considering both the common mechanisms and important differences between stochastic radiation carcinogenesis and the range of deterministic acute and late toxic effects of radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Habash
- Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan Street, Parkville, VIC 3000, Australia.
- Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry & Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia.
| | - Luis C Bohorquez
- Physical Sciences, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan Street, Parkville, VIC 3000, Australia.
| | - Elizabeth Kyriakou
- Physical Sciences, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan Street, Parkville, VIC 3000, Australia.
| | - Tomas Kron
- Physical Sciences, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan Street, Parkville, VIC 3000, Australia.
| | - Olga A Martin
- Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan Street, Parkville, VIC 3000, Australia.
- Radiation Oncology and Cancer Imaging, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan Street, Parkville, VIC 3000, Australia.
- The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia.
| | - Benjamin J Blyth
- Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan Street, Parkville, VIC 3000, Australia.
- Radiation Oncology and Cancer Imaging, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan Street, Parkville, VIC 3000, Australia.
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Simulated space radiation-induced mutants in the mouse kidney display widespread genomic change. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0180412. [PMID: 28683078 PMCID: PMC5500326 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0180412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to a small number of high-energy heavy charged particles (HZE ions), as found in the deep space environment, could significantly affect astronaut health following prolonged periods of space travel if these ions induce mutations and related cancers. In this study, we used an in vivo mutagenesis assay to define the mutagenic effects of accelerated 56Fe ions (1 GeV/amu, 151 keV/μm) in the mouse kidney epithelium exposed to doses ranging from 0.25 to 2.0 Gy. These doses represent fluences ranging from 1 to 8 particle traversals per cell nucleus. The Aprt locus, located on chromosome 8, was used to select induced and spontaneous mutants. To fully define the mutagenic effects, we used multiple endpoints including mutant frequencies, mutation spectrum for chromosome 8, translocations involving chromosome 8, and mutations affecting non-selected chromosomes. The results demonstrate mutagenic effects that often affect multiple chromosomes for all Fe ion doses tested. For comparison with the most abundant sparsely ionizing particle found in space, we also examined the mutagenic effects of high-energy protons (1 GeV, 0.24 keV/μm) at 0.5 and 1.0 Gy. Similar doses of protons were not as mutagenic as Fe ions for many assays, though genomic effects were detected in Aprt mutants at these doses. Considered as a whole, the data demonstrate that Fe ions are highly mutagenic at the low doses and fluences of relevance to human spaceflight, and that cells with considerable genomic mutations are readily induced by these exposures and persist in the kidney epithelium. The level of genomic change produced by low fluence exposure to heavy ions is reminiscent of the extensive rearrangements seen in tumor genomes suggesting a potential initiation step in radiation carcinogenesis.
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