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Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Shen C, Hao S, Duan W, Liu L, Wei H. Ionizing radiation alters functional neurotransmission in Drosophila larvae. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1151489. [PMID: 37484822 PMCID: PMC10357008 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1151489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Patients undergoing cranial ionizing radiation therapy for brain malignancies are at increased risk of long-term neurocognitive decline, which is poorly understood and currently untreatable. Although the molecular pathogenesis has been intensively researched in many organisms, whether and how ionizing radiation alters functional neurotransmission remains unknown. This is the first study addressing physiological changes in neurotransmission after ionizing radiation exposure. Methods To elucidate the cellular mechanisms of radiation damage, using calcium imaging, we analyzed the effects of ionizing radiation on the neurotransmitter-evoked responses of prothoracicotropic hormone (PTTH)-releasing neurons in Drosophila larvae, which play essential roles in normal larval development. Results The neurotransmitters dopamine and tyramine decreased intracellular calcium levels of PTTH neurons in a dose-dependent manner. In gamma irradiated third-instar larvae, a dose of 25 Gy increased the sensitivity of PTTH neurons to dopamine and tyramine, and delayed development, possibly in response to abnormal functional neurotransmission. This irradiation level did not affect the viability and arborization of PTTH neurons and successful survival to adulthood. Exposure to a 40-Gy dose of gamma irradiation decreased the neurotransmitter sensitivity, physiological viability and axo-dendritic length of PTTH neurons. These serious damages led to substantial developmental delays and a precipitous reduction in the percentage of larvae that survived to adulthood. Our results demonstrate that gamma irradiation alters neurotransmitter-evoked responses, indicating synapses are vulnerable targets of ionizing radiation. Discussion The current study provides new insights into ionizing radiation-induced disruption of physiological neurotransmitter signaling, which should be considered in preventive therapeutic interventions to reduce risks of neurological deficits after photon therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- North China Research Institute of Electro-Optics, Beijing, China
| | - Yihao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Cong Shen
- China Electronics Technology Group Corporation No. 45 Research Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Shun Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wenlan Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Li Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hongying Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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2
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Rübe CE, Raid S, Palm J, Rübe C. Radiation-Induced Brain Injury: Age Dependency of Neurocognitive Dysfunction Following Radiotherapy. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15112999. [PMID: 37296960 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15112999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Cranial radiotherapy is a known risk factor for neurocognitive impairment in cancer survivors. Although radiation-induced cognitive dysfunction is observed in patients of all ages, children seem to be more vulnerable than adults to suffering age-related deficits in neurocognitive skills. So far, the underlying mechanisms by which IR negatively influences brain functions as well as the reasons for the profound age dependency are still insufficiently known. We performed a comprehensive Pubmed-based literature search to identify original research articles that reported on age dependency of neurocognitive dysfunction following cranial IR exposure. Numerous clinical trials in childhood cancer survivors indicate that the severity of radiation-induced cognitive dysfunction is clearly dependent on age at IR exposure. These clinical findings were related to the current state of experimental research providing important insights into the age dependency of radiation-induced brain injury and the development of neurocognitive impairment. Research in pre-clinical rodent models demonstrates age-dependent effects of IR exposure on hippocampal neurogenesis, radiation-induced neurovascular damage and neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia E Rübe
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Saarland University Medical Center, Kirrbergerstrasse Building 6.5, 66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Silvia Raid
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Saarland University Medical Center, Kirrbergerstrasse Building 6.5, 66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Jan Palm
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Saarland University Medical Center, Kirrbergerstrasse Building 6.5, 66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Christian Rübe
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Saarland University Medical Center, Kirrbergerstrasse Building 6.5, 66421 Homburg, Germany
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3
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Oyefeso FA, Goldberg G, Opoku NYPS, Vazquez M, Bertucci A, Chen Z, Wang C, Muotri AR, Pecaut MJ. Effects of acute low-moderate dose ionizing radiation to human brain organoids. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0282958. [PMID: 37256873 PMCID: PMC10231836 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0282958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Human exposure to low-to-moderate dose ionizing radiation (LMD-IR) is increasing via environmental, medical, occupational sources. Acute exposure to LMD-IR can cause subclinical damage to cells, resulting in altered gene expression and cellular function within the human brain. It has been difficult to identify diagnostic and predictive biomarkers of exposure using traditional research models due to factors including lack of 3D structure in monolayer cell cultures, limited ability of animal models to accurately predict human responses, and technical limitations of studying functional human brain tissue. To address this gap, we generated brain/cerebral organoids from human induced pluripotent stem cells to study the radiosensitivity of human brain cells, including neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes. While organoids have become popular models for studying brain physiology and pathology, there is little evidence to confirm that exposing brain organoids to LMD-IR will recapitulate previous in vitro and in vivo observations. We hypothesized that exposing brain organoids to proton radiation would (1) cause a time- and dose-dependent increase in DNA damage, (2) induce cell type-specific differences in radiosensitivity, and (3) increase expression of oxidative stress and DNA damage response genes. Organoids were exposed to 0.5 or 2 Gy of 250 MeV protons and samples were collected at 30 minute, 24 hour, and 48 hour timepoints. Using immunofluorescence and RNA sequencing, we found time- and dose-dependent increases in DNA damage in irradiated organoids; no changes in cell populations for neurons, oligodendrocytes, and astrocytes by 24 hours; decreased expression of genes related to oligodendrocyte lineage, astrocyte lineage, mitochondrial function, and cell cycle progression by 48 hours; increased expression of genes related to neuron lineage, oxidative stress, and DNA damage checkpoint regulation by 48 hours. Our findings demonstrate the possibility of using organoids to characterize cell-specific radiosensitivity and early radiation-induced gene expression changes within the human brain, providing new avenues for further study of the mechanisms underlying acute neural cell responses to IR exposure at low-to-moderate doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Foluwasomi A. Oyefeso
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, United States of America
| | - Gabriela Goldberg
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Nana Yaa P. S. Opoku
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, United States of America
| | - Marcelo Vazquez
- Departments of Pediatrics and Cellular & Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny (CARTA), Kavli Institute for Brain and Mind, Archealization Center (ArchC), University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Center for Genomics, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, United States of America
| | - Antonella Bertucci
- Center for Genomics, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, United States of America
| | - Zhong Chen
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, United States of America
| | - Charles Wang
- Departments of Pediatrics and Cellular & Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny (CARTA), Kavli Institute for Brain and Mind, Archealization Center (ArchC), University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, United States of America
| | - Alysson R. Muotri
- Department of Radiation Medicine, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, United States of America
| | - Michael J. Pecaut
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, United States of America
- Departments of Pediatrics and Cellular & Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny (CARTA), Kavli Institute for Brain and Mind, Archealization Center (ArchC), University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
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4
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Bery A, Etienne O, Mouton L, Mokrani S, Granotier-Beckers C, Gauthier LR, Feat-Vetel J, Kortulewski T, Pérès EA, Desmaze C, Lestaveal P, Barroca V, Laugeray A, Boumezbeur F, Abramovski V, Mortaud S, Menuet A, Le Bihan D, Villartay JPD, Boussin FD. XLF/Cernunnos loss impairs mouse brain development by altering symmetric proliferative divisions of neural progenitors. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112342. [PMID: 37027298 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
XLF/Cernunnos is a component of the ligation complex used in classical non-homologous end-joining (cNHEJ), a major DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair pathway. We report neurodevelopmental delays and significant behavioral alterations associated with microcephaly in Xlf-/- mice. This phenotype, reminiscent of clinical and neuropathologic features in humans deficient in cNHEJ, is associated with a low level of apoptosis of neural cells and premature neurogenesis, which consists of an early shift of neural progenitors from proliferative to neurogenic divisions during brain development. We show that premature neurogenesis is related to an increase in chromatid breaks affecting mitotic spindle orientation, highlighting a direct link between asymmetric chromosome segregation and asymmetric neurogenic divisions. This study reveals thus that XLF is required for maintaining symmetric proliferative divisions of neural progenitors during brain development and shows that premature neurogenesis may play a major role in neurodevelopmental pathologies caused by NHEJ deficiency and/or genotoxic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amandine Bery
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm, CEA, Stabilité Génétique Cellules Souches et Radiations/iRCM, 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France; Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Stabilité Génétique Cellules Souches et Radiations/iRCM, 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Olivier Etienne
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm, CEA, Stabilité Génétique Cellules Souches et Radiations/iRCM, 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France; Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Stabilité Génétique Cellules Souches et Radiations/iRCM, 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Laura Mouton
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm, CEA, Stabilité Génétique Cellules Souches et Radiations/iRCM, 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France; Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Stabilité Génétique Cellules Souches et Radiations/iRCM, 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Sofiane Mokrani
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm, CEA, Stabilité Génétique Cellules Souches et Radiations/iRCM, 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France; Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Stabilité Génétique Cellules Souches et Radiations/iRCM, 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Christine Granotier-Beckers
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm, CEA, Stabilité Génétique Cellules Souches et Radiations/iRCM, 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France; Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Stabilité Génétique Cellules Souches et Radiations/iRCM, 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Laurent R Gauthier
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm, CEA, Stabilité Génétique Cellules Souches et Radiations/iRCM, 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France; Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Stabilité Génétique Cellules Souches et Radiations/iRCM, 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Justyne Feat-Vetel
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm, CEA, Stabilité Génétique Cellules Souches et Radiations/iRCM, 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France; Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Stabilité Génétique Cellules Souches et Radiations/iRCM, 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Thierry Kortulewski
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm, CEA, Stabilité Génétique Cellules Souches et Radiations/iRCM, 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France; Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Stabilité Génétique Cellules Souches et Radiations/iRCM, 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Elodie A Pérès
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm, CEA, Stabilité Génétique Cellules Souches et Radiations/iRCM, 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France; Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Stabilité Génétique Cellules Souches et Radiations/iRCM, 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France; NeuroSpin, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Chantal Desmaze
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm, CEA, Stabilité Génétique Cellules Souches et Radiations/iRCM, 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France; Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Stabilité Génétique Cellules Souches et Radiations/iRCM, 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Philippe Lestaveal
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), PSE-SANTE/SERAMED, 92262 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Vilma Barroca
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm, CEA, Stabilité Génétique Cellules Souches et Radiations/iRCM, 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France; Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Stabilité Génétique Cellules Souches et Radiations/iRCM, 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Antony Laugeray
- Immunologie et Neurogénétique Expérimentales et Moléculaires - UMR7355 CNRS - 3B, rue de la Férollerie, 45071 Orléans, France
| | - Fawzi Boumezbeur
- NeuroSpin, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Vincent Abramovski
- Université Paris Cité, Imagine Institute, Laboratory "Genome Dynamics in the Immune System", Equipe labellisée La LIGUE, INSERM UMR 1163, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Stéphane Mortaud
- Immunologie et Neurogénétique Expérimentales et Moléculaires - UMR7355 CNRS - 3B, rue de la Férollerie, 45071 Orléans, France; Université d'Orléans, Orléans, France
| | - Arnaud Menuet
- Immunologie et Neurogénétique Expérimentales et Moléculaires - UMR7355 CNRS - 3B, rue de la Férollerie, 45071 Orléans, France; Université d'Orléans, Orléans, France
| | - Denis Le Bihan
- NeuroSpin, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Jean-Pierre de Villartay
- Université Paris Cité, Imagine Institute, Laboratory "Genome Dynamics in the Immune System", Equipe labellisée La LIGUE, INSERM UMR 1163, 75015 Paris, France
| | - François D Boussin
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm, CEA, Stabilité Génétique Cellules Souches et Radiations/iRCM, 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France; Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Stabilité Génétique Cellules Souches et Radiations/iRCM, 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France.
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5
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Jaylet T, Quintens R, Benotmane MA, Luukkonen J, Tanaka IB, Ibanez C, Durand C, Sachana M, Azimzadeh O, Adam-Guillermin C, Tollefsen KE, Laurent O, Audouze K, Armant O. Development of an Adverse Outcome Pathway for radiation-induced microcephaly via expert consultation and machine learning. Int J Radiat Biol 2022; 98:1752-1762. [PMID: 35947014 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2022.2110312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brain development during embryogenesis and in early postnatal life is particularly complex and involves the interplay of many cellular processes and molecular mechanisms, making it extremely vulnerable to exogenous insults, including ionizing radiation (IR). Microcephaly is one of the most frequent neurodevelopmental abnormalities that is characterized by small brain size, and is often associated with intellectual deficiency. Decades of research span from epidemiological data on in utero exposure of the A-bomb survivors, to studies on animal and cellular models that allowed deciphering the most prominent molecular mechanisms leading to microcephaly. The Adverse Outcome Pathway (AOP) framework is used to organize, evaluate and portray the scientific knowledge of toxicological effects spanning different biological levels of organizations, from the initial interaction with molecular targets to the occurrence of a disease or adversity. In the present study, the framework was used in an attempt to organize the current scientific knowledge on microcephaly progression in the context of ionizing radiation (IR) exposure. This work was performed by a group of experts formed during a recent workshop organized jointly by the Multidisciplinary European Low Dose Initiative (MELODI) and the European Radioecology Alliance (ALLIANCE) associations to present the AOP approach and tools. Here we report on the development of a putative AOP for congenital microcephaly resulting from IR exposure based on discussions of the working group and we emphasize the use of a novel machine-learning approach to assist in the screening of the available literature to develop AOPs. CONCLUSION The expert consultation led to the identification of crucial biological events for the progression of microcephaly upon exposure to IR, and highlighted current knowledge gaps. The machine learning approach was successfully used to screen the existing knowledge and helped to rapidly screen the body of evidence and in particular the epidemiological data. This systematic review approach also ensured that the analysis was sufficiently comprehensive to identify the most relevant data and facilitate rapid and consistent AOP development. We anticipate that as machine learning approaches become more user-friendly through easy-to-use web interface, this would allow AOP development to become more efficient and less time consuming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Jaylet
- Université Paris Cité, T3S, Inserm UMRS 1124, Paris, France
| | - Roel Quintens
- Radiobiology Unit, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre, SCK-CEN, Mol, Belgium
| | | | - Jukka Luukkonen
- University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio Campus, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ignacia Braga Tanaka
- Department of Radiobiology, Institute for Environmental Sciences, 1-7 lenomae, Obuchi, Rokkasho-mura, Kamikita-gun, Aomori 039-3212, Japan
| | - Chrystelle Ibanez
- PSE-SANTE/SESANE/LRTOX Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), F-92262, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Christelle Durand
- PSE-SANTE/SESANE/LRTOX Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), F-92262, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Magdalini Sachana
- Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), Environment Health and Safety Division, 75775 CEDEX 16 Paris, France
| | - Omid Azimzadeh
- Federal Office for Radiation Protection (Bfs), Section Radiation Biology, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Christelle Adam-Guillermin
- PSE-SANTE/SDOS/LMDN, Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), Cadarache, 13115 Saint-Paul-Lez-Durance, France
| | - Knut Erik Tollefsen
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Økernveien 94, N-0579, Oslo, Norway.,Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Post box 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway.,Centre for Environmental Radioactivity, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Post box 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Olivier Laurent
- PSE-SANTE/SESANE/LEPID, Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), F-92262, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Karine Audouze
- Université Paris Cité, T3S, Inserm UMRS 1124, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Armant
- PSE-ENV/SRTE/LECO, Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), Cadarache, 13115 Saint-Paul-Lez-Durance, France
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6
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A novel 3D pillar/well array platform using patient-derived head and neck tumor to predict the individual radioresponse. Transl Oncol 2022; 24:101483. [PMID: 35850059 PMCID: PMC9294182 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2022.101483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy is a critical modality in head and neck cancer treatment. A novel 3D pillar/well array platform provides the individual radioresponse biomarker, RTauc. Poor and good radioresponse group by RTauc correlates with other clinical features. RTauc shows potential for radioresponse biomarker, useful in clinical decision-making.
Predicting individual radiotherapy (RT) response is valuable in managing head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). We assessed the feasibility of our novel 3D culture platform to measure radioresponse using patient-derived cells (PDCs) from HNSCC patients. Cells from the FaDu line and tumor samples from 39 HNSCC patients were cultivated serially in MatrigelTM on a 3D pillar/well array culture system. The 3D tumor models were exposed to 0 to 8 Gy of radiation dose, and the radioresponse index (RTauc, area under the dose-response curve) was measured quantitatively with Calcein AM staining of live tumor cells. Calcein AM fluorescence showed reduced density and the number of FaDu colonies as radiation increased, implying a dose-dependent effect on cell viability in the 3D pillar/well culture system. 3D tumor models using PDCs were established successfully from 39 HNSCC patient tumor samples, maintaining original genomic and pathological characteristics. These 3D tumor models were exposed to ionizing radiation on a 3D pillar/well array, with a mean period of 12 days from tumor harvest to the measurement of RTauc. The RTauc of all PDCs varied from 3.5 to 9.4, and the lower 40th percentile (Z-score = -0.26) was considered a good radioresponse group with a threshold RTauc of 4.6. The good radioresponse group showed fewer adverse features than others. As of the last follow-up, recurrence-free survival was better in the good radioresponse group (p = 0.037). 3D pillar/well array platforms using PDC could rapidly quantify radioresponse index in patients with HNSCC, showing potential as a novel prognosticator.
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7
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Shuboni-Mulligan DD, Young D, De La Cruz Minyety J, Briceno N, Celiku O, King AL, Munasinghe J, Wang H, Adegbesan KA, Gilbert MR, Smart DK, Armstrong TS. Histological analysis of sleep and circadian brain circuitry in cranial radiation-induced hypersomnolence (C-RIH) mouse model. Sci Rep 2022; 12:11131. [PMID: 35778467 PMCID: PMC9249744 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-15074-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Disrupted sleep, including daytime hypersomnolence, is a core symptom reported by primary brain tumor patients and often manifests after radiotherapy. The biological mechanisms driving the onset of sleep disturbances after cranial radiation remains unclear but may result from treatment-induced injury to neural circuits controlling sleep behavior, both circadian and homeostatic. Here, we develop a mouse model of cranial radiation-induced hypersomnolence which recapitulates the human experience. Additionally, we used the model to explore the impact of radiation on the brain. We demonstrated that the DNA damage response following radiation varies across the brain, with homeostatic sleep and cognitive regions expressing higher levels of γH2AX, a marker of DNA damage, than the circadian suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). These findings were supported by in vitro studies comparing radiation effects in SCN and cortical astrocytes. Moreover, in our mouse model, MRI identified structural effects in cognitive and homeostatic sleep regions two-months post-treatment. While the findings are preliminary, they suggest that homeostatic sleep and cognitive circuits are vulnerable to radiation and these findings may be relevant to optimizing treatment plans for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Demarrius Young
- Neuro-Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Nicole Briceno
- Neuro-Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Orieta Celiku
- Neuro-Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Amanda L King
- Neuro-Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jeeva Munasinghe
- Mouse Imaging Facility, National Institute of Neurological Disorder and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Herui Wang
- Neuro-Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kendra A Adegbesan
- Neuro-Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mark R Gilbert
- Neuro-Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - DeeDee K Smart
- Radiation Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Terri S Armstrong
- Neuro-Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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8
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Craeghs L, Callaerts-Vegh Z, Verslegers M, Van der Jeugd A, Govaerts K, Dresselaers T, Wogensen E, Verreet T, Moons L, Benotmane MA, Himmelreich U, D'Hooge R. Prenatal Radiation Exposure Leads to Higher-Order Telencephalic Dysfunctions in Adult Mice That Coincide with Reduced Synaptic Plasticity and Cerebral Hypersynchrony. Cereb Cortex 2021; 32:3525-3541. [PMID: 34902856 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhab431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Higher-order telencephalic circuitry has been suggested to be especially vulnerable to irradiation or other developmentally toxic impact. This report details the adult effects of prenatal irradiation at a sensitive time point on clinically relevant brain functions controlled by telencephalic regions, hippocampus (HPC), and prefrontal cortex (PFC). Pregnant C57Bl6/J mice were whole-body irradiated at embryonic day 11 (start of neurogenesis) with X-ray intensities of 0.0, 0.5, or 1.0 Gy. Female offspring completed a broad test battery of HPC-/PFC-controlled tasks that included cognitive performance, fear extinction, exploratory, and depression-like behaviors. We examined neural functions that are mechanistically related to these behavioral and cognitive changes, such as hippocampal field potentials and long-term potentiation, functional brain connectivity (by resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging), and expression of HPC vesicular neurotransmitter transporters (by immunohistochemical quantification). Prenatally exposed mice displayed several higher-order dysfunctions, such as decreased nychthemeral activity, working memory defects, delayed extinction of threat-evoked response suppression as well as indications of perseverative behavior. Electrophysiological examination indicated impaired hippocampal synaptic plasticity. Prenatal irradiation also induced cerebral hypersynchrony and increased the number of glutamatergic HPC terminals. These changes in brain connectivity and plasticity could mechanistically underlie the irradiation-induced defects in higher telencephalic functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livine Craeghs
- Department of Brain & Cognition, Research Group Biological Psychology, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Zsuzsanna Callaerts-Vegh
- Department of Brain & Cognition, Research Group Biological Psychology, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Mieke Verslegers
- Department of Radiobiology, Institute for Environmental Health and Safety, Nuclear Research Center (SCK CEN), Mol 2400, Belgium
| | - Ann Van der Jeugd
- Department of Brain & Cognition, Research Group Biological Psychology, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Kristof Govaerts
- Department of Imaging & Pathology, Research Group Biomedical MRI, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Tom Dresselaers
- Department of Imaging & Pathology, Research Group Biomedical MRI, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Elise Wogensen
- Department of Brain & Cognition, Research Group Biological Psychology, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Tine Verreet
- Department of Radiobiology, Institute for Environmental Health and Safety, Nuclear Research Center (SCK CEN), Mol 2400, Belgium
| | - Lieve Moons
- Department of Biology, Research Group Neural Circuit Development and Regeneration, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Mohammed A Benotmane
- Department of Radiobiology, Institute for Environmental Health and Safety, Nuclear Research Center (SCK CEN), Mol 2400, Belgium
| | - Uwe Himmelreich
- Department of Imaging & Pathology, Research Group Biomedical MRI, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Rudi D'Hooge
- Department of Brain & Cognition, Research Group Biological Psychology, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven 3000, Belgium
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9
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Assessment of Normal Tissue Radiosensitivity by Evaluating DNA Damage and Repair Kinetics in Human Brain Organoids. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222413195. [PMID: 34947991 PMCID: PMC8709464 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA-double strand break (DSB), detected by immunostaining of key proteins orchestrating repair, like γH2AX and 53BP1, is well established as a surrogate for tissue radiosensitivity. We hypothesized that the generation of normal brain 3D organoids (“mini-brains”) from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC) combined with detection of DNA damage repair (DDR) may hold the promise towards developing personalized models for the determination of normal tissue radiosensitivity. In this study, cerebral organoids, an in vitro model that stands in its complexity between 2D cellular system and an organ, have been used. To quantify radiation-induced response, immunofluorescent staining with γH2AX and 53BP1 were applied at early (30 min, initial damage), and late time points (18 and 72 h, residual damage), following clinical standard 2 Gy irradiation. Based on our findings, assessment of DDR kinetics as a surrogate for radiosensitivity in hiPSC derived cerebral organoids is feasible. Further development of mini-brains recapitulating mature adult neuronal tissue and implementation of additional signaling and toxicity surrogates may pave the way towards development of next-generation personalized assessment of radiosensitivity in healthy neuronal tissue.
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10
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Merighi A, Gionchiglia N, Granato A, Lossi L. The Phosphorylated Form of the Histone H2AX (γH2AX) in the Brain from Embryonic Life to Old Age. Molecules 2021; 26:7198. [PMID: 34885784 PMCID: PMC8659122 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26237198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The γ phosphorylated form of the histone H2AX (γH2AX) was described more than 40 years ago and it was demonstrated that phosphorylation of H2AX was one of the first cellular responses to DNA damage. Since then, γH2AX has been implicated in diverse cellular functions in normal and pathological cells. In the first part of this review, we will briefly describe the intervention of H2AX in the DNA damage response (DDR) and its role in some pivotal cellular events, such as regulation of cell cycle checkpoints, genomic instability, cell growth, mitosis, embryogenesis, and apoptosis. Then, in the main part of this contribution, we will discuss the involvement of γH2AX in the normal and pathological central nervous system, with particular attention to the differences in the DDR between immature and mature neurons, and to the significance of H2AX phosphorylation in neurogenesis and neuronal cell death. The emerging picture is that H2AX is a pleiotropic molecule with an array of yet not fully understood functions in the brain, from embryonic life to old age.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Laura Lossi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, I-10095 Grugliasco, Italy; (A.M.); (N.G.); (A.G.)
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11
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He Y, Peng Y, Chang Y, Zhu J, Li Z, Huang K, Pan S. Utilizing the Faxitron MultiRad 225 X-ray irradiation system for the construction of mouse chronic whole brain radiation model. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2021:rrab086. [PMID: 34585253 DOI: 10.1093/jrr/rrab086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Radiation-induced brain injury (RBI) is a common complication of radiotherapy for head and neck tumors while its mechanism is not fully understood. Animal whole-brain radiation (WBR) models are of key importance in experimental radiation research, and an appropriate radiation source is essential. Previous animal WBR models were administered by clinical linear accelerator to induce the pathophysiological changes of RBI. In the current study, we adopted Faxitron MultiRad 225 X-ray irradiation system to construct a mouse WBR model with a single dose of 30 Gy. In the acute phase of this mouse WBR model, brain edema and blood-brain barrier (BBB) damage were found mild. However, two months later, the results of immunofluorescence showed that astrocytes and microglia were activated continuously, and the number of immature neurons in dentate gyrus (DG) area of hippocampus was significantly reduced, in accordance with the features of chronic pathophysiological changes. Besides, data of MRI scans and behavior tests illustrated the structural changes of brain tissue and cognitive impairment in the chronic phase. To sum up, this mouse WBR model using the Faxitron MultiRad 225 irradiation system with a single dose of 30 Gy is feasible to simulate the RBI-related chronic pathophysiological changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihua He
- Department of Neurology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Yuqin Peng
- Department of Neurology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Yuan Chang
- Department of Neurology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Juan Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Zheqi Li
- Department of Neurology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Kaibin Huang
- Department of Neurology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Suyue Pan
- Department of Neurology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510000, China
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12
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Tang FR, Liu L, Wang H, Ho KJN, Sethi G. Spatiotemporal dynamics of γH2AX in the mouse brain after acute irradiation at different postnatal days with special reference to the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:15815-15832. [PMID: 34162763 PMCID: PMC8266370 DOI: 10.18632/aging.203202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Gamma H2A histone family member X (γH2AX) is a molecular marker of aging and disease. However, radiosensitivity of the different brain cells, including neurons, glial cells, cells in cerebrovascular system, epithelial cells in pia mater, ependymal cells lining the ventricles of the brain in immature animals at different postnatal days remains unknown. Whether radiation-induced γH2AX foci in immature brain persist in adult animals still needs to be investigated. Hence, using a mouse model, we showed an extensive postnatal age-dependent induction of γH2AX foci in different brain regions at 1 day after whole body gamma irradiation with 5Gy at postnatal day 3 (P3), P10 and P21. P3 mouse brain epithelial cells in pia mater, glial cells in white matter and cells in cerebrovascular system were more radiosensitive at one day after radiation exposure than those from P10 and P21 mice. Persistent DNA damage foci (PDDF) were consistently demonstrated in the brain at 120 days and 15 months after irradiation at P3, P10 and P21, and these mice had shortened lifespan compared to the age-matched control. Our results suggest that early life irradiation-induced PDDF at later stages of animal life may be related to the brain aging and shortened life expectancy of irradiated animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Ru Tang
- Radiation Physiology Lab, Singapore Nuclear Research and Safety Initiative, National University of Singapore, Singapore 138602, Singapore
| | - Lian Liu
- The School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, Hubei, China
| | - Hong Wang
- Radiation Physiology Lab, Singapore Nuclear Research and Safety Initiative, National University of Singapore, Singapore 138602, Singapore
| | - Kimberly Jen Ni Ho
- Radiation Physiology Lab, Singapore Nuclear Research and Safety Initiative, National University of Singapore, Singapore 138602, Singapore
| | - Gautam Sethi
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117600, Singapore
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13
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Pasqual E, Boussin F, Bazyka D, Nordenskjold A, Yamada M, Ozasa K, Pazzaglia S, Roy L, Thierry-Chef I, de Vathaire F, Benotmane MA, Cardis E. Cognitive effects of low dose of ionizing radiation - Lessons learned and research gaps from epidemiological and biological studies. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2021; 147:106295. [PMID: 33341586 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.106295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The last decades have seen increased concern about the possible effects of low to moderate doses of ionizing radiation (IR) exposure on cognitive function. An interdisciplinary group of experts (biologists, epidemiologists, dosimetrists and clinicians) in this field gathered together in the framework of the European MELODI workshop on non-cancer effects of IR to summarise the state of knowledge on the topic and elaborate research recommendations for future studies in this area. Overall, there is evidence of cognitive effects from low IR doses both from biology and epidemiology, though a better characterization of effects and understanding of mechanisms is needed. There is a need to better describe the specific cognitive function or diseases that may be affected by radiation exposure. Such cognitive deficit characterization should consider the human life span, as effects might differ with age at exposure and at outcome assessment. Measurements of biomarkers, including imaging, will likely help our understanding on the mechanism of cognitive-related radiation induced deficit. The identification of loci of individual genetic susceptibility and the study of gene expression may help identify individuals at higher risk. The mechanisms behind the radiation induced cognitive effects are not clear and are likely to involve several biological pathways and different cell types. Well conducted research in large epidemiological cohorts and experimental studies in appropriate animal models are needed to improve the understanding of radiation-induced cognitive effects. Results may then be translated into recommendations for clinical radiation oncology and imaging decision making processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Pasqual
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Campus Mar, Barcelona Biomedical Research Park (PRBB), Dr Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; University Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain; Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology & Public Health (CIBERESP), Carlos III Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain.
| | - François Boussin
- Université de Paris and Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, LRP/iRCM/IBFJ CEA, UMR Stabilité Génétique Cellules Souches et Radiations, F-92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Dimitry Bazyka
- National Research Center for Radiation Medicine, 53 Illenko str., Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Arvid Nordenskjold
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Division of Neurology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Michiko Yamada
- Department of Clinical Studies, Radiation Effects Research Foundation, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Kotaro Ozasa
- Department of Epidemiology, Radiation Effects Research Foundation, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Simonetta Pazzaglia
- Laboratory of Biomedical Technologies, ENEA CR-Casaccia, Via Anguillarese 301, 00123 Rome, Italy
| | - Laurence Roy
- Department for Research on the Biological and Health Effects of Ionising Radiation. Institut of Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety (IRSN), Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Isabelle Thierry-Chef
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Campus Mar, Barcelona Biomedical Research Park (PRBB), Dr Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; University Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain; Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology & Public Health (CIBERESP), Carlos III Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain
| | - Florent de Vathaire
- Radiation Epidemiology Teams, INSERM Unit 1018, University Paris Saclay, Gustave Roussy, 94800 Villejuif, France
| | | | - Elisabeth Cardis
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Campus Mar, Barcelona Biomedical Research Park (PRBB), Dr Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; University Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain; Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology & Public Health (CIBERESP), Carlos III Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain
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14
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Yasuda T, Funayama T, Nagata K, Li D, Endo T, Jia Q, Suzuki M, Ishikawa Y, Mitani H, Oda S. Collimated Microbeam Reveals that the Proportion of Non-Damaged Cells in Irradiated Blastoderm Determines the Success of Development in Medaka ( Oryzias latipes) Embryos. BIOLOGY 2020; 9:E447. [PMID: 33291358 PMCID: PMC7762064 DOI: 10.3390/biology9120447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
It has been widely accepted that prenatal exposure to ionizing radiation (IR) can affect embryonic and fetal development in mammals, depending on dose and gestational age of the exposure, however, the precise machinery underlying the IR-induced disturbance of embryonic development is still remained elusive. In this study, we examined the effects of gamma-ray irradiation on blastula embryos of medaka and found transient delay of brain development even when they hatched normally with low dose irradiation (2 and 5 Gy). In contrast, irradiation of higher dose of gamma-rays (10 Gy) killed the embryos with malformations before hatching. We then conducted targeted irradiation of blastoderm with a collimated carbon-ion microbeam. When a part (about 4, 10 and 25%) of blastoderm cells were injured by lethal dose (50 Gy) of carbon-ion microbeam irradiation, loss of about 10% or less of blastoderm cells induced only the transient delay of brain development and the embryos hatched normally, whereas embryos with about 25% of their blastoderm cells were irradiated stopped development at neurula stage and died. These findings strongly suggest that the developmental disturbance in the IR irradiated embryos is determined by the proportion of severely injured cells in the blastoderm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takako Yasuda
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Chiba 277-8562, Japan; (K.N.); (D.L.); (T.E.); (Q.J.); (H.M.); (S.O.)
| | - Tomoo Funayama
- Takasaki Advanced Radiation Research Institute, Quantum Beam Science Research Directorate, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology (QST), Gunma 370-1292, Japan; (T.F.); (M.S.)
| | - Kento Nagata
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Chiba 277-8562, Japan; (K.N.); (D.L.); (T.E.); (Q.J.); (H.M.); (S.O.)
| | - Duolin Li
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Chiba 277-8562, Japan; (K.N.); (D.L.); (T.E.); (Q.J.); (H.M.); (S.O.)
| | - Takuya Endo
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Chiba 277-8562, Japan; (K.N.); (D.L.); (T.E.); (Q.J.); (H.M.); (S.O.)
| | - Qihui Jia
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Chiba 277-8562, Japan; (K.N.); (D.L.); (T.E.); (Q.J.); (H.M.); (S.O.)
| | - Michiyo Suzuki
- Takasaki Advanced Radiation Research Institute, Quantum Beam Science Research Directorate, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology (QST), Gunma 370-1292, Japan; (T.F.); (M.S.)
| | - Yuji Ishikawa
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Quantum Medical Science Directorate, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology (QST), Chiba 263-8555, Japan;
| | - Hiroshi Mitani
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Chiba 277-8562, Japan; (K.N.); (D.L.); (T.E.); (Q.J.); (H.M.); (S.O.)
| | - Shoji Oda
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Chiba 277-8562, Japan; (K.N.); (D.L.); (T.E.); (Q.J.); (H.M.); (S.O.)
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15
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Mokrani S, Granotier-Beckers C, Etienne O, Kortulewski T, Grisolia C, de Villartay JP, Boussin FD. Higher chromosome stability in embryonic neural stem and progenitor cells than in fibroblasts in response to acute or chronic genotoxic stress. DNA Repair (Amst) 2020; 88:102801. [PMID: 32032862 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2020.102801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
High fidelity of genetic transmission in neural stem and progenitor cells (NSPCs) has been long time considered to be crucial for brain development and homeostasis. However, recent studies have identified recurrent DSB clusters in dividing NSPCs, which may underlie the diversity of neuronal cell types. This raised the interest in understanding how NSPCs sense and repair DSBs and how this mechanism could be altered by environmental genotoxic stress caused by pollutants or ionizing radiation. Here, we show that embryonic mouse neural stem and progenitor cells (NSPCs) have significantly higher capacity than mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) to maintain their chromosome stability in response to acute (γ-radiation) and chronic (tritiated thymidine -3H-T- incorporation into DNA) genotoxic stress. Cells deficient for XLF/Cernunnos, which is involved in non-homologous end joining DNA (NHEJ) repair, highlighted important variations in fidelity of DNA repair pathways between the two cell types. Strikingly, a progressive and generalized chromosome instability was observed in MEFs cultured with 3H-T at long-term, whereas NSPCs cultured in the same conditions, preserved their chromosome stability thanks to higher DNA repair activity further enhanced by an adaptive response and also to the elimination of damaged cells by apoptosis. This specific DNA damage response of NSPCs may rely on the necessity for preservation of their genome stability together with their possible function in creating neuronal genetic diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofiane Mokrani
- Laboratoire de RadioPathologie, UMRE008 Stabilité Génétique Cellules Souches et Radiations, U1274 Inserm, Université de Paris, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, 18 route du Panorama 92265 Fontenay-aux Roses, France
| | - Christine Granotier-Beckers
- Laboratoire de RadioPathologie, UMRE008 Stabilité Génétique Cellules Souches et Radiations, U1274 Inserm, Université de Paris, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, 18 route du Panorama 92265 Fontenay-aux Roses, France.
| | - Olivier Etienne
- Laboratoire de RadioPathologie, UMRE008 Stabilité Génétique Cellules Souches et Radiations, U1274 Inserm, Université de Paris, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, 18 route du Panorama 92265 Fontenay-aux Roses, France
| | - Thierry Kortulewski
- Laboratoire de RadioPathologie, UMRE008 Stabilité Génétique Cellules Souches et Radiations, U1274 Inserm, Université de Paris, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, 18 route du Panorama 92265 Fontenay-aux Roses, France
| | | | - Jean-Pierre de Villartay
- Genome Dynamics in the Immune System Laboratory, Inserm, UMR 1163, Institut Imagine, Université Paris-Descartes, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, France
| | - François D Boussin
- Laboratoire de RadioPathologie, UMRE008 Stabilité Génétique Cellules Souches et Radiations, U1274 Inserm, Université de Paris, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, 18 route du Panorama 92265 Fontenay-aux Roses, France.
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16
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Yao X, Zhai M, Zhou L, Yang L. Protective effects of SND1 in retinal photoreceptor cell damage induced by ionizing radiation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 514:919-925. [PMID: 31084926 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.04.189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcal nuclease and tudor domain containing 1 (SND1) has multiple functions in a variety of cellular processes. Here, we assessed the effects of SND1 in cellular DNA damage after ionizing radiation (IR). Knocking down SND1 in the mouse-derived photoreceptor 661 W cell line markedly inhibited cell proliferation and increased apoptosis after IR treatment. After DNA damage, SND1 induced Ataxia telangiectasia mutated kinase (ATM) signaling to launch DNA repair. Defects of SND1 were associated with missing response to DNA damage signal to cell cycle checkpoints or DNA repair. The current findings reveal SND1 as a new regulatory factor in DNA damage response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuyang Yao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Mengying Zhai
- Department of Immunology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Lingyi Zhou
- Department of Immunology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Liu Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China.
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17
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Bianchi FT, Berto GE, Di Cunto F. Impact of DNA repair and stability defects on cortical development. Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:3963-3976. [PMID: 30116853 PMCID: PMC11105354 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-018-2900-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Maintenance of genome stability is a crucial cellular function for normal mammalian development and physiology. However, despite the general relevance of this process, genome stability alteration due to genetic or non-genetic conditions has a particularly profound impact on the developing cerebral cortex. In this review, we will analyze the main pathways involved in maintenance of genome stability, the consequences of their alterations with regard to central nervous system development, as well as the possible molecular and cellular basis of this specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico T Bianchi
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, Turin, Italy.
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.
| | - Gaia E Berto
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, Turin, Italy
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Ferdinando Di Cunto
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, Turin, Italy
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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18
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Pierce JD, Gupte R, Thimmesch A, Shen Q, Hiebert JB, Brooks WM, Clancy RL, Diaz FJ, Harris JL. Ubiquinol treatment for TBI in male rats: Effects on mitochondrial integrity, injury severity, and neurometabolism. J Neurosci Res 2018; 96:1080-1092. [DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Raeesa Gupte
- University of Kansas Medical Center, Hoglund Brain Institute
| | | | - Qiuhua Shen
- University of Kansas Medical Center, School of Nursing
| | | | - William M. Brooks
- University of Kansas Medical Center, Hoglund Brain Imaging Center, Department of Neurology
| | | | | | - Janna L. Harris
- University of Kansas Medical, Hoglund Brain Imaging Center, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology
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19
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Squillaro T, Alessio N, Di Bernardo G, Özcan S, Peluso G, Galderisi U. Stem Cells and DNA Repair Capacity: Muse Stem Cells Are Among the Best Performers. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1103:103-113. [PMID: 30484225 DOI: 10.1007/978-4-431-56847-6_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Stem cells persist for long periods in the body and experience many intrinsic and extrinsic stresses. For this reason, they present a powerful and effective DNA repair system in order to properly fix DNA damage and avoid the onset of a degenerative process, such as neoplastic transformation or aging. In this chapter, we compare the DNA repair ability of pluripotent stem cells (ESCs, iPSCs, and Muse cells) and other adult stem cells. We also describe personal investigations showing a robust and effective capacity of Muse cells in sensing and repairing DNA following chemical and physical stress. Muse cells can repair DNA through base and nucleotide excision repair mechanisms, BER and NER, respectively. Furthermore, they present a pronounced capacity in repairing double-strand breaks by the nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ) process. The studies addressing the role of DNA damage repair in the biology of stem cells are of paramount importance for comprehension of their functions and, also, for setting up effective and safe stem cell-based therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziana Squillaro
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Campania University "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Nicola Alessio
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Campania University "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanni Di Bernardo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Campania University "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Servet Özcan
- Genome and Stem Cell Center (GENKOK), Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Gianfranco Peluso
- Institute of Agro-Environmental and Forest Biology, CNR, Naples, Italy
| | - Umberto Galderisi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Campania University "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy.
- Genome and Stem Cell Center (GENKOK), Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey.
- Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Center for Biotechnology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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Tanno B, Leonardi S, Babini G, Giardullo P, De Stefano I, Pasquali E, Saran A, Mancuso M. Nanog-driven cell-reprogramming and self-renewal maintenance in Ptch1 +/- granule cell precursors after radiation injury. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14238. [PMID: 29079783 PMCID: PMC5660207 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-14506-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Medulloblastoma (MB) is the most common pediatric brain tumor, comprising four distinct molecular variants, one of which characterized by activation of the Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) pathway, driving 25–30% of sporadic MB. SHH-dependent MBs arise from granule cell precursors (GCPs), are fatal in 40–70% of cases and radioresistance strongly contributes to poor prognosis and tumor recurrence. Patched1 heterozygous (Ptch1+/−) mice, carrying a germ-line heterozygous inactivating mutation in the Ptch1 gene, the Shh receptor and negative regulator of the pathway, are uniquely susceptible to MB development after radiation damage in neonatal cerebellum. Here, we irradiated ex-vivo GCPs isolated from cerebella of neonatal WT and Ptch1+/− mice. Our results highlight a less differentiated status of Ptch1-mutated cells after irradiation, influencing DNA damage response. Increased expression levels of pluripotency genes Nanog, Oct4 and Sal4, together with greater clonogenic potential, clearly suggest that radiation induces expansion of the stem-like cell compartment through cell-reprogramming and self-renewal maintenance, and that this mechanism is strongly dependent on Nanog. These results contribute to clarify the molecular mechanisms that control radiation-induced Shh-mediated tumorigenesis and may suggest Nanog as a potential target to inhibit for adjuvant radiotherapy in treatment of SHH-dependent MB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Tanno
- Laboratory of Biomedical Technologies, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA), Rome, Italy
| | - Simona Leonardi
- Laboratory of Biomedical Technologies, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA), Rome, Italy
| | | | - Paola Giardullo
- Department of Radiation Physics, Guglielmo Marconi University, Rome, Italy.,Department of Sciences, Roma Tre University, Rome, Italy
| | - Ilaria De Stefano
- Department of Radiation Physics, Guglielmo Marconi University, Rome, Italy
| | - Emanuela Pasquali
- Laboratory of Biomedical Technologies, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA), Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Saran
- Laboratory of Biomedical Technologies, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA), Rome, Italy.
| | - Mariateresa Mancuso
- Laboratory of Biomedical Technologies, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA), Rome, Italy.
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Rancilio NJ, Dahl S, Athanasiadi I, Perez-Torres CJ. Design, construction, and in vivo feasibility of a positioning device for irradiation of mice brains using a clinical linear accelerator and intensity modulated radiation therapy. Int J Radiat Biol 2017; 93:1321-1326. [PMID: 28980498 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2017.1387305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The goal of this study was to design a positioning device that would allow for selective irradiation of the mouse brain with a clinical linear accelerator. METHODS We designed and fabricated an immobilization fixture that incorporates three functions: head stabilizer (through ear bars and tooth bar), gaseous anesthesia delivery and scavenging, and tissue mimic/bolus. Cohorts of five mice were irradiated such that each mouse in the cohort received a unique dose between 1000 and 3000 cGy. DNA damage immunohistochemistry was used to validate an increase in biological effect as a function of radiation dose. Mice were then followed with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and anatomical magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). RESULTS There was evidence of DNA damage throughout the brain proportional to radiation dose. Radiation-induced damage at the prescribed doses, as depicted by H&E, appeared to be constrained to the white matter consistent with radiological observation in human patients. The severity of the damage correlated with the radiation dose as expected. CONCLUSIONS We have designed and manufactured a device that allows us to selectively irradiate the mouse brain with a clinical linear accelerator. However, some off-target effects are possible with large prescription doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Rancilio
- a Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences , Purdue University , West Lafayette , IN , USA
| | - Shaun Dahl
- b School of Health Sciences , Purdue University , West Lafayette , IN , USA
| | - Ilektra Athanasiadi
- a Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences , Purdue University , West Lafayette , IN , USA
| | - Carlos J Perez-Torres
- b School of Health Sciences , Purdue University , West Lafayette , IN , USA.,c Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University , West Lafayette , IN , USA
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22
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Double strand break induction and kinetics indicate preserved hypersensitivity in keratinocytes to subtherapeutic doses for 7weeks of radiotherapy. Radiother Oncol 2016; 122:163-169. [PMID: 28017476 DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2016.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2016] [Revised: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Previously we reported that hyper-radiosensitivity (HRS) was evidenced by quantifying DNA double strand break (DSB) foci in epidermis biopsies collected after delivering radiotherapeutic one and five dose fractions. The aim of this study was to determine whether HRS was preserved throughout a 7-week radiotherapy treatment, and also to examine the rate of foci decline and foci persistence between dose fractions. MATERIALS AND METHODS 42 patients with prostate cancer received 7-week fractionated radiotherapy treatment (RT) with daily dose fractions of 0.05-1.10Gy to the skin. Before RT, and at several times throughout treatment, skin biopsies (n=452) were collected at 30min, and 2, 3, 24, and 72h after dose fractions. DSB-foci markers, γH2AX and 53BP1, were labelled in epidermal keratinocytes with immunofluorescence and immunohistochemical staining. Foci were counted both with digital image analysis and manually. RESULTS HRS in keratinocytes was evidenced by the dose-response relationships of DSB foci, observed throughout the treatment course, independent of sampling time and quantification method. Foci observed at 24h after dose fractions indicated considerable DSB persistence. Accordingly, foci significantly accumulated after 5 consecutive dose fractions. For doses below 0.3Gy, persistent foci could be observed even at 72h after damage induction. A comparison of γH2AX and 53BP1 quantifications in double-stained biopsies showed similar HRS dose-response relationships. CONCLUSIONS These results represented the first evidence of preserved HRS, assessed by γH2AX- and 53BP1-labelled DSB foci, throughout a 7-week treatment course with daily repeated subtherapeutic dose fractions.
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Kukoamine A Prevents Radiation-Induced Neuroinflammation and Preserves Hippocampal Neurogenesis in Rats by Inhibiting Activation of NF-κB and AP-1. Neurotox Res 2016; 31:259-268. [DOI: 10.1007/s12640-016-9679-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Revised: 10/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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24
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Konstantinidou C, Taraviras S, Pachnis V. Geminin prevents DNA damage in vagal neural crest cells to ensure normal enteric neurogenesis. BMC Biol 2016; 14:94. [PMID: 27776507 PMCID: PMC5075986 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-016-0314-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In vertebrate organisms, the neural crest (NC) gives rise to multipotential and highly migratory progenitors which are distributed throughout the embryo and generate, among other structures, the peripheral nervous system, including the intrinsic neuroglial networks of the gut, i.e. the enteric nervous system (ENS). The majority of enteric neurons and glia originate from vagal NC-derived progenitors which invade the foregut mesenchyme and migrate rostro-caudally to colonise the entire length of the gut. Although the migratory behaviour of NC cells has been studied extensively, it remains unclear how their properties and response to microenvironment change as they navigate through complex cellular terrains to reach their target embryonic sites. Results Using conditional gene inactivation in mice we demonstrate here that the cell cycle-dependent protein Geminin (Gem) is critical for the survival of ENS progenitors in a stage-dependent manner. Gem deletion in early ENS progenitors (prior to foregut invasion) resulted in cell-autonomous activation of DNA damage response and p53-dependent apoptosis, leading to severe intestinal aganglionosis. In contrast, ablation of Gem shortly after ENS progenitors had invaded the embryonic gut did not result in discernible survival or migratory deficits. In contrast to other developmental systems, we obtained no evidence for a role of Gem in commitment or differentiation of ENS lineages. The stage-dependent resistance of ENS progenitors to mutation-induced genotoxic stress was further supported by the enhanced survival of post gut invasion ENS lineages to γ-irradiation relative to their predecessors. Conclusions Our experiments demonstrate that, in mammals, NC-derived ENS lineages are sensitive to genotoxic stress in a stage-specific manner. Following gut invasion, ENS progenitors are distinctly resistant to Gem ablation and irradiation in comparison to their pre-enteric counterparts. These studies suggest that the microenvironment of the embryonic gut protects ENS progenitors and their progeny from genotoxic stress. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12915-016-0314-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chrysoula Konstantinidou
- The Francis Crick Institute, Mill Hill Laboratory, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London, NW7 1AA, UK.,Present address: MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Stavros Taraviras
- Department of Physiology, Medical School, University of Patras, Patras, GR 26 500, Greece.
| | - Vassilis Pachnis
- The Francis Crick Institute, Mill Hill Laboratory, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London, NW7 1AA, UK.
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25
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Zanni G, Di Martino E, Omelyanenko A, Andäng M, Delle U, Elmroth K, Blomgren K. Lithium increases proliferation of hippocampal neural stem/progenitor cells and rescues irradiation-induced cell cycle arrest in vitro. Oncotarget 2016; 6:37083-97. [PMID: 26397227 PMCID: PMC4741917 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy in children causes debilitating cognitive decline, partly linked to impaired neurogenesis. Irradiation targets primarily cancer cells but also endogenous neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs) leading to cell death or cell cycle arrest. Here we evaluated the effects of lithium on proliferation, cell cycle and DNA damage after irradiation of young NSPCs in vitro. NSPCs were treated with 1 or 3 mM LiCl and we investigated proliferation capacity (neurosphere volume and bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation). Using flow cytometry, we analysed apoptosis (annexin V), cell cycle (propidium iodide) and DNA damage (γH2AX) after irradiation (3.5 Gy) of lithium-treated NSPCs. Lithium increased BrdU incorporation and, dose-dependently, the number of cells in replicative phase as well as neurosphere growth. Irradiation induced cell cycle arrest in G1 and G2/M phases. Treatment with 3 mM LiCl was sufficient to increase NSPCs in S phase, boost neurosphere growth and reduce DNA damage. Lithium did not affect the levels of apoptosis, suggesting that it does not rescue NSPCs committed to apoptosis due to accumulated DNA damage. Lithium is a very promising candidate for protection of the juvenile brain from radiotherapy and for its potential to thereby improve the quality of life for those children who survive their cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Zanni
- Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Karolinska Institute, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elena Di Martino
- Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Karolinska Institute, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Omelyanenko
- Karolinska Institute, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Michael Andäng
- Karolinska Institute, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Stockholm, Sweden.,Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ulla Delle
- Department of Oncology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kecke Elmroth
- Department of Oncology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Klas Blomgren
- Karolinska Institute, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Stockholm, Sweden
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26
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Shimada M, Matsuzaki F, Kato A, Kobayashi J, Matsumoto T, Komatsu K. Induction of Excess Centrosomes in Neural Progenitor Cells during the Development of Radiation-Induced Microcephaly. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0158236. [PMID: 27367050 PMCID: PMC4930206 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The embryonic brain is one of the tissues most vulnerable to ionizing radiation. In this study, we showed that ionizing radiation induces apoptosis in the neural progenitors of the mouse cerebral cortex, and that the surviving progenitor cells subsequently develop a considerable amount of supernumerary centrosomes. When mouse embryos at Day 13.5 were exposed to γ-rays, brains sizes were reduced markedly in a dose-dependent manner, and these size reductions persisted until birth. Immunostaining with caspase-3 antibodies showed that apoptosis occurred in 35% and 40% of neural progenitor cells at 4 h after exposure to 1 and 2 Gy, respectively, and this was accompanied by a disruption of the apical layer in which mitotic spindles were positioned in unirradiated mice. At 24 h after 1 Gy irradiation, the apoptotic cells were completely eliminated and proliferation was restored to a level similar to that of unirradiated cells, but numerous spindles were localized outside the apical layer. Similarly, abnormal cytokinesis, which included multipolar division and centrosome clustering, was observed in 19% and 24% of the surviving neural progenitor cells at 48 h after irradiation with 1 and 2 Gy, respectively. Because these cytokinesis aberrations derived from excess centrosomes result in growth delay and mitotic catastrophe-mediated cell elimination, our findings suggest that, in addition to apoptosis at an early stage of radiation exposure, radiation-induced centrosome overduplication could contribute to the depletion of neural progenitors and thereby lead to microcephaly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikio Shimada
- Department of Genome Repair Dynamics, Radiation Biology Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Fumio Matsuzaki
- Laboratory for Cell Asymmetry, Center for Developmental Biology, RIKEN, Kobe, Japan
| | - Akihiro Kato
- Department of Genome Repair Dynamics, Radiation Biology Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Junya Kobayashi
- Department of Genome Repair Dynamics, Radiation Biology Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Matsumoto
- Department of Radiation System Biology, Radiation Biology Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kenshi Komatsu
- Department of Genome Repair Dynamics, Radiation Biology Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- * E-mail:
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27
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Current Evidence for Developmental, Structural, and Functional Brain Defects following Prenatal Radiation Exposure. Neural Plast 2016; 2016:1243527. [PMID: 27382490 PMCID: PMC4921147 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1243527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ionizing radiation is omnipresent. We are continuously exposed to natural (e.g., radon and cosmic) and man-made radiation sources, including those from industry but especially from the medical sector. The increasing use of medical radiation modalities, in particular those employing low-dose radiation such as CT scans, raises concerns regarding the effects of cumulative exposure doses and the inappropriate utilization of these imaging techniques. One of the major goals in the radioprotection field is to better understand the potential health risk posed to the unborn child after radiation exposure to the pregnant mother, of which the first convincing evidence came from epidemiological studies on in utero exposed atomic bomb survivors. In the following years, animal models have proven to be an essential tool to further characterize brain developmental defects and consequent functional deficits. However, the identification of a possible dose threshold is far from complete and a sound link between early defects and persistent anomalies has not yet been established. This review provides an overview of the current knowledge on brain developmental and persistent defects resulting from in utero radiation exposure and addresses the many questions that still remain to be answered.
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Abstract
c-Fos is a proto-oncogene involved in diverse cellular functions. Its deregulation has been associated to abnormal development and oncogenic progression. c-fos−/− mice are viable but present a reduction in their body weight and brain size. We examined the importance of c-Fos during neocortex development at 13.5, 14.5 and 16.5 days of gestation. At E14.5, neocortex thickness, apoptosis, mitosis and expression of markers along the different stages of Neural Stem Progenitor Cells (NSPCs) differentiation in c-fos−/− and wild-type mice were analyzed. A ∼15% reduction in the neocortex thickness of c-fos−/− embryos was observed which correlates with a decrease in the number of differentiated cells and an increase in apoptosis at the ventricular zone. No difference in mitosis rate was observed, although the mitotic angle was predominantly vertical in c-fos−/− embryos, suggesting a reduced trend of NSPCs to differentiate. At E13.5, changes in differentiation markers start to be apparent and are still clearly observed at E16.5. A tendency of more AP-1/DNA complexes present in nuclear extracts of cerebral cortex from c-fos−/− embryos with no differences in the lipid synthesis activity was found. These results suggest that c-Fos is involved in the normal development of NSPCs by means of its AP-1 activity.
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29
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Mayer M, Kaiser N, Layer PG, Frohns F. Cell Cycle Regulation and Apoptotic Responses of the Embryonic Chick Retina by Ionizing Radiation. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0155093. [PMID: 27163610 PMCID: PMC4862647 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0155093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Ionizing radiation (IR) exerts deleterious effects on the developing brain, since proliferative neuronal progenitor cells are highly sensitive to IR-induced DNA damage. Assuming a radiation response that is comparable to mammals, the chick embryo would represent a lower vertebrate model system that allows analysis of the mechanisms underlying this sensitivity, thereby contributing to the reduction, refinement and replacement of animal experiments. Thus, this study aimed to elucidate the radiation response of the embryonic chick retina in three selected embryonic stages. Our studies reveal a lack in the radiation-induced activation of a G1/S checkpoint, but rapid abrogation of G2/M progression after IR in retinal progenitors throughout development. Unlike cell cycle control, radiation-induced apoptosis (RIA) showed strong variations between its extent, dose dependency and temporal occurrence. Whereas the general sensitivity towards RIA declined with ongoing differentiation, its dose dependency constantly increased with age. For all embryonic stages RIA occurred during comparable periods after irradiation, but in older animals its maximum shifted towards earlier post-irradiation time points. In summary, our results are in good agreement with data from the developing rodent retina, strengthening the suitability of the chick embryo for the analysis of the radiation response in the developing central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margot Mayer
- Developmental Biology and Neurogenetics, Darmstadt University of Technology, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Nicole Kaiser
- Developmental Biology and Neurogenetics, Darmstadt University of Technology, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Paul G Layer
- Developmental Biology and Neurogenetics, Darmstadt University of Technology, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Florian Frohns
- Developmental Biology and Neurogenetics, Darmstadt University of Technology, Darmstadt, Germany
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30
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Yang L, Yang J, Li G, Li Y, Wu R, Cheng J, Tang Y. Pathophysiological Responses in Rat and Mouse Models of Radiation-Induced Brain Injury. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:1022-1032. [PMID: 26797684 PMCID: PMC5310567 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9628-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The brain is the major dose-limiting organ in patients undergoing radiotherapy for assorted conditions. Radiation-induced brain injury is common and mainly occurs in patients receiving radiotherapy for malignant head and neck tumors, arteriovenous malformations, or lung cancer-derived brain metastases. Nevertheless, the underlying mechanisms of radiation-induced brain injury are largely unknown. Although many treatment strategies are employed for affected individuals, the effects remain suboptimal. Accordingly, animal models are extremely important for elucidating pathogenic radiation-associated mechanisms and for developing more efficacious therapies. So far, models employing various animal species with different radiation dosages and fractions have been introduced to investigate the prevention, mechanisms, early detection, and management of radiation-induced brain injury. However, these models all have limitations, and none are widely accepted. This review summarizes the animal models currently set forth for studies of radiation-induced brain injury, especially rat and mouse, as well as radiation dosages, dose fractionation, and secondary pathophysiological responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianhong Yang
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Number 107, Yan Jiang Xi Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510120, China.,Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Gene Regulation and Target Therapy of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Jianhua Yang
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Number 107, Yan Jiang Xi Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510120, China.,Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Gene Regulation and Target Therapy of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Guoqian Li
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Provincical Quanzhou First Hospital, Quanzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Yi Li
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Number 107, Yan Jiang Xi Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510120, China.,Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Gene Regulation and Target Therapy of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Rong Wu
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Number 107, Yan Jiang Xi Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510120, China.,Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Gene Regulation and Target Therapy of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Jinping Cheng
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Number 107, Yan Jiang Xi Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510120, China.,Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Gene Regulation and Target Therapy of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Yamei Tang
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Number 107, Yan Jiang Xi Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510120, China. .,Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Gene Regulation and Target Therapy of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China. .,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, 74 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
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31
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Verreet T, Quintens R, Van Dam D, Verslegers M, Tanori M, Casciati A, Neefs M, Leysen L, Michaux A, Janssen A, D'Agostino E, Vande Velde G, Baatout S, Moons L, Pazzaglia S, Saran A, Himmelreich U, De Deyn PP, Benotmane MA. A multidisciplinary approach unravels early and persistent effects of X-ray exposure at the onset of prenatal neurogenesis. J Neurodev Disord 2015; 7:3. [PMID: 26029273 PMCID: PMC4448911 DOI: 10.1186/1866-1955-7-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In humans, in utero exposure to ionising radiation results in an increased prevalence of neurological aberrations, such as small head size, mental retardation and decreased IQ levels. Yet, the association between early damaging events and long-term neuronal anomalies remains largely elusive. Methods Mice were exposed to different X-ray doses, ranging between 0.0 and 1.0 Gy, at embryonic days (E) 10, 11 or 12 and subjected to behavioural tests at 12 weeks of age. Underlying mechanisms of irradiation at E11 were further unravelled using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and spectroscopy, diffusion tensor imaging, gene expression profiling, histology and immunohistochemistry. Results Irradiation at the onset of neurogenesis elicited behavioural changes in young adult mice, dependent on the timing of exposure. As locomotor behaviour and hippocampal-dependent spatial learning and memory were most particularly affected after irradiation at E11 with 1.0 Gy, this condition was used for further mechanistic analyses, focusing on the cerebral cortex and hippocampus. A classical p53-mediated apoptotic response was found shortly after exposure. Strikingly, in the neocortex, the majority of apoptotic and microglial cells were residing in the outer layer at 24 h after irradiation, suggesting cell death occurrence in differentiating neurons rather than proliferating cells. Furthermore, total brain volume, cortical thickness and ventricle size were decreased in the irradiated embryos. At 40 weeks of age, MRI showed that the ventricles were enlarged whereas N-acetyl aspartate concentrations and functional anisotropy were reduced in the cortex of the irradiated animals, indicating a decrease in neuronal cell number and persistent neuroinflammation. Finally, in the hippocampus, we revealed a reduction in general neurogenic proliferation and in the amount of Sox2-positive precursors after radiation exposure, although only at a juvenile age. Conclusions Our findings provide evidence for a radiation-induced disruption of mouse brain development, resulting in behavioural differences. We propose that alterations in cortical morphology and juvenile hippocampal neurogenesis might both contribute to the observed aberrant behaviour. Furthermore, our results challenge the generally assumed view of a higher radiosensitivity in dividing cells. Overall, this study offers new insights into irradiation-dependent effects in the embryonic brain, of relevance for the neurodevelopmental and radiobiological field. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1866-1955-7-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tine Verreet
- Radiobiology Unit, Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Institute for Environment, Health and Safety, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre, SCK•CEN, 2400 Mol, Belgium ; Laboratory of Neural Circuit Development and Regeneration, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Roel Quintens
- Radiobiology Unit, Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Institute for Environment, Health and Safety, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre, SCK•CEN, 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Debby Van Dam
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Behaviour, Institute Born-Bunge, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Mieke Verslegers
- Radiobiology Unit, Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Institute for Environment, Health and Safety, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre, SCK•CEN, 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Mirella Tanori
- Laboratory of Radiation Biology and Biomedicine, Agenzia Nazionale per le Nuove Tecnologie, Casaccia Research Centre, l'Energia e lo Sviluppo Economico Sostenibile (ENEA), 00123 Rome, Italy
| | - Arianna Casciati
- Laboratory of Radiation Biology and Biomedicine, Agenzia Nazionale per le Nuove Tecnologie, Casaccia Research Centre, l'Energia e lo Sviluppo Economico Sostenibile (ENEA), 00123 Rome, Italy
| | - Mieke Neefs
- Radiobiology Unit, Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Institute for Environment, Health and Safety, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre, SCK•CEN, 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Liselotte Leysen
- Radiobiology Unit, Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Institute for Environment, Health and Safety, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre, SCK•CEN, 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Arlette Michaux
- Radiobiology Unit, Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Institute for Environment, Health and Safety, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre, SCK•CEN, 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Ann Janssen
- Radiobiology Unit, Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Institute for Environment, Health and Safety, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre, SCK•CEN, 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Emiliano D'Agostino
- SB Dosimetry and Calibration, Institute for Environment, Health and Safety, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre, SCK•CEN, 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Greetje Vande Velde
- Biomedical NMR Unit, Department of Imaging and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium ; Molecular Small Animal Imaging Center (MoSAIC), Faculty of Medicine, University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sarah Baatout
- Radiobiology Unit, Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Institute for Environment, Health and Safety, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre, SCK•CEN, 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Lieve Moons
- Laboratory of Neural Circuit Development and Regeneration, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Simonetta Pazzaglia
- Laboratory of Radiation Biology and Biomedicine, Agenzia Nazionale per le Nuove Tecnologie, Casaccia Research Centre, l'Energia e lo Sviluppo Economico Sostenibile (ENEA), 00123 Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Saran
- Laboratory of Radiation Biology and Biomedicine, Agenzia Nazionale per le Nuove Tecnologie, Casaccia Research Centre, l'Energia e lo Sviluppo Economico Sostenibile (ENEA), 00123 Rome, Italy
| | - Uwe Himmelreich
- Biomedical NMR Unit, Department of Imaging and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium ; Molecular Small Animal Imaging Center (MoSAIC), Faculty of Medicine, University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peter Paul De Deyn
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Behaviour, Institute Born-Bunge, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium ; Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Research Center, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Mohammed Abderrafi Benotmane
- Radiobiology Unit, Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Institute for Environment, Health and Safety, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre, SCK•CEN, 2400 Mol, Belgium
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Stem cells: the pursuit of genomic stability. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:20948-67. [PMID: 25405730 PMCID: PMC4264205 DOI: 10.3390/ijms151120948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Revised: 11/02/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cells harbor significant potential for regenerative medicine as well as basic and clinical translational research. Prior to harnessing their reparative nature for degenerative diseases, concerns regarding their genetic integrity and mutation acquisition need to be addressed. Here we review pluripotent and multipotent stem cell response to DNA damage including differences in DNA repair kinetics, specific repair pathways (homologous recombination vs. non-homologous end joining), and apoptotic sensitivity. We also describe DNA damage and repair strategies during reprogramming and discuss potential genotoxic agents that can reduce the inherent risk for teratoma formation and mutation accumulation. Ensuring genomic stability in stem cell lines is required to achieve the quality control standards for safe clinical application.
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Etienne O, Bery A, Roque T, Desmaze C, Boussin FD. Assessing cell cycle progression of neural stem and progenitor cells in the mouse developing brain after genotoxic stress. J Vis Exp 2014. [PMID: 24837791 DOI: 10.3791/51209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurons of the cerebral cortex are generated during brain development from different types of neural stem and progenitor cells (NSPC), which form a pseudostratified epithelium lining the lateral ventricles of the embryonic brain. Genotoxic stresses, such as ionizing radiation, have highly deleterious effects on the developing brain related to the high sensitivity of NSPC. Elucidation of the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved depends on the characterization of the DNA damage response of these particular types of cells, which requires an accurate method to determine NSPC progression through the cell cycle in the damaged tissue. Here is shown a method based on successive intraperitoneal injections of EdU and BrdU in pregnant mice and further detection of these two thymidine analogues in coronal sections of the embryonic brain. EdU and BrdU are both incorporated in DNA of replicating cells during S phase and are detected by two different techniques (azide or a specific antibody, respectively), which facilitate their simultaneous detection. EdU and BrdU staining are then determined for each NSPC nucleus in function of its distance from the ventricular margin in a standard region of the dorsal telencephalon. Thus this dual labeling technique allows distinguishing cells that progressed through the cell cycle from those that have activated a cell cycle checkpoint leading to cell cycle arrest in response to DNA damage. An example of experiment is presented, in which EdU was injected before irradiation and BrdU immediately after and analyzes performed within the 4 hr following irradiation. This protocol provides an accurate analysis of the acute DNA damage response of NSPC in function of the phase of the cell cycle at which they have been irradiated. This method is easily transposable to many other systems in order to determine the impact of a particular treatment on cell cycle progression in living tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Etienne
- Laboratoire de Radiopathologie, CEA DSV iRCM SCSR; INSERM, U967; Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité; Université Paris Sud, UMR 967
| | - Amandine Bery
- Laboratoire de Radiopathologie, CEA DSV iRCM SCSR; INSERM, U967; Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité; Université Paris Sud, UMR 967
| | - Telma Roque
- Laboratoire de Radiopathologie, CEA DSV iRCM SCSR; INSERM, U967; Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité; Université Paris Sud, UMR 967
| | - Chantal Desmaze
- Laboratoire de Radiopathologie, CEA DSV iRCM SCSR; INSERM, U967; Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité; Université Paris Sud, UMR 967
| | - François D Boussin
- Laboratoire de Radiopathologie, CEA DSV iRCM SCSR; INSERM, U967; Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité; Université Paris Sud, UMR 967;
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34
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Barral S, Beltramo R, Salio C, Aimar P, Lossi L, Merighi A. Phosphorylation of histone H2AX in the mouse brain from development to senescence. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:1554-73. [PMID: 24451138 PMCID: PMC3907886 DOI: 10.3390/ijms15011554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Revised: 12/30/2013] [Accepted: 01/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphorylation of the histone H2AX (γH2AX form) is an early response to DNA damage and a marker of aging and disease in several cells and tissues outside the nervous system. Little is known about in vivo phosphorylation of H2AX in neurons, although it was suggested that γH2AX is an early marker of neuronal endangerment thus opening the possibility to target it as a neuroprotective strategy. After experimental labeling of DNA-synthesizing cells with 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine (BrdU), we studied the brain occurrence of γH2AX in developing, postnatal, adult and senescent (2 years) mice by light and electron microscopic immunocytochemistry and Western blotting. Focal and/or diffuse γH2AX immunostaining appears in interkinetic nuclei, mitotic chromosomes, and apoptotic nuclei. Immunoreactivity is mainly associated with neurogenetic areas, i.e., the subventricular zone (SVZ) of telencephalon, the cerebellar cortex, and, albeit to a much lesser extent, the subgranular zone of the hippocampal dentate gyrus. In addition, γH2AX is highly expressed in the adult and senescent cerebral cortex, particularly the piriform cortex. Double labeling experiments demonstrate that γH2AX in neurogenetic brain areas is temporally and functionally related to proliferation and apoptosis of neuronal precursors, i.e., the type C transit amplifying cells (SVZ) and the granule cell precursors (cerebellum). Conversely, γH2AX-immunoreactive cortical neurons incorporating the S phase-label BrdU do not express the proliferation marker phosphorylated histone H3, indicating that these postmitotic cells undergo a significant DNA damage response. Our study paves the way for a better comprehension of the role of H2AX phosphorylation in the normal brain, and offers additional data to design novel strategies for the protection of neuronal precursors and mature neurons in central nervous system (CNS) degenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Barral
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Università di Torino, Via Leonardo da Vinci 44, Grugliasco I-10095, Italy.
| | - Riccardo Beltramo
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Università di Torino, Via Leonardo da Vinci 44, Grugliasco I-10095, Italy.
| | - Chiara Salio
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Università di Torino, Via Leonardo da Vinci 44, Grugliasco I-10095, Italy.
| | - Patrizia Aimar
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Università di Torino, Via Leonardo da Vinci 44, Grugliasco I-10095, Italy.
| | - Laura Lossi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Università di Torino, Via Leonardo da Vinci 44, Grugliasco I-10095, Italy.
| | - Adalberto Merighi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Università di Torino, Via Leonardo da Vinci 44, Grugliasco I-10095, Italy.
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35
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Lawrence MD, Ormsby RJ, Blyth BJ, Bezak E, England G, Newman MR, Tilley WD, Sykes PJ. Lack of high-dose radiation mediated prostate cancer promotion and low-dose radiation adaptive response in the TRAMP mouse model. Radiat Res 2013; 180:376-88. [PMID: 23971516 DOI: 10.1667/rr3381.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Cancer of the prostate is a highly prevalent disease with a heterogeneous aetiology and prognosis. Current understanding of the biological mechanisms underlying the responses of prostate tissue to ionizing radiation exposure, including cancer induction, is surprisingly limited for both high- and low-dose exposures. As population exposure to radiation increases, largely through medical imaging, a better understanding of the response of the prostate to radiation exposure is required. Low-dose radiation-induced adaptive responses for increased cancer latency and decreased cancer frequency have been demonstrated in mouse models, largely for hematological cancers. This study examines the effects of high- and low-dose whole-body radiation exposure on prostate cancer development using an autochthonous mouse model of prostate cancer: TRansgenic Adenocarcinoma of the Mouse Prostate (TRAMP). TRAMP mice were exposed to single acute high (2 Gy), low (50 mGy) and repeated low (5 × 50 mGy) doses of X rays to evaluate both the potential prostate cancer promoting effects of high-dose radiation and low-dose adaptive response phenomena in this prostate cancer model. Prostate weights and histopathology were examined to evaluate gross changes in cancer development and, in mice exposed to a single 2 Gy dose, time to palpable tumor was examined. Proliferation (Ki-67), apoptosis, DNA damage (γ-H2AX) and transgene expression (large T-antigen) were examined within TRAMP prostate sections. Neither high- nor low-dose radiation-induced effects on prostate cancer progression were observed for any of the endpoints studied. Lack of observable effects of high- or low-dose radiation exposure suggests that modulation of tumorigenesis in the TRAMP model is largely resistant to such exposures. However, further study is required to better assess the effects of radiation exposure using alternative prostate cancer models that incorporate normal prostate and in those that are not driven by SV40 large T antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Lawrence
- a Haematology & Genetic Pathology, Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, Flinders University and Medical Centre, Bedford Park, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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36
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Millet P, Granotier C, Etienne O, Boussin FD. Radiation-induced upregulation of telomerase activity escapes PI3-kinase inhibition in two malignant glioma cell lines. Int J Oncol 2013; 43:375-82. [PMID: 23727752 PMCID: PMC3775596 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2013.1970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2013] [Accepted: 04/19/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor relapse after radiotherapy is a great concern in the treatment of high-grade gliomas. Inhibition of the PI3-kinase/AKT pathway is known to radiosensitize cancer cells and to delay their DNA repair after irradiation. In this study, we show that the radiosensitization of CB193 and T98G, two high-grade glioma cell lines, by the PI3K inhibitor LY294002, correlates with the induction of G1 and G2/M arrest, but is inconsistently linked to a delayed DNA double-strand break (DSBs) repair. The PI3K/AKT pathway has been shown to activate radioprotective factors such as telomerase, whose inhibition may contribute to the radiosensitization of cancer cells. However, we show that radiation upregulates telomerase activity in LY-294002-treated glioma cells as well as untreated controls, demonstrating a PI3K/AKT-independent pathway of telomerase activation. Our study suggests that radiosensitizing strategies based on PI3-kinase inhibition in high-grade gliomas may be optimized by additional treatments targeting either telomerase activity or telomere maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Millet
- CEA, DSV-IRCM-SCSR, Laboratory of Radiopathology, UMR 967, F-92260 Fontenay‑aux‑Roses, France.
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37
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Dynamics of γH2AX formation and elimination in mammalian cells after X-irradiation. Biochimie 2012; 94:2416-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2012.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2011] [Accepted: 06/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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38
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Etienne O, Roque T, Haton C, Boussin FD. Variation of radiation-sensitivity of neural stem and progenitor cell populations within the developing mouse brain. Int J Radiat Biol 2012; 88:694-702. [DOI: 10.3109/09553002.2012.710927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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39
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Roque T, Haton C, Etienne O, Chicheportiche A, Rousseau L, Martin L, Mouthon MA, Boussin FD. Lack of a p21waf1/cip -dependent G1/S checkpoint in neural stem and progenitor cells after DNA damage in vivo. Stem Cells 2012; 30:537-47. [PMID: 22162343 PMCID: PMC3378718 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21waf1/cip mediates the p53-dependent G1/S checkpoint, which is generally considered to be a critical requirement to maintain genomic stability after DNA damage. We used staggered 5-ethynyl-2′deoxyuridine/5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine double-labeling in vivo to investigate the cell cycle progression and the role of p21waf1/cip in the DNA damage response of neural stem and progenitor cells (NSPCs) after exposure of the developing mouse cortex to ionizing radiation. We observed a radiation-induced p21-dependent apoptotic response in migrating postmitotic cortical cells. However, neural stem and progenitor cells (NSPCs) did not initiate a p21waf1/cip1-dependent G1/S block and continued to enter S-phase at a similar rate to the non-irradiated controls. The G1/S checkpoint is not involved in the mechanisms underlying the faithful transmission of the NSPC genome and/or the elimination of critically damaged cells. These processes typically involve intra-S and G2/M checkpoints that are rapidly activated after irradiation. p21 is normally repressed in neural cells during brain development except at the G1 to G0 transition. Lack of activation of a G1/S checkpoint and apoptosis of postmitotic migrating cells after DNA damage appear to depend on the expression of p21 in neural cells, since substantial cell-to-cell variations are found in the irradiated cortex. This suggests that repression of p21 during brain development prevents the induction of the G1/S checkpoint after DNA damage. Stem Cells2012;30:537–547
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Affiliation(s)
- Telma Roque
- CEA, DSV IRCM SCSR, Laboratoire de Radiopathologie, UMR 967, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
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40
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Xin N, Li YJ, Li X, Wang X, Li Y, Zhang X, Dai RJ, Meng WW, Wang HL, Ma H, Schläppi M, Deng YL. Dragon's blood may have radioprotective effects in radiation-induced rat brain injury. Radiat Res 2012; 178:75-85. [PMID: 22686864 DOI: 10.1667/rr2739.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Dragon's blood is a bright red resin obtained from Dracaena cochinchinensis. It is a traditional medicinal that is used for wound healing and to stop bleeding. Its main biological activity appears to be from phenolic compounds found in Dragon's blood. In this study, the radioprotective effects of Dragon's blood were examined after whole brain irradiation of rats with either 100 MeV/u Carbon (12)C(6+) heavy ions or (60)Co γ-rays. The amounts of radiation-induced oxidative stress, inflammatory cytokines and apoptosis in irradiated rat brains were compared with and without Dragon's blood treatment. Compared to the "irradiation only" control group, the Dragon's blood treatment group significantly decreased malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide levels, and increased superoxide dismutase activity and glutathione levels induced by oxidative stress in radiation exposed rats (P < 0.05). Dragon's blood also significantly reduced radiation-induced inflammatory cytokines of tumor necrosis factor-α, interferon-γ and interleukin-6 levels (P < 0.05) and inhibited hippocampal neuronal apoptosis in (60)Co γ-ray irradiated rats. Furthermore, Dragon's blood significantly increased expression of brain-derived neurophic factor and inhibited the expression of pro-apoptotic caspase 3 (P < 0.05-0.01). Finally, Dragon's blood significantly inhibited expression of the AP-1 transcription factor family members c-fos and c-jun proteins (P < 0.05-0.01). The results obtained here suggest that Dragon's blood has radioprotective properties in rat brains after both heavy ions and (60)Co γ-ray exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nian Xin
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, PR China
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41
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Rousseau L, Etienne O, Roque T, Desmaze C, Haton C, Mouthon MA, Bernardino-Sgherri J, Essers J, Kanaar R, Boussin FD. In vivo importance of homologous recombination DNA repair for mouse neural stem and progenitor cells. PLoS One 2012; 7:e37194. [PMID: 22666344 PMCID: PMC3362579 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0037194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2012] [Accepted: 04/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
We characterized the in vivo importance of the homologous recombination factor RAD54 for the developing mouse brain cortex in normal conditions or after ionizing radiation exposure. Contrary to numerous homologous recombination genes, Rad54 disruption did not impact the cortical development without exogenous stress, but it dramatically enhanced the radiation sensitivity of neural stem and progenitor cells. This resulted in the death of all cells irradiated during S or G2, whereas the viability of cells irradiated in G1 or G0 was not affected by Rad54 disruption. Apoptosis occurred after long arrests at intra-S and G2/M checkpoints. This concerned every type of neural stem and progenitor cells, showing that the importance of Rad54 for radiation response was linked to the cell cycle phase at the time of irradiation and not to the differentiation state. In the developing brain, RAD54-dependent homologous recombination appeared absolutely required for the repair of damages induced by ionizing radiation during S and G2 phases, but not for the repair of endogenous damages in normal conditions. Altogether our data support the existence of RAD54-dependent and -independent homologous recombination pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laure Rousseau
- Laboratoire de Radiopathologie, SCSR, iRCM, DSV, CEA, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
- U967, INSERM, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
- UMR 967, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
- UMR 967, Université Paris Sud, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Olivier Etienne
- Laboratoire de Radiopathologie, SCSR, iRCM, DSV, CEA, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
- U967, INSERM, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
- UMR 967, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
- UMR 967, Université Paris Sud, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Telma Roque
- Laboratoire de Radiopathologie, SCSR, iRCM, DSV, CEA, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
- U967, INSERM, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
- UMR 967, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
- UMR 967, Université Paris Sud, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Chantal Desmaze
- Laboratoire de Radiopathologie, SCSR, iRCM, DSV, CEA, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
- U967, INSERM, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
- UMR 967, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
- UMR 967, Université Paris Sud, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Céline Haton
- Laboratoire de Radiopathologie, SCSR, iRCM, DSV, CEA, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
- U967, INSERM, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
- UMR 967, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
- UMR 967, Université Paris Sud, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Marc-André Mouthon
- Laboratoire de Radiopathologie, SCSR, iRCM, DSV, CEA, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
- U967, INSERM, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
- UMR 967, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
- UMR 967, Université Paris Sud, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Jacqueline Bernardino-Sgherri
- U967, INSERM, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
- UMR 967, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
- UMR 967, Université Paris Sud, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
- Laboratoire de Gamétogenèse, Apoptose et Génotoxicité, SCSR, iRCM, DSV, CEA, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Jeroen Essers
- Department of Cell Biology & Genetics, Cancer Genomics Center, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Roland Kanaar
- Department of Cell Biology & Genetics, Cancer Genomics Center, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - François D. Boussin
- Laboratoire de Radiopathologie, SCSR, iRCM, DSV, CEA, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
- U967, INSERM, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
- UMR 967, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
- UMR 967, Université Paris Sud, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
- * E-mail:
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Marková E, Torudd J, Belyaev I. Long time persistence of residual 53BP1/γ-H2AX foci in human lymphocytes in relationship to apoptosis, chromatin condensation and biological dosimetry. Int J Radiat Biol 2011; 87:736-45. [DOI: 10.3109/09553002.2011.577504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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43
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H2AX phosphorylation at the sites of DNA double-strand breaks in cultivated mammalian cells and tissues. Clin Epigenetics 2011; 2:283-97. [PMID: 22704343 PMCID: PMC3365398 DOI: 10.1007/s13148-011-0044-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2011] [Accepted: 06/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A sequence variant of histone H2A called H2AX is one of the key components of chromatin involved in DNA damage response induced by different genotoxic stresses. Phosphorylated H2AX (γH2AX) is rapidly concentrated in chromatin domains around DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) after the action of ionizing radiation or chemical agents and at stalled replication forks during replication stress. γH2AX foci could be easily detected in cell nuclei using immunofluorescence microscopy that allows to use γH2AX as a quantitative marker of DSBs in various applications. H2AX is phosphorylated in situ by ATM, ATR, and DNA-PK kinases that have distinct roles in different pathways of DSB repair. The γH2AX serves as a docking site for the accumulation of DNA repair proteins, and after rejoining of DSBs, it is released from chromatin. The molecular mechanism of γH2AX dephosphorylation is not clear. It is complicated and requires the activity of different proteins including phosphatases and chromatin-remodeling complexes. In this review, we summarize recently published data concerning the mechanisms and kinetics of γH2AX loss in normal cells and tissues as well as in those deficient in ATM, DNA-PK, and DSB repair proteins activity. The results of the latest scientific research of the low-dose irradiation phenomenon are presented including the bystander effect and the adaptive response estimated by γH2AX detection in cells and tissues.
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Crowe SL, Tsukerman S, Gale K, Jorgensen TJ, Kondratyev AD. Phosphorylation of histone H2A.X as an early marker of neuronal endangerment following seizures in the adult rat brain. J Neurosci 2011; 31:7648-56. [PMID: 21613478 PMCID: PMC3118469 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0092-11.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2011] [Revised: 03/14/2011] [Accepted: 04/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The phosphorylated form of histone H2A.X (γ-H2AX) is a well documented early, sensitive, and selective marker of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). Previously, we found that excessive glutamatergic activity increased γ-H2AX in neurons in vitro. Here, we evaluated γ-H2AX formation in the adult rat brain following neuronal excitation evoked by seizure activity in vivo. We found that brief, repeated electroconvulsive shock (ECS)-induced seizures (three individual seizures within 60 min) did not trigger an increase γ-H2AX immunostaining. In contrast, a cluster of 5-7 individual seizures evoked by kainic acid (KA) rapidly (within 30 min) induced γ-H2AX in multiple neuronal populations in hippocampus and entorhinal cortex. This duration of seizure activity is well below threshold for induction of neuronal cell death, indicating that the γ-H2AX increase occurs in response to sublethal insults. Moreover, an increase in γ-H2AX was seen in dentate granule cells, which are resistant to cell death caused by KA-evoked seizures. With as little as a 5 min duration of status epilepticus (SE), γ-H2AX increased in CA1, CA3, and entorhinal cortex to a greater extent than that observed after the clusters of individual seizures, with still greater increases after 120 min of SE. Our findings provide the first direct demonstration that DNA DSB damage occurs in vivo in the brain following seizures. Furthermore, we found that the γ-H2AX increase caused by 120 min of SE was prevented by neuroprotective preconditioning with ECS-evoked seizures. This demonstrates that DNA DSB damage is an especially sensitive indicator of neuronal endangerment and that it is responsive to neuroprotective intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha L Crowe
- Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience and Department of Pharmacology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA
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Paris L, Cordelli E, Eleuteri P, Grollino MG, Pasquali E, Ranaldi R, Meschini R, Pacchierotti F. Kinetics of γ-H2AX induction and removal in bone marrow and testicular cells of mice after X-ray irradiation. Mutagenesis 2011; 26:563-72. [DOI: 10.1093/mutage/ger017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
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Neurobiological responses to stereotactic focal irradiation of the adult rodent hippocampus. J Neurol Sci 2011; 306:129-37. [PMID: 21481894 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2011.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2011] [Revised: 03/10/2011] [Accepted: 03/10/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Radiation effectively treats brain tumors and other pathologies but dose and treatment plans are limited by normal tissue injury, a major cause of morbidity in survivors. Clinically significant normal tissue injury can occur even with therapies that target pathological tissue and limit out-of-target irradiation. Elucidating the mechanisms underlying normal tissue injury is facilitated by studying the effects of focal irradiation and comparing irradiated and un-irradiated tissue in experimental animals. Young adult rats were irradiated using the Leksell Gamma Knife® with a 10 Gy maximum dose directed at the left hippocampus and shaped to minimize irradiation contralaterally. At least 95% of targeted hippocampus received ≥3 Gy, while all points in the contralateral hippocampus received <0.3 Gy. Neuronal and microglial markers of damage were assessed in the targeted and contralateral hemispheres of Gamma Knife®-treated rats and compared to non-irradiated controls. Acute cell death and sustained changes in neurogenesis and in microglia occurred in the dentate gyrus of the targeted, but not the contralateral, hippocampus, providing experimental evidence that focal irradiation at doses received by peri-target regions during targeted radiation therapy produces robust normal tissue responses. Additional studies using this approach will facilitate assessment of in vivo dose responses and the cellular and molecular mechanisms of radiation-induced brain injury.
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Ford EC, Achanta P, Purger D, Armour M, Reyes J, Fong J, Kleinberg L, Redmond K, Wong J, Jang MH, Jun H, Song HJ, Quinones-Hinojosa A. Localized CT-guided irradiation inhibits neurogenesis in specific regions of the adult mouse brain. Radiat Res 2011; 175:774-83. [PMID: 21449714 DOI: 10.1667/rr2214.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Radiation is used in the study of neurogenesis in the adult mouse both as a model for patients undergoing radiation therapy for CNS malignancies and as a tool to interrupt neurogenesis. We describe the use of a dedicated CT-guided precision device to irradiate specific sub-regions of the adult mouse brain. Improved CT visualization was accomplished with intrathecal injection of iodinated contrast agent, which enhances the lateral ventricles. T2-weighted MRI images were also used for target localization. Visualization of delivered beams (10 Gy) in tissue was accomplished with immunohistochemical staining for the protein γ-H2AX, a marker of DNA double-strand breaks. γ-H2AX stains showed that the lateral ventricle wall could be targeted with an accuracy of 0.19 mm (n = 10). In the hippocampus, γ-H2AX staining showed that the dentate gyrus can be irradiated unilaterally with a localized arc treatment. This resulted in a significant decrease of proliferative neural progenitor cells as measured by Ki-67 staining (P < 0.001) while leaving the contralateral side intact. Two months after localized irradiation, neurogenesis was significantly inhibited in the irradiated region as seen with EdU/NeuN double labeling (P < 0.001). Localized radiation in the rodent brain is a promising new tool for the study of neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- E C Ford
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21231, USA.
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Kuzhandaivel A, Margaryan G, Nistri A, Mladinic M. Extensive glial apoptosis develops early after hypoxic-dysmetabolic insult to the neonatal rat spinal cord in vitro. Neuroscience 2010; 169:325-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2010.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2010] [Revised: 05/03/2010] [Accepted: 05/05/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Kuzhandaivel A, Nistri A, Mladinic M. Kainate-mediated excitotoxicity induces neuronal death in the rat spinal cord in vitro via a PARP-1 dependent cell death pathway (Parthanatos). Cell Mol Neurobiol 2010; 30:1001-12. [PMID: 20502958 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-010-9531-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2010] [Accepted: 05/11/2010] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Kainate is an effective excitotoxic agent to lesion spinal cord networks, thus providing an interesting model for investigating basic mechanisms of spinal cord injury. The present study aimed at revealing the type and timecourse of cell death in rat neonatal spinal cord preparations in vitro exposed to 1 h excitotoxic insult with kainate. Substantial numbers of neurons rather than glia showed pyknosis (albeit without necrosis and with minimal apoptosis occurrence) already apparent on kainate washout and peaking 12 h later with dissimilar spinal topography. Neurons appeared to suffer chiefly through a process involving anucleolytic pyknosis mediated by strong activation of poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase-1 (PARP-1) that generated poly ADP-ribose and led to nuclear translocation of the apoptotic inducing factor (AIF) with DNA damage. This process had the hallmarks of parthanatos-type neuronal death. The PARP-1 inhibitor 6-5(H)-phenathridione applied immediately after kainate washout significantly prevented pyknosis in a dose-dependent fashion and inhibited PARP-1-dependent nuclear AIF translocation. Conversely, the caspase-3 inhibitor II was ineffective against neuronal damage. Our results suggest that excitotoxicity of spinal networks was mainly directed to neurons and mediated by PARP-1 death pathways, indicating this mechanism as a potential target for neuroprotection to limit the acute damage to the local circuitry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anujaianthi Kuzhandaivel
- Neurobiology Sector, International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA), Via Bonomea 265, Trieste, Italy
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The bright and the dark sides of DNA repair in stem cells. J Biomed Biotechnol 2010; 2010:845396. [PMID: 20396397 PMCID: PMC2852612 DOI: 10.1155/2010/845396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2009] [Revised: 11/16/2009] [Accepted: 02/01/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA repair is a double-edged sword in stem cells. It protects normal stem cells in both embryonic and adult tissues from genetic damage, thus allowing perpetuation of intact genomes into new tissues. Fast and efficient DNA repair mechanisms have evolved in normal stem and progenitor cells. Upon differentiation, a certain degree of somatic mutations becomes more acceptable and, consequently, DNA repair dims. DNA repair turns into a problem when stem cells transform and become cancerous. Transformed stem cells drive growth of a number of tumours (e.g., high grade gliomas) and being particularly resistant to chemo- and radiotherapeutic agents often cause relapses. The contribution of DNA repair to resistance of these tumour-driving cells is the subject of intense research, in order to find novel agents that may sensitize them to chemotherapy and radiotherapy.
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