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Giuliani C, Verrocchio S, Verginelli F, Bucci I, Grassadonia A, Napolitano G. Hormonal Regulation of the MHC Class I Gene in Thyroid Cells: Role of the Promoter "Tissue-Specific" Region. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:749609. [PMID: 34938270 PMCID: PMC8685237 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.749609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In previous studies we have demonstrated that the expression of the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) class I gene in thyrocytes is controlled by several hormones, growth factors, and drugs. These substances mainly act on two regions of the MHC class I promoter a "tissue-specific" region (-800 to -676 bp) and a "hormone/cytokines-sensitive" region (-500 to -68 bp). In a previous study, we have shown that the role of the "tissue-specific" region in the MHC class I gene expression is dominant compared to that of the "hormone/cytokines-sensitive" region. In the present report we further investigate the dominant role of the "tissue-specific" region evaluating the effect of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), methimazole (MMI), phenylmethimazole (C10), glucose and thymosin-α1. By performing experiments of electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSAs) we show that TSH, MMI and C10, which inhibit MHC class I expression, act on the "tissue-specific" region increasing the formation of a silencer complex. Glucose and thymosin-α1, which stimulate MHC class I expression, act decreasing the formation of this complex. We further show that the silencer complex is formed by two distinct members of the transcription factors families activator protein-1 (AP-1) and nuclear factor-kB (NF-kB), c-jun and p65, respectively. These observations are important in order to understand the regulation of MHC class I gene expression in thyroid cells and its involvement in the development of thyroid autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesidio Giuliani
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine and Sciences of Aging, University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
- Centre for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
- *Correspondence: Cesidio Giuliani,
| | - Sara Verrocchio
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine and Sciences of Aging, University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
- Centre for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Fabio Verginelli
- Centre for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
- Department of Pharmacy, University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Ines Bucci
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine and Sciences of Aging, University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
- Centre for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Antonino Grassadonia
- Centre for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
- Department of Oral, Medical and Biotechnological Science, University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Giorgio Napolitano
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine and Sciences of Aging, University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
- Centre for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
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Giuliani C, Bucci I, Napolitano G. Phenylmethimazole is a candidate drug for the treatment of severe forms of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) as well as other virus-induced "cytokines storm". Med Hypotheses 2020; 146:110473. [PMID: 33385879 PMCID: PMC7759336 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.110473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Severe forms of the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are characterized by an enhanced inflammatory syndrome called “cytokine storm” that produces an aberrant release of high amounts of cytokines, chemokines, and other proinflammatory mediators. The pathogenetic role of the “cytokine storm” has been confirmed by the efficacy of immunosuppressive drugs such as corticosteroids along with antiviral drugs in the treatment of the severe forms of this disease. Phenylmethimazole (C10) is a derivative of methimazole with anti-inflammatory properties. Studies performed both in vitro and in vivo have shown that C10 is able to block the production of multiple cytokines, chemokines, and other proinflammatory molecules involved in the pathogenesis of inflammation. Particularly, C10 is effective in reducing the increased secretion of cytokines in animal models of endotoxic shock. We hypothesize that these effects are not limited to the endotoxic shock, but can also be applied to any disease characterized by the presence of a “cytokine storm”. Therefore, C10 may be a potential drug to be used alternatively or in association with the corticosteroids or other immunosuppressive agents in the severe forms of COVID-19 as well as other viral diseases that induce a “cytokine storm”. Preclinical and clinical studies have to be performed to confirm this hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesidio Giuliani
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine and Sciences of Aging, and Center for Advanced Science and Technology (CAST), University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy.
| | - Ines Bucci
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine and Sciences of Aging, and Center for Advanced Science and Technology (CAST), University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Giorgio Napolitano
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine and Sciences of Aging, and Center for Advanced Science and Technology (CAST), University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
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The Flavonoid Quercetin Induces AP-1 Activation in FRTL-5 Thyroid Cells. Antioxidants (Basel) 2019; 8:antiox8050112. [PMID: 31035637 PMCID: PMC6562732 DOI: 10.3390/antiox8050112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that quercetin inhibits thyroid function both in vitro and in vivo. An attempt to evaluate the effect of quercetin at the promoter level of the thyroid-specific genes led to the observation that this compound induces the basal activity of the reporter vector. Therefore, the action of quercetin has been evaluated on the basal activity of several reporter vectors: The PGL3 basic, promoter and control vectors from Promega, and a pSV-based chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) reporter vector. In the Fisher Rat Thyroid cell Line FRTL-5 thyroid cells transiently transfected, quercetin 10 μM increased the basal activity of all the reporter vectors evaluated, although the degree of the effect was significantly different among them. The analysis of the difference among the regulatory regions of these vectors identified the activator protein 1 (AP-1) binding site as one of the potential sites involved in the quercetin effect. Electromobility shift assay experiments showed that the treatment with quercetin induced the binding of a protein complex to an oligonucleotide containing the AP-1 consensus binding site. This is the first study showing an effect of quercetin on AP-1 activity in thyroid cells. Further studies are in progress to understand the role of AP-1 activation in the effects of quercetin on thyroid function.
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Giuliani C, Bucci I, Napolitano G. The Role of the Transcription Factor Nuclear Factor-kappa B in Thyroid Autoimmunity and Cancer. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:471. [PMID: 30186235 PMCID: PMC6110821 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) is a ubiquitous transcription factor that is involved in inflammatory and immune responses, as well as in regulation of expression of many other genes related to cell survival, proliferation, and differentiation. In mammals, NF-κB comprises five subunits that can bind to promoter regions of target genes as homodimers or heterodimers. The most common dimer is the p50/p65 heterodimer. The several combinations of dimers that can be formed contribute to the heterogeneous regulation of NF-κB target genes, and this heterogeneity is further increased by interactions of the NF-κB dimers with other transcription factors, such as steroid hormone receptors, activator protein-1 (AP-1), and cAMP response element binding protein (CREB). In the thyroid, several studies have demonstrated the involvement of NF-κB in thyroid autoimmunity, thyroid cancer, and thyroid-specific gene regulation. The role of NF-κB in thyroid autoimmunity was hypothesized more than 20 years ago, after the finding that the binding of distinct NF-κB heterodimers to the major histocompatibility complex class I gene is hormonally regulated. Further studies have shown increased activity of NF-κB in thyroid autoimmune diseases and in thyroid orbitopathy. Increased activity of NF-κB has also been observed in thyroid cancer, where it correlates with a more aggressive pattern. Of particular interest, mutation of some oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes involved in thyroid carcinogenesis results in constitutive activation of the NF-κB pathway. More recently, it has been shown that NF-κB also has a role in thyroid physiology, as it is fundamental for the expression of the main thyroid-specific genes, such as sodium iodide symporter, thyroid peroxidase, thyroglobulin, Pax8, and TTF-1 (NKX2-1).
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Giuliani C, Iezzi M, Ciolli L, Hysi A, Bucci I, Di Santo S, Rossi C, Zucchelli M, Napolitano G. Resveratrol has anti-thyroid effects both in vitro and in vivo. Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 107:237-247. [PMID: 28668442 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.06.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Revised: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Resveratrol is a natural polyphenol with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiproliferative properties. We have shown previously that resveratrol decreases sodium/iodide symporter expression and iodide uptake in thyrocytes, both in vitro and in vivo. In the present study, we further investigated the effects of resveratrol, with evaluation of the expression of additional thyroid-specific genes in the FRTL-5 rat thyroid cell line: thyroglobulin, thyroid peroxidase, TSH receptor, Nkx2-1, Foxe1 and Pax8. We observed decreased expression of these genes in FRTL-5 cells treated with 10 μM resveratrol. The effects of resveratrol was further evaluated in vivo using Sprague-Dawley rats treated with resveratrol 25 mg/kg body weight intraperitoneally, for 60 days. No clinical signs of hypothyroidism were seen, although the treated rats showed significant increase in thyroid size. Serum TSH and thyroid hormone levels were in the normal range, with significantly higher TSH seen in resveratrol-treated rats, compared with control rats. Histological and immunohistochemical analyses confirmed increased proliferative activity in the thyroid from resveratrol-treated rats. These data suggest that resveratrol acts as a thyroid disruptor and a goitrogen, which indicates the need for caution as a supplement and for therapeutic uses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesidio Giuliani
- Department of Medicine and Sciences of Aging, 'G. D'Annunzio' University of Chieti-Pescara, via dei Vestini, 66100 Chieti, Italy; Centre on Aging Science and Translational Medicine (CeSI-MeT), 'G. D'Annunzio' University of Chieti-Pescara, via dei Vestini, 66100 Chieti, Italy.
| | - Manuela Iezzi
- Department of Medicine and Sciences of Aging, 'G. D'Annunzio' University of Chieti-Pescara, via dei Vestini, 66100 Chieti, Italy; Centre on Aging Science and Translational Medicine (CeSI-MeT), 'G. D'Annunzio' University of Chieti-Pescara, via dei Vestini, 66100 Chieti, Italy.
| | - Laura Ciolli
- Department of Medicine and Sciences of Aging, 'G. D'Annunzio' University of Chieti-Pescara, via dei Vestini, 66100 Chieti, Italy; Centre on Aging Science and Translational Medicine (CeSI-MeT), 'G. D'Annunzio' University of Chieti-Pescara, via dei Vestini, 66100 Chieti, Italy.
| | - Alba Hysi
- Department of Medicine and Sciences of Aging, 'G. D'Annunzio' University of Chieti-Pescara, via dei Vestini, 66100 Chieti, Italy; Centre on Aging Science and Translational Medicine (CeSI-MeT), 'G. D'Annunzio' University of Chieti-Pescara, via dei Vestini, 66100 Chieti, Italy.
| | - Ines Bucci
- Department of Medicine and Sciences of Aging, 'G. D'Annunzio' University of Chieti-Pescara, via dei Vestini, 66100 Chieti, Italy; Centre on Aging Science and Translational Medicine (CeSI-MeT), 'G. D'Annunzio' University of Chieti-Pescara, via dei Vestini, 66100 Chieti, Italy.
| | - Serena Di Santo
- Department of Medicine and Sciences of Aging, 'G. D'Annunzio' University of Chieti-Pescara, via dei Vestini, 66100 Chieti, Italy; Centre on Aging Science and Translational Medicine (CeSI-MeT), 'G. D'Annunzio' University of Chieti-Pescara, via dei Vestini, 66100 Chieti, Italy.
| | - Cosmo Rossi
- Centre on Aging Science and Translational Medicine (CeSI-MeT), 'G. D'Annunzio' University of Chieti-Pescara, via dei Vestini, 66100 Chieti, Italy.
| | - Mirco Zucchelli
- Centre on Aging Science and Translational Medicine (CeSI-MeT), 'G. D'Annunzio' University of Chieti-Pescara, via dei Vestini, 66100 Chieti, Italy.
| | - Giorgio Napolitano
- Department of Medicine and Sciences of Aging, 'G. D'Annunzio' University of Chieti-Pescara, via dei Vestini, 66100 Chieti, Italy; Centre on Aging Science and Translational Medicine (CeSI-MeT), 'G. D'Annunzio' University of Chieti-Pescara, via dei Vestini, 66100 Chieti, Italy.
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Alapati A, Deosarkar SP, Lanier OL, Qi C, Carlson GE, Burdick MM, Schwartz FL, McCall KD, Bergmeier SC, Goetz DJ. Simple modifications to methimazole that enhance its inhibitory effect on tumor necrosis factor-α-induced vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 expression by human endothelial cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 751:59-66. [PMID: 25641748 PMCID: PMC5019189 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Revised: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) on the vascular endothelium can be increased by pro-inflammatory cytokines [e.g. tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)]. VCAM-1 contributes to leukocyte adhesion to, and emigration from, the vasculature which is a key aspect of pathological inflammation. As such, a promising therapeutic approach for pathological inflammation is to inhibit the expression of VCAM-1. Methimazole [3-methyl-1, 3 imidazole-2 thione (MMI)] is routinely used for the treatment of Graves׳ disease and patients treated with MMI have decreased levels of circulating VCAM-1. In this study we used cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) to investigate the effect of MMI structural modifications on TNF-α induced VCAM-1 expression. We found that addition of a phenyl ring at the 4-nitrogen of MMI yields a compound that is significantly more potent than MMI at inhibiting 24h TNF-α-induced VCAM-1 protein expression. Addition of a para methoxy to the appended phenyl group increases the inhibition while substitution of a thiazole ring for an imidazole ring in the phenyl derivatives yields no clear difference in inhibition. Addition of the phenyl ring to MMI appears to increase toxicity as does substitution of a thiazole ring for an imidazole ring in the phenyl MMI derivatives. Each of the compounds reduced TNF-α-induced VCAM-1 mRNA expression and had a functional inhibitory effect, i.e. each inhibited monocytic cell adhesion to 24h TNF-α-activated HUVEC under fluid flow conditions. Combined, these studies provide important insights into the design of MMI-related anti-inflammatory compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuja Alapati
- Biomedical Engineering Program, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | | | - Olivia L Lanier
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | - Chunyan Qi
- Biomedical Engineering Program, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | - Grady E Carlson
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | - Monica M Burdick
- Biomedical Engineering Program, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | - Frank L Schwartz
- Department of Specialty Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | - Kelly D McCall
- Biomedical Engineering Program, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA; Department of Specialty Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | - Stephen C Bergmeier
- Biomedical Engineering Program, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | - Douglas J Goetz
- Biomedical Engineering Program, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
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Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are important regulators of gene expression and translation. The genetic variants altering miRNA targets have been associated with many diseases. Here we systematically mapped the human genetic polymorphisms that may affect miRNA-mRNA interactions in the autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD) pathway. We also mapped the polymorphic miRNA target sites in the genes that have been linked to AITDs or other thyroid-related diseases/phenotypes in genome-wide association studies (GWAS). These genetic polymorphisms may potentially contribute to the pathogenesis of AITDs and other thyroid diseases. The polymorphic miRNA-mRNA interactions we mapped in the AITD pathway and the GWAS-informed thyroid disease loci may provide insights into the possible miRNA-mediated molecular mechanisms through which genetic variants assert their influences on thyroid diseases and phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Cui
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center , Memphis, TN , USA and
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Bonnema SJ, Hegedüs L. Radioiodine therapy in benign thyroid diseases: effects, side effects, and factors affecting therapeutic outcome. Endocr Rev 2012; 33:920-80. [PMID: 22961916 DOI: 10.1210/er.2012-1030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Radioiodine ((131)I) therapy of benign thyroid diseases was introduced 70 yr ago, and the patients treated since then are probably numbered in the millions. Fifty to 90% of hyperthyroid patients are cured within 1 yr after (131)I therapy. With longer follow-up, permanent hypothyroidism seems inevitable in Graves' disease, whereas this risk is much lower when treating toxic nodular goiter. The side effect causing most concern is the potential induction of ophthalmopathy in predisposed individuals. The response to (131)I therapy is to some extent related to the radiation dose. However, calculation of an exact thyroid dose is error-prone due to imprecise measurement of the (131)I biokinetics, and the importance of internal dosimetric factors, such as the thyroid follicle size, is probably underestimated. Besides these obstacles, several potential confounders interfere with the efficacy of (131)I therapy, and they may even interact mutually and counteract each other. Numerous studies have evaluated the effect of (131)I therapy, but results have been conflicting due to differences in design, sample size, patient selection, and dose calculation. It seems clear that no single factor reliably predicts the outcome from (131)I therapy. The individual radiosensitivity, still poorly defined and impossible to quantify, may be a major determinant of the outcome from (131)I therapy. Above all, the impact of (131)I therapy relies on the iodine-concentrating ability of the thyroid gland. The thyroid (131)I uptake (or retention) can be stimulated in several ways, including dietary iodine restriction and use of lithium. In particular, recombinant human thyrotropin has gained interest because this compound significantly amplifies the effect of (131)I therapy in patients with nontoxic nodular goiter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steen Joop Bonnema
- Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital, DK-5000 Odense C, Denmark.
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Sue M, Akama T, Kawashima A, Nakamura H, Hara T, Tanigawa K, Wu H, Yoshihara A, Ishido Y, Hiroi N, Yoshino G, Kohn LD, Ishii N, Suzuki K. Propylthiouracil increases sodium/iodide symporter gene expression and iodide uptake in rat thyroid cells in the absence of TSH. Thyroid 2012; 22:844-52. [PMID: 22853729 PMCID: PMC3407387 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2011.0290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Propylthiouracil (PTU) and methimazole (MMI) are drugs that are widely used to treat Graves' disease. Although both exert an antithyroid effect primarily by blocking thyroid peroxidase activity, their molecular structure and other actions are different. We hypothesized that PTU and MMI may have differential effects on thyroid-specific gene expression and function. METHODS The effects of PTU and MMI on thyroid-specific gene expression and function were examined in rat thyroid FRTL-5 cells using DNA microarray, reverse transcriptase (RT)-polymerase chain reaction (PCR), real-time PCR, Western blot, immunohistochemistry, and radioiodine uptake studies. RESULTS DNA microarray analysis showed a marked increase in sodium/iodide symporter (NIS) gene expression after PTU treatment, whereas MMI had no effect. RT-PCR and real-time PCR analysis revealed that PTU-induced NIS mRNA levels were comparable to those elicited by thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). PTU increased 5'-1880-bp and 5'-1052-bp activity of the rat NIS promoter. While PTU treatment also increased NIS protein levels, the size of the induced protein was smaller than that induced by TSH, and the protein localized predominantly in the cytoplasm rather than the plasma membrane. Accumulation of (125)I in FRTL-5 cells was increased by PTU stimulation, but this effect was weaker than that produced by TSH. CONCLUSIONS We found that PTU induces NIS expression and iodide uptake in rat thyroid FRTL-5 cells in the absence of TSH. Although PTU and MMI share similar antithyroid activity, their effects on other thyroid functions appear to be quite different, which could affect their therapeutic effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariko Sue
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Mycobacteriology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
- Division of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine (Omori), Toho University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Akama
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Mycobacteriology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akira Kawashima
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Mycobacteriology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hannah Nakamura
- Division of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine (Omori), Toho University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Cell Regulation Section, Metabolic Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Takeshi Hara
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Mycobacteriology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazunari Tanigawa
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Mycobacteriology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Huhehasi Wu
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Mycobacteriology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Aya Yoshihara
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Mycobacteriology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
- Division of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine (Omori), Toho University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuko Ishido
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Mycobacteriology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoki Hiroi
- Division of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine (Omori), Toho University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Gen Yoshino
- Division of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine (Omori), Toho University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Leonard D. Kohn
- Cell Regulation Section, Metabolic Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Edison Biotechnology Institute, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio
| | - Norihisa Ishii
- Leprosy Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koichi Suzuki
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Mycobacteriology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
- Cell Regulation Section, Metabolic Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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