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Zuur-Telgen MC, Citgez E, Zuur AT, VanderValk P, van der Palen J, Kerstjens HAM, Brusse-Keizer M. Predicting Mortality in COPD with Validated and Sensitive Biomarkers; Fibrinogen and Mid-Range-Proadrenomedullin (MR-proADM). COPD 2021; 18:643-649. [PMID: 34886719 DOI: 10.1080/15412555.2021.2009791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Although fibrinogen is a FDA qualified prognostic biomarker in COPD, it still lacks sufficient resolution to be clinically useful. Next to replication of findings in different cohorts also the combination with other validated biomarkers should be investigated. Therefore, the aim of this study was to confirm in a large well-defined population of COPD patients whether fibrinogen can predict mortality and whether a combination with the biomarker MR-proADM can increase prognostic accuracy. From the COMIC cohort study we included COPD patients with a blood sample obtained in stable state (n = 640) and/or at hospitalization for an acute exacerbation of COPD (n = 262). Risk of death during 3 years of follow up for the separate and combined biomarker models was analyzed with Cox regression. Furthermore, logistic regression models for death after one year were constructed. When both fibrinogen and MR-proADM were included in the survival model, a doubling in fibrinogen and MR-proADM levels gave a 2.2 (95% CI 1.3-3.7) and 2.1 (95% CI 1.5-3.0) fold increased risk of dying, respectively. The prediction model for death after 1 year improved significantly when MR-proADM was added to the model with fibrinogen (AUC increased from 0.78 to 0.83; p = 0.02). However, the combined model was not significantly more adequate than the model with solely MR-proADM (AUC 0.83 vs 0.82; p = 0.34). The study suggests that MR-proADM is more promising than fibrinogen in prediciting mortality. Adding fibrinogen to a model containing MR-proADM does not significantly increase the predictive capacity of the model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maaike C Zuur-Telgen
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Medisch Spectrum Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Emanuel Citgez
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Medisch Spectrum Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Abraham T Zuur
- Department of gastroenterology, Tjongerschans, Heerenveen, The Netherlands
| | - Paul VanderValk
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Medisch Spectrum Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Job van der Palen
- Department of Research Methodology, Measurement, and Data Analysis, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands.,Medical School Twente, Medisch Spectrum Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Huib A M Kerstjens
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, and Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD (GRIAC), University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Shrestha AK, Menon RT, Yallampalli C, Barrios R, Shivanna B. Adrenomedullin Deficiency Potentiates Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Experimental Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia in Neonatal Mice. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2021; 191:2080-2090. [PMID: 34508690 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2021.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Lung inflammation interrupts alveolarization and causes bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). Besides mechanical ventilation and hyperoxia, sepsis contributes to BPD pathogenesis. Adrenomedullin (Adm) is a multifunctional peptide that exerts anti-inflammatory effects in the lungs of adult rodents. Whether Adm mitigates sepsis-induced neonatal lung injury is unknown. The lung phenotype of mice exposed to early postnatal lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was recently shown to be similar to that in human BPD. This model was used to test the hypothesis that Adm-deficient neonatal mice will display increased LPS-induced lung injury than their wild-type (WT) littermates. Adm-deficient mice or their WT littermates were intraperitoneally administered 6 mg/kg of LPS or vehicle daily on postnatal days (PNDs) 3 to 5. The lungs were harvested at several time points to quantify inflammation, alveolarization, and vascularization. The extent of LPS-induced lung inflammation in Adm-deficient mice was 1.6-fold to 10-fold higher than their WT littermates. Strikingly, Adm deficiency induced STAT1 activation and potentiated STAT3 activation in LPS-exposed lungs. The severity of LPS-induced interruption of lung development was also greater in Adm-deficient mice at PND7. At PND14, LPS-exposed WT littermates displayed substantial improvement in lung development, whereas LPS-exposed Adm-deficient mice continued to have decreased lung development. These data indicate that Adm is necessary to decrease lung inflammation and injury and promote repair of the injured lungs in LPS-exposed neonatal mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrit K Shrestha
- Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Renuka T Menon
- Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Chandrasekhar Yallampalli
- Basic Sciences Perinatology Research Laboratories, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Roberto Barrios
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Binoy Shivanna
- Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.
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Zhang H, Sha J, Feng X, Hu X, Chen Y, Li B, Fan H. Dexmedetomidine ameliorates LPS induced acute lung injury via GSK-3β/STAT3-NF-κB signaling pathway in rats. Int Immunopharmacol 2019; 74:105717. [PMID: 31254953 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2019.105717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Acute lung injury (ALI) is a serious complication of sepsis and an important cause of death in intensive care. Studies have shown that DEX can inhibit inflammation. However, the anti-inflammatory effect and protective mechanism of DEX in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced ALI are still unclear. ALI model was established by intraperitoneal injection of LPS (10 mg/kg) in Sprague-Dawley (SD) male rats. Firstly, at 4, 6, 8, 12 and 24 h after LPS treatment, lung injury including pathologic histology, lung edema, and inflammation were detected. The optimal time point for lung injury was determined to be 12 h, at which time DEX was added to further test. Furthermore, STAT3 inhibitor (NSC74859) and GSK-3β inhibitor (SB216763) were added to verify the role of STAT3, GSK-3β and NF-κB in ameliorated ALI. Our results show that DEX pretreatment significantly decreased lung Wet-to-Dry weight (W/D) ratio and MPO activity and ameliorated LPS induced lung histopathological alterations. In addition, we confirmed that DEX can increased the phosphorylation of STAT3 and GSK-3β, and inhibit the phosphorylation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) p65 in the inflammatory response induced by LPS. What's more, NSC74859 inhibited the phosphorylation of STAT3 and reversed the protect effect of DEX on LPS. SB216763 inhibited the phosphorylation of NF-κB and reversed the damage effect of LPS and plays the same anti-inflammatory effect as DEX. In summary, our data demonstrated that DEX can ameliorate ALI induced by LPS through GSK-3β/STAT3-NF-κB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huayun Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Jichen Sha
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Xiujing Feng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Xueyuan Hu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Yongping Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Bei Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Honggang Fan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Laboratory Animals and Comparative Medicine, Harbin 150030, China.
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Mandal J, Roth M, Papakonstantinou E, Fang L, Savic S, Tamm M, Stolz D. Adrenomedullin mediates pro-angiogenic and pro-inflammatory cytokines in asthma and COPD. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2019; 56:8-14. [PMID: 30690080 DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2019.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Adrenomedullin (AM) is a pluripotent peptide hormone with contradictory effects in human health and disease. In chronic inflammatory lung diseases, such as asthma and COPD, AM has been shown to inhibit inflammation and cell proliferation. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the effect of AM on pro-angiogenic and pro-inflammatory cytokines in asthma and COPD. PATIENTS AND METHODS Serum levels of pro-AM were measured in patients with asthma, COPD and matched controls. The effect of AM on intracellular signaling proteins and cytokine secretion was assessed in primary cultures of epithelial cells (EC) and airway smooth muscle cells (ASMC) established from endo-bronchial biopsies of patients with asthma, COPD and controls. RESULTS Serum pro-AM was higher in patients with asthma and COPD, compared to controls. AM stimulated cAMP in ASMC but not in EC. In EC, AM decreased Erk1/2 MAPK expression and activation but in ASMC, AM activated Erk1/2. This effect was similar in asthma, COPD and controls. AM stimulated the secretion of pro-angiogenic CXCL1 by EC of controls and CXCL5 by EC of asthma patients. AM did not affect the secretion of IL-6 or IL-8 by EC but stimulated the secretion of IL-6 by ASMC. In EC, AM inhibited the stimulatory effect of TGF-β and IL-4 on the secretion of IL-6 and IL-8 but had an additive stimulatory effect with TGF-β in ASMC. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that AM mediates the secretion of pro-angiogenic and pro-inflammatory cytokines in a cell-type and/or a disease-specific way, explaining its association with clinical outcomes in COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyotshna Mandal
- Clinic of Pulmonary Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Respiratory Cell Research, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Michael Roth
- Clinic of Pulmonary Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Respiratory Cell Research, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Eleni Papakonstantinou
- Clinic of Pulmonary Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Respiratory Cell Research, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Lei Fang
- Clinic of Pulmonary Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Respiratory Cell Research, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Spasenija Savic
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland
| | - Michael Tamm
- Clinic of Pulmonary Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Respiratory Cell Research, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Daiana Stolz
- Clinic of Pulmonary Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Respiratory Cell Research, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
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Zuur-Telgen MC, Brusse-Keizer MGJ, VanderValk PDLPM, van der Palen J, Kerstjens HAM, Hendrix MGR. Stable-State Midrange-Proadrenomedullin Level Is a Strong Predictor of Mortality in Patients With COPD. Chest 2017; 145:534-541. [PMID: 27845633 DOI: 10.1378/chest.13-1063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Accepted: 09/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Midrange-proadrenomedullin (MR-proADM) has been shown to be elevated in patients hospitalized for an acute exacerbation of COPD (AECOPD) and in patients with community-acquired pneumonia. When measured during AECOPDs, MR-proADM has also been shown to be a predictor of mortality. We hypothesized that MR-proADM levels measured in a stable state could also predict mortality. METHODS We included 181 patients in whom we had paired plasma samples for MR-proADM determinations during a stable state and at hospitalization for an AECOPD when they also produced sputum. Time to death or censoring was compared between patients with MR-proADM above or below the median of 0.71 nmol/L. The predictive value of MR-proADM for survival was determined by calculating the C statistic. RESULTS Patients with COPD and MR-proADM levels > 0.71 nmol/L in the stable state had a threefold-higher risk of dying than did patients with MR-proADM levels < 0.71 nmol/L (hazard ratio, 2.98 [95% CI, 1.51-5.90]; C statistic, 0.76). The corrected OR for 1-year mortality was 8.90 (95% CI, 1.94-44.6) in patients with high MR-proADM levels measured in the stable state, compared with patients with low levels measured in the stable state. CONCLUSIONS MR-proADM measured in the stable state appeared to be a strong predictor of mortality in patients with COPD. MR-proADM is far easier to measure than other predictors of mortality in COPD, such as BMI, airflow obstruction, dyspnea, and exercise capacity score.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maaike C Zuur-Telgen
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Medisch Spectrum Twente, Enschede; Department of Internal Medicine, Medisch Spectrum Twente, Enschede.
| | | | | | - Job van der Palen
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Medisch Spectrum Twente, Enschede; Department of Pulmonary Medicine University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen
| | - Huib A M Kerstjens
- Department of Research Methodology, Measurement, and Data Analysis, University of Twente, Enschede; Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD (GRIAC), Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - M G Ron Hendrix
- Regional Laboratory of Public Health, University of Twente, Enschede; Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen
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Claessens YE, Weiss N, Riqué T, Mallet-Coste T. [What is the place for biomarkers during acute COPD exacerbations?]. Rev Mal Respir 2017; 34:382-394. [PMID: 28499640 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmr.2017.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Y-E Claessens
- Département de médecine d'urgence, centre hospitalier Princesse-Grace, 1, avenue Pasteur, 98012 Principauté de Monaco, Monaco.
| | - N Weiss
- Département de médecine d'urgence, centre hospitalier Princesse-Grace, 1, avenue Pasteur, 98012 Principauté de Monaco, Monaco
| | - T Riqué
- Département de médecine d'urgence, centre hospitalier Princesse-Grace, 1, avenue Pasteur, 98012 Principauté de Monaco, Monaco
| | - T Mallet-Coste
- Département de médecine d'urgence, centre hospitalier Princesse-Grace, 1, avenue Pasteur, 98012 Principauté de Monaco, Monaco
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Zuur-Telgen M, VanderValk P, van der Palen J, Kerstjens HAM, Brusse-Keizer M. Stable State Proadrenomedullin Level in COPD Patients: A Validation Study. COPD 2016; 14:219-227. [PMID: 27880050 DOI: 10.1080/15412555.2016.1250254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
In patients with stable COPD, proadrenomedullin (MR-proADM) has been shown to be a good predictor for mortality. This study aims to provide an external validation of earlier observed cut-off values used by Zuur-Telgen et al. and Stolz.et al. in COPD patients in stable state and at hospitalization for an acute exacerbation of COPD (AECOPD). From the COMIC cohort study we included 545 COPD patients with a blood sample obtained in stable state (n = 490) and/or at hospitalization for an AECOPD (n = 101). Time to death was compared between patients with MR-proADM cut-off scores 0.71 and 0.75 nmol/L for stable state or 0.79 and 0.84 nmol/l for AECOPD. The predictive value of MR-proADM for survival was represented by the C statistic. Risk ratios were corrected for sex, age, BMI, presence of heart failure, and GOLD stage. Patients above the cut-off of 0.75 nmol/l had a 2-fold higher risk of dying than patient below this cut-off (95% CI: 1.20-3.41). The cut-off of 0.71 nmol/l showed only a borderline significantly higher risk of 1.67 (95% CI: 0.98-2.85). The corrected odds ratios for one-year mortality were 3.15 (95% CI 1.15-8.64) and 3.70 (95% CI 1.18-11.6) in patients with MR-proADM levels above versus below the cut-off of respectively 0.75 and 0.71 nmol/l measured in stable state. MR-proADM levels in samples at hospitalization for an AECOPD were not predictive for mortality in this validation cohort. MR-proADM in stable state is a powerful predictor for mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maaike Zuur-Telgen
- a Department of Pulmonary Medicine , Medisch Spectrum Twente , Enschede , the Netherlands.,b Department of Internal Medicine , Medisch Spectrum Twente , Enschede , the Netherlands
| | - Paul VanderValk
- a Department of Pulmonary Medicine , Medisch Spectrum Twente , Enschede , the Netherlands
| | - Job van der Palen
- a Department of Pulmonary Medicine , Medisch Spectrum Twente , Enschede , the Netherlands.,d Department of Research Methodology , Measurement, and Data Analysis, University of Twente , Enschede , the Netherlands
| | - Huib A M Kerstjens
- c Department of Pulmonary Medicine , Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD (GRIAC), University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen , Groningen , the Netherlands
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Müller-Redetzky H, Lienau J, Suttorp N, Witzenrath M. Therapeutic strategies in pneumonia: going beyond antibiotics. Eur Respir Rev 2016; 24:516-24. [PMID: 26324814 DOI: 10.1183/16000617.0034-2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of the innate immune system drives lung injury and its systemic sequelae due to breakdown of vascular barrier function, harmful hyperinflammation and microcirculatory failure, which contribute to the unfavourable outcome of patients with severe pneumonia. A variety of promising therapeutic targets have been identified and numerous innovative therapeutic approaches demonstrated to improve lung injury in experimental preclinical studies. However, at present specific preventive or curative strategies for the treatment of lung failure in pneumonia in addition to antibiotics are still missing. The aim of this mini-review is to give a short overview of some, but not all, adjuvant therapeutic strategies for pneumonia and its most important complications, sepsis and acute respiratory distress syndrome, and briefly discuss future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holger Müller-Redetzky
- Dept of Infectious Diseases and Pulmonary Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jasmin Lienau
- Dept of Infectious Diseases and Pulmonary Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Norbert Suttorp
- Dept of Infectious Diseases and Pulmonary Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Witzenrath
- Dept of Infectious Diseases and Pulmonary Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Hu W, Zhou PH, Rao T, Zhang XB, Wang W, Zhang LJ. Adrenomedullin attenuates interleukin-1β-induced inflammation and apoptosis in rat Leydig cells via inhibition of NF-κB signaling pathway. Exp Cell Res 2015; 339:220-30. [PMID: 26511504 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2015.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Revised: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this paper is to investigate the protective effects of adrenomedullin (ADM) on interleukin-1β (IL-1β)-induced inflammation and apoptosis in rat Leydig cells and its underlying molecular mechanisms. Leydig cells were isolated from adult Sprague-Dawley rats. The cell culture was established by adding ADM 2h prior to 24h treatment with IL-1β-induced cytotoxicity. We detected cell viability and concentrations of testosterone, reactive oxygen species (ROS), malondialdehyde (MDA), and reduced glutathione (GSH). Gene expression levels were measured for inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclo-oxygenase-2 (COX-2). Concentrations were detected for nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). Apoptosis was assessed using terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL). Levels of gene expression and protein were detected for Bcl-2, Bax, caspase-3, and poly adenosine diphosphate-ribose polymerase (PARP). Protein levels were measured for nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) p65 and IκBα. ADM reduced IL-1β-induced cytotoxicity. ADM pretreatment significantly increased testosterone concentrations and decreased ROS, MDA, and GSH concentrations. ADM pretreatment inhibited IL-1β-induced inflammation in Leydig cells by decreasing the gene expression levels of iNOS and COX-2, as well as the concentrations of NO and PGE2. ADM pretreatment further decreased the number of TUNEL-positive stained Leydig cells, as confirmed by the increase in gene expression and protein levels of Bcl-2 and the decrease of Bax, caspase-3, and PARP levels. Moreover, ADM pretreatment inhibited NF-κB p65 phosphorylation and IκBα phosphorylation and degradation. ADM has potential anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic properties in IL-1β-induced rat Leydig cells, which might be related to NF-κB signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Hu
- Department of Urology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, No. 238 Liberation Road, Wuhan 430060, Hubei Province, China
| | - Pang-hu Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, No. 238 Liberation Road, Wuhan 430060, Hubei Province, China.
| | - Ting Rao
- Department of Urology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, No. 238 Liberation Road, Wuhan 430060, Hubei Province, China
| | - Xiao-bin Zhang
- Department of Urology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, No. 238 Liberation Road, Wuhan 430060, Hubei Province, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Urology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, No. 238 Liberation Road, Wuhan 430060, Hubei Province, China
| | - Li-jun Zhang
- Department of Urology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, No. 238 Liberation Road, Wuhan 430060, Hubei Province, China
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Müller-Redetzky HC, Lienau J, Witzenrath M. The Lung Endothelial Barrier in Acute Inflammation. THE VERTEBRATE BLOOD-GAS BARRIER IN HEALTH AND DISEASE 2015. [PMCID: PMC7123850 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-18392-3_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Wong HK, Tang F, Cheung TT, Cheung BMY. Adrenomedullin and diabetes. World J Diabetes 2014; 5:364-371. [PMID: 24936257 PMCID: PMC4058740 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v5.i3.364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Revised: 11/19/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Adrenomedullin (ADM) is a peptide hormone widely expressed in different tissues, especially in the vasculature. Apart from its vasodilatatory and hypotensive effect, it plays multiple roles in the regulation of hormonal secretion, glucose metabolism and inflammatory response. ADM regulates insulin balance and may participate in the development of diabetes. The plasma level of ADM is increased in people with diabetes, while in healthy individuals the plasma ADM concentration remains low. Plasma ADM levels are further increased in patients with diabetic complications. In type 1 diabetes, plasma ADM level is correlated with renal failure and retinopathy, while in type 2 diabetes its level is linked with a wider range of complications. The elevation of ADM level in diabetes may be due to hyperinsulinemia, oxidative stress and endothelial injury. At the same time, a rise in plasma ADM level can trigger the onset of diabetes. Strategies to reduce ADM level should be explored so as to reduce diabetic complications.
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Dynamics of pulmonary endothelial barrier function in acute inflammation: mechanisms and therapeutic perspectives. Cell Tissue Res 2014; 355:657-73. [PMID: 24599335 PMCID: PMC7102256 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1821-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The lungs provide a large inner surface to guarantee respiration. In lung alveoli, a delicate membrane formed by endo- and epithelial cells with their fused basal lamina ensures rapid and effective gas exchange between alveolar and vascular compartments while concurrently forming a robust barrier against inhaled particles and microbes. However, upon infectious or sterile inflammatory stimulation, tightly regulated endothelial barrier leakiness is required for leukocyte transmigration. Further, endothelial barrier disruption may result in uncontrolled extravasation of protein-rich fluids. This brief review summarizes some important mechanisms of pulmonary endothelial barrier regulation and disruption, focusing on the role of specific cell populations, coagulation and complement cascades and mediators including angiopoietins, specific sphingolipids, adrenomedullin and reactive oxygen and nitrogen species for the regulation of pulmonary endothelial barrier function. Further, current therapeutic perspectives against development of lung injury are discussed.
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Wong HK, Ong KL, Leung RYH, Cheung TT, Xu A, Lam TH, Lam KSL, Cheung BMY. Plasma level of adrenomedullin is influenced by a single nucleotide polymorphism in the adiponectin gene. PLoS One 2013; 8:e70335. [PMID: 23936408 PMCID: PMC3731362 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 06/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Adrenomedullin (ADM) and adiponectin are both involved in inflammation and cardiovascular diseases. The plasma levels of these peptides are influenced by single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the ADM and ADIPOQ genes respectively. There is some evidence that ADM may regulate adiponectin gene expression, but whether adiponectin can regulate ADM expression is unclear, and was therefore investigated. Methods Plasma ADM level was measured in 476 subjects in the Hong Kong Cardiovascular Risk Factor Prevalence Study-2 (CRISPS2). We genotyped them for 2 ADIPOQ SNPs that are known to be associated with plasma adiponectin level. Results The minor allele frequencies of ADIPOQ SNPs rs182052 and rs12495941 were 40.6% and 42.2% respectively. Plasma ADM level was significantly associated with rs182052 after adjusting for age and sex (β = 0.104, P = 0.023) but not with rs12495941 (β = 0.071, P = 0.120). In multivariate analysis, plasma ADM level increased with the number of minor alleles of rs182052 (P = 0.013). Compared to subjects with GG genotype, subjects with AA genotype had 17.7% higher plasma ADM level (95% CI: 3.6%–33.7%). Subgroup analysis revealed that the association was significant in diabetic patients (β = 0.344, P = 0.001) but not in non-diabetic subjects. Conclusion Plasma ADM level is related to SNP rs182052 in the ADIPOQ gene. Our findings provide new evidence of the interplay between these two important peptides in cardiovascular disease and diabetes. Knowing the genotype may help to refine the interpretation of these biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoi Kin Wong
- Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Kwok Leung Ong
- Centre for Vascular Research, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | | | - Aimin Xu
- Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Tai Hing Lam
- Department of Community Medicine and School of Public Health, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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Hagner S, Welz H, Kicic A, Alrifai M, Marsh LM, Sutanto EN, Ling KM, Stick SM, Müller B, Weissmann N, Renz H. Suppression of adrenomedullin contributes to vascular leakage and altered epithelial repair during asthma. Allergy 2012; 67:998-1006. [PMID: 22686590 DOI: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2012.02851.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The anti-inflammatory peptide, adrenomedullin (AM), and its cognate receptor are expressed in lung tissue, but its pathophysiological significance in airway inflammation is unknown. OBJECTIVES This study investigated whether allergen-induced airway inflammation involves an impaired local AM response. METHODS Airway AM expression was measured in acute and chronically sensitized mice following allergen inhalation and in airway epithelial cells of asthmatic and nonasthmatic patients. The effects of AM on experimental allergen-induced airway inflammation and of AM on lung epithelial repair in vitro were investigated. RESULTS Adrenomedullin mRNA levels were significantly (P < 0.05) reduced in acute ovalbumin (OVA)-sensitized mice after OVA challenge, by over 60% at 24 h and for up to 6 days. Similarly, reduced AM expression was observed in two models of chronic allergen-induced inflammation, OVA- and house dust mite-sensitized mice. The reduced AM expression was restricted to airway epithelial and endothelial cells, while AM expression in alveolar macrophages was unaltered. Intranasal AM completely attenuated the OVA-induced airway hyperresponsiveness and mucosal plasma leakage but had no effect on inflammatory cells or cytokines. The effects of inhaled AM were reversed by pre-inhalation of the putative AM receptor antagonist, AM ((22-52)) . AM mRNA levels were significantly (P < 0.05) lower in human asthmatic airway epithelial samples than in nonasthmatic controls. In vitro, AM dose-dependently (10(-11) -10(-7) M) accelerated experimental wound healing in human and mouse lung epithelial cell monolayers and stimulated epithelial cell migration. CONCLUSION Adrenomedullin suppression in T(H) 2-related inflammation is of pathophysiological significance and represents loss of a factor that maintains tissue integrity during inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Hagner
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine; Medical Faculty - Philipps University of Marburg; Biomedical Research Center (BMFZ); Marburg; Germany
| | - H. Welz
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine; Medical Faculty - Philipps University of Marburg; Biomedical Research Center (BMFZ); Marburg; Germany
| | | | - M. Alrifai
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine; Medical Faculty - Philipps University of Marburg; Biomedical Research Center (BMFZ); Marburg; Germany
| | - L. M. Marsh
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine; Medical Faculty - Philipps University of Marburg; Biomedical Research Center (BMFZ); Marburg; Germany
| | | | - K.-M. Ling
- Telethon Institute for Child Health Research; Centre for Health Research; The University of Western Australia; Nedlands; WA; Australia
| | | | - B. Müller
- Laboratory of Respiratory Cell Biology; Department of Internal Medicine; Medical Faculty - Philipps University of Marburg; Marburg; Germany
| | - N. Weissmann
- University of Giessen Lung Center; Giessen; Germany
| | - H. Renz
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine; Medical Faculty - Philipps University of Marburg; Biomedical Research Center (BMFZ); Marburg; Germany
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15
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Liao SB, O WS, Tang F. Adrenomedullin Inhibits Norepinephrine-induced Contraction of Rat Seminal Vesicle. Urology 2012; 80:224.e1-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2012.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2011] [Revised: 03/20/2012] [Accepted: 03/29/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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16
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Di Paola R, Talero E, Galuppo M, Mazzon E, Bramanti P, Motilva V, Cuzzocrea S. Adrenomedullin in inflammatory process associated with experimental pulmonary fibrosis. Respir Res 2011; 12:41. [PMID: 21477302 PMCID: PMC3079622 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-12-41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2011] [Accepted: 04/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adrenomedullin (AM), a 52-amino acid ringed-structure peptide with C-terminal amidation, was originally isolated from human pheochromocytoma. AM are widely distributed in various tissues and acts as a local vasoactive hormone in various conditions. METHODS In the present study, we investigated the efficacy of AM on the animal model of bleomycin (BLM)-induced lung injury. Mice were subjected to intratracheal administration of BLM and were assigned to receive AM daily by an intraperitoneal injection of 200 ngr/kg. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Myeloperoxidase activity, lung histology, immunohistochemical analyses for cytokines and adhesion molecules expression, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), nitrotyrosine, and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) were performed one week after fibrosis induction. Lung histology and transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) were performed 14 and 21 days after treatments. After bleomycin administration, AM-treated mice exhibited a reduced degree of lung damage and inflammation compared with BLM-treated mice, as shown by the reduction of (1) myeloperoxidase activity (MPO), (2) cytokines and adhesion molecules expression, (3) nitric oxide synthase expression, (4) the nitration of tyrosine residues, (5) poly (ADP-ribose) (PAR) formation, a product of the nuclear enzyme poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) (6) transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) (7)and the degree of lung injury. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that AM administration is able to prevent bleomycin induced lung injury through the down regulation of proinflammatory factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosanna Di Paola
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi Bonino-Pulejo, S,S, 113 Via Palermo, CTR Casazza, Messina, Italy
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17
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Øie E, Ahmed MS, Ueland T, Sikkeland LIB, Dahl CP, Hagelin EMV, Lueder T, Edvardsen T, Andreassen AK, Gullestad L, Aukrust P, Yndestad A, Vinge LE, Attramadal H. Adrenomedullin is increased in alveolar macrophages and released from the lungs into the circulation in severe heart failure. Basic Res Cardiol 2009; 105:89-98. [DOI: 10.1007/s00395-009-0070-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2008] [Revised: 05/08/2009] [Accepted: 06/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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18
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Stolz D, Christ-Crain M, Morgenthaler NG, Miedinger D, Leuppi J, Müller C, Bingisser R, Struck J, Müller B, Tamm M. Plasma Pro-Adrenomedullin But Not Plasma Pro-Endothelin Predicts Survival in Exacerbations of COPD. Chest 2008; 134:263-272. [DOI: 10.1378/chest.08-0047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
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19
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Dackor R, Caron K. Mice heterozygous for adrenomedullin exhibit a more extreme inflammatory response to endotoxin-induced septic shock. Peptides 2007; 28:2164-70. [PMID: 17889965 PMCID: PMC2121581 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2007.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2007] [Revised: 08/14/2007] [Accepted: 08/15/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Adrenomedullin (AM) is a highly conserved peptide that can act as a potent vasodilator, anti-microbial factor and anti-inflammatory factor. Several studies have implicated diverse roles for AM in regulating the inflammatory and hemodynamic responses to septic shock. Moreover, during sepsis the receptors that mediate AM signaling [calcitonin receptor-like receptor (calcrl) and receptor activity modifying proteins (RAMP) 2 and 3] undergo dynamic and robust changes in their expression. Although numerous studies have used animal models to study the role of administered or increased AM in septic animals, genetic studies to determine the consequences of reduced AM during septic shock have not yet been performed. Here, we used a murine model of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced septic shock to assess the inflammatory response in mice heterozygous for the AM gene. Following LPS challenge, AM(+/-) mice had higher expression of TNF-alpha and IL-1beta than LPS-treated wild-type (WT) controls. Consequently, serum TNF-alpha was also significantly elevated in LPS-treated AM(+/-) mice compared to WT LPS-treated mice. We also observed higher serum levels of liver enzymes, suggesting more advanced end-organ damage in mice with genetically reduced AM. Finally, we found that RAMP2 and calcrl expression levels were markedly reduced in LPS-treated mice, whereas RAMP3 expression was significantly elevated. Importantly, these changes in receptor gene expression were conserved in AM(+/-) mice, demonstrating that AM peptide itself does not impact directly on the expression of the genes encoding its receptors. We, therefore, conclude that during septic shock the dynamic modulation of AM and its receptors primarily functions to dampen the inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Dackor
- Department of Cell & Molecular Physiology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599 USA
- Genetics Department, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599 USA
| | - Kathleen Caron
- Department of Cell & Molecular Physiology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599 USA
- Genetics Department, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599 USA
- *Corresponding Author: Department of Cell & Molecular Physiology, CB # 7545, 6330 MBRB 103 Mason Farm Rd., The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA, Phone: (919) 966-5215, FAX: (919) 966-5230, e-mail: Kathleen
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20
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Hwang ISS, Tang F, Leung PP, Li YY, Fan ST, Luk JMC. The gene expression of adrenomedullin, calcitonin-receptor-like receptor and receptor activity modifying proteins (RAMPs) in CCl4-induced rat liver cirrhosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 135:69-77. [PMID: 16713642 DOI: 10.1016/j.regpep.2006.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2006] [Revised: 04/04/2006] [Accepted: 04/09/2006] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This study was undertaken to determine AM expression in carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced liver cirrhosis developed with peritoneal ascites. Sprague-Dawley rats received subcutaneous injections of CCl4 twice weekly in olive oil (1:1, 0.3 ml per kg body weight) for 6 or 12 weeks until ascites developed, or saline in olive oil as control. At 6 weeks, fibrosis developed and at 12 weeks cirrhosis developed with ascites formation. At both 6 and 12 weeks, increases in plasma renin and AM were evident, as was the gene expression of AM. At 12 weeks after CCl4 injection, the gene expression of calcitonin-like-receptor (CRLR) and receptor activity modifying proteins (RAMP1, RAMP2 and RAMP3) were all elevated when compared to the control. The results suggest that liver cirrhosis increases mRNA expressions of AM, CRLR and RAMP1, RAMP2 and RAMP3 and that the increase in AM gene expression precedes the development of cirrhosis. The increase in AM synthesis as reflected by an increase in AM gene expression, together with a lack of increase in AM peptide at both 6 and 12 weeks may suggest an elevation of AM release. Given the potent vasodilatory action of AM, the increase in the synthesis and release of AM in the cirrhotic liver may also contribute to peripheral vasodilatation in liver cirrhosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Shui Shan Hwang
- Center for the Study of Liver Disease, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
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21
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Li YY, Wong LYF, Cheung BMY, Hwang ISS, Tang F. Differential induction of adrenomedullin, interleukins and tumour necrosis factor-alpha by lipopolysaccharide in rat tissues in vivo. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2006; 32:1110-8. [PMID: 16445578 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1681.2005.04307.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to determine the temporal changes in tissue adrenomedullin (AM) and cytokine contents and cytokine and preproAM mRNA levels in the kidney, liver, adrenal gland and spleen of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated rats. Rats were injected with LPS (10 mg/kg, i.p.). Radioimmunoassay and solution hybridization-RNase protection assays were used to follow the changes in AM and its mRNA levels, respectively; ELISA and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction were used to follow the changes in cytokines and their mRNA levels, respectively. In the kidney, the preproAM mRNA levels were increased 1 and 3 h after LPS treatment, whereas AM levels were decreased at 3 h. Interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-1beta levels were increased at 3 and 6 h, respectively. The preproAM mRNA levels were elevated in the liver 3 h after LPS injection. Concentrations of tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and IL-1beta were increased at l and 6 h, respectively. There were no changes in the levels of either preproAM mRNA or AM in the adrenal gland and the spleen. In the spleen, TNF-alpha levels were elevated at 1 and 3 h after LPS injection and IL-1beta was elevated at 1 and 6 h after LPS injection, whereas in the adrenal gland IL-1beta was elevated at 6 h after injection. The mRNA levels of the three cytokines were elevated at all three time intervals examined in the kidney, liver, adrenal gland and spleen, with the exception that TNF-alpha mRNA was not elevated in the adrenal gland at 6 h after LPS injection and IL-1beta mRNA was not elevated in the spleen at 3 and 6 h. The plasma concentrations of TNF-alpha were increased at 1 and 3 h after LPS injection, whereas plasma concentration of IL-1beta and IL-6 were elevated at 3 and 6 h for both. The present results suggest that the biosynthesis and secretion of AM may be differentially regulated in various tissues of rats injected with LPS and that AM may interact with cytokines during inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuk-Yin Li
- Department of Physiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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22
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Li YY, Cheung BMY, Wong LYF, Hwang ISS, Kumana CR, Tang F. Adrenomedullin gene expression and levels in the cardiovascular system after treatment with lipopolysaccharide. Neuropeptides 2005; 39:73-80. [PMID: 15752540 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2004.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2004] [Revised: 09/30/2004] [Accepted: 11/06/2004] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
To study the effect of septicaemia, the temporal changes in tissue adrenomedullin (AM) and preproAM mRNA levels were studied in the heart and blood vessels after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injection. Radioimmunoassay and solution hybridization-RNase protection assays were used to follow the changes in AM and its mRNA levels respectively after intraperitoneal injection of 10 mg/kg LPS in rats. The preproAM mRNA levels increased at 1 h in the right atrium after LPS injection, while the AM contents decreased at 1 h in the left atrium. The preproAM mRNA levels increased at 3 and 6 h in the left ventricle, whereas it increased at 6 h in the right ventricles after LPS injection. There was an increase in preproAM mRNA levels at 1 and 3 h in the mesenteric artery, while AM levels were increased at 1, 3 and 6 h. However, there were no such changes in the thoracic aorta. There were also increases in tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin (IL)-1beta and IL-6 in the heart, and in the mesenteric artery (TNF-alpha and IL-1beta) and in thoracic aorta (IL-1beta and IL-6). The present results suggest that the biosynthesis and secretion of AM may be increased in cardiovascular tissues of rats injected with LPS, and that AM may play multiple roles in inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuk-Yin Li
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PR China
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23
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Bunton DC, Petrie MC, Hillier C, Johnston F, McMurray JJV. The clinical relevance of adrenomedullin: a promising profile? Pharmacol Ther 2005; 103:179-201. [PMID: 15464589 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2004.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Adrenomedullin (AM) is a peptide that possesses potentially beneficial properties. Since the initial discovery of the peptide by Kitamura et al. in 1993, the literature has been awash with reports describing its novel mechanisms of action and huge potential as a therapeutic target. Strong evidence now exists that AM is able to act as an autocrine, paracrine, or endocrine mediator in a number of biologically significant functions, including the endothelial regulation of blood pressure, protection against organ damage in sepsis or hypoxia, and the control of blood volume through the regulation of thirst. Its early promise as a potential mediator/modulator of disease was not, however, entirely as a result of the discovery of physiological functions but due more to the observation of increasing levels measured in plasma in direct correlation with disease progression. In health, AM circulates at low picomolar concentrations in plasma in 2 forms, a mature 52-amino acid peptide and an immature 53-amino acid peptide. Plasma levels of AM have now been shown to be increased in a number of pathological states, including congestive heart failure, sepsis, essential hypertension, acute myocardial infarction, and renal impairment. These earliest associations have been further supplemented with evidence of a role for AM in other pathologies including, most intriguingly, cancer. In this review, we offer a timely review of our current knowledge on AM and give a detailed account of the putative role of AM in those clinical areas in which the best therapeutic opportunities might exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Bunton
- Vascular Assessment Unit, Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Cowcaddens Road, Glasgow G4 0BA, UK.
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