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Liu F, Chen H, Cao C, Liang Y, Zhou Y. The role of toll-like receptors (TLRs) and their therapeutic applications in glomerulonephritis. Int Urol Nephrol 2023; 55:2845-2856. [PMID: 37060433 DOI: 10.1007/s11255-023-03592-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
One of the most important features of innate immunity is the presence of a special group of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) called toll-like receptors (TLRs), which recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), resulting in a quick and effective immune response to them. Glomerulonephritis (GN) is one of the most important categories of renal disorders characterized by destructive responses of the immune system to the glomerulus. To date, the association of TLRs as important innate immune system members with GN has been one of the topics that attracted the attention of researchers in this field. However, the exact role of these receptors in the immunopathogenesis of GN has not yet been fully discussed. Therefore, this study aims to overview the role of TLRs in GN and the possibility of using them as a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feiyan Liu
- Hemodialysis Room, Nanchang First Hospital, No. 128, Xiangshan North Road, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Huimin Chen
- Hemodialysis Room, Nanchang First Hospital, No. 128, Xiangshan North Road, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Caixia Cao
- Hemodialysis Room, Nanchang First Hospital, No. 128, Xiangshan North Road, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yanlin Liang
- Hemodialysis Room, Nanchang First Hospital, No. 128, Xiangshan North Road, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Ying Zhou
- Hemodialysis Room, Nanchang First Hospital, No. 128, Xiangshan North Road, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China.
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2
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Suchanek O, Clatworthy MR. Homeostatic role of B-1 cells in tissue immunity. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1106294. [PMID: 37744333 PMCID: PMC10515722 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1106294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
To date, studies of tissue-resident immunity have mainly focused on innate immune cells and T cells, with limited data on B cells. B-1 B cells are a unique subset of B cells with innate-like properties, enriched in murine pleural and peritoneal cavities and distinct from conventional B-2 cells in their ontogeny, phenotype and function. Here we discuss how B-1 cells represent exemplar tissue-resident immune cells, summarizing the evidence for their long-term persistence & self-renewal within tissues, differential transcriptional programming shaped by organ-specific environmental cues, as well as their tissue-homeostatic functions. Finally, we review the emerging data supporting the presence and homeostatic role of B-1 cells across non-lymphoid organs (NLOs) both in mouse and human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ondrej Suchanek
- Molecular Immunity Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Menna R. Clatworthy
- Molecular Immunity Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom
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3
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Zanoni F, Abinti M, Belingheri M, Castellano G. Present and Future of IgA Nephropathy and Membranous Nephropathy Immune Monitoring: Insights from Molecular Studies. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13134. [PMID: 37685941 PMCID: PMC10487514 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
IgA Nephropathy (IgAN) and Membranous Nephropathy (MN) are primary immune-mediated glomerular diseases with highly variable prognosis. Current guidelines recommend that greater immunologic activity and worse prognosis should guide towards the best treatment in an individualized approach. Nevertheless, proteinuria and glomerular filtration rate, the current gold standards for prognosis assessment and treatment guidance in primary glomerular diseases, may be altered with chronic damage and nephron scarring, conditions that are not related to immune activity. In recent years, thanks to the development of new molecular technologies, among them genome-wide genotyping, RNA sequencing techniques, and mass spectrometry, we have witnessed an outstanding improvement in understanding the pathogenesis of IgAN and MN. In addition, recent genome-wide association studies have suggested potential targets for immunomodulating agents, stressing the need for the identification of specific biomarkers of immune activity. In this work, we aim to review current evidence and recent progress, including the more recent use of omics techniques, in the identification of potential biomarkers for immune monitoring in IgAN and MN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Zanoni
- Division of Nephrology, Dialysis and Kidney Transplantation, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy; (M.A.); (M.B.); (G.C.)
| | - Matteo Abinti
- Division of Nephrology, Dialysis and Kidney Transplantation, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy; (M.A.); (M.B.); (G.C.)
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Mirco Belingheri
- Division of Nephrology, Dialysis and Kidney Transplantation, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy; (M.A.); (M.B.); (G.C.)
| | - Giuseppe Castellano
- Division of Nephrology, Dialysis and Kidney Transplantation, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy; (M.A.); (M.B.); (G.C.)
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy
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Luvizotto MJ, Menezes-Silva L, Woronik V, Monteiro RC, Câmara NOS. Gut-kidney axis in IgA nephropathy: Role on mesangial cell metabolism and inflammation. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:993716. [PMID: 36467425 PMCID: PMC9715425 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.993716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
IgA Nephropathy (IgAN) is the commonest primary glomerular disease around the world and represents a significant cause of end-stage renal disease. IgAN is characterized by mesangial deposition of IgA-immune complexes and mesangial expansion. The pathophysiological process includes an abnormally glycosylated IgA1, which is an antigenic target. Autoantibodies specifically recognize galactose-deficient IgA1 forming immune complexes that are amplified in size by the soluble IgA Fc receptor CD89 leading to deposition in the mesangium through interaction with non-classical IgA receptors. The local production of cytokines promotes local inflammation and complement system activation, besides the stimulation of mesangial proliferation. The spectrum of clinical manifestations is quite variable from asymptomatic microscopic hematuria to rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis. Despite all the advances, the pathophysiology of the disease is still not fully elucidated. The mucosal immune system is quoted to be a factor in triggering IgAN and a "gut-kidney axis" is proposed in its development. Furthermore, many recent studies have demonstrated that food intake interferes directly with disease prognosis. In this review, we will discuss how mucosal immunity, microbiota, and nutritional status could be interfering directly with the activation of intrinsic pathways of the mesangial cells, directly resulting in changes in their function, inflammation and development of IgAN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateus Justi Luvizotto
- Department of Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luísa Menezes-Silva
- Laboratory of Transplantation Immunobiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Viktoria Woronik
- Department of Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Renato C. Monteiro
- Centre de Recherche sur l’Inflammation, INSERM and CNRS, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Niels Olsen Saraiva Câmara
- Laboratory of Transplantation Immunobiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Nie G, Sun L, Zhang C, Yuan Y, Mao H, Wang Z, Li J, Duan S, Xing C, Zhang B. Clinicopathological features and individualized treatment of kidney involvement in B-cell lymphoproliferative disorder. Front Immunol 2022; 13:903315. [PMID: 36172352 PMCID: PMC9510618 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.903315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Due to the various clinical and pathological manifestations of kidney involvement in lymphoproliferative disorder (LPD), the whole spectrum of kidney disease in LPD is still unclear, and data on kidney prognosis is scarce. Methods We retrospectively reviewed the renal pathology profiles from January 2010 to December 2021, and 28 patients with B-cell LPD combined with intact renal biopsy data were included. Results There were 20 men and eight women aging 41 to 79 years at the time of renal biopsy (median age 62 years). According to hematological diagnosis, patients were classified into four groups: chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) (group1, n=7), Waldenström macroglobulinemia/lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma (WM/LPL) (group 2, n=8; WM, n=6; LPL, n=2), Other non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas (NHL) (group3, n=7; diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), n=2; mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma, n=4; Low grade B-cell lymphoma, n=1), and monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance/monoclonal gammopathy of renal significance (MGUS/MGRS) (group 4, n=6). Median serum creatinine (Scr) level was 129 (range,59-956) umol/L. Eight patients (29%) were presented with acute kidney injury (AKI), and five patients (18%) required hemodialysis upon admission. Twenty-three patients (82%) presented with proteinuria (median protein excretion, 2.14 g/d), 11(39%) of whom had the nephrotic syndrome. Interstitial malignant infiltration was the most frequent renal lesion (n=6). Eight patients underwent immunohistochemistry of renal tissues, of which three patients (CLL, n=1; LPL, n=1; WM, n=1) had confirmed lymphoma infiltrates, and the infiltrating cells in the remaining five patients (CLL, n=1; MALT lymphoma, n=2; MGUS, n=2) were considered unrelated to lymphoma. The most common glomerular diseases were renal amyloidosis (n=4) and membranous nephropathy (n=4). Only 20 patients were treated, 13 of whom were treated with rituximab separately or in combination. The median follow-up time was 11 months. Of these, six had achieved hematological response, complete response in five cases. Eight had achieved renal response. At the end-of-study visit, four patients died and two progressed to end stage kidney disease (ESKD). Conclusion In conclusion, the clinicopathological spectrum of renal involvement in BLPD is diverse. Renal biopsy and immunohistochemistry are required for early diagnosis and prognostic assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangyan Nie
- Department of Nephrology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lianqin Sun
- Department of Nephrology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chengning Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yanggang Yuan
- Department of Nephrology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Huijuan Mao
- Department of Nephrology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Jianyong Li
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Suyan Duan
- Department of Nephrology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Bo Zhang, ; Suyan Duan, ; Changying Xing,
| | - Changying Xing
- Department of Nephrology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Bo Zhang, ; Suyan Duan, ; Changying Xing,
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Nephrology, Pukou Branch of JiangSu Province Hospital (Nanjing Pukou Central Hospital), Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Bo Zhang, ; Suyan Duan, ; Changying Xing,
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CD5-Positive B Lymphocytes after Kidney Transplantation. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11091574. [PMID: 34573916 PMCID: PMC8470969 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11091574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Kidney transplantation is the treatment of choice for end-stage kidney diseases. Unfortunately, kidney allograft recipients rarely develop tolerance or accommodation and require life-long immunosuppression. Among many other regulatory mechanisms, CD5+ B lymphocytes (mainly B-1a) seem to be involved in the process of allograft acceptance. These cells are the major source of natural, low-affinity antibodies, which are polyreactive. Thus, we hypothesized that CD5+ B cells could be referred to as a biomarker in those patients who developed accommodation towards kidney allotransplant. In this study, 52 low-immunized kidney transplant recipients were evaluated for transplant outcome up to 8 y post-transplant. The follow up included anti-HLA antibodies, B cells phenotype and cytokines. We have identified a cohort of recipients who produced alloantibodies (Abs+), which was associated with increased levels of CD5+ B cells, mainly during the first year after transplantation but also later on. Importantly, creatinine levels were comparable between Abs+ and Abs− allorecipients at 2 years after the transplantation and graft survival rate was comparable between these groups even eight years post-transplant. So, it seems that despite the presence of alloantibodies the graft function was sustained when the level of CD5+ B cells was increased. Targeting CD5+ B cells may be a valuable therapeutic option to increase transplant success. The phenotype can be also tried as a biomarker to increase the effectiveness of individualized post-transplant treatments.
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Selvaskandan H, Shi S, Twaij S, Cheung CK, Barratt J. Monitoring Immune Responses in IgA Nephropathy: Biomarkers to Guide Management. Front Immunol 2020; 11:572754. [PMID: 33123151 PMCID: PMC7572847 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.572754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
IgA nephropathy (IgAN) is the commonest biopsy-reported primary glomerulonephritis worldwide. It has an incidence which peaks among young adults, and 30 to 40% of patients' progress to end stage kidney disease within twenty years of diagnosis. Ten-year kidney survival rates have been reported to be as low as 35% in some parts of the world. The successful management of IgAN is limited by an incomplete understanding of the pathophysiology of IgAN and a poor understanding of how pathophysiology may vary both from patient to patient and between patient groups, particularly across races. This is compounded by a lack of rigorously designed and delivered clinical trials in IgAN. This is slowly changing, with a number of Phase 2 and 3 clinical trials of novel therapies targeting a number of different putative pathogenic pathways in IgAN due to report in the next 5 years. From our current, albeit limited, understanding of the pathophysiology of IgAN it is unlikely a single therapy will be effective in all patients with IgAN. The successful management of IgAN in the future is, therefore, likely to be reliant on targeted therapies, carefully selected based on an individualized understanding of a patient's risk of progression and underlying pathophysiology. The potential role of biomarkers to facilitate personalization of prognostication and treatment of IgAN is immense. Here we review the progress made over the past decade in identifying and validating new biomarkers, with a particular focus on those that reflect immunological responses in IgAN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haresh Selvaskandan
- Mayer IgA Nephropathy Laboratories, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Sufang Shi
- Mayer IgA Nephropathy Laboratories, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Sara Twaij
- Mayer IgA Nephropathy Laboratories, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Chee Kay Cheung
- Mayer IgA Nephropathy Laboratories, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Barratt
- Mayer IgA Nephropathy Laboratories, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
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Mertowski S, Lipa P, Morawska I, Niedźwiedzka-Rystwej P, Bębnowska D, Hrynkiewicz R, Grywalska E, Roliński J, Załuska W. Toll-Like Receptor as a Potential Biomarker in Renal Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21186712. [PMID: 32933213 PMCID: PMC7554805 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the major challenges faced by modern nephrology is the identification of biomarkers associated with histopathological patterns or defined pathogenic mechanisms that may assist in the non-invasive diagnosis of kidney disease, particularly glomerulopathy. The identification of such molecules may allow prognostic subgroups to be established based on the type of disease, thereby predicting response to treatment or disease relapse. Advances in understanding the pathogenesis of diseases, such as membranous nephropathy, minimal change disease, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, IgA (immunoglobulin A) nephropathy, and diabetic nephropathy, along with the progressive development and standardization of plasma and urine proteomics techniques, have facilitated the identification of an increasing number of molecules that may be useful for these purposes. The growing number of studies on the role of TLR (toll-like receptor) receptors in the pathogenesis of kidney disease forces contemporary researchers to reflect on these molecules, which may soon join the group of renal biomarkers and become a helpful tool in the diagnosis of glomerulopathy. In this article, we conducted a thorough review of the literature on the role of TLRs in the pathogenesis of glomerulopathy. The role of TLR receptors as potential marker molecules for the development of neoplastic diseases is emphasized more and more often, as prognostic factors in diseases on several epidemiological backgrounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Mertowski
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Immunotherapy, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (I.M.); (J.R.)
- Correspondence: (S.M.); (P.N.-R.); (E.G.)
| | - Paulina Lipa
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19 St., 20-033 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Izabela Morawska
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Immunotherapy, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (I.M.); (J.R.)
| | - Paulina Niedźwiedzka-Rystwej
- Institute of Biology, University of Szczecin, Felczaka 3c, 71-412 Szczecin, Poland; (D.B.); (R.H.)
- Correspondence: (S.M.); (P.N.-R.); (E.G.)
| | - Dominika Bębnowska
- Institute of Biology, University of Szczecin, Felczaka 3c, 71-412 Szczecin, Poland; (D.B.); (R.H.)
| | - Rafał Hrynkiewicz
- Institute of Biology, University of Szczecin, Felczaka 3c, 71-412 Szczecin, Poland; (D.B.); (R.H.)
| | - Ewelina Grywalska
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Immunotherapy, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (I.M.); (J.R.)
- Correspondence: (S.M.); (P.N.-R.); (E.G.)
| | - Jacek Roliński
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Immunotherapy, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (I.M.); (J.R.)
| | - Wojciech Załuska
- Department of Nephrology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-954 Lublin, Poland;
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Liu Y, Wang F, Zhang Y, Jia J, Yan T. ST6Gal1 is up-regulated and associated with aberrant IgA1 glycosylation in IgA nephropathy: An integrated analysis of the transcriptome. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:10493-10500. [PMID: 32677771 PMCID: PMC7521275 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.15664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Galactose-deficient IgA1 (Gd-IgA1) plays a crucial role in the development of Immunoglobulin A nephropathy (IgAN), however, the underlying pathogenic mechanisms driving Gd-IgA1 production in B cells are not well understood. In this study, RNA-seq analysis identified 337 down-regulated and 405 up-regulated genes in B cells from 17 patients with IgAN and 6 healthy controls. Among them, ST6Gal1, which was associated with IgAN in a previous genome-wide association study (GWAS), was up-regulated in IgAN and significantly positive correlated with elevated Gd-IgA1. In addition, we identified increased plasma ST6Gal1 levels in 100 patients with IgAN, which were associated with higher levels of proteinuria, plasma IgA, Gd-IgA1 levels, greater degrees of systemic complement activation including C3a, Bb, C4d, MAC and a lower proportion classified as C2 grade (crescent proportion ≥25%). Interesting, in vitro, recombinant ST6Gal1 (rST6Gal1) exposure reduced the production of Gd-IgA1 in cultured peripheral blood mononuclear cells from IgAN patients. rST6Gal1 stimuli also increased expression of C1GALT1, which were well-known proportional to the decrease in galactose deficiency of IgA1. In conclusions, we identified increased plasma ST6Gal1 levels and the association of ST6Gal1 with disease severity of IgAN. Additionally, rST6Gal1 administration in vitro increased expression of C1GALT1 and reduced the production of Gd-IgA1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youxia Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Fanghao Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Yaru Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Hunan Second People's Hospital, Hunan, China
| | - Junya Jia
- Department of Nephrology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Tiekun Yan
- Department of Nephrology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
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10
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Chang S, Li XK. The Role of Immune Modulation in Pathogenesis of IgA Nephropathy. Front Med (Lausanne) 2020; 7:92. [PMID: 32266276 PMCID: PMC7105732 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2020.00092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
IgA nephropathy (IgAN) is the most prevalent primary glomerulonephritis worldwide, with diverse clinical manifestations characterized by recurrent gross hematuria or microscopic hematuria, and pathological changes featuring poorly O-galactosylated IgA1 deposition in the glomerular mesangium. Pathogenesis has always been the focus of IgAN studies. After 50 years of research, most scholars agree that IgAN is a group of clinicopathological syndromes with certain common immunopathological characteristics, and multiple mechanisms are involved in its pathogenesis, including immunology, genetics, and environmental or nutritional factors. However, the precise pathogenetic mechanisms have not been fully determined. One hypothesis about the pathogenesis of IgAN suggests that immunological factors are engaged in all aspects of IgAN development and play a critical role. A variety of immune cells (e.g., dendritic cells, NK cells, macrophages, T-lymphocyte subsets, and B-lymphocytes, etc.) and molecules (e.g., IgA receptors, Toll-like receptors, complements, etc.) in innate and adaptive immunity are involved in the pathogenesis of IgAN. Moreover, the abnormality of mucosal immune regulation is the core of IgAN immunopathogenesis. The roles of tonsil immunity or intestinal mucosal immunity, which have received more attention in recent years, are supported by mounting evidence. In this review, we will explore the latest research insights on the role of immune modulation in the pathogenesis of IgAN. With a better understanding of immunopathogenesis of IgAN, emerging therapies will soon become realized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Chang
- Institute of Organ Transplantation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education NHC Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Wuhan, China.,Division of Transplantation Immunology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Xiao-Kang Li
- Division of Transplantation Immunology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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11
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Colucci M, Carsetti R, Rosado MM, Cascioli S, Bruschi M, Candiano G, Corpetti G, Giardino L, Serafinelli J, Giannone C, Ghiggeri GM, Rastaldi MP, Sitia R, Emma F, Vivarelli M. Atypical IgM on T cells predict relapse and steroid dependence in idiopathic nephrotic syndrome. Kidney Int 2019; 96:971-982. [DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2019.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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12
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Taylor S, Pieri K, Nanni P, Tica J, Barratt J, Didangelos A. Phosphatidylethanolamine binding protein-4 (PEBP4) is increased in IgA nephropathy and is associated with IgA-positive B-cells in affected kidneys. J Autoimmun 2019; 105:102309. [PMID: 31402200 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2019.102309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
IgA nephropathy (IgAN) is the most common glomerulonephritis worldwide and a major cause of chronic kidney disease and failure. IgAN is driven by an autoimmune reaction against galactose-deficient IgA1 that results in the generation of autoantibodies and large IgG-IgA immune complexes. Immune complexes accumulate in the glomerular mesangium causing chronic inflammation and renal scarring. A significant proportion of IgAN patients develop end-stage kidney disease and require dialysis or transplantation. Currently, there are no approved specific therapies that can ameliorate the systemic autoimmune reaction in IgAN and no biomarkers that can predict renal inflammation and scarring. In this study, we used shotgun LC-MS/MS proteomics to compare small volumes of urine from healthy subjects and IgAN patients. We identified multiple urine proteins with unknown renal or IgAN function. Our attention was captured by the increase of phosphatidylethanolamine binding protein-4 (PEBP4) in IgAN urine. The function of PEBP4 in IgAN or renal disease is unknown. Increased levels of urine and serum PEBP4 were subsequently validated in different cohorts of IgAN patients and PEBP4 was linked to declining kidney function in IgAN. Strong PEBP4 staining was sporadically seen in IgAN kidney biopsies, colocalising with IgA in glomeruli and in the lumen of kidney tubules. In a small number of IgAN biopsies, PEBP4 colocalised with IgA and CD19 while the increased excretion of PEBP4 in IgAN urine was accompanied by increased excretion of classic B-cell factors BAFF, BCMA and TACI as well as IgA and IgG. PEBP4 is a new IgAN-related protein with unknown function and a likely renal disease marker in urine and serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Taylor
- University of Leicester, Mayer IgA Nephropathy Laboratory, University Road, LE1 7RH, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Kyriaki Pieri
- University of Leicester, Mayer IgA Nephropathy Laboratory, University Road, LE1 7RH, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Paolo Nanni
- University of Leicester, Mayer IgA Nephropathy Laboratory, University Road, LE1 7RH, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Jure Tica
- University of Leicester, Mayer IgA Nephropathy Laboratory, University Road, LE1 7RH, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Barratt
- University of Leicester, Mayer IgA Nephropathy Laboratory, University Road, LE1 7RH, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Athanasios Didangelos
- University of Leicester, Mayer IgA Nephropathy Laboratory, University Road, LE1 7RH, Leicester, United Kingdom.
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13
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Ng MSY, Francis L, Pillai E, Mallett AJ. Paraneoplastic immunoglobulin A nephropathy and associated focal segmental glomerulosclerosis in asymptomatic low volume B-cell lymphoma - a case report. BMC Nephrol 2018; 19:224. [PMID: 30200898 PMCID: PMC6131739 DOI: 10.1186/s12882-018-1034-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Paraneoplastic glomerulonephritis is rare in haematological malignancies and tends to manifest as minimal change disease, membranous glomerulonephritis or membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis. We present the first report of immunoglobulin A nephropathy and associated focal segmental glomerulosclerosis in a patient with asymptomatic low grade B-cell lymphoma. Case presentation A 53 year old gentleman presented with nephrotic range proteinuria (urine protein creatinine ratio of 662 mg/mmol) on a background of type 2 diabetes mellitus (glycosylated haemoglobin: < 6%), hypertension, obesity (body mass index: 47.6 kg/m2) and degenerative spine disease. Bone marrow biopsy diagnosed a low grade B-cell lymphoma and renal biopsy was consistent with immunoglobulin A nephropathy. Lymphoma treatment with six cycles of cyclophosphamide/ rituximab/ prednisolone led to normalisation of urinary protein excretion (urine protein creatinine ratio: 14 mg/mmol at 26 months post-chemotherapy). Conclusion Paraneoplastic immunoglobulin A nephropathy can occur with a broad range of haematological malignancies regardless of stage. This case illustrates the importance of meticulous haematological system work-up for patients presenting with immunoglobulin A nephropathy. Recognition of paraneoplastic immunoglobulin A nephropathy and early diagnosis of associated malignancy can be life-saving.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Suet Ying Ng
- Kidney Health Service, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Australia. .,Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
| | - Leo Francis
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Pathology Queensland, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Elango Pillai
- Haematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation Service, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Andrew John Mallett
- Kidney Health Service, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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14
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Lafayette RA, Canetta PA, Rovin BH, Appel GB, Novak J, Nath KA, Sethi S, Tumlin JA, Mehta K, Hogan M, Erickson S, Julian BA, Leung N, Enders FT, Brown R, Knoppova B, Hall S, Fervenza FC. A Randomized, Controlled Trial of Rituximab in IgA Nephropathy with Proteinuria and Renal Dysfunction. J Am Soc Nephrol 2016; 28:1306-1313. [PMID: 27821627 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2016060640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
IgA nephropathy frequently leads to progressive CKD. Although interest surrounds use of immunosuppressive agents added to standard therapy, several recent studies have questioned efficacy of these agents. Depleting antibody-producing B cells potentially offers a new therapy. In this open label, multicenter study conducted over 1-year follow-up, we randomized 34 adult patients with biopsy-proven IgA nephropathy and proteinuria >1 g/d, maintained on angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers with well controlled BP and eGFR<90 ml/min per 1.73 m2, to receive standard therapy or rituximab with standard therapy. Primary outcome measures included change in proteinuria and change in eGFR. Median baseline serum creatinine level (range) was 1.4 (0.8-2.4) mg/dl, and proteinuria was 2.1 (0.6-5.3) g/d. Treatment with rituximab depleted B cells and was well tolerated. eGFR did not change in either group. Rituximab did not alter the level of proteinuria compared with that at baseline or in the control group; three patients in each group had ≥50% reduction in level of proteinuria. Serum levels of galactose-deficient IgA1 or antibodies against galactose-deficient IgA1 did not change. In this trial, rituximab therapy did not significantly improve renal function or proteinuria assessed over 1 year. Although rituximab effectively depleted B cells, it failed to reduce serum levels of galactose-deficient IgA1 and antigalactose-deficient IgA1 antibodies. Lack of efficacy of rituximab, at least at this stage and severity of IgA nephropathy, may reflect a failure of rituximab to reduce levels of specific antibodies assigned salient pathogenetic roles in IgA nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A Lafayette
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Pietro A Canetta
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Brad H Rovin
- Division of Nephrology, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Gerald B Appel
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | | | | | - Sanjeev Sethi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, and
| | - James A Tumlin
- Division of Nephrology, University of Tennessee, Chattanooga, Tennessee; and
| | - Kshama Mehta
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | | | | | - Bruce A Julian
- Departments of Microbiology and.,Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | | | - Felicity T Enders
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | | | - Barbora Knoppova
- Departments of Microbiology and.,Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University and University Hospital, Olomouc, Czech Republic
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15
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Elliott SE, Parchim NF, Kellems RE, Xia Y, Soffici AR, Daugherty PS. A pre-eclampsia-associated Epstein-Barr virus antibody cross-reacts with placental GPR50. Clin Immunol 2016; 168:64-71. [PMID: 27181993 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2016.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Revised: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
To characterize antibody specificities associated with pre-eclampsia (PE), bacterial displayed peptide library screening and evolution was applied to identify peptide epitopes recognized by plasma antibodies present in women with PE near the time of delivery. Pre-eclamptic women exhibited elevated IgG1 titers towards a peptide epitope KRPSCIGCK within the Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA-1). EBNA-1 epitope antibodies cross-reacted with a similar epitope within the extracellular N-terminus of the human G protein-coupled receptor, GPR50, expressed in human placental tissue and immortalized placental trophoblast cells. We observed increased antibody binding activity to epitopes from EBNA-1 and GPR50 among women with PE (n=42) compared to healthy-outcome pregnancies (n=43) and nulligravid samples (n=21). The EBNA-1 peptide potently blocked binding of the PE-associated antibody to the GPR50 epitope (IC50=58-81pM). These results reveal the existence of molecular mimicry between EBNA-1 and placental GPR50, supporting a mechanism for IgG1 deposition in the pre-eclamptic placenta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serra E Elliott
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA.
| | - Nicholas F Parchim
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Rodney E Kellems
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Yang Xia
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Alex R Soffici
- Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Cottage Health System, Santa Barbara, CA 93105, USA.
| | - Patrick S Daugherty
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA.
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16
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Yeo SC, Liew A. Biologic agents in the treatment of glomerulonephritides. Nephrology (Carlton) 2016; 20:767-87. [PMID: 26040770 DOI: 10.1111/nep.12530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Current immunosuppression strategies in the treatment of glomerulonephritides remain unsatisfactory, especially in glomerular diseases that are frequently relapsing or are resistant to treatment. Toxicities associated with the use of drugs with non-specific targets for the immune response result in treatment non-compliance, and increase morbidity and mortality in these patients. Advances in our understanding of the immunopathogenesis of glomerulonephritis and the availability of biologics have led to their successful use in the treatment of immune-mediated glomerular diseases. Biologics are usually very large complex molecules, often produced using recombinant DNA technology and manufactured in a living system such as a microorganism, or plant or animal cells. They are novel agents that can target specific immune cell types, cytokines or immune pathways involved in the pathogenesis of these disorders. It is attractive to consider that, given their specific mode of action, these agents can potentially offer a more directed and effective immunosuppression, with side-effect profiles that are much more desirable. However, there have been few randomized controlled trials comparing biologic agents to conventional immunosuppression, and in many of these studies the side-effect profiles have been disappointingly similar. In this review, we will examine the rationale, efficacy and safety of some commonly used biologics in the treatment of primary and secondary glomerulonephritides. We will also discuss some of the key challenges that may be encountered with the use of biologics in treating glomerulonephritis in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- See Cheng Yeo
- Department of Renal Medicine, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore
| | - Adrian Liew
- Department of Renal Medicine, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore
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17
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Abstract
B cells play a central role in the immunopathogenesis of glomerulonephritides and transplant rejection. B cells secrete antibodies that contribute to tissue injury via multiple mechanisms. In addition, B cells contribute to disease pathogenesis in autoimmunity and alloimmunity by presenting antigens as well as providing costimulation and cytokines to T cells. B cells also play an immunomodulatory role in regulating the immune response by secreting cytokines that inhibit disease onset and/or progression. B cell-targeted approaches for treating immune diseases of the kidney and other organs have gained significant momentum. However, much remains to be understood about B-cell biology in order to determine the timing, duration, and context of optimal therapeutic response to B cell-targeted approaches. In this review, we discuss the multifaceted roles of B cells as enhancers and regulators of immunity with relevance to kidney disease and transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fadi G Lakkis
- Departments of Medicine (Renal-Electrolyte), Surgery, and Immunology, Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and
| | - Geetha Chalasani
- Departments of Medicine (Renal-Electrolyte), Surgery, and Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and Renal Section, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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18
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Hu S, Bao H, Xu X, Zhou X, Qin W, Zeng C, Liu Z. Increased miR-374b promotes cell proliferation and the production of aberrant glycosylated IgA1 in B cells of IgA nephropathy. FEBS Lett 2015; 589:4019-25. [PMID: 26545495 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2015.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Revised: 10/24/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The number of B cells is increased and the O-glycans of IgA1 are incompletely galactosylated in IgA nephropathy (IgAN). Here we report that expression of phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) and Cosmc is decreased in B cells, and correlates with B cell number and the aberrant glycosylation of IgA1 in IgAN. Patients with IgAN exhibit higher miR-374b in B cells compared to controls. We show that miR-374b targets PTEN and Cosmc by luciferase assays and western blot analysis. Inhibition of miR-374b increased PTEN and Cosmc expression, and prevented cell proliferation and aberrant glycosylation of IgA1, thus representing a new therapeutic approach for IgAN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Hu
- National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Hao Bao
- National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China.
| | - Xiaodong Xu
- National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Xianguang Zhou
- National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Weisong Qin
- National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Caihong Zeng
- National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhihong Liu
- National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China.
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19
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Zheng N, Wang D, Ming H, Zhang H, Yu X. BAFF promotes proliferation of human mesangial cells through interaction with BAFF-R. BMC Nephrol 2015; 16:72. [PMID: 25975951 PMCID: PMC4432501 DOI: 10.1186/s12882-015-0064-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background B cell activating factor belonging to the TNF family (BAFF) is vital for B cell survival, proliferation and activation. Evidence indicates that BAFF is systemically or locally increased in glomerulonephritis (e.g. lupus nephritis, IgA nephropathy). However, the effect of BAFF on human mesangial cells is not known. Methods The impact of BAFF on the proliferation of a human mesangial cell line in vitro was investigated. The expression of BAFF receptor (BAFF-R) and downstream signal transduction were explored. The influence of BAFF on the expression of related genes was also studied. Results Our data indicated that BAFF had a proliferative effect on human mesangial cells, as supported by the results of cell proliferation assays and the inhibited expression of the pro-apoptotic gene Bim. BAFF-R was expressed on the cell membrane of human mesangial cells and blockade of BAFF/BAFF-R binding abrogated the proliferative effect of BAFF on human mesangial cells. BAFF stimulation led to rapid phosphorylation of NF-κBp65, Akt and MAPK p38 kinase in human mesangial cells, whereas it had no effect on the expression of NF-κB p100 and phosphorylation of Erk. The phosphorylation of Akt was very sensitive to blockade of BAFF/BAFF-R ligation, although activation of MAPK p38 and NF-κBp65 was not. BAFF treatment resulted in decreased expression of BAFF-R, which implied negative feedback regulation after its binding. Conclusions BAFF promoted proliferation of human mesangial cells, which was mediated via BAFF-R. The BAFF/BAFF-R interaction triggered Akt, p65 and p38 activation, with Akt phosphorylation being tightly dependent on BAFF/BAFF-R interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuoyan Zheng
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Sat-yet University, Guangzhou, China. .,Translational Medical Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Sat-yet University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Donxian Wang
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Sat-yet University, Guangzhou, China. .,Translational Medical Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Sat-yet University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Hongyan Ming
- International Travel Health Care Center, Entry & Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau of Guangdong Province, Guangdong, China.
| | - Haiqing Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Sat-yet University, Guangzhou, China. .,Translational Medical Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Sat-yet University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Xueqing Yu
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Sat-yet University, Guangzhou, China.
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20
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Du CX, Wang L, Li Y, Xiao W, Guo QL, Chen F, Tan XT. Elevated expression of pleiotrophin in lymphocytic leukemia CD19+ B cells. APMIS 2014; 122:905-13. [PMID: 24698102 DOI: 10.1111/apm.12229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Pleiotrophin (PTN) has been demonstrated to be strongly expressed in many fetal tissues, but seldom in healthy adult tissues. While PTN has been reported to be expressed in many types of tumors as well as at high serum concentrations in patients with many types of cancer, to date, there has been no report that PTN is expressed in leukemia, especially in lymphocytic leukemia. We isolated the CD19(+) subset of B cells from peripheral blood from healthy adults, B-cell acute lymphocytic leukemia (B-ALL) patients, and B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL) patients and examined these cells for PTN mRNA and protein expression. We used immunocytochemistry, western blotting, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to show that PTN protein is highly expressed in CD19(+) B cells from B-ALL and B-CLL patients, but barely expressed in B cells from healthy adults. We also examined PTN expression at the nucleic acid level using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and northern blotting and detected a high levels of PTN transcripts in the CD19(+) B cells from both groups of leukemia patients, but very few in the CD19(+) B cells from the healthy controls. Interestingly, the quantity of the PTN transcripts correlated with the severity of disease. Moreover, suppression of PTN activity with an anti-PTN antibody promoted apoptosis of cells from leukemia patients and cell lines SMS-SB and JVM-2. This effect of the anti-PTN antibody suggests that PTN may be a new target for the treatment of lymphocytic leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Xian Du
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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21
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Wang YY, Zhang L, Zhao PW, Ma L, Li C, Zou HB, Jiang YF. Functional implications of regulatory B cells in human IgA nephropathy. Scand J Immunol 2014; 79:51-60. [PMID: 24219615 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
IgA nephropathy (IgAN) diagnosis remains largely based upon immunohistologic detection of IgA- and IgG-containing glomerular deposits in renal mesangial cells, and little is known about the underlying pathogenic mechanisms. This study examines the putative contribution of B cell types, including the Breg type, to IgAN pathogenesis. Twenty-four patients with IgAN and proteinuria (Group A: <3.5 g/24 h, n = 13; Group B: >3.5 g/24 h, n = 11) and 10 healthy controls were enrolled. The frequencies of B cell subtypes in venous blood were measured by flow cytometry. Galactose-deficient IgA1 was measurement by ELISA. Needle biopsies were analysed by histology and immunofluorescence microscopy. Correlation between clinical features and B cell subtypes, including the regulatory B (Breg) cells, and Breg cell-derived immunomodulatory cytokine IL-10 was assessed by Spearman's rank correlation test. IgAN patients had significantly higher frequencies of CD27(+) CD19(+) , CD38(+) CD19(+) , CD86(+) CD19(+) and CD5(+) CD19(+) B cells than the healthy controls, but significantly lower levels of Breg cells and intracellular expression of IL-10 protein in the Breg subtype. Serum IgA concentration positively correlated with CD27(+) CD19(+) B cell frequency and negatively correlated with IL-10(+) Breg cell frequency in IgAN patients, and the percentage of CD19(+) CD5(+) CD1d(+) in CD19(+) cells was negatively correlated with the level of serum Gd-IgA1. Furthermore, the frequencies of CD19(+) CD38(+) and CD19(+) CD86(+) in the CD19(+) subpopulation negatively correlated with the estimated glomerular filtration rate of IgAN patients. Several of the CD19(+) B cell subtypes and the IL-10(+) Breg cells are differentially expressed in IgAN patients and may contribute to the disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y-Y Wang
- Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research, Department of Central Laboratory, Ministry of Education, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China; Department of Nephropathy, Jining No. 1 People's Hospital, Shandong, China
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22
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Tzifi F, Kanariou M, Tzanoudaki M, Mihas C, Paschali E, Chrousos G, Kanaka-Gantenbein C. Flow cytometric analysis of the CD4+ TCR Vβ repertoire in the peripheral blood of children with type 1 diabetes mellitus, systemic lupus erythematosus and age-matched healthy controls. BMC Immunol 2013; 14:33. [PMID: 23915345 PMCID: PMC3750582 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2172-14-33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 07/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Data regarding the quantitative expression of TCR Vβ subpopulations in children with autoimmune diseases provided interesting and sometimes conflicting results. The aim of the present study was to assess by comparative flow cytometric analysis the peripheral blood CD4+ TCR Vβ repertoire of children with an organ-specific autoimmune disorder, such as type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), in comparison to children with a systemic autoimmune disease, such as Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) in comparison to healthy age-matched controls of the same ethnic origin. The CD4+ TCR Vβ repertoire was analysed by flow cytometry in three groups of participants: a) fifteen newly diagnosed children with T1DM (mean age: 9.2 ± 4.78 years old), b) nine newly diagnosed children with SLE, positive for ANA and anti-dsDNA, prior to treatment (mean age: 12.8 ±1.76 years old) and c) 31 healthy age-matched controls (mean age: 6.58 ± 3.65 years old), all of Hellenic origin. RESULTS CD4 + TCR Vβ abnormalities (± 3SD of controls) were observed mainly in SLE patients. Statistical analysis revealed that the CD4 + Vβ4 chain was significantly increased in patients with T1DM (p < 0.001), whereas CD4 + Vβ16 one was significantly increased in SLE patients (p < 0.001) compared to controls. CONCLUSIONS CD4 + Vβ4 and CD4 + Vβ16 chains could be possibly involved in the cascade of events precipitating the pathogenesis of T1DM and SLE in children, respectively.
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Chen Q, He F, Kwang J, Chan JKY, Chen J. GM-CSF and IL-4 stimulate antibody responses in humanized mice by promoting T, B, and dendritic cell maturation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 189:5223-9. [PMID: 23089398 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1201789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Engraftment of human hematopoietic stem cells into immunodeficient mice that lack T cells, B cells, and NK cells results in reconstitution of human blood lineage cells, especially B cells, in the recipient mice. However, these humanized mice do not make any significant level of IgG Ab in response to Ag stimulation. In this study, we show that in humanized mice, B cells are immature, and there is a complete deficiency of CD209(+) (DC-SIGN) human dendritic cells. These defects can be corrected by expression of human GM-CSF and IL-4 in humanized mice. As a result, these cytokine-treated humanized mice produced significant levels of Ag-specific IgG after immunization, including the production of neutralizing Abs specific for H5N1 avian influenza virus. A significant level of Ag-specific CD4 T cell response was also induced. Thus, we have identified defects in humanized mice and devised approaches to correct these defects such that the platform can be used for studying Ab responses and to generate novel human Abs against virulent pathogens and other clinically relevant targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingfeng Chen
- Interdisciplinary Research Group in Infectious Diseases, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, Singapore 138602
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24
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Wu G, Peng YM, Liu H, Hou QD, Liu FY, Chen NL, Bi HX. Expression of CD19+CD5+B Cells and IgA1-positive cells in Tonsillar Tissues of IgA Nephropathy Patients. Ren Fail 2011; 33:159-63. [DOI: 10.3109/0886022x.2011.552150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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26
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Baumgarth N. The double life of a B-1 cell: self-reactivity selects for protective effector functions. Nat Rev Immunol 2010; 11:34-46. [PMID: 21151033 DOI: 10.1038/nri2901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 657] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
During their development, B and T cells with self-reactive antigen receptors are generally deleted from the repertoire to avoid autoimmune diseases. Paradoxically, innate-like B-1 cells in mice are positively selected for self-reactivity and form a pool of long-lived, self-renewing B cells that produce most of the circulating natural IgM antibodies. This Review provides an overview of the developmental processes that shape the B-1 cell pool in mice, outlines the functions of B-1 cells in both the steady state and during host defence, and discusses possible functional B-1 cell homologues that exist in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Baumgarth
- Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA.
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27
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Jang HR, Gandolfo MT, Ko GJ, Satpute SR, Racusen L, Rabb H. B cells limit repair after ischemic acute kidney injury. J Am Soc Nephrol 2010; 21:654-65. [PMID: 20203156 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2009020182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
There is no established modality to repair kidney damage resulting from ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI). Early responses to IRI involve lymphocytes, but the role of B cells in tissue repair after IRI is unknown. Here, we examined B cell trafficking into postischemic mouse kidneys and compared the repair response between control (wild-type) and muMT (B cell-deficient) mice with and without adoptive transfer of B cells. B cells infiltrated postischemic kidneys and subsequently activated and differentiated to plasma cells during the repair phase. Plasma cells expressing CD126 increased and B-1 B cells trafficked into postischemic kidneys with distinct kinetics. An increase in B lymphocyte chemoattractant in the kidney preceded B cell trafficking. Postischemic kidneys of muMT mice expressed higher IL-10 and vascular endothelial growth factor and exhibited more tubular proliferation and less tubular atrophy. Adoptive transfer of B cells into muMT mice reduced tubular proliferation and increased tubular atrophy. Treatment with anti-CD126 antibody increased tubular proliferation and reduced tubular atrophy in the late repair phase. These results demonstrate that B cells may limit the repair process after kidney IRI. Targeting B cells could have therapeutic potential to improve repair after IRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Ryoun Jang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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28
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Vincenti F, Cohen SD, Appel G. Novel B cell therapeutic targets in transplantation and immune-mediated glomerular diseases. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2009; 5:142-51. [PMID: 20007678 DOI: 10.2215/cjn.04580709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
B cells and antibodies play an important role in the alloresponse to renal grafts as well as in immune-mediated glomerular diseases. In transplantation, greater recognition and improved diagnosis of antibody-mediated rejection have been a catalyst to the introduction of newer drugs and regimens that target B cells, plasma cells, and donor-specific antibodies to improve the outcome associated with antibody-mediated rejection. In immune-mediated renal disease, novel and more selective B cell therapies are gradually modifying the traditional therapeutic approach that consists of steroids and other immunosuppressants. A new era of selective and more effective immunosuppression agents that target the humoral response is finally emerging in transplantation and renal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavio Vincenti
- University of California, San Francisco, Kidney Transplant Service, 505 Parnassus Avenue, M884, San Francisco, CA 94143-0780, USA.
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