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El Khayari A, Hakam SM, Malka G, Rochette L, El Fatimy R. New insights into the cardio-renal benefits of SGLT2 inhibitors and the coordinated role of miR-30 family. Genes Dis 2024; 11:101174. [PMID: 39224109 PMCID: PMC11367061 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2023.101174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Sodium-glucose co-transporter inhibitors (SGLTis) are the latest class of anti-hyperglycemic agents. In addition to inhibiting the absorption of glucose by the kidney causing glycosuria, these drugs also demonstrate cardio-renal benefits in diabetic subjects. miR-30 family, one of the most abundant microRNAs in the heart, has recently been linked to a setting of cardiovascular diseases and has been proposed as novel biomarkers in kidney dysfunctions as well; their expression is consistently dysregulated in a variety of cardio-renal dysfunctions. The mechanistic involvement and the potential interplay between miR-30 and SGLT2i effects have yet to be thoroughly elucidated. Recent research has stressed the relevance of this cluster of microRNAs as modulators of several pathological processes in the heart and kidneys, raising the possibility of these small ncRNAs playing a central role in various cardiovascular complications, notably, endothelial dysfunction and pathological remodeling. Here, we review current evidence supporting the pleiotropic effects of SGLT2is in cardiovascular and renal outcomes and investigate the link and the coordinated implication of the miR-30 family in endothelial dysfunction and cardiac remodeling. We also discuss the emerging role of circulating miR-30 as non-invasive biomarkers and attractive therapeutic targets for cardiovascular diseases and kidney diseases. Clinical evidence, as well as metabolic, cellular, and molecular aspects, are comprehensively covered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdellatif El Khayari
- Institute of Biological Sciences (ISSB-P), UM6P Faculty of Medical Sciences, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University (UM6P), Ben-Guerir 43150, Morocco
| | - Soukaina Miya Hakam
- Institute of Biological Sciences (ISSB-P), UM6P Faculty of Medical Sciences, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University (UM6P), Ben-Guerir 43150, Morocco
| | - Gabriel Malka
- Institute of Biological Sciences (ISSB-P), UM6P Faculty of Medical Sciences, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University (UM6P), Ben-Guerir 43150, Morocco
| | - Luc Rochette
- Equipe d'Accueil (EA 7460): Physiopathologie et Epidémiologie Cérébro-Cardiovasculaires (PEC2), Université de Bourgogne – Franche Comté, Faculté des Sciences de Santé, 7 Bd Jeanne d'Arc, Dijon 21000, France
| | - Rachid El Fatimy
- Institute of Biological Sciences (ISSB-P), UM6P Faculty of Medical Sciences, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University (UM6P), Ben-Guerir 43150, Morocco
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Meliambro K, He JC, Campbell KN. Podocyte-targeted therapies - progress and future directions. Nat Rev Nephrol 2024; 20:643-658. [PMID: 38724717 DOI: 10.1038/s41581-024-00843-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 09/14/2024]
Abstract
Podocytes are the key target cells for injury across the spectrum of primary and secondary proteinuric kidney disorders, which account for up to 90% of cases of kidney failure worldwide. Seminal experimental and clinical studies have established a causative link between podocyte depletion and the magnitude of proteinuria in progressive glomerular disease. However, no substantial advances have been made in glomerular disease therapies, and the standard of care for podocytopathies relies on repurposed immunosuppressive drugs. The past two decades have seen a remarkable expansion in understanding of the mechanistic basis of podocyte injury, with prospects increasing for precision-based treatment approaches. Dozens of disease-causing genes with roles in the pathogenesis of clinical podocytopathies have been identified, as well as a number of putative glomerular permeability factors. These achievements, together with the identification of novel targets of podocyte injury, the development of potential approaches to harness the endogenous podocyte regenerative potential of progenitor cell populations, ongoing clinical trials of podocyte-specific pharmacological agents and the development of podocyte-directed drug delivery systems, contribute to an optimistic outlook for the future of glomerular disease therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Meliambro
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - John C He
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kirk N Campbell
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
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Gupta S, Mandal S, Banerjee K, Almarshood H, Pushpakumar SB, Sen U. Complex Pathophysiology of Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) in Aging: Epigenetic Regulation, Matrix Remodeling, and the Healing Effects of H 2S. Biomolecules 2024; 14:1165. [PMID: 39334931 PMCID: PMC11429536 DOI: 10.3390/biom14091165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2024] [Revised: 09/12/2024] [Accepted: 09/14/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024] Open
Abstract
The kidney is an essential excretory organ that works as a filter of toxins and metabolic by-products of the human body and maintains osmotic pressure throughout life. The kidney undergoes several physiological, morphological, and structural changes with age. As life expectancy in humans increases, cell senescence in renal aging is a growing challenge. Identifying age-related kidney disorders and their cause is one of the contemporary public health challenges. While the structural abnormalities to the extracellular matrix (ECM) occur, in part, due to changes in MMPs, EMMPRIN, and Meprin-A, a variety of epigenetic modifiers, such as DNA methylation, histone alterations, changes in small non-coding RNA, and microRNA (miRNA) expressions are proven to play pivotal roles in renal pathology. An aged kidney is vulnerable to acute injury due to ischemia-reperfusion, toxic medications, altered matrix proteins, systemic hemodynamics, etc., non-coding RNA and miRNAs play an important role in renal homeostasis, and alterations of their expressions can be considered as a good marker for AKI. Other epigenetic changes, such as histone modifications and DNA methylation, are also evident in AKI pathophysiology. The endogenous production of gaseous molecule hydrogen sulfide (H2S) was documented in the early 1980s, but its ameliorative effects, especially on kidney injury, still need further research to understand its molecular mode of action in detail. H2S donors heal fibrotic kidney tissues, attenuate oxidative stress, apoptosis, inflammation, and GFR, and also modulate the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS). In this review, we discuss the complex pathophysiological interplay in AKI and its available treatments along with future perspectives. The basic role of H2S in the kidney has been summarized, and recent references and knowledge gaps are also addressed. Finally, the healing effects of H2S in AKI are described with special emphasis on epigenetic regulation and matrix remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shreyasi Gupta
- Department of Zoology, Trivenidevi Bhalotia College, College Para Rd, Raniganj 713347, West Bengal, India
| | - Subhadeep Mandal
- Department of Zoology, Trivenidevi Bhalotia College, College Para Rd, Raniganj 713347, West Bengal, India
| | - Kalyan Banerjee
- Department of Zoology, Trivenidevi Bhalotia College, College Para Rd, Raniganj 713347, West Bengal, India
| | - Hebah Almarshood
- Department of Physiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Sathnur B Pushpakumar
- Department of Physiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Utpal Sen
- Department of Physiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
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Wang P, Yang J, Dai S, Gao P, Qi Y, Zhao X, Liu J, Wang Y, Gao Y. miRNA-193a-mediated WT1 suppression triggers podocyte injury through activation of the EZH2/β-catenin/NLRP3 pathway in children with diabetic nephropathy. Exp Cell Res 2024; 442:114238. [PMID: 39251057 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2024.114238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 08/19/2024] [Accepted: 09/04/2024] [Indexed: 09/11/2024]
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy (DN), an eminent etiology of renal disease in patients with diabetes, involves intricate molecular mechanisms. Recent investigations have elucidated microRNA-193a (miR-193a) as a pivotal modulator in DN, although its precise function in podocyte impairment remains obscure. The present study investigated the role of miR-193a in podocyte injury via the WT1/EZH2/β-catenin/NLRP3 pathway. This study employed a comprehensive experimental approach involving both in vitro and in vivo analyses. We utilized human podocyte cell lines and renal biopsy samples from pediatric patients with DN. The miR-193a expression levels in podocytes and glomeruli were quantified via qRT‒PCR. Western blotting and immunofluorescence were used to assess the expression of WT1, EZH2, β-catenin, and NLRP3 inflammasome components. Additionally, the study used luciferase reporter assays to confirm the interaction between miR-193a and WT1. The impact of miR-193a manipulation was observed by overexpressing WT1 and inhibiting miR-193a in podocytes, followed by analysis of downstream pathway activation and inflammatory markers. We found upregulated miR-193a in podocytes and glomeruli, which directly targeted and suppressed WT1, a crucial podocyte transcription factor. WT1 suppression, in turn, activated the EZH2/β-catenin/NLRP3 pathway, leading to inflammasome assembly and proinflammatory cytokine production. Overexpression of WT1 or inhibition of miR-193a attenuated these effects, protecting podocytes from injury. This study identified a novel mechanism by which miR-193a-mediated WT1 suppression triggers podocyte injury in DN via the EZH2/β-catenin/NLRP3 pathway. Targeting this pathway or inhibiting miR-193a may be potential therapeutic strategies for DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Wang
- Pediatrics Department, Nanyang Second General Hospital, Nanyang, 473000, Henan, PR China
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Infection, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210000, PR China
| | - Shasha Dai
- Department of Infection, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210000, PR China
| | - Pinli Gao
- Pediatrics Department, Nanyang Second General Hospital, Nanyang, 473000, Henan, PR China
| | - Ying Qi
- Pediatrics Department, Nanyang Second General Hospital, Nanyang, 473000, Henan, PR China
| | - Xiaowei Zhao
- Pediatrics Department, Nanyang Second General Hospital, Nanyang, 473000, Henan, PR China
| | - Juan Liu
- Pediatrics Department, Nanyang Second General Hospital, Nanyang, 473000, Henan, PR China
| | - Yingying Wang
- Pediatrics Department, Nanyang Second General Hospital, Nanyang, 473000, Henan, PR China
| | - Yang Gao
- Pediatrics Department, Nanyang Second General Hospital, Nanyang, 473000, Henan, PR China.
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Huang J, Yang F, Liu Y, Wang Y. N6-methyladenosine RNA methylation in diabetic kidney disease. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 171:116185. [PMID: 38237350 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is a major microvascular complication of diabetes, and hyperglycemic memory associated with diabetes carries the risk of disease occurrence, even after the termination of blood glucose injury. The existence of hyperglycemic memory supports the concept of an epigenetic mechanism involving n6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification. Several studies have shown that m6A plays a key role in the pathogenesis of DKD. This review addresses the role and mechanism of m6A RNA modification in the progression of DKD, including the regulatory role of m6A modification in pathological processes, such as inflammation, oxidative stress, fibrosis, and non-coding (nc) RNA. This reveals the importance of m6A in the occurrence and development of DKD, suggesting that m6A may play a role in hyperglycemic memory phenomenon. This review also discusses how some gray areas, such as m6A modified multiple enzymes, interact to affect the development of DKD and provides countermeasures. In conclusion, this review enhances our understanding of DKD from the perspective of m6A modifications and provides new targets for future therapeutic strategies. In addition, the insights discussed here support the existence of hyperglycemic memory effects in DKD, which may have far-reaching implications for the development of novel treatments. We hypothesize that m6A RNA modification, as a key factor regulating the development of DKD, provides a new perspective for the in-depth exploration of DKD and provides a novel option for the clinical management of patients with DKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaan Huang
- Hebei Provincial Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Liver and Kidney Diseases, Shijiazhuang 05000, China; Hebei University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, NO.326, Xinshi South Road, Qiaoxi District, Shijiazhuang 05000, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Hebei Provincial Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Liver and Kidney Diseases, Shijiazhuang 05000, China; Hebei University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, NO.326, Xinshi South Road, Qiaoxi District, Shijiazhuang 05000, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Hebei Provincial Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Liver and Kidney Diseases, Shijiazhuang 05000, China; Hebei University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, NO.326, Xinshi South Road, Qiaoxi District, Shijiazhuang 05000, China
| | - Yuehua Wang
- Hebei Provincial Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Liver and Kidney Diseases, Shijiazhuang 05000, China; Hebei University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, NO.326, Xinshi South Road, Qiaoxi District, Shijiazhuang 05000, China.
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Rai B, Srivastava J, Saxena P. The Functional Role of microRNAs and mRNAs in Diabetic Kidney Disease: A Review. Curr Diabetes Rev 2024; 20:e201023222412. [PMID: 37867275 DOI: 10.2174/0115733998270983231009094216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes is a group of diseases marked by poor control of blood glucose levels. Diabetes mellitus (DM) occurs when pancreatic cells fail to make insulin, which is required to keep blood glucose levels stable, disorders, and so on. High glucose levels in the blood induce diabetic effects, which can cause catastrophic damage to bodily organs such as the eyes and lower extremities. Diabetes is classified into many forms, one of which is controlled by hyperglycemia or Diabetic Kidney Disease (DKD), and another that is not controlled by hyperglycemia (nondiabetic kidney disease or NDKD) and is caused by other factors such as hypertension, hereditary. DKD is associated with diabetic nephropathy (DN), a leading cause of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and end-stage renal failure. The disease is characterized by glomerular basement membrane thickening, glomerular sclerosis, and mesangial expansion, resulting in a progressive decrease in glomerular filtration rate, glomerular hypertension, and renal failure or nephrotic syndrome. It is also represented by some microvascular complications such as nerve ischemia produced by intracellular metabolic changes, microvascular illness, and the direct impact of excessive blood glucose on neuronal activity. Therefore, DKD-induced nephrotic failure is worse than NDKD. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are important in the development and progression of several diseases, including diabetic kidney disease (DKD). These dysregulated miRNAs can impact various cellular processes, including inflammation, fibrosis, oxidative stress, and apoptosis, all of which are implicated during DKD. MiRNAs can alter the course of DKD by targeting several essential mechanisms. Understanding the miRNAs implicated in DKD and their involvement in disease development might lead to identifying possible therapeutic targets for DKD prevention and therapy. Therefore, this review focuses specifically on DKD-associated DN, as well as how in-silico approaches may aid in improving the management of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhuvnesh Rai
- Stem Cell Research Center, Department of Hematology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
| | - Jyotika Srivastava
- Stem Cell Research Center, Department of Hematology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
| | - Pragati Saxena
- Stem Cell Research Center, Department of Hematology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
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Bharati J, Kumar M, Kumar N, Malhotra A, Singhal PC. MicroRNA193a: An Emerging Mediator of Glomerular Diseases. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1743. [PMID: 38136614 PMCID: PMC10742064 DOI: 10.3390/biom13121743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are noncoding small RNAs that regulate the protein expression of coding messenger RNAs. They are used as biomarkers to aid in diagnosing, prognosticating, and surveillance of diseases, especially solid cancers. MiR-193a was shown to be directly pathogenic in an experimental mouse model of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) during the last decade. Its specific binding and downregulation of Wilm's tumor-1 (WT-1), a transcription factor regulating podocyte phenotype, is documented. Also, miR-193a is a regulator switch causing the transdifferentiation of glomerular parietal epithelial cells to a podocyte phenotype in in vitro study. Interaction between miR-193a and apolipoprotein 1 (APOL1) mRNA in glomeruli (filtration units of kidneys) is potentially involved in the pathogenesis of common glomerular diseases. Since the last decade, there has been an increasing interest in the role of miR-193a in glomerular diseases, including diabetic nephropathy and membranous nephropathy, besides FSGS. Considering the lack of biomarkers to manage FSGS and diabetic nephropathy clinically, it is worthwhile to invest in evaluating miR-193a in the pathogenesis of these diseases. What causes the upregulation of miR-193a in FSGS and how the mechanism is different in different glomerular disorders still need to be elucidated. This narrative review highlights the pathogenic mechanisms of miR-193a elevation in various glomerular diseases and its potential use in clinical management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyita Bharati
- Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA; (J.B.); (M.K.); (N.K.)
- Division of Kidney Diseases and Hypertension, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra Northwell Health, Great Neck, NY 11021, USA
| | - Megan Kumar
- Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA; (J.B.); (M.K.); (N.K.)
| | - Neil Kumar
- Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA; (J.B.); (M.K.); (N.K.)
| | - Ashwani Malhotra
- Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA; (J.B.); (M.K.); (N.K.)
| | - Pravin C. Singhal
- Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA; (J.B.); (M.K.); (N.K.)
- Division of Kidney Diseases and Hypertension, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra Northwell Health, Great Neck, NY 11021, USA
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Li C, Wei A, Qin Y. Expression of GADD45B in Renal Tissue of Children with IgA Nephropathy and Correlation with Mesangial Hypercellularity. Fetal Pediatr Pathol 2023; 42:785-795. [PMID: 37534585 DOI: 10.1080/15513815.2023.2239904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Background: We correlated the expression of growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible protein beta (GADD45B) in renal tissue with IgA nephropathy (IgAN) with clinical characteristics and mesangial hypercellularity. Materials and methods: Biopsies from IgAN children were divided into M0 and M1 groups based on the Oxford classification, and biopsies with minimal change disease (MCD) were selected as controls. The mesangial cell proliferation area was evaluated on PAS-stained tissues, and the relative level of GADD45B in renal tissue was assessed by immunohistochemical staining (IHC). Results: Compared with the MCD group, levels of GADD45B in the M0 and M1 groups were significantly higher (p < 0.05). Levels of GADD45B positively correlated with mesangial cell proliferation, proteinuria, and total cholesterol, negatively correlated with Alb levels. Conclusions: It is suggested that high expression of GADD45B may play a regulatory role in mesangial hypercellularity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Li
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Ailing Wei
- Department of Rehabilitation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Yuanhan Qin
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
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Angelousi A, Liapis G, Gazouli M, Kofotolios I, Sakellariou S, Boletis I, Marinaki S. Analysis of glucocorticoid receptor and microRNAs expression in pathological renal tissues. Mol Med Rep 2023; 28:169. [PMID: 37477126 PMCID: PMC10433714 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2023.13056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoid receptor (GR) is expressed in normal renal podocytes; however, its expression differs among renal diseases. The expression of GR as well as its epigenetic regulators microRNA (miR)30a, miR24 and miR370 was studied in the renal tissues of patients with systemic lupus nephritis (LN), minimal changes disease (MCD) and pauci-immune glumeronephritis (PIN). A total of 51 patients undergoing renal biopsy and 22 nephrectomised controls with no history of parenchymal renal disease were recruited from the Clinic of Nephrology and Renal Transplantation of General Laikon hospital between November 2016 and March 2019. All patients were newly-diagnosed and they were naïve of any treatment. The mRNA and protein expression were analyzed through reverse transcription-quantitative PCR and immunohistochemistry respectively. Written consent was obtained from all participants. GR mRNA expression was significantly reduced in all pathological samples compared with the 'normal' renal tissues used as controls (P=0.023 for LN, P=0.05 for MCD and P=0.004 for PIN). Similarly, GR protein expression was lower in all pathological samples (>6 GR positive podocytes/glomerulus in 50% of patients with LN and MCD and 18% with PIN) compared with controls (>6 positive podocytes/glomerulus in all the controls). PIN samples presented significantly lower GR mRNA and protein expression compared with LN and MCD samples. No significant differences were observed in the miR30a expression when comparing pathological with 'normal' renal samples. miR24 and miR370 expression demonstrated statistically significant difference in all pathological compared with 'normal' tissues. Moreover, GR expression was not significantly associated with either LN disease activity score or the response to the treatment. GR and miR24 expression was significantly reduced whereas miR370 significantly increased in all pathological compared with 'normal' renal tissues implying their protentional role in nephritis pathogenesis and treatment. Analysis of larger samples are required for more robust statistical analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Angelousi
- 1st Department of Internal Medicine, Unit of Endocrinology, Laikon Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Georgios Liapis
- 1st Department of Pathology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laikon Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Gazouli
- Laboratory of Biology, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Ioannis Kofotolios
- Department of Nephrology and Renal Transplantation, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laikon Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Stratigoula Sakellariou
- 1st Department of Pathology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laikon Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Ioannis Boletis
- Department of Nephrology and Renal Transplantation, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laikon Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Smaragdi Marinaki
- Department of Nephrology and Renal Transplantation, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laikon Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece
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Wang L, Liu H, Wang Y, Hong X, Huang X, Han M, Wang D, Shan W, Li P, Gu H, Liu B, Bao K. Sanqi Qushi Granule Alleviates Proteinuria and Podocyte Damage in NS Rat: A Network Pharmacology Study and in vivo Experimental Validation. Drug Des Devel Ther 2023; 17:1847-1861. [PMID: 37360573 PMCID: PMC10289100 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s403617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Nephrotic syndrome (NS) and its numerous complications remain the leading causes of morbidity and mortality globally. Sanqi Qushi granule (SQG) is clinically effective in NS. However, its potential mechanisms have yet to be elucidated. Methods A network pharmacology approach was employed in this study. Based on oral bioavailability and drug-likeness, potential active ingredients were picked out. After acquiring overlapping targets for drug genes and disease-related genes, a component-target-disease network and protein-protein interaction analysis (PPI) were constructed using Cytoscape, followed by GO and KEGG enrichment analyses. Adriamycin was injected into adult male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats via the tail vein to establish NS model. Kidney histology, 24-hr urinary protein level, creatinine (Cr), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), and low-density lipoprotein (LDL-C) level were assessed. Western blotting, immunohistochemistry, and TUNEL staining were applied. Results In total, 144 latent targets in SQG acting on NS were screened by a network pharmacology study, containing AKT, Bax, and Bcl-2. KEGG enrichment analysis suggested that PI3K/AKT pathway was enriched primarily. In vivo validation results revealed that SQG intervention ameliorated urine protein level and podocyte lesions in the NS model. Moreover, SQG therapy significantly inhibited renal cells apoptosis and decreased the ratio of Bax/Bcl-2 protein expression. Moreover, we found that Caspase-3 regulated the PI3K/AKT pathway in NS rats, which mediated the anti-apoptosis effect. Conclusion By combining network pharmacology with experimental verification in vivo, this work confirmed the treatment efficacy of SQG for NS. SQG protected podocyte from injury and inhibited kidney apoptosis in NS rats via the PI3K/AKT pathway at least partially.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Wang
- Second Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huoliang Liu
- The Affiliated TCM Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yi Wang
- Second Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - XiaoFan Hong
- Second Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyan Huang
- Second Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine (Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine), Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Laboratory on Chinese Medicine and Immune Disease Research, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Miaoru Han
- Second Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dan Wang
- Second Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenjun Shan
- Second Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ping Li
- Second Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine (Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine), Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Haowen Gu
- Second Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine (Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine), Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Chirality Research on Active Components of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kun Bao
- Second Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine (Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine), Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Laboratory on Chinese Medicine and Immune Disease Research, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Refractory Chronic Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine (Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine), Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
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Smith KD, Akilesh S. Collapsing glomerulopathy: unraveling varied pathogeneses. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2023; 32:213-222. [PMID: 36811644 DOI: 10.1097/mnh.0000000000000873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Collapsing glomerulopathy presents clinically with nephrotic syndrome and rapid progressive loss of kidney function. Animal models and patient studies have uncovered numerous clinical and genetic conditions associated with collapsing glomerulopathy, as well as putative mechanisms, which will be reviewed here. RECENT FINDINGS Collapsing glomerulopathy is classified pathologically as a variant of focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS). As such, most research efforts have focused on the causative role of podocyte injury in driving the disease. However, studies have also shown that injury to the glomerular endothelium or interruption of the podocyte-glomerular endothelial cell signaling axis can also cause collapsing glomerulopathy. Furthermore, emerging technologies are now enabling exploration of diverse molecular pathways that can precipitate collapsing glomerulopathy using biopsies from patients with the disease. SUMMARY Since its original description in the 1980s, collapsing glomerulopathy has been the subject of intense study, and these efforts have uncovered numerous insights into potential disease mechanisms. Newer technologies will enable profiling of the intra-patient and inter-patient variability in collapsing glomerulopathy mechanisms directly in patient biopsies, which will improve the diagnosis and classification of collapsing glomerulopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly D Smith
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington
| | - Shreeram Akilesh
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington
- Kidney Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
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12
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Aponte Becerra L, Salcedo Betancourt JD, Elfassy T, Iakymenko O, Thomas DB, Isaac F, Fornoni A, Zuo Y, Barisoni L, Contreras G, Munoz Mendoza J. Relationships among Non-Neoplastic Histopathological Features, Kidney Function, Proteinuria, and Other Clinical Factors in Patients Undergoing Nephrectomy. GLOMERULAR DISEASES 2023; 3:220-229. [PMID: 37915860 PMCID: PMC10616670 DOI: 10.1159/000534339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Introduction The non-neoplastic kidney parenchyma from nephrectomies is often overlooked in routine examinations. We aimed to evaluate the associations between global glomerulosclerosis (GS), interstitial fibrosis (IF), or arteriosclerosis (AS) and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), dipstick proteinuria, and other clinical factors. Methods We performed a cross-sectional analysis of 781 patients with nephrectomy. We used regression models with and without interaction factors. The tested exposures were GS, IF, or AS, and the outcome measures were GFR and dipstick proteinuria. Results In multivariable analyses, increasing degrees of GS, IF, or AS were significantly associated with lower eGFR and proteinuria (p < 0.05 for each). Obesity and hypertension (HTN) modified the association between eGFR and degrees of GS, whereas proteinuria and cardiovascular disease (CVD) modified the association between eGFR and degrees of AS (p for interaction <0.05). Compared with GS <10%, GS >50% was associated with lower eGFR in patients with (-45 mL/min/1.73 m2) than without (-19 mL/min/1.73 m2) obesity, and GS >50% was associated with lower eGFR in patients with (-31 mL/min/1.73 m2) than without (-16 mL/min/1.73 m2) HTN. Compared with AS <26%, AS >50% was associated with lower eGFR in patients with (-11 mL/min/1.73 m2) than without (-6 mL/min/1.73 m2) proteinuria, and AS >50% was associated with lower eGFR in patients with (-23 mL/min/1.73 m2) than without (-7 mL/min/1.73 m2) CVD. Conclusion Greater degrees of each GS, IF, and AS are independently associated with proteinuria and lower eGFR. Obesity, HTN, proteinuria, and CVD modify the relationship between eGFR and specific histopathological features of nephrosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Aponte Becerra
- Internal Medicine Residency Program, Jackson Memorial Hospital, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | | | - Tali Elfassy
- Katz Family Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Oleksii Iakymenko
- Department of Pathology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | | | - Farid Isaac
- Katz Family Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Alessia Fornoni
- Katz Family Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Yiqin Zuo
- Katz Family Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
- Department of Pathology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Laura Barisoni
- Department of Pathology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Gabriel Contreras
- Katz Family Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Jair Munoz Mendoza
- Katz Family Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
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13
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Levstek T, Vujkovac B, Cokan Vujkovac A, Trebušak Podkrajšek K. Urinary-derived extracellular vesicles reveal a distinct microRNA signature associated with the development and progression of Fabry nephropathy. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1143905. [PMID: 37035314 PMCID: PMC10076752 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1143905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Early initiation is essential for successful treatment of Fabry disease, but sensitive and noninvasive biomarkers of Fabry nephropathy are lacking. Urinary extracellular vesicles (uEVs) represent a promising source of biomarkers of kidney involvement. Among them, microRNAs (miRNAs) are important post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression that contribute to the development and progression of various kidney diseases. We aimed to identify uEV-derived miRNAs involved in the development and/or progression of Fabry nephropathy. Methods Patients with genetically confirmed Fabry disease and matched control subjects were included. EVs were isolated from the second morning urine by size exclusion chromatography, from which miRNAs were extracted. miRNA urine exosome PCR panels were used to characterize the miRNA signature in a discovery cohort. Individual qPCRs were performed on a validation cohort that included chronological samples. We identified the target genes of dysregulated miRNAs and searched for potential hub genes. Enrichment analyses were performed to identify their potential function. Results The expression of miR-21-5p and miR-222-3p was significantly higher in patients with stable renal function and those with progressive nephropathy compared with the corresponding controls. In addition, the expression of miR-30a-5p, miR-10b-5p, and miR-204-5p was significantly lower in patients with progressive nephropathy, however, in the chronological samples, this was only confirmed for miR-204-5p. Some of the identified hub genes controlled by the dysregulated miRNAs have been associated with kidney impairment in other kidney diseases. Conclusion The miRNA cargo in uEVs changes with the development and progression of Fabry nephropathy and, therefore, represents a potential biomarker that may provide a new option to prevent or attenuate the progression of nephropathy. Furthermore, dysregulated miRNAs were shown to be potentially associated with pathophysiological pathways in the kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Levstek
- Laboratory for Translational Medical Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Clinical Institute for Special Laboratory Diagnostics, University Children’s Hospital, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Bojan Vujkovac
- Centre for Fabry Disease, General Hospital Slovenj Gradec, Slovenj Gradec, Slovenia
| | | | - Katarina Trebušak Podkrajšek
- Laboratory for Translational Medical Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Clinical Institute for Special Laboratory Diagnostics, University Children’s Hospital, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- *Correspondence: Katarina Trebušak Podkrajšek,
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14
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Safi W, Marco A, Moya D, Prado P, Garreta E, Montserrat N. Assessing kidney development and disease using kidney organoids and CRISPR engineering. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:948395. [PMID: 36120564 PMCID: PMC9479189 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.948395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) towards organoids is one of the biggest scientific advances in regenerative medicine. Kidney organoids have not only laid the groundwork for various organ-like tissue systems but also provided insights into kidney embryonic development. Thus, several protocols for the differentiation of renal progenitors or mature cell types have been established. Insights into the interplay of developmental pathways in nephrogenesis and determination of different cell fates have enabled the in vitro recapitulation of nephrogenesis. Here we first provide an overview of kidney morphogenesis and patterning in the mouse model in order to dissect signalling pathways that are key to define culture conditions sustaining renal differentiation from hPSCs. Secondly, we also highlight how genome editing approaches have provided insights on the specific role of different genes and molecular pathways during renal differentiation from hPSCs. Based on this knowledge we further review how CRISPR/Cas9 technology has enabled the recapitulation and correction of cellular phenotypes associated with human renal disease. Last, we also revise how the field has positively benefited from emerging technologies as single cell RNA sequencing and discuss current limitations on kidney organoid technology that will take advantage from bioengineering solutions to help standardizing the use of this model systems to study kidney development and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wajima Safi
- Pluripotency for Organ Regeneration. Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
- *Correspondence: Wajima Safi, ; Elena Garreta, ; Nuria Montserrat,
| | - Andrés Marco
- Pluripotency for Organ Regeneration. Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Patricia Prado
- Pluripotency for Organ Regeneration. Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elena Garreta
- Pluripotency for Organ Regeneration. Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
- *Correspondence: Wajima Safi, ; Elena Garreta, ; Nuria Montserrat,
| | - Nuria Montserrat
- Pluripotency for Organ Regeneration. Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, Madrid, Spain
- Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
- *Correspondence: Wajima Safi, ; Elena Garreta, ; Nuria Montserrat,
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15
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Mahtal N, Lenoir O, Tinel C, Anglicheau D, Tharaux PL. MicroRNAs in kidney injury and disease. Nat Rev Nephrol 2022; 18:643-662. [PMID: 35974169 DOI: 10.1038/s41581-022-00608-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression by degrading or repressing the translation of their target messenger RNAs. As miRNAs are critical regulators of cellular homeostasis, their dysregulation is a crucial component of cell and organ injury. A substantial body of evidence indicates that miRNAs are involved in the pathophysiology of acute kidney injury (AKI), chronic kidney disease and allograft damage. Different subsets of miRNAs are dysregulated during AKI, chronic kidney disease and allograft rejection, which could reflect differences in the physiopathology of these conditions. miRNAs that have been investigated in AKI include miR-21, which has an anti-apoptotic role, and miR-214 and miR-668, which regulate mitochondrial dynamics. Various miRNAs are downregulated in diabetic kidney disease, including the miR-30 family and miR-146a, which protect against inflammation and fibrosis. Other miRNAs such as miR-193 and miR-92a induce podocyte dedifferentiation in glomerulonephritis. In transplantation, miRNAs have been implicated in allograft rejection and injury. Further work is needed to identify and validate miRNAs as biomarkers of graft function and of kidney disease development and progression. Use of combinations of miRNAs together with other molecular markers could potentially improve diagnostic or predictive power and facilitate clinical translation. In addition, targeting specific miRNAs at different stages of disease could be a promising therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nassim Mahtal
- Paris Cardiovascular Research Center - PARCC, Inserm, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Olivia Lenoir
- Paris Cardiovascular Research Center - PARCC, Inserm, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France.
| | - Claire Tinel
- Service de Néphrologie et Transplantation Adulte, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Université Paris Cité, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France.,Institut Necker-Enfants Malades, Inserm, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Dany Anglicheau
- Service de Néphrologie et Transplantation Adulte, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Université Paris Cité, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France.,Institut Necker-Enfants Malades, Inserm, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Pierre-Louis Tharaux
- Paris Cardiovascular Research Center - PARCC, Inserm, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France.
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16
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Dong R, Xu Y. Glomerular cell cross talk in diabetic kidney diseases. J Diabetes 2022; 14:514-523. [PMID: 35999686 PMCID: PMC9426281 DOI: 10.1111/1753-0407.13304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is a severe microvascular complication of diabetes mellitus. It is the leading inducement of end-stage renal disease (ESRD), and its global incidence has been increasing at an alarming rate. The strict control of blood pressure and blood glucose can delay the progression of DKD, but intensive treatment is challenging to maintain. Studies to date have failed to find a complete cure. The glomerulus's alterations and injuries play a pivotal role in the initiation and development of DKD. A wealth of data indicates that the interdependent relationship between resident cells in the glomerulus will provide clues to the mechanism of DKD and new ways for therapeutic intervention. This review summarizes the significant findings of glomerular cell cross talk in DKD, focusing on cellular signaling pathways, regulators, and potential novel avenues for treating progressive DKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruixue Dong
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau, People's Republic of China
| | - Youhua Xu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau, People's Republic of China
- Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau, People's Republic of China
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhuhai Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Zhuhai, People's Republic of China
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17
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Yu L, Lin W, Shen C, Meng T, Jin P, Ding X, Eggenhuizen PJ, Ooi JD, Tang R, Nie W, Li X, Xiao X, Zhong Y. Intrarenal Single-Cell Sequencing of Hepatitis B Virus Associated Membranous Nephropathy. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:869284. [PMID: 35935760 PMCID: PMC9355751 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.869284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
To date, the pathogenesis of hepatitis B virus (HBV)-associated membranous nephropathy (MN) remains elusive. This study aimed to decipher the etiopathogenesis of HBV-associated MN by performing single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) of kidney biopsy specimens from a patient with HBV-associated MN and two healthy individuals. We generated 4,114 intrarenal single-cell transcriptomes from the HBV-associated MN patient by scRNA-seq. Compared to healthy individuals, podocytes in the HBV-associated MN patient showed an increased expression of extracellular matrix formation-related genes, including HSPA5, CTGF, and EDIL3. Kidney endothelial cells (ECs) in the HBV-associated MN were enriched in inflammatory pathways, including NF-kappa B signaling, IL-17 signaling, TNF signaling and NOD-like receptor signaling. Gene ontology (GO) functional enrichment analysis and Gene Set Variation Analysis (GSVA) further revealed that differentially expressed genes (DEGs) of ECs from the HBV-associated MN patients were enriched in apoptotic signaling pathway, response to cytokine and leukocyte cell-cell adhesion. The up-regulated DEGs in glomerular ECs of HBV-associated MN patients were involved in biological processes such as viral gene expression, and protein targeting to endoplasmic reticulum. We further verified that the overexpressed genes in ECs from HBV-associated MN were mainly enriched in regulation of protein targeting to endoplasmic reticulum, exocytosis, viral gene expression, IL-6 and IL-1 secretion when compared with anti-phospholipase A2 receptor (PLA2R)-positive idiopathic membranous nephropathy (IMN). The receptor-ligand crosstalk analysis revealed potential interactions between endothelial cells and other cells in HBV-associated-MN. These results offer new insight into the pathogenesis of HBV-associated MN and may identify new therapeutic targets for HBV-associated MN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leilin Yu
- Department of Nephrology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Jiujiang Traditional Medicine Hospital, Jiujiang, China
| | - Wei Lin
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Biological Nanotechnology of National Health Commission, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Chanjuan Shen
- Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Zhuzhou Hospital Xiangya Medical College, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ting Meng
- Department of Nephrology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Biological Nanotechnology of National Health Commission, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Peng Jin
- Department of Organ Transplantation, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiang Ding
- Department of Organ Transplantation, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | | | - Joshua D. Ooi
- Department of Nephrology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Rong Tang
- Department of Nephrology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wannian Nie
- Department of Nephrology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xia Li
- Department of Nephrology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiangcheng Xiao
- Department of Nephrology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Biological Nanotechnology of National Health Commission, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Xiangcheng Xiao
| | - Yong Zhong
- Department of Nephrology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Biological Nanotechnology of National Health Commission, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- *Correspondence: Yong Zhong
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18
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Liu F, Chen J, Luo C, Meng X. Pathogenic Role of MicroRNA Dysregulation in Podocytopathies. Front Physiol 2022; 13:948094. [PMID: 35845986 PMCID: PMC9277480 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.948094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) participate in the regulation of various important biological processes by regulating the expression of various genes at the post-transcriptional level. Podocytopathies are a series of renal diseases in which direct or indirect damage of podocytes results in proteinuria or nephrotic syndrome. Despite decades of research, the exact pathogenesis of podocytopathies remains incompletely understood and effective therapies are still lacking. An increasing body of evidence has revealed a critical role of miRNAs dysregulation in the onset and progression of podocytopathies. Moreover, several lines of research aimed at improving common podocytopathies diagnostic tools and avoiding invasive kidney biopsies have also identified circulating and urine miRNAs as possible diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for podocytopathies. The present review mainly aims to provide an updated overview of the recent achievements in research on the potential applicability of miRNAs involved in renal disorders related to podocyte dysfunction by laying particular emphasis on focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS), minimal change disease (MCD), membranous nephropathy (MN), diabetic kidney disease (DKD) and IgA nephropathy (IgAN). Further investigation into these dysregulated miRNAs will not only generate novel insights into the mechanisms of podocytopathies, but also might yield novel strategies for the diagnosis and therapy of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiefang Chen
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Changqing Luo
- Department of Nephrology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Changqing Luo, ; Xianfang Meng,
| | - Xianfang Meng
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute of Brain Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Changqing Luo, ; Xianfang Meng,
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19
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The Role of miR-217-5p in the Puromycin Aminonucleoside-Induced Morphological Change of Podocytes. Noncoding RNA 2022; 8:ncrna8030043. [PMID: 35736640 PMCID: PMC9229466 DOI: 10.3390/ncrna8030043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Podocytes, alternatively called glomerular epithelial cells, are terminally differentiated cells that wrap around glomerular capillaries and function as a part of the glomerular filtration barrier in the kidney. Therefore, podocyte injury with morphological alteration and detachment from glomerular capillaries leads to severe proteinuria and subsequent renal failure through glomerulosclerosis. Previous RNA sequencing analysis of primary rat podocytes exposed to puromycin aminonucleoside (PAN), a well-known experimental model of injured podocytes, identified several transcripts as being aberrantly expressed. However, how the expression of these transcripts is regulated remains unclear. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNAs that posttranscriptionally inhibit the expression of their target transcripts. In this study, using small RNA sequencing analysis, miR-217-5p was identified as the most upregulated transcript in PAN-treated rat podocytes. MiR-217-5p overexpression in E11 podocyte cells led to shrunken cells with abnormal actin cytoskeletons. Consistent with these changes in cell morphology, gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis showed that interactive GO terms related to cell morphogenesis were enriched with the predicted targets of miR-217-5p. Of the predicted targets highly downregulated by PAN, Myosin 1d (Myo1d) is a nonmuscle myosin predicted to be involved in actin filament organization and thought to play a role in podocyte morphogenesis and injury. We demonstrated that miR-217-5p targets Myo1d by luciferase assays, qRT–PCR, and Western blotting. Furthermore, we showed that miR-217-5p was present in urine from PAN- but not saline-administrated rats. Taken together, our data suggest that miR-217-5p may serve as a therapeutic target and a biomarker for podocyte injury.
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20
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Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) belong to a class of endogenous small noncoding RNAs that regulate gene expression at the posttranscriptional level, through both translational repression and mRNA destabilization. They are key regulators of kidney morphogenesis, modulating diverse biological processes in different renal cell lineages. Dysregulation of miRNA expression disrupts early kidney development and has been implicated in the pathogenesis of developmental kidney diseases. In this Review, we summarize current knowledge of miRNA biogenesis and function and discuss in detail the role of miRNAs in kidney morphogenesis and developmental kidney diseases, including congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract and Wilms tumor. We conclude by discussing the utility of miRNAs as potentially novel biomarkers and therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Débora Malta Cerqueira
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- John G. Rangos Sr. Research Center, UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Maliha Tayeb
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- John G. Rangos Sr. Research Center, UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jacqueline Ho
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- John G. Rangos Sr. Research Center, UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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21
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Wonnacott A, Denby L, Coward RJM, Fraser DJ, Bowen T. MicroRNAs and their delivery in diabetic fibrosis. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 182:114045. [PMID: 34767865 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.114045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The global prevalence of diabetes mellitus was estimated to be 463 million people in 2019 and is predicted to rise to 700 million by 2045. The associated financial and societal costs of this burgeoning epidemic demand an understanding of the pathology of this disease, and its complications, that will inform treatment to enable improved patient outcomes. Nearly two decades after the sequencing of the human genome, the significance of noncoding RNA expression is still being assessed. The family of functional noncoding RNAs known as microRNAs regulates the expression of most genes encoded by the human genome. Altered microRNA expression profiles have been observed both in diabetes and in diabetic complications. These transcripts therefore have significant potential and novelty as targets for therapy, therapeutic agents and biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexa Wonnacott
- Wales Kidney Research Unit, Division of Infection & Immunity, School of Medicine, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Laura Denby
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Richard J M Coward
- Bristol Renal, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol BS1 3NY, UK
| | - Donald J Fraser
- Wales Kidney Research Unit, Division of Infection & Immunity, School of Medicine, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Timothy Bowen
- Wales Kidney Research Unit, Division of Infection & Immunity, School of Medicine, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK.
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22
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Guo A, Sun Y, Xu X, Xing Q. MicroRNA-30a Targets Notch1 to Alleviate Podocyte Injury in Lupus Nephritis. Immunol Invest 2022; 51:1694-1706. [PMID: 35023444 DOI: 10.1080/08820139.2022.2027440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The microRNA miR-30a has been reported to mitigate podocyte damage and resist injurious factors in lupus nephritis (LN), but the precise molecular mechanisms underlying these effects remain elusive. We hypothesized that miR-30a can ameliorate podocyte injury by downregulating the Notch1 signaling pathway and investigated the role of miR-30a in the pathogenesis of podocyte-treated with Immunoglobulin G from patients with LN (IgG-LN). The study enrolled 30 patients from new-onset systemic lupus erythematosus and 28 healthy individuals, then evaluated the levels of their serum miR-30a using RT-qPCR. Additionally, MPC5 cells were transfected with NICD-vector to overexpress Notch1, then with miR-30a mimics or inhibitors to determine miR-30a effects on Notch1. Analysis of function and regulatory mechanisms were performed with RT-qPCR, Western blotting, and CCK8 assays. Furthermore, we verified the candidate sequence targeted by miR-30a using a luciferase reporter gene assay. We observed a significant decrease in the serum miR-30a levels in patients with LN. Also, in IgG-LN-treated podocytes, miR-30a decreased and Notch1 expression was elevated. Bioinformatic analysis and transfection experiments revealed that Notch1 is a direct target of miR-30a. Further supporting this finding, miR-30a upregulation appeared to alleviate IgG-LN-treated podocyte injury, and Notch1 overexpression reversed this effect. To conclude, miR-30a can ameliorate podocyte injury via suppression of the Notch1 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aoyang Guo
- Department of Immune Rheumatology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Yadi Sun
- Department of Immune Rheumatology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaona Xu
- Department of Immune Rheumatology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Qian Xing
- Department of Immune Rheumatology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
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OMICS in Chronic Kidney Disease: Focus on Prognosis and Prediction. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 23:ijms23010336. [PMID: 35008760 PMCID: PMC8745343 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Revised: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients are characterized by a high residual risk for cardiovascular (CV) events and CKD progression. This has prompted the implementation of new prognostic and predictive biomarkers with the aim of mitigating this risk. The ‘omics’ techniques, namely genomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and transcriptomics, are excellent candidates to provide a better understanding of pathophysiologic mechanisms of disease in CKD, to improve risk stratification of patients with respect to future cardiovascular events, and to identify CKD patients who are likely to respond to a treatment. Following such a strategy, a reliable risk of future events for a particular patient may be calculated and consequently the patient would also benefit from the best available treatment based on their risk profile. Moreover, a further step forward can be represented by the aggregation of multiple omics information by combining different techniques and/or different biological samples. This has already been shown to yield additional information by revealing with more accuracy the exact individual pathway of disease.
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24
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Liu T, Yang L, Mao H, Ma F, Wang Y, Zhan Y. Knowledge Domain and Emerging Trends in Podocyte Injury Research From 1994 to 2021: A Bibliometric and Visualized Analysis. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:772386. [PMID: 34925030 PMCID: PMC8678497 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.772386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Podocyte injury has a direct causal relationship with proteinuria and glomerulosclerosis and, on a chronic level, can lead to irreversible disease progression. Podocyte injury plays a critically decisive role in the development of proteinuric kidney disease. In recent years, the research on podocyte injury has developed rapidly all over the world. However, no report has summarized the field of podocyte injury as a whole to date. Using bibliometric analysis, this study aimed to evaluate the current state of worldwide podocyte injury research in the last 30 years and identify important achievements, primary research fields, and emerging trends. Methods: Publications related to podocyte injury were retrieved from Web of Science Core Collection. HistCite, VOSviewer, CiteSpace, and the Bibliometrix Package were used for bibliometric analysis and visualization, including the analysis of the overall distribution of annual outputs, leading countries, active institutions and authors, core journals, co-cited references, and keywords. Total global citation score and total local citation score were used to assess the quality and impact of publications. Results: A total of 2,669 publications related to podocyte injury were identified. Publications related to podocyte injury tended to increase continuously. A total of 10,328 authors from 2,171 institutions in 69 countries published studies related to podocyte injury. China (39.46%) was the most prolific country, and the number of citations of studies in the United States (cited 36,896 times) ranked first. Moin A Saleem, John Cijiang He, and Zhihong Liu were the top three contributing authors, and Journal of the American Society of Nephrology and Kidney International were the most popular journals in the field. “Diabetic nephropathy” is the primary focus area of podocyte injury research, and “autophagy,” “microRNA,” and “inflammation” were the top keywords of emerging research hotspots, and traditional Chinese medicine monomer may be a neglected research gap. Conclusion: Our research found that global publications on podocyte injury have increased dramatically. Diabetic nephropathy is the main research field of podocyte injury, whereas autophagy, microRNA, and inflammation are the top topics getting current attention from scholars and which may become the next focus in podocyte injury research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongtong Liu
- Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Liping Yang
- Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Huimin Mao
- Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fang Ma
- Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuyang Wang
- Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yongli Zhan
- Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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25
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Evaluation of endogenous miRNA reference genes across different zebrafish strains, developmental stages and kidney disease models. Sci Rep 2021; 11:22894. [PMID: 34819534 PMCID: PMC8613261 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-00075-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The majority of kidney diseases arise from the loss of podocytes and from morphological changes of their highly complex foot process architecture, which inevitably leads to a reduced kidney filtration and total loss of kidney function. It could have been shown that microRNAs (miRs) play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of podocyte-associated kidney diseases. Due to their fully functioning pronephric kidney, larval zebrafish have become a popular vertebrate model, to study kidney diseases in vivo. Unfortunately, there is no consensus about a proper normalization strategy of RT-qPCR-based miRNA expression data in zebrafish. In this study we analyzed 9 preselected candidates dre-miR-92a-3p, dre-miR-206-3p, dre-miR-99-1, dre-miR-92b-3p, dre-miR-363-3p, dre-let-7e, dre-miR-454a, dre-miR-30c-5p, dre-miR-126a-5p for their capability as endogenous reference genes in zebrafish experiments. Expression levels of potential candidates were measured in 3 different zebrafish strains, different developmental stages, and in different kidney disease models by RT-qPCR. Expression values were analyzed with NormFinder, BestKeeper, GeNorm, and DeltaCt and were tested for inter-group differences. All candidates show an abundant expression throughout all samples and relatively high stability. The most stable candidate without significant inter-group differences was dre-miR-92b-3p making it a suitable endogenous reference gene for RT-qPCR-based miR expression zebrafish studies.
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26
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Bayomy NR, Abo Alfottoh WM, Ali Eldeep SA, Ibrahim Mabrouk Mersal AMS, Abd El-Bary HMA, Abd El Gayed EM. Mir-142-5p as an indicator of autoimmune processes in childhood idiopathic nephrotic syndrome and as a part of MicroRNAs expression panels for its diagnosis and prediction of response to steroid treatment. Mol Immunol 2021; 141:21-32. [PMID: 34785326 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2021.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nephrotic syndrome (NS) is the most frequent glomerular disease among children. Renal biopsy is the most precise procedure for diagnosing and following childhood NS; however, it is an invasive procedure with potential complications. As a result, early non-invasive diagnostic and prognostic indicators and new treatment targets are urgently needed for this disease. PURPOSE To assess the miR-142-5p expression in peripheral blood as an indicator of the autoimmune processes in children with NS and the role of differential microRNAs (miR) expression and expression panels in diagnosing and predicting the response to steroid treatment in children with NS. METHODS Eighty (80) children with NS and 100 subjects matched for age and gender used as controls constitute the study sample in this case-control study. MiR-142-5p, miR-191, miR-181-5p, miR-30a-5p and miR-50a-5p expression are measured in all enrolled children by real-time PCR. We assessed the sensitivity and accuracy of different MicroRNAs panels. RESULTS miR-142-5p, miR-191, miR-181-5p, miR-30a-5p and miR-150a-5p expressions were significantly increased in the children with NS than controls. There was a significant difference in the five mRNAs differential expressions between steroid-resistant and steroid-sensitive children with NS. Of the selected five microRNAs, miR-142a-5p was the best to allow very good discrimination of the children with NS and predict steroid resistance (AUC = 0.965 and 1.00, respectively), suggesting the possible autoimmunity processes' role in the pathogenesis of NS and the resistance to steroids. The (miR-142a-5p with miR-181a-5p and miR-30a-5p) was the best expression panel to diagnose new NS cases and predict steroid resistance. CONCLUSIONS microRNAs expressions, either differential or as a panel, are important for early diagnosing childhood NS and may provide a non-invasive clue for the response to steroid treatment in these patients. The (miR-142a-5p, miR-181-5p, and miR-30a-5p) panel was the best one to cover both the diagnosis of the new cases and prediction of response to steroid treatment. Autoimmunity has an important role in NS pathogenesis and resistance to steroid treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noha Rabie Bayomy
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Egypt.
| | | | | | | | | | - Eman Masoud Abd El Gayed
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Egypt
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27
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Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD), which is characterized by the gradual loss of kidney function, is a growing worldwide problem due to CKD-related morbidity and mortality. There are no reliable and early biomarkers enabling the monitoring, the stratification of CKD progression and the estimation of the risk of CKD-related complications, and therefore, the search for such molecules is still going on. Numerous studies have provided evidence that miRNAs are potentially important particles in the CKD field. Studies indicate that some miRNA levels can be increased in patients with CKD stages III–V and hemodialysis and decreased in renal transplant recipients (miR-143, miR-145 and miR-223) as well as elevated in patients with CKD stages III–V, decreased in hemodialysis patients and even more markedly decreased in renal transplant recipients (miR-126 and miR-155). miRNA have great potential of being sensitive and specific biomarkers in kidney diseases as they are tissue specific and stable in various biological materials. Some promising non-invasive miRNA biomarkers have already been recognized in renal disease with the potential to enhance diagnostic accuracy, predict prognosis and monitor the course of disease. However, large-scale clinical trials enrolling heterogeneous patients are required to evaluate the clinical value of miRNAs.
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28
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Gilyazova I, Ivanova E, Gilyazova G, Sultanov I, Izmailov A, Safiullin R, Pavlov V, Khusnutdinova E. Methylation and expression levels of microRNA-23b/-24-1/-27b, microRNA-30c-1/-30e, microRNA-301a and let-7g are dysregulated in clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 48:5561-5569. [PMID: 34302585 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06573-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Renal cell carcinoma is the most common form of kidney cancer in adults. DNA methylation of regulatory sequences at the genomic level and interaction between microRNAs and the messenger RNAs of target genes at the posttranscriptional level contribute to the dynamic regulation of gene activity. Aberrations in these mechanisms can result in impaired functioning of cell signaling pathways, such as that observed in malignant tumors. We hypothesized that microRNA genes methylation may be associated with renal cancer in patients. METHODS AND RESULTS We examined methylation levels of 22 microRNA genes in tumor and normal kidney tissue of 30 patients with TNM Stage III clear cell renal cell carcinoma using a pathway-specific real-time polymerase chain reaction array (EpiTect Methyl II PCR Arrays, Qiagen). MicroRNA expression analysis by quantitative polymerase chain reaction was also performed. Significant differences in methylation levels were found in two genes and in two clusters of microRNA genes. MicroRNA-23b/-24-1/-27b, microRNA -30c-1/-30e and let-7 g was hypermetylated in clear cell renal cell carcinoma tissue, microRNA -301a was hypomethylated in tumor compared with the adjacent normal tissues. Expression of microRNA-301a, microRNA-23b in the clear cell renal cell carcinoma tissues was significantly overexpressed when compared with the adjacent normal tissues and let-7 g was significantly downregulated in tumor. CONCLUSIONS Our results may indicate the contribution of microRNA-301a, microRNA-23b and let-7 g in the pathogenesis of renal cancer, but further studies are needed to determine the functional significance of the detected changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Gilyazova
- Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics - Subdivision, Ufa Federal Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ufa, Russian Federation, 450054
- Bashkir State Medical University, Ufa, Russian Federation, 450008
| | - E Ivanova
- Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics - Subdivision, Ufa Federal Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ufa, Russian Federation, 450054.
| | - G Gilyazova
- Bashkir State Medical University, Ufa, Russian Federation, 450008
| | - I Sultanov
- Bashkir State Medical University, Ufa, Russian Federation, 450008
| | - A Izmailov
- Bashkir State Medical University, Ufa, Russian Federation, 450008
| | - R Safiullin
- Bashkir State Medical University, Ufa, Russian Federation, 450008
| | - V Pavlov
- Bashkir State Medical University, Ufa, Russian Federation, 450008
| | - E Khusnutdinova
- Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics - Subdivision, Ufa Federal Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ufa, Russian Federation, 450054
- Bashkir State Medical University, Ufa, Russian Federation, 450008
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29
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de Sá Pereira BM, Montalvão de Azevedo R, da Silva Guerra JV, Faria PA, Soares-Lima SC, De Camargo B, Maschietto M. Non-coding RNAs in Wilms' tumor: biological function, mechanism, and clinical implications. J Mol Med (Berl) 2021; 99:1043-1055. [PMID: 33950291 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-021-02075-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Non-coding RNAs are involved with maintenance and regulation of physiological mechanisms and are involved in pathological processes, such as cancer. Among the small ncRNAs, miRNAs are the most explored in tumorigenesis, metastasis development, and resistance to chemotherapy. These small molecules of ~ 22 nucleotides are modulated during early renal development, involved in the regulation of gene expression and Wilms' tumor progression. Wilms' tumors are embryonic tumors with few mutations and complex epigenetic dysregulation. In recent years, the small ncRNAs have been explored as potentially related both in physiological development and in the tumorigenesis of several types of cancer. Besides, genes regulated by miRNAs are related to biological pathways as PI3K, Wnt, TGF-β, and Hippo signaling pathways, among others, which may be involved with the underlying mechanisms of resistance to chemotherapy, and in this way, it has emerged as potential targets for cancer therapies, including for Wilms' tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rafaela Montalvão de Azevedo
- Brazilian National Cancer Institute (INCa), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.,Current institution: Molecular Bases of Genetic Risk and Genetic Testing Unit, Research Department, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - João Victor da Silva Guerra
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, SP, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutic Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Paulo A Faria
- Brazilian National Cancer Institute (INCa), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | | | - Mariana Maschietto
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, SP, Brazil. .,Current: Research Institute, Boldrini Children's Hospital, Rua Dr. Gabriel Porto, 1270 - Cidade Universitária, Campinas, SP, 13083-210, Brazil.
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30
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Iranzad R, Motavalli R, Ghassabi A, Pourakbari R, Etemadi J, Yousefi M. Roles of microRNAs in renal disorders related to primary podocyte dysfunction. Life Sci 2021; 277:119463. [PMID: 33862110 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Through the regulation of gene expression, microRNAs (miRNAs) are capable of modulating vital biological processes, such as proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. Several mechanisms control the function of miRNAs, including translational inhibition and targeted miRNA degradation. Through utilizing high-throughput screening methods, such as small RNA sequencing and microarray, alterations in miRNA expression of kidneys have recently been observed both in rodent models and humans throughout the development of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and acute kidney injury (AKI). The levels of miRNAs in urine supernatant, sediment, and exosomal fraction could predict novel biomarker candidates in different diseases of kidneys, including IgA nephropathy, lupus nephritis, and diabetic nephropathy. The therapeutic potential of administrating anti-miRNAs and miRNAs has also been reported recently. The present study is aimed at reviewing the state-of-the-art research with regards to miRNAs involved in renal disorders related to primary podocyte dysfunction by laying particular emphasis on Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis (FSGS), Minimal Change Disease (MCD) and Membranous Nephropathy (MN).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahim Iranzad
- Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Roza Motavalli
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Kidney Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ali Ghassabi
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ramin Pourakbari
- Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Jalal Etemadi
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Kidney Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mehdi Yousefi
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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31
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Tang R, Meng T, Lin W, Shen C, Ooi JD, Eggenhuizen PJ, Jin P, Ding X, Chen J, Tang Y, Xiao Z, Ao X, Peng W, Zhou Q, Xiao P, Zhong Y, Xiao X. A Partial Picture of the Single-Cell Transcriptomics of Human IgA Nephropathy. Front Immunol 2021; 12:645988. [PMID: 33936064 PMCID: PMC8085501 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.645988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms underlying renal damage of IgA nephropathy (IgAN) remain incompletely defined. Here, single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) was applied to kidney biopsies from IgAN and control subjects to define the transcriptomic landscape at single-cell resolution. We presented a comprehensive scRNA-seq analysis of human renal biopsies from IgAN. We showed for the first time that IgAN mesangial cells displayed increased expression of several novel genes including MALAT1, GADD45B, SOX4, and EDIL3, which were related to cell proliferation and matrix accumulation. The overexpressed genes in tubule cells of IgAN were mainly enriched in inflammatory pathways including TNF signaling, IL-17 signaling, and NOD-like receptor signaling. Furthermore, we compared the results of 4 IgAN patients with the published scRNA-Seq data of healthy kidney tissues of three human donors in order to further validate the findings in our study. The results also verified that the overexpressed genes in tubule cells from IgAN patients were mainly enriched in inflammatory pathways including TNF signaling, IL-17 signaling, and NOD-like receptor signaling. The receptor-ligand crosstalk analysis revealed potential interactions between mesangial cells and other cells in IgAN. IgAN patients with overt proteinuria displayed elevated genes participating in several signaling pathways compared with microproteinuria group. It needs to be mentioned that based on number of mesangial cells and other kidney cells analyzed in this study, the results of our study are preliminary and needs to be confirmed on larger number of cells from larger number of patients and controls in future studies. Therefore, these results offer new insight into pathogenesis and identify new therapeutic targets for IgAN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Tang
- Department of Nephrology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ting Meng
- Department of Nephrology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wei Lin
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Chanjuan Shen
- Department of Hematology, the Affiliated Zhuzhou Hospital Xiangya Medical College, Central South University, Zhuzhou, China
| | - Joshua D Ooi
- Department of Nephrology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Peter J Eggenhuizen
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Peng Jin
- Department of Organ Transplantation, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiang Ding
- Department of Organ Transplantation, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jinbiao Chen
- Department of Medical Records & Information, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yangshuo Tang
- Department of Ultrasound, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhou Xiao
- Department of Nephrology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiang Ao
- Department of Nephrology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Weisheng Peng
- Department of Nephrology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qiaoling Zhou
- Department of Nephrology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ping Xiao
- Department of Nephrology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yong Zhong
- Department of Nephrology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiangcheng Xiao
- Department of Nephrology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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32
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Dhandapani MC, Venkatesan V, Pricilla C. MicroRNAs in childhood nephrotic syndrome. J Cell Physiol 2021; 236:7186-7210. [PMID: 33819345 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of microRNAs (miRNAs) has opened up new avenues of research to understand the molecular basis of a number of diseases. Because of their conservative feature in evolution and important role in the physiological function, microRNAs could be treated as predictors for disease classification and clinical process based on the specific expression. The identification of novel miRNAs and their target genes can be considered as potential targets for novel drugs. Furthermore, currently, the circulatory and urinary exosomal miRNAs are gaining increasing attention as their expression profiles are often associated with specific diseases, and they exhibit great potential as noninvasive or minimally invasive biomarkers for the diagnosis of various diseases. The remarkable stability of these extracellular miRNAs circulating in the blood or excreted in the urine underscored their key importance as biomarkers of certain diseases. There is voluminous literature concerning the role of microRNAs in other diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases, diabetic nephropathy, and so forth. However, little is known about their diagnostic ability for the pediatric nephrotic syndrome (NS). The present review article highlights the recent advances in the role of miRNAs in the pathogenesis and molecular basis of NS with an aim to bring new insights into further research applications for the development of new therapeutic agents for NS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohanapriya C Dhandapani
- Department of Central Research Facility, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, India
| | - Vettriselvi Venkatesan
- Department of Human Genetics, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, India
| | - Charmine Pricilla
- Department of Central Research Facility, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, India
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33
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Qin Z, Liao R, Xiong Y, Jiang L, Li J, Wang L, Han M, Sun S, Geng J, Yang Q, Zhang Z, Li Y, Du H, Su B. A narrative review of exosomes in vascular calcification. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2021; 9:579. [PMID: 33987277 DOI: 10.21037/atm-20-7355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Vascular calcification (VC) is the abnormal deposition of calcium, phosphorus, and other minerals in the vessel wall and can be commonly observed in diabetes, chronic kidney disease, and chronic inflammatory disease. It is closely associated with mortality from cardiovascular events. Traditionally, calcification is considered as a degenerative disease associated with the aging process, while increasing evidence has shown that the occurrence and development of calcification is an active biological process, which is highly regulated by multiple factors. The molecular mechanisms of VC have not yet been fully elucidated. Exosomes, as important transporters of substance transport and intercellular communication, have been shown to participate in VC. The regulation of VC by exosomes involves a number of complex biological processes, which occur through a variety of interaction mechanisms. However, the specific role and mechanism of exosomes in the process of VC are still not fully understood and require further study. This review will briefly describe the roles of exosomes in the process of VC including in the promotion of extracellular mineral deposits, induction of phenotypic conversion of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), transport of microRNA between cells, and regulation on autophagy and oxidative stress, with the aim of providing novel ideas for the clinical diagnosis and treatment of VC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Qin
- Department of nephrology and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ruoxi Liao
- Department of nephrology and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuqin Xiong
- Department of nephrology and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Luojia Jiang
- Department of nephrology and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiameng Li
- Department of nephrology and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Liya Wang
- Department of nephrology and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mei Han
- Department of nephrology and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Si Sun
- Department of nephrology and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiwen Geng
- Department of nephrology and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qinbo Yang
- Department of nephrology and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhuyun Zhang
- Department of nephrology and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yupei Li
- Department of nephrology and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Institute for Disaster Management and Reconstruction, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Heyue Du
- Department of nephrology and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Baihai Su
- Department of nephrology and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Xiong C, Wu Q, Fang M, Li H, Chen B, Chi T. Protective effects of luteolin on nephrotoxicity induced by long-term hyperglycaemia in rats. J Int Med Res 2021; 48:300060520903642. [PMID: 32242458 PMCID: PMC7132816 DOI: 10.1177/0300060520903642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective This study aimed to investigate whether luteolin delays the progress of diabetic nephropathy (DN) induced by streptozotocin. Methods Fifty-three healthy, 8-week-old, male Sprague–Dawley rats were randomly divided into the control (n = 6), model (n = 23), and experimental groups (n = 24). The rat model of diabetic nephropathy was established by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin. Rats in the experimental group were administered luteolin suspension of 80 mg/kg daily for 8 weeks. Blood glucose levels and body weight were recorded until the fourth week. After intragastric administration, blood flow and the protective effect of luteolin on diabetic nephropathy were evaluated. Results The degree of renal apoptosis and fibrosis in the experimental group was milder, and glomerular structure was more complete compared with the model group. Nphs2 staining suggested that luteolin delayed apoptosis and deletion and fusion of podocytes under high glucose levels, and protected the filtration function of the basement membrane by upregulating Nphs2 protein expression. Time intensity curve results suggested that luteolin delayed deterioration of renal haemodynamics under hyperglycaemia. Conclusions This study shows that luteolin delays progression of diabetic nephropathy. This drug has potential wide applicability in future clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cui Xiong
- Department of Ultrasonography, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Qilong Wu
- Department of Ultrasonography, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Mingling Fang
- Department of Ultrasonography, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Ultrasonography, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Bin Chen
- Department of Ultrasonography, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Tingting Chi
- Department of Ultrasonography, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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Tian X, Inoue K, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Sperati CJ, Pedigo CE, Zhao T, Yan M, Groener M, Moledina DG, Ebenezer K, Li W, Zhang Z, Liebermann DA, Greene L, Greer P, Parikh CR, Ishibe S. Inhibiting calpain 1 and 2 in cyclin G associated kinase-knockout mice mitigates podocyte injury. JCI Insight 2020; 5:142740. [PMID: 33208557 PMCID: PMC7710277 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.142740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence for reduced expression of cyclin G associated kinase (GAK) in glomeruli of patients with chronic kidney disease was observed in the Nephroseq human database, and GAK was found to be associated with the decline in kidney function. To examine the role of GAK, a protein that functions to uncoat clathrin during endocytosis, we generated podocyte-specific Gak-knockout mice (Gak-KO), which developed progressive proteinuria and kidney failure with global glomerulosclerosis. We isolated glomeruli from the mice carrying the mutation to perform messenger RNA profiling and unearthed evidence for dysregulated podocyte calpain protease activity as an important contributor to progressive podocyte damage. Treatment with calpain inhibitor III specifically inhibited calpain-1/-2 activities, mitigated the degree of proteinuria and glomerulosclerosis, and led to a striking increase in survival in the Gak-KO mice. Podocyte-specific deletion of Capns1, essential for calpain-1 and calpain-2 activities, also improved proteinuria and glomerulosclerosis in Gak-KO mice. Increased podocyte calpain activity-mediated proteolysis of IκBα resulted in increased NF-κB p65-induced expression of growth arrest and DNA-damage-inducible 45 beta in the Gak-KO mice. Our results suggest that loss of podocyte-associated Gak induces glomerular injury secondary to calcium dysregulation and aberrant calpain activation, which when inhibited, can provide a protective role.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Calpain/antagonists & inhibitors
- Diabetic Nephropathies/etiology
- Diabetic Nephropathies/metabolism
- Diabetic Nephropathies/pathology
- Diabetic Nephropathies/therapy
- Female
- Glomerulosclerosis, Focal Segmental/etiology
- Glomerulosclerosis, Focal Segmental/metabolism
- Glomerulosclerosis, Focal Segmental/pathology
- Glomerulosclerosis, Focal Segmental/therapy
- Humans
- Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/genetics
- Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/metabolism
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Podocytes/metabolism
- Podocytes/pathology
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/genetics
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/physiology
- Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/etiology
- Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/metabolism
- Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/pathology
- Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/therapy
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefei Tian
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Kazunori Inoue
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Southern Medical University, Nanfang Hospital, Guangzhou, China
- Center for Bioinformatics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - C. John Sperati
- Division of Nephrology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Christopher E. Pedigo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Tingting Zhao
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Meihua Yan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Marwin Groener
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Dennis G. Moledina
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Karen Ebenezer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Zhenhai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Southern Medical University, Nanfang Hospital, Guangzhou, China
- Center for Bioinformatics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dan A. Liebermann
- Fels Institute of Cancer Research and Molecular Biology and Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Biochemistry, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania USA
| | - Lois Greene
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Peter Greer
- Queen’s Cancer Research Institute, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Chirag R. Parikh
- Division of Nephrology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Shuta Ishibe
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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Rahbar Saadat Y, Hejazian SM, Nariman-Saleh-Fam Z, Bastami M, Poursheikhani A, M Shoja M, Ardalan M, Zununi Vahed S. Glucocorticoid receptors and their upstream epigenetic regulators in adults with steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome. Biofactors 2020; 46:995-1005. [PMID: 33031585 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome (SRNS) is a clinical challenge with variable clinical outcomes. In patients with SRNS, unsuccessful anti-inflammatory and anti-proteinuric effects of steroids lead to end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Our objective was to define the expression pattern of the glucocorticoid receptors (GR) α and β and their epigenetic regulators (miR-24, miR-30a, and miR-370) in a group of adults with SRNS. In this regard, sixty primary NS patients with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS, N = 30) and membranous glomerulonephritis (MGN, N = 30) and also healthy volunteers (N = 24) were enrolled. Real-time PCR was performed to evaluate the expression levels of the aforementioned genes in peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) samples. Furthermore, an in-silico analysis was performed to understand the signaling pathways and biological procedures that may be targeted by these microRNAs in NS. The decreased and increased levels of GRα and GRβ were not significant, respectively. Statistically significant reduced miR-24 levels were observed between control/MGN (p = .022) and MGN/FSGS (p = .032) groups. Additionally, a decrease was detected in miR-30a between MGN and FSGS (p = .049) groups. There was a significant increase in miR-370 expression level between control and NS groups (p = .029), as well as control/MGN (p = .008), and MGN/FSGS (p = .046). Bioinformatics analysis predicted the possible targets of the studied genes including genes involved in TGF-β, Notch1, and p53 signaling pathways, regulation of gene expression, intracellular signal transduction, negative regulation of response to the stimulus, cell-cell signaling, and cell activation in the pathogenesis of SRNS. Taken all together, dysregulated levels of GRα, GRβ were not attributed to SRNS in our patients. It seems that pharmacokinetics and the genetic variations in podocyte-related genes may be associated with the steroid-resistance in our adult patients with NS rather than GR expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yalda Rahbar Saadat
- Nutrition Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Kidney Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Seyyedeh Mina Hejazian
- Kidney Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ziba Nariman-Saleh-Fam
- Women's Reproductive Health Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Milad Bastami
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Arash Poursheikhani
- Medical Genetics Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammadali M Shoja
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
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Włodarski A, Strycharz J, Wróblewski A, Kasznicki J, Drzewoski J, Śliwińska A. The Role of microRNAs in Metabolic Syndrome-Related Oxidative Stress. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21186902. [PMID: 32962281 PMCID: PMC7555602 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress (OxS) is the cause and the consequence of metabolic syndrome (MetS), the incidence and economic burden of which is increasing each year. OxS triggers the dysregulation of signaling pathways associated with metabolism and epigenetics, including microRNAs, which are biomarkers of metabolic disorders. In this review, we aimed to summarize the current knowledge regarding the interplay between microRNAs and OxS in MetS and its components. We searched PubMed and Google Scholar to summarize the most relevant studies. Collected data suggested that different sources of OxS (e.g., hyperglycemia, insulin resistance (IR), hyperlipidemia, obesity, proinflammatory cytokines) change the expression of numerous microRNAs in organs involved in the regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism and endothelium. Dysregulated microRNAs either directly or indirectly affect the expression and/or activity of molecules of antioxidative signaling pathways (SIRT1, FOXOs, Keap1/Nrf2) along with effector enzymes (e.g., GPx-1, SOD1/2, HO-1), ROS producers (e.g., NOX4/5), as well as genes of numerous signaling pathways connected with inflammation, insulin sensitivity, and lipid metabolism, thus promoting the progression of metabolic imbalance. MicroRNAs appear to be important epigenetic modifiers in managing the delicate redox balance, mediating either pro- or antioxidant biological impacts. Summarizing, microRNAs may be promising therapeutic targets in ameliorating the repercussions of OxS in MetS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Włodarski
- Department of Internal Diseases, Diabetology and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Lodz, 92-213 Lodz, Poland;
- Correspondence: (A.W.); (J.S.); (A.Ś.)
| | - Justyna Strycharz
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, 92-215 Lodz, Poland;
- Correspondence: (A.W.); (J.S.); (A.Ś.)
| | - Adam Wróblewski
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, 92-215 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Jacek Kasznicki
- Department of Internal Diseases, Diabetology and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Lodz, 92-213 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Józef Drzewoski
- Central Teaching Hospital of the Medical University of Lodz, 92-213 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Agnieszka Śliwińska
- Department of Nucleic Acid Biochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, 92-213 Lodz, Poland
- Correspondence: (A.W.); (J.S.); (A.Ś.)
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Xue M, Sun H, Xu R, Wang Y, Guo J, Li X, Cheng Y, Xu C, Tang C, Sun B, Chen L. GADD45B Promotes Glucose-Induced Renal Tubular Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition and Apoptosis via the p38 MAPK and JNK Signaling Pathways. Front Physiol 2020; 11:1074. [PMID: 33013461 PMCID: PMC7508261 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.01074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible beta (GADD45B) is closely linked with cell cycle arrest, DNA repair, cell survival, or apoptosis in response to stress and is known to regulate the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. Here, using an RNA sequencing approach, we determined that GADD45B was significantly upregulated in diabetic kidneys, which was accompanied by renal tubular epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and apoptosis, as well as elevated MAPK pathway activation. In vitro, GADD45B expression in cultured human kidney proximal tubular epithelial cells (HK-2 cells) was also stimulated by high glucose (HG). In addition, overexpression of GADD45B in HK-2 cells exacerbated renal tubular EMT and apoptosis and increased p38 MAPK and c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNK) activation, whereas knockdown of GADD45B reversed these changes. Notably, the activity of extracellular regulated kinase (ERK) was not affected by GADD45B expression. Furthermore, inhibitors of p38 MAPK (SB203580) and JNK (SP600125) alleviated HG‐ and GADD45B overexpression-induced renal tubular epithelial-mesenchymal transition and apoptosis. These findings indicate a role of GADD45B in diabetes-induced renal tubular EMT and apoptosis via the p38 MAPK and JNK pathways, which may be an important mechanism of diabetic kidney injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Xue
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Tianjin Medical University Chu Hsien-I Memorial Hospital and Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Hongxi Sun
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Tianjin Medical University Chu Hsien-I Memorial Hospital and Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Rong Xu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Tianjin Medical University Chu Hsien-I Memorial Hospital and Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yue Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Tianjin Medical University Chu Hsien-I Memorial Hospital and Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jun Guo
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Tianjin Medical University Chu Hsien-I Memorial Hospital and Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaoyu Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Tianjin Medical University Chu Hsien-I Memorial Hospital and Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Ying Cheng
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Tianjin Medical University Chu Hsien-I Memorial Hospital and Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Chaofei Xu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Tianjin Medical University Chu Hsien-I Memorial Hospital and Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Chao Tang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Tianjin Medical University Chu Hsien-I Memorial Hospital and Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Bei Sun
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Tianjin Medical University Chu Hsien-I Memorial Hospital and Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Liming Chen
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Tianjin Medical University Chu Hsien-I Memorial Hospital and Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
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Pathomthongtaweechai N, Chutipongtanate S. AGE/RAGE signaling-mediated endoplasmic reticulum stress and future prospects in non-coding RNA therapeutics for diabetic nephropathy. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 131:110655. [PMID: 32853909 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Disturbance of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) homeostasis triggered by the accumulation of unfolded proteins and advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) plays a major role in pathophysiology of diabetic nephropathy. Activation of receptor for AGEs (RAGE) stimulates NADPH oxidase-mediated reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, leading to ER stress, inflammation, glomerular hypertrophy, podocyte injury, and renal fibrosis. A growing body of evidence indicates that non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) could rescue ER stress and renal inflammation by the epigenetic modification. This review summarizes ncRNA regulation in AGE/RAGE signaling-mediated ER stress, and discusses the opportunities and challenges of ncRNA-loaded extracellular vesicle therapy in diabetic nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nutthapoom Pathomthongtaweechai
- Chakri Naruebodindra Medical Institute, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Samut Prakan, 10540, Thailand.
| | - Somchai Chutipongtanate
- Pediatric Translational Research Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand; Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand.
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40
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Hejazian SM, Ardalan M, Shoja MM, Samadi N, Zununi Vahed S. Expression Levels of miR-30c and miR-186 in Adult Patients with Membranous Glomerulonephritis and Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis. Int J Nephrol Renovasc Dis 2020; 13:193-201. [PMID: 32848442 PMCID: PMC7428378 DOI: 10.2147/ijnrd.s258624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Nephrotic syndrome is a common renal problem with different histopathogenesis. MicroRNAs are reported to be involved in the pathophysiology of the syndrome. The aim of this study was to study the levels of miR-30c and miR-186 in NS patients. Methods Sixty patients with primary NS (membranous glomerulonephritis (MGN, N=30) and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS, N=30)) and 24 healthy volunteers were included. Expression levels of the miR-30c and miR-186 were evaluated in plasma and peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) samples of adult patients with NS using real-time PCR. Moreover, an in-silico analysis was performed to understand the signaling pathways and biological procedures that may be regulated by these miRNAs. Results In the MGN group, significantly elevated levels of miR-30c and miR-186 were observed in PBMC (P= 0.037) and plasma (P= 0.035) samples, respectively. Moreover, there was a significant increase in miR-30c levels in PBMC samples of the FSGS group when compared to healthy controls (P= 0.004). In ROC curve analysis, combined levels of the studied miRNAs could discriminate cases from controls in plasma and blood cells (AUC≥0.72, P<0.05). Conclusion A panel of miRNAs may be potential biomarkers in plasma and PBMCs samples of NS patients with different subclasses. More investigations are needed with a large sample size to validate the diagnostic values of the reported miRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyyedeh Mina Hejazian
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Kidney Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Mohammadali M Shoja
- Department of Surgery, University of Illinois at Chicago-Metropolitan Group Hospitals (UIC-MGH), Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Nasser Samadi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Hejazian SM, Rahbar Saadat Y, Bahmanpour Z, Hosseiniyan Khatibi SM, Ardalan M, Zununi Vahed S. Dicer and Drosha expression in patients with nephrotic syndrome. Biofactors 2020; 46:645-652. [PMID: 32412691 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Podocytes play an essential role in the regulation of glomerular filtration and the appropriate function of the kidney. Podocytes injury is involved in the pathogenesis of nephrotic syndrome (NS), a common renal glomerulus dysfunction characterized by proteinuria. Some in vivo studies in Dicer/Drosha knockout mice indicate the importance of Dicer, Drosha, and microRNAs (miRNAs) in the pathogenesis of NS. In the present study, the expression levels of Dicer and Drosha along with miR-30 family, miR-186, miR-193, and miR-217 were evaluated in peripheral blood mononuclear cell samples of patients with NS (N = 60) using real-time PCR. Dicer expression level in NS patients was significantly upregulated when compared to healthy controls (p = .008). No significant change was observed in the Drosha expression level in the NS group. Upregulated levels of the studied microRNAs were observed in NS group in comparison to controls, the miR-30c-5p (p = .005) and miR-193-3p (p = .041) were statistically significant. In conclusion, dysregulation in expression level of Dicer and Drosha and consequently, alteration in miRNA levels are involved in the pathophysiology of NS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyyedeh Mina Hejazian
- Kidney Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Yalda Rahbar Saadat
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Nutrition Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Zahra Bahmanpour
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Christofides A, Papagregoriou G, Dweep H, Makrides N, Gretz N, Felekkis K, Deltas C. Evidence for miR-548c-5p regulation of FOXC2 transcription through a distal genomic target site in human podocytes. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:2441-2459. [PMID: 31531679 PMCID: PMC11105105 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03294-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Podocytes are highly differentiated epithelial cells outlining the glomerular vessels. FOXC2 is a transcription factor essential for inducing podocyte differentiation, development and maturation, and is considered to be the earliest podocyte marker. miRNA prediction analysis revealed a full-length target site for the primate-specific miR-548c-5p at a genomic region > 8 kb upstream of FOXC2. We hypothesised that the transcription rates of FOXC2 during podocyte differentiation might be tuned by miR-548c-5p through this target site. Experiments were performed with cultured human podocytes, transfected with luciferase reporter constructs bearing this target site region within an enhancer element of the native plasmid. The results confirmed a seed region-driven targeting potential by the miRNA, with mimics downregulating and inhibitors enhancing luciferase activity. Introducing mutations into the miRNA target seed region abolished the expected response. In cultured podocytes, FOXC2 mRNA and protein levels responded to miR-548c-5p abundance in a coordinated manner before and after induction of differentiation, with high statistical significance. Ago-ChIP experiments revealed occupancy of the miRNA target site by miRNA/RISC in undifferentiated cells and its release when differentiation is initiated, allowing its interaction with the gene's promoter region to amplify FOXC2 expression, as shown by chromosome conformation capture and qRT-PCR. Moreover, the expression pattern of FOXC2 during podocyte differentiation seems to be affected by miR-548c-5p, as removal of either endogenous or mimic miR-548c-5p results in increased FOXC2 protein levels and cells resembling those undergoing differentiation. Collectively, results indicate a well-orchestrated regulatory model of FOXC2 expression by a remote upstream target site for miR-548c-5p.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Christofides
- Molecular Medicine Research Center and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Gregory Papagregoriou
- Molecular Medicine Research Center and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus.
| | - Harsh Dweep
- The Wistar Institute, 3601 Spruce St, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Neoklis Makrides
- Developmental and Functional Genetics Group, Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Norbert Gretz
- Medical Research Center, Medical Faculty of Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Kyriacos Felekkis
- Department of Life and Health Sciences, University of Nicosia, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Constantinos Deltas
- Molecular Medicine Research Center and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus.
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Liu L, Pang X, Shang W, Feng G, Wang Z, Wang J. miR-136 improves renal fibrosis in diabetic rats by targeting down-regulation of tyrosine kinase SYK and inhibition of TGF-β1/Smad3 signaling pathway. Ren Fail 2020; 42:513-522. [PMID: 32441195 PMCID: PMC7946058 DOI: 10.1080/0886022x.2020.1764854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: To investigate the way that miR-136 regulated spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK) and transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1)/Smad3 signaling pathways on renal fibrosis.Methods: 100 male SD (Sprague-Dawley) rats were randomly divided into diabetic nephropathy (DN) group, normal control (NC) group, miR-136 mimics group, and control group. The renal fibrosis model of diabetic rats was established by streptozotocin (STZ) method. NRK-52E cells were transfected into six groups: HG group, HG + miR-136 group, HG + miR-NC group, miR-136 + SYK group, miR-136 + NC group, and control group. Histopathological examination, the expressions of miR-136 and SYK mRNA, the expression of mTOR, blood glucose, urine protein, body weight, creatinine level, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and KW/BW were detected in each group. Transfection efficiency, the targeted binding, and regulation between miR-136 and SYK, as well as the expression level of related inflammatory factors, the expression levels of SYK, E-Cad (E-cadherin), Vimentin, Collagen I, α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), and vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) were detected.Results: It was shown that the expression level of miR-136 in DN group significantly decreased. The blood glucose and urine protein concentrations in the DN group and miR-136 mimics group significantly increased and the body weight was decreased, but the blood glucose concentration in the miR-136 mimics group increased with time. The prolongation of the decline significantly decreased, and the growth rate of urinary protein reduced. Creatinine, BUN, and the kidney weight to body weight ratio (KW/BW) in DN group increased significantly. Cell culture results showed that SYK was a target gene of miR-136 and miR-136/SYK-mediated renal fibrosis by activating TGF-β1/Smad3 signal.Conclusion: SYK activates TGF-β1/Smad3 signaling, while miR-136 inhibits TGF-β1/Smad3 signaling mediating tubular epithelial cell fibrosis by down-regulating SYK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Liu
- Department of Kidney Transplantation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xinlu Pang
- Department of Kidney Transplantation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Wenjun Shang
- Department of Kidney Transplantation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Guiwen Feng
- Department of Kidney Transplantation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhigang Wang
- Department of Kidney Transplantation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Junxiang Wang
- Department of Kidney Transplantation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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Zhang S, Yang Q, Liu Z, Shi S. POFUT1 is dispensable for structure, function and survival of mouse podocytes. Am J Transl Res 2020; 12:2212-2224. [PMID: 32509213 PMCID: PMC7270003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Pofut1 gene encodes a O-fucosyltransferase that adds fucose to the serine/threonine residue in the sequence of C2XXXX(S/T)C3 of EGF-like domain in a protein. O-fucosylation has been shown to be required for some EGF-like domain-containing proteins to function, e.g., Notch1, and POFUT1 deficiency could affect cellular function and cause diseases. Pofut1 is ubiquitously expressed, but its essentiality for most cell types is not known. In the present study, we examined the consequence of Pofut1 gene abrogation in mouse podocytes using Cre-loxP system, and found that the conditional knockout mice were indistinguishable from wild-type controls in urinary protein level, glomerular morphology, podocyte foot process ultrastructure, podocyte marker expression and podocyte numbers. These results indicated that POFUT1 is not essential for podocyte structure, function and survival in mice. To understand why POFUT1 is dispensable for podocytes, we searched mouse podocyte essential gene candidates (as determined by single-cell RNA-seq) and found only two POFUT1 substrates, NOTCH2 and tPA. It has been shown that abrogation of these genes does not cause podocyte injury, explaining dispensability of POFUT1 for mouse podocytes and demonstrating a feasibility to predict POFUT1 essentiality for a given cell type. At present, most mouse cell types have been subject to single-cell RNA-seq, making essential gene prediction and thus POFUT1 requirement prediction possible for the cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sipan Zhang
- National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of MedicineNanjing, China
| | - Qianqian Yang
- National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of MedicineNanjing, China
| | - Zhihong Liu
- National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of MedicineNanjing, China
| | - Shaolin Shi
- National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of MedicineNanjing, China
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiUSA
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Dong J, Jiang Z, Ma G. Hsp90 inhibition aggravates adriamycin-induced podocyte injury through intrinsic apoptosis pathway. Exp Cell Res 2020; 390:111928. [PMID: 32156599 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2020.111928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Podocyte injury leads to impaired filtration barrier function of the kidney that underlies the pathophysiology of idiopathic nephrotic syndrome (INS), the most common NS occurring in children. The heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) is involved in the regulation of apoptosis in a variety of cell types, however, little is known about its role in podocytes and whether it associated with NS. Here, we show that Hsp90 is upregulated in glomeruli podocytes from mice with adriamycin (ADR)-induced nephropathy, and that it is also upregulated in an immortalized podocyte cell line treated with ADR in vitro, together suggesting an association of Hsp90 upregulation in podocytes with NS pathogenesis. Functionally, Hsp90 inhibition with PU-H71 aggravates ADR-induced podocyte apoptosis and worsens the impairment of filtration barrier function. Mechanistically, Hsp90 inhibition with PU-H71 enhances the activation of intrinsic apoptotic pathway, and moreover, blockade of podocyte apoptosis with zVAD-fmk (aVAD), a pan-caspase inhibitor, abrogates effects of Hsp90 inhibition on filtration barrier function of ADR-treated podocytes, thus demonstrating that Hsp90 inhibition aggravates ADR-induced podocyte injury through intrinsic apoptosis pathway. In sum, this study reveals a detrimental role of Hsp90 inhibition in podocyte injury, which may offer it as a potential therapeutic target in NS therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyu Dong
- Department of Paediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Science & Technology, Luoyang, Henan, 471000, China
| | - Zhihong Jiang
- Department of Paediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Science & Technology, Luoyang, Henan, 471000, China.
| | - Guorui Ma
- Department of Paediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Science & Technology, Luoyang, Henan, 471000, China
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46
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Wang X, Liu J, Yin W, Abdi F, Pang PD, Fucci QA, Abbott M, Chang SL, Steele G, Patel A, Mori Y, Zhang A, Zhu S, Lu TS, Kibel AS, Wang B, Lim K, Siedlecki AM. miR-218 Expressed in Endothelial Progenitor Cells Contributes to the Development and Repair of the Kidney Microvasculature. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2020; 190:642-659. [PMID: 31972158 PMCID: PMC7068533 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2019.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Ischemia due to hypoperfusion is one of the most common forms of acute kidney injury. We hypothesized that kidney hypoxia initiates the up-regulation of miR-218 expression in endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) to guide endocapillary repair. Murine renal artery-derived EPCs (CD34+/CD105-) showed down-regulation of mmu-Mir218-5p/U6 RNA ratio after ischemic injury, while in human renal arteries, MIR218-5p expression was up-regulated after ischemic injury. MIR218 expression was clarified in cell culture experiments in which increases in both SLIT3 and MIR218-2-5p expressions were observed after 5 minutes of hypoxia. ROBO1 transcript, a downstream target of MIR218-2-5p, showed inverse expression to MIR218-2-5p. EPCs transfected with a MIR218-5p inhibitor in three-dimensional normoxic culture showed premature capillary formation. Organized progenitor cell movement was reconstituted when cells were co-transfected with Dicer siRNA and low-dose Mir218-5p mimic. A Mir218-2 knockout was generated to assess the significance of miR-218-2 in a mammalian model. Mir218-2-5p expression was decreased in Mir218-2-/- embryos at E16.5. Mir218-2-/- decreased CD34+ angioblasts in the ureteric bud at E16.5 and were nonviable. Mir218-2+/- decreased peritubular capillary density at postnatal day 14 and increased serum creatinine after ischemia in adult mice. Systemic injection of miR-218-5p decreased serum creatinine after injury. These experiments demonstrate that miR-218 expression can be triggered by hypoxia and modulates EPC migration in the kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojie Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jialing Liu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenqing Yin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Farhiya Abdi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Paul D Pang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Quynh-Anh Fucci
- Department of Internal Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Molly Abbott
- Department of Internal Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Steven L Chang
- Urology Division, Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Graeme Steele
- Urology Division, Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ankit Patel
- Department of Internal Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Yutaro Mori
- Department of Internal Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Aifeng Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Shikai Zhu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Tzong-Shi Lu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Adam S Kibel
- Urology Division, Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kenneth Lim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Andrew M Siedlecki
- Department of Internal Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
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Kato M, Natarajan R. Epigenetics and epigenomics in diabetic kidney disease and metabolic memory. Nat Rev Nephrol 2020; 15:327-345. [PMID: 30894700 DOI: 10.1038/s41581-019-0135-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 318] [Impact Index Per Article: 79.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The development and progression of diabetic kidney disease (DKD), a highly prevalent complication of diabetes mellitus, are influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. DKD is an important contributor to the morbidity of patients with diabetes mellitus, indicating a clear need for an improved understanding of disease aetiology to inform the development of more efficacious treatments. DKD is characterized by an accumulation of extracellular matrix, hypertrophy and fibrosis in kidney glomerular and tubular cells. Increasing evidence shows that genes associated with these features of DKD are regulated not only by classical signalling pathways but also by epigenetic mechanisms involving chromatin histone modifications, DNA methylation and non-coding RNAs. These mechanisms can respond to changes in the environment and, importantly, might mediate the persistent long-term expression of DKD-related genes and phenotypes induced by prior glycaemic exposure despite subsequent glycaemic control, a phenomenon called metabolic memory. Detection of epigenetic events during the early stages of DKD could be valuable for timely diagnosis and prompt treatment to prevent progression to end-stage renal disease. Identification of epigenetic signatures of DKD via epigenome-wide association studies might also inform precision medicine approaches. Here, we highlight the emerging role of epigenetics and epigenomics in DKD and the translational potential of candidate epigenetic factors and non-coding RNAs as biomarkers and drug targets for DKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuo Kato
- Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, Diabetes Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA.
| | - Rama Natarajan
- Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, Diabetes Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA.
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Su SS, Li BP, Li CL, Xiu FR, Wang DY, Zhang FR. Downregulation of MiR-218 can alleviate high-glucose-induced renal proximal tubule injury by targeting GPRC5A. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2020; 84:1123-1130. [PMID: 32028854 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2020.1717330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to explore the functional implication of microRNA-218 (miR-218) in diabetic nephropathy (DN) through high-glucose-stimulated renal proximal tubule impairment. Biological function experiments showed that miR-218 and inflammatory factors TNF-α and IL-1β were highly expressed in renal proximal tubule under high-glucose conditions. Inhibiting miR-218 alleviated renal tubular cell injury, which was represented by miR-218 inhibitor facilitating renal tubular cell vitality whilst reducing its apoptosis and levels of inflammation factors. In addition, we confirmed that miR-218 directly targeted GPRC5A and negatively regulated its expression. Co-transfection assay showed that overexpression of GPRC5A accentuated the mitigated action of miR-218 inhibitor on renal proximal tubule cell injury induced by high-glucose. Accordingly, these data indicated that downregulation of miR-218 can assuage high-glucose-resulted renal tubular cell damage, and its ameliorative effect was achieved by negative regulation of GPRC5A, which provides a novel direction for unearthing the pathogenesis and even further biological treatment of DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan-Shan Su
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, P.R.China.,Department of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, P.R. China
| | - Bao-Peng Li
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, P.R. China
| | - Chun-Lin Li
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, P.R. China
| | - Fang-Rui Xiu
- Department of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, P.R. China
| | - Dong-Yan Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, P.R. China
| | - Fa-Rong Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, P.R. China
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49
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Modulation of polycystic kidney disease by non-coding RNAs. Cell Signal 2020; 71:109548. [PMID: 31982550 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2020.109548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW microRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small, evolutionarily conserved, non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) that function as inhibitors of post-transcriptional mRNA expression. They are implicated in the pathogenesis of numerous diseases, including many common kidney conditions. In this review, we focus on how miRNAs impact autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) progression. We also discuss the feasibility of the emerging novel antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) drug class, which includes anti-miRNA drugs, for the treatment of ADPKD. RECENT FINDINGS Aberrant miRNA expression is observed in multiple PKD murine models and human ADPKD samples. Gain and loss-of-function studies have directly linked dysregulated miRNA activity to kidney cyst growth. The most comprehensively studied miRNA in PKD is the miR-17 family, which promotes PKD progression through the rewiring of cyst metabolism and by directly inhibiting PKD1 and PKD2 expression. This discovery has led to the development of an anti-miR-17 drug for ADPKD treatment. Other miRNAs such as miR-21, miR-193, and miR-214 are also known to regulate cyst growth by modulating cyst epithelial apoptosis, proliferation, and interstitial inflammation. SUMMARY miRNAs have emerged as novel pathogenic regulators of ADPKD progression. Anti-miR-based drugs represent a new therapeutic modality to treat ADPKD patients.
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50
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Ramos AM, Fernández-Fernández B, Pérez-Gómez MV, Carriazo Julio SM, Sanchez-Niño MD, Sanz A, Ruiz-Ortega M, Ortiz A. Design and optimization strategies for the development of new drugs that treat chronic kidney disease. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2019; 15:101-115. [PMID: 31736379 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2020.1690450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is characterized by increased risks of progression to end-stage kidney disease requiring dialysis and cardiovascular mortality, predicted to be among the five top causes of death by 2040. Only the design and optimization of novel strategies to develop new drugs to treat CKD will contain this trend. Current therapy for CKD includes nonspecific therapy targeting proteinuria and/or hypertension and cause-specific therapies for diabetic kidney disease, autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease, glomerulonephritides, Fabry nephropathy, hemolytic uremic syndrome and others.Areas covered: Herein, the authors review the literature on new drugs under development for CKD as well as novel design and development strategies.Expert opinion: New therapies for CKD have become a healthcare priority. Emerging therapies undergoing clinical trials are testing expanded renin-angiotensin system blockade with double angiotensin receptor/endothelin receptor blockers, SGLT2 inhibition, and targeting inflammation, the immune response, fibrosis and the Nrf2 transcription factor. Emerging therapeutic targets include cell senescence, complement activation, Klotho expression preservation and microbiota. Novel approaches include novel model systems that can be personalized (e.g. organoids), unbiased systems biology-based identification of new therapeutic targets, drug databases that speed up drug identification and repurposing, nanomedicines that improve drug delivery and RNA targeting to expand the number of targetable proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrián M Ramos
- Laboratory of Nephrology and Hypertension, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD), School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Red de Investigación Renal (REDINREN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Fernández-Fernández
- Red de Investigación Renal (REDINREN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Nephrology, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD), School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Vanessa Pérez-Gómez
- Red de Investigación Renal (REDINREN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD), School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sol María Carriazo Julio
- Nephrology, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD), School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Dolores Sanchez-Niño
- Laboratory of Nephrology and Hypertension, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD), School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Red de Investigación Renal (REDINREN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Sanz
- Laboratory of Nephrology and Hypertension, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD), School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Red de Investigación Renal (REDINREN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Ruiz-Ortega
- Red de Investigación Renal (REDINREN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Laboratory of Renal and Vascular Pathology and Diabetes, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD), School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid and Cellular Biology in Renal Diseases Laboratory, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Ortiz
- Red de Investigación Renal (REDINREN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD), School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Fundación Renal Iñigo Álvarez de Toledo IRSIN C/José Abascal, Madrid, Spain
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