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Chooi WH, Winanto, Zeng Y, Lee CYP, Lim ZQ, Gautam P, Chu JJH, Loh YH, Alonso S, Ng SY. Enterovirus-A71 preferentially infects and replicates in human motor neurons, inducing neurodegeneration by ferroptosis. Emerg Microbes Infect 2024; 13:2382235. [PMID: 39017655 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2024.2382235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 06/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) causes Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease and has been clinically associated with neurological complications. However, there is a lack of relevant models to elucidate the neuropathology of EV-A71 and its mechanism, as the current models mainly utilize animal models or immortalized cell lines. In this study, we established a human motor neuron model for EV-A71 infection. Single cell transcriptomics of a mixed neuronal population reveal higher viral RNA load in motor neurons, suggesting higher infectivity and replication of EV-A71 in motor neurons. The elevated RNA load in motor neurons correlates with the downregulation of ferritin-encoding genes. Subsequent analysis confirms that neurons infected with EV-A71 undergo ferroptosis, as evidenced by increased levels of labile Fe2+ and peroxidated lipids. Notably, the Fe2+ chelator Deferoxamine improves mitochondrial function and promotes survival of motor neurons by 40% after EV-A71 infection. These findings deepen understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of EV-A71 infection, providing insights which suggest that improving mitochondrial respiration and inhibition of ferroptosis can mitigate the impact of EV-A71 infection in the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wai Hon Chooi
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Winanto
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Republic of Singapore
- National University of Singapore, Faculty of Science (Department of Biological Science), Singapore
| | - Yingying Zeng
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Cheryl Yi-Pin Lee
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Ze Qin Lim
- Infectious Diseases Translational Research Programme (IDTRP); Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Immunology Programme, Life Science Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Pradeep Gautam
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Justin Jang Hann Chu
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Republic of Singapore
- Infectious Diseases Translational Research Programme (IDTRP); Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yuin-Han Loh
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Sylvie Alonso
- Infectious Diseases Translational Research Programme (IDTRP); Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Immunology Programme, Life Science Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shi-Yan Ng
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Republic of Singapore
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore
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2
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Hughes MC, Ramos SV, Brahmbhatt AN, Turnbull PC, Polidovitch NN, Garibotti MC, Schlattner U, Hawke TJ, Simpson JA, Backx PH, Perry CG. Mitohormesis during advanced stages of Duchenne muscular dystrophy reveals a redox-sensitive creatine pathway that can be enhanced by the mitochondrial-targeting peptide SBT-20. Redox Biol 2024; 76:103319. [PMID: 39178732 PMCID: PMC11388197 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2024.103319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2024] [Accepted: 08/16/2024] [Indexed: 08/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial creatine kinase (mtCK) regulates the "fast" export of phosphocreatine to support cytoplasmic phosphorylation of ADP to ATP which is more rapid than direct ATP export. Such "creatine-dependent" phosphate shuttling is attenuated in several muscles, including the heart, of the D2.mdx mouse model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy at only 4 weeks of age. However, the degree to which creatine-dependent and -independent systems of phosphate shuttling progressively worsen or potentially adapt in a hormetic manner throughout disease progression remains unknown. Here, we performed a series of proof-of-principle investigations designed to determine how phosphate shuttling pathways worsen or adapt in later disease stages in D2.mdx (12 months of age). We also determined whether changes in creatine-dependent phosphate shuttling are linked to alterations in mtCK thiol redox state. In permeabilized muscle fibres prepared from cardiac left ventricles, we found that 12-month-old male D2.mdx mice have reduced creatine-dependent pyruvate oxidation and elevated complex I-supported H2O2 emission (mH2O2). Surprisingly, creatine-independent ADP-stimulated respiration was increased and mH2O2 was lowered suggesting that impairments in the faster mtCK-mediated phosphocreatine export system resulted in compensation of the alternative slower pathway of ATP export. The apparent impairments in mtCK-dependent bioenergetics occurred independent of mtCK protein content but were related to greater thiol oxidation of mtCK and a more oxidized cellular environment (lower GSH:GSSG). Next, we performed a proof-of-principle study to determine whether creatine-dependent bioenergetics could be enhanced through chronic administration of the mitochondrial-targeting, ROS-lowering tetrapeptide, SBT-20. We found that 12 weeks of daily treatment with SBT-20 (from day 4-∼12 weeks of age) increased respiration and lowered mH2O2 only in the presence of creatine in D2.mdx mice without affecting calcium-induced mitochondrial permeability transition activity. In summary, creatine-dependent mitochondrial bioenergetics are attenuated in older D2.mdx mice in relation to mtCK thiol oxidation that seem to be countered by increased creatine-independent phosphate shuttling as a unique form of mitohormesis. Separate results demonstrate that creatine-dependent bioenergetics can also be enhanced with a ROS-lowering mitochondrial-targeting peptide. These results demonstrate a specific relationship between redox stress and mitochondrial hormetic reprogramming during dystrophin deficiency with proof-of-principle evidence that creatine-dependent bioenergetics could be modified with mitochondrial-targeting small peptide therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan C Hughes
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science and the Muscle Health Research Centre, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Sofhia V Ramos
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science and the Muscle Health Research Centre, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Aditya N Brahmbhatt
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science and the Muscle Health Research Centre, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Patrick C Turnbull
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science and the Muscle Health Research Centre, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Nazari N Polidovitch
- Department of Biology and the Muscle Health Research Centre, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Madison C Garibotti
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science and the Muscle Health Research Centre, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Uwe Schlattner
- University Grenoble Alpes, Inserm U1055, Laboratory of Fundamental and Applied Bioenergetics (LBFA), and Institut Universitaire de France, Grenoble, France.
| | - Thomas J Hawke
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
| | - Jeremy A Simpson
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences and Cardiovascular Research Group, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada; IMPART Team Canada Investigator Network, Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada.
| | - Peter H Backx
- Department of Biology and the Muscle Health Research Centre, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Christopher Gr Perry
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science and the Muscle Health Research Centre, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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3
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Li Y, Zhang H, Yu C, Dong X, Yang F, Wang M, Wen Z, Su M, Li B, Yang L. New Insights into Mitochondria in Health and Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:9975. [PMID: 39337461 PMCID: PMC11432609 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25189975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2024] [Revised: 09/13/2024] [Accepted: 09/14/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are a unique type of semi-autonomous organelle within the cell that carry out essential functions crucial for the cell's survival and well-being. They are the location where eukaryotic cells carry out energy metabolism. Aside from producing the majority of ATP through oxidative phosphorylation, which provides essential energy for cellular functions, mitochondria also participate in other metabolic processes within the cell, such as the electron transport chain, citric acid cycle, and β-oxidation of fatty acids. Furthermore, mitochondria regulate the production and elimination of ROS, the synthesis of nucleotides and amino acids, the balance of calcium ions, and the process of cell death. Therefore, it is widely accepted that mitochondrial dysfunction is a factor that causes or contributes to the development and advancement of various diseases. These include common systemic diseases, such as aging, diabetes, Parkinson's disease, and cancer, as well as rare metabolic disorders, like Kearns-Sayre syndrome, Leigh disease, and mitochondrial myopathy. This overview outlines the various mechanisms by which mitochondria are involved in numerous illnesses and cellular physiological activities. Additionally, it provides new discoveries regarding the involvement of mitochondria in both disorders and the maintenance of good health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Li
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, Basic Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Huhu Zhang
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, Basic Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Chunjuan Yu
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, Basic Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Xiaolei Dong
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, Basic Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Fanghao Yang
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, Basic Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Mengjun Wang
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, Basic Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Ziyuan Wen
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, Basic Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Mohan Su
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, Basic Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Bing Li
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, Basic Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Lina Yang
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, Basic Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
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Wei J, Zhang M, Wang X, Yang K, Xiao Q, Zhu X, Pan X. Role of cardiolipin in regulating and treating atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases. Eur J Pharmacol 2024; 979:176853. [PMID: 39067567 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2024.176853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Revised: 07/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases, mainly caused by atherosclerosis, are the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Despite the discrepancies in clinical manifestations between different abnormalities, atherosclerosis shares similar pathophysiological processes, such as mitochondrial dysfunction. Cardiolipin (CL) is a conserved mitochondria-specific lipid that contributes to the cristae structure of the inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM). Alterations in the CL, including oxidative modification, reduced quantity, and abnormal localization, contribute to the onset and progression of atherosclerosis. In this review, we summarize the knowledge that CL is involved in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. On the one hand, CL and its oxidative modification promote the progression of atherosclerosis via several mechanisms, including oxidative stress, apoptosis, and inflammation in response to stress. On the other hand, CL externalizes to the outer mitochondrial membrane (OMM) and acts as the pivotal "eat-me" signal in mitophagy, removing dysfunctional mitochondria and safeguarding against the progression of atherosclerosis. Given the imbalance between proatherogenic and antiatherogenic effects, we provide our understanding of the roles of the CL and its oxidative modification in atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases, in addition to potential therapeutic strategies aimed at restoring the CL. Briefly, CL is far more than a structural IMM lipid; broader significances of the evolutionarily conserved lipid need to be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Wei
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xia Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Kaiying Yang
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Qi Xiao
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.
| | - Xiaoyan Zhu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.
| | - Xudong Pan
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.
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5
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Yang M, Huang Y, Tang A, Zhang Y, Liu Y, Fan Z, Li M. Research Hotspots in Mitochondria-Related Studies for AKI Treatment: A Bibliometric Study. Drug Des Devel Ther 2024; 18:4051-4063. [PMID: 39280255 PMCID: PMC11402358 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s473426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 08/27/2024] [Indexed: 09/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common clinical critical condition that has become a significant healthcare burden. In recent years, the relationship between AKI and mitochondria has attracted increasing attention. Protecting mitochondria or restoring their function has emerged as a novel therapeutic strategy for alleviating AKI. This study aims to analyze and summarize the current status, research trends, and hotspots in this field, providing references and directions for future research. Methods AKI and mitochondria-related literature from the Web of Science core collection were retrieved and collected. Bibliometric and visualization analyses were conducted using Microsoft Excel 2021, bibliometric tools (VosViewer, Citespace 6.3.R1, and the bibliometrix R package), R 4.3.2, and SCImagoGraphica software. Results A total of 2433 publications were included in this study. The number of annual publications in this field has increased year by year. China and the United States are the two most productive countries. Central South University is the most influential research institution in terms of research output, and Parikh SM, Schnellmann RG, and Dong Z are the most influential authors in this field. KIDNEY INTERNATIONAL, JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF NEPHROLOGY, and AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-RENAL PHYSIOLOGY are the most influential journals. Initially, the research focused on keywords such as oxidative stress, ischemia-reperfusion injury, apoptosis, inflammation, and autophagy. In recent years, new research hotspots have emerged, including ferroptosis, aging, mitochondrial quality control, messenger RNA, mitochondrial-targeted antioxidants, extracellular vesicles, and nanodrug delivery. Conclusion Research on the relationship between mitochondria and AKI has broad developing prospects, and targeting mitochondrial regulation will become a focus of future AKI prevention and treatment research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengfan Yang
- Department of Nephrology, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Youqun Huang
- Department of Nephrology, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Anqi Tang
- Department of Nephrology, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Shaanxi Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi Provincial, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Liu
- Department of Nephrology, South China Hospital, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenliang Fan
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingquan Li
- Department of Nephrology, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China
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6
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Ye P, Liu H, Qin Y, Li Z, Huang Z, Bu X, Peng Q, Duan N, Wang W, Wang X. SS-31 mitigates oxidative stress and restores mitochondrial function in cigarette smoke-damaged oral epithelial cells via PINK1-mediated mitophagy. Chem Biol Interact 2024; 400:111166. [PMID: 39069114 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2024.111166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Revised: 07/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Smoking is a well-established risk factor for several oral diseases, including oral cancer, oral leukoplakia and periodontitis, primarily related to reactive oxygen species (ROS). SS-31, a mitochondria-targeting tetrapeptide, has exhibited demonstrable efficacy in medical conditions by attenuating mitochondrial ROS production. However, its potential in the treatment of oral diseases remains underexplored. The aim of this study was to investigate the therapeutic potential of SS-31 in mitigating smoking-induced oral epithelial injury. Through in vitro experiments, our results indicate that SS-31 plays a protective role against cigarette smoke extract (CSE) by reducing oxidative stress, attenuating inflammatory response, and restoring mitochondrial function. Furthermore, we found that mitophagy, regulated by PINK1 (PTEN-induced putative kinase 1)/Parkin (Parkin RBR E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase), was critical for the protective role of SS-31. Our findings offer valuable insights into SS-31's therapeutic potential in mitigating CSE-induced oxidative stress, inflammatory response, and mitochondrial dysfunction in oral epithelial cells. This study provides novel intervention targets for smoking-related oral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Ye
- Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Research Institute of Stomatology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hong Liu
- Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Research Institute of Stomatology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yao Qin
- Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Research Institute of Stomatology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhiyuan Li
- Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Research Institute of Stomatology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhuwei Huang
- Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Research Institute of Stomatology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiangwen Bu
- Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Research Institute of Stomatology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qiao Peng
- Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Research Institute of Stomatology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ning Duan
- Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Research Institute of Stomatology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenmei Wang
- Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Research Institute of Stomatology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Xiang Wang
- Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Research Institute of Stomatology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.
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7
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Vassallo N. Poration of mitochondrial membranes by amyloidogenic peptides and other biological toxins. J Neurochem 2024. [PMID: 39213385 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.16213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2024] [Revised: 08/09/2024] [Accepted: 08/12/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Mitochondria are essential organelles known to serve broad functions, including in cellular metabolism, calcium buffering, signaling pathways and the regulation of apoptotic cell death. Maintaining the integrity of the outer (OMM) and inner mitochondrial membranes (IMM) is vital for mitochondrial health. Cardiolipin (CL), a unique dimeric glycerophospholipid, is the signature lipid of energy-converting membranes. It plays a significant role in maintaining mitochondrial architecture and function, stabilizing protein complexes and facilitating efficient oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) whilst regulating cytochrome c release from mitochondria. CL is especially enriched in the IMM and at sites of contact between the OMM and IMM. Disorders of protein misfolding, such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, involve amyloidogenic peptides like amyloid-β, tau and α-synuclein, which form metastable toxic oligomeric species that interact with biological membranes. Electrophysiological studies have shown that these oligomers form ion-conducting nanopores in membranes mimicking the IMM's phospholipid composition. Poration of mitochondrial membranes disrupts the ionic balance, causing osmotic swelling, loss of the voltage potential across the IMM, release of pro-apoptogenic factors, and leads to cell death. The interaction between CL and amyloid oligomers appears to favour their membrane insertion and pore formation, directly implicating CL in amyloid toxicity. Additionally, pore formation in mitochondrial membranes is not limited to amyloid proteins and peptides; other biological peptides, as diverse as the pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 family members, gasdermin proteins, cobra venom cardiotoxins and bacterial pathogenic toxins, have all been described to punch holes in mitochondria, contributing to cell death processes. Collectively, these findings underscore the vulnerability of mitochondria and the involvement of CL in various pathogenic mechanisms, emphasizing the need for further research on targeting CL-amyloid interactions to mitigate mitochondrial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neville Vassallo
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Malta, Tal-Qroqq, Malta
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Biobanking, University of Malta, Tal-Qroqq, Malta
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8
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Li M, Li J, Lu X, Schroder R, Chandramohan A, Wuelfing WP, Templeton AC, Xu W, Gindy M, Kesisoglou F, Ling J, Sawyer T, Verma CS, Partridge AW, Su Y. Molecular Mechanism of P53 Peptide Permeation through Lipid Membranes from Solid-State NMR Spectroscopy and Molecular Dynamics Simulations. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:23075-23091. [PMID: 39110018 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c04230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/22/2024]
Abstract
Macrocyclic peptides show promise in targeting high-value therapeutically relevant binding sites due to their high affinity and specificity. However, their clinical application is often hindered by low membrane permeability, which limits their effectiveness against intracellular targets. Previous studies focused on peptide conformations in various solvents, leaving a gap in understanding their interactions with and translocation through lipid bilayers. Addressing this, our study explores the membrane interactions of stapled peptides, a subclass of macrocyclic peptides, using solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (ssNMR) spectroscopy and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. We conducted ssNMR measurements on ATSP-7041M, a prototypical stapled peptide, to understand its interaction with lipid membranes, leading to an MD-informed model for peptide membrane permeation. Our findings reveal that ATSP-7041M adopts a stable α-helical structure upon membrane binding, facilitated by a cation-π interaction between its phenylalanine side chain and the lipid headgroup. This interaction makes the membrane-bound state energetically favorable, facilitating membrane affinity and insertion. The bound peptide displayed asymmetric insertion depths, with the C-terminus penetrating deeper (approximately 9 Å) than the N-terminus (approximately 4.3 Å) relative to the lipid headgroups. Contrary to expectations, peptide dynamics was not hindered by membrane binding and exhibited rapid motions similar to cell-penetrating peptides. These dynamic interactions and peptide-lipid affinity appear to be crucial for membrane permeation. MD simulations indicated a thermodynamically stable transmembrane conformation of ATSP-7041M, reducing the energy barrier for translocation. Our study offers an in silico view of ATSP-7041M's translocation from the extracellular to the intracellular region, highlighting the significance of peptide-lipid interactions and dynamics in enabling peptide transit through membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyue Li
- Pharmaceutical Sciences and Clinical Supply, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Jianguo Li
- Bioinformatics Institute at A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 30 Biopolis Street, #07-01 Matrix, Singapore 138671, Singapore
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, 20 College Road Discovery Tower, Singapore 169856, Singapore
| | - Xingyu Lu
- Pharmaceutical Sciences and Clinical Supply, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
- Instrumentation and Service Center for Molecular Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, China
| | - Ryan Schroder
- Pharmaceutical Sciences and Clinical Supply, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | | | - W Peter Wuelfing
- Pharmaceutical Sciences and Clinical Supply, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Allen C Templeton
- Pharmaceutical Sciences and Clinical Supply, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Wei Xu
- Pharmaceutical Sciences and Clinical Supply, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Marian Gindy
- Small Molecule Science and Technology, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Filippos Kesisoglou
- Pharmaceutical Sciences and Clinical Supply, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Jing Ling
- Pharmaceutical Sciences and Clinical Supply, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Tomi Sawyer
- Merck & Co., Inc., Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Chandra S Verma
- Bioinformatics Institute at A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 30 Biopolis Street, #07-01 Matrix, Singapore 138671, Singapore
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543, Singapore
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | | | - Yongchao Su
- Pharmaceutical Sciences and Clinical Supply, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
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9
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Liu X, Wang FY, Chi S, Liu T, Yang HL, Zhong RJ, Li XY, Gao J. Mitochondria-targeting peptide SS-31 attenuates ferroptosis via inhibition of the p38 MAPK signaling pathway in the hippocampus of epileptic rats. Brain Res 2024; 1836:148882. [PMID: 38521160 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2024.148882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
Ferroptosis is a newly identified form of non-apoptotic regulated cell death (RCD) andplaysanimportantrole in epileptogenesis. The p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) pathway has been confirmed to be involved in ferroptosis. The mitochondria-targeting antioxidant Elamipretide (SS-31) can reduce the generation of lipid peroxidation and the buildup of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Collectively, our present study was to decipher whether SS-31 inhibits ferroptosis via the p38 MAPK signaling pathway in the rat epilepsy model induced by pilocarpine (PILO).Adult male Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups: control group (CON group), epilepsy group (EP group), SS-31 treatment group (SS group), and p38 MAPK inhibitor (SB203580) treatment group (SB group). Our results demonstrated that the rat hippocampal neurons after epilepsy were followed by accumulated iron and malondialdehyde (MDA) content, upregulated phosphorylated p38 MAPK protein (P-p38) and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) levels, reduced glutathione peroxidase 4 (Gpx4) content, and depleted glutathione (GSH) activity. Morphologically, mitochondrial ultrastructural damage under electron microscopy was manifested by a partial increase in outer membrane density, disappearance of mitochondrial cristae, and mitochondrial shrinkage. SS-31 and SB203580 treatment blocked the initiation and progression of ferroptosis in the hippocampus of epileptic rats via reducing the severity of epileptic seizures, reversing the expression of Gpx4, P-p38 , decreasing the levels of iron and MDA, as well as increasing the activity of GSH and Nrf2. To summarize, our findings proved that ferroptosis was coupled with the pathology of epilepsy, and SS-31 can inhibit PILO-induced seizures by preventing ferroptosis, which may be connected to the inhibition of p38 MAPK phosphorylation, highlighting the potential therapeutic value for targeting ferroptosis process in individuals with seizure-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Liu
- Department of Neurology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, China
| | - Fei-Yu Wang
- Department of Neurology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, China
| | - Song Chi
- Department of Neurology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, China
| | - Tao Liu
- Department of Neurology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, China
| | - Hai-Lin Yang
- Department of Neurology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, China
| | - Ru-Jie Zhong
- Department of Neurology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, China
| | - Xiao-Yu Li
- Department of Neurology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, China
| | - Jing Gao
- Department of Neurology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, China.
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10
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Li H, Dai X, Zhou J, Wang Y, Zhang S, Guo J, Shen L, Yan H, Jiang H. Mitochondrial dynamics in pulmonary disease: Implications for the potential therapeutics. J Cell Physiol 2024:e31370. [PMID: 38988059 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.31370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
Mitochondria are dynamic organelles that continuously undergo fusion/fission to maintain normal cell physiological activities and energy metabolism. When mitochondrial dynamics is unbalanced, mitochondrial homeostasis is broken, thus damaging mitochondrial function. Accumulating evidence demonstrates that impairment in mitochondrial dynamics leads to lung tissue injury and pulmonary disease progression in a variety of disease models, including inflammatory responses, apoptosis, and barrier breakdown, and that the role of mitochondrial dynamics varies among pulmonary diseases. These findings suggest that modulation of mitochondrial dynamics may be considered as a valid therapeutic strategy in pulmonary diseases. In this review, we discuss the current evidence on the role of mitochondrial dynamics in pulmonary diseases, with a particular focus on its underlying mechanisms in the development of acute lung injury (ALI)/acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, pulmonary fibrosis (PF), pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), lung cancer and bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), and outline effective drugs targeting mitochondrial dynamics-related proteins, highlighting the great potential of targeting mitochondrial dynamics in the treatment of pulmonary disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- Immunotherapy Laboratory, College of Pharmacology, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xinyan Dai
- Immunotherapy Laboratory, College of Grassland Resources, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Junfu Zhou
- Immunotherapy Laboratory, College of Pharmacology, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yujuan Wang
- Immunotherapy Laboratory, College of Grassland Resources, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Shiying Zhang
- Immunotherapy Laboratory, College of Grassland Resources, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jiacheng Guo
- Immunotherapy Laboratory, College of Grassland Resources, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Lidu Shen
- Immunotherapy Laboratory, College of Pharmacology, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Hengxiu Yan
- Immunotherapy Laboratory, College of Pharmacology, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Huiling Jiang
- Immunotherapy Laboratory, College of Pharmacology, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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11
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Gandhi S, Sweeney HL, Hart CC, Han R, Perry CGR. Cardiomyopathy in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy and the Potential for Mitochondrial Therapeutics to Improve Treatment Response. Cells 2024; 13:1168. [PMID: 39056750 PMCID: PMC11274633 DOI: 10.3390/cells13141168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2024] [Revised: 07/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a progressive neuromuscular disease caused by mutations to the dystrophin gene, resulting in deficiency of dystrophin protein, loss of myofiber integrity in skeletal and cardiac muscle, and eventual cell death and replacement with fibrotic tissue. Pathologic cardiac manifestations occur in nearly every DMD patient, with the development of cardiomyopathy-the leading cause of death-inevitable by adulthood. As early cardiac abnormalities are difficult to detect, timely diagnosis and appropriate treatment modalities remain a challenge. There is no cure for DMD; treatment is aimed at delaying disease progression and alleviating symptoms. A comprehensive understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms is crucial to the development of targeted treatments. While established hypotheses of underlying mechanisms include sarcolemmal weakening, upregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and perturbed ion homeostasis, mitochondrial dysfunction is thought to be a potential key contributor. Several experimental compounds targeting the skeletal muscle pathology of DMD are in development, but the effects of such agents on cardiac function remain unclear. The synergistic integration of small molecule- and gene-target-based drugs with metabolic-, immune-, or ion balance-enhancing compounds into a combinatorial therapy offers potential for treating dystrophin deficiency-induced cardiomyopathy, making it crucial to understand the underlying mechanisms driving the disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivam Gandhi
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, Muscle Health Research Centre, York University, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - H. Lee Sweeney
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; (H.L.S.); (C.C.H.)
- Myology Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Cora C. Hart
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; (H.L.S.); (C.C.H.)
- Myology Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Renzhi Han
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA;
| | - Christopher G. R. Perry
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, Muscle Health Research Centre, York University, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada
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12
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Thompson WR, Manuel R, Abbruscato A, Carr J, Campbell J, Hornby B, Vaz FM, Vernon HJ. Long-term efficacy and safety of elamipretide in patients with Barth syndrome: 168-week open-label extension results of TAZPOWER. Genet Med 2024; 26:101138. [PMID: 38602181 DOI: 10.1016/j.gim.2024.101138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Evaluate long-term efficacy and safety of elamipretide during the open-label extension (OLE) of the TAZPOWER trial in individuals with Barth syndrome (BTHS). METHODS TAZPOWER was a 28-week randomized, double-blind, and placebo-controlled trial followed by a 168-week OLE. Patients entering the OLE continued elamipretide 40 mg subcutaneous daily. OLE primary endpoints were safety and tolerability; secondary endpoints included change from baseline in the 6-minute walk test (6MWT) and BarTH Syndrome Symptom Assessment (BTHS-SA) Total Fatigue score. Muscle strength, physician- and patient-assessed outcomes, echocardiographic parameters, and biomarkers, including cardiolipin (CL) and monolysocardiolipin (MLCL), were assessed. RESULTS Ten patients entered the OLE; 8 reached the week 168 visit. Elamipretide was well tolerated, with injection-site reactions being the most common adverse events. Significant improvements from OLE baseline on 6MWT occurred at all OLE time points (cumulative 96.1 m of improvement [week 168, P = .003]). Mean BTHS-SA Total Fatigue scores were below baseline (improved) at all OLE time points. Three-dimensional (3D) left ventricular stroke, end-diastolic, and end-systolic volumes improved, showing significant trends for improvement from baseline to week 168. MLCL/CL values showed improvement, correlating to important clinical outcomes. CONCLUSION Elamipretide was associated with sustained long-term tolerability and efficacy, with improvements in functional assessments and cardiac function in BTHS.
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Affiliation(s)
- William R Thompson
- The Blalock-Taussig-Thomas Pediatric and Congenital Heart Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Ryan Manuel
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | | | - Jim Carr
- Stealth BioTherapeutics, Inc., Newton, MA
| | | | - Brittany Hornby
- Department of Physical Therapy, Kennedy Krieger, Baltimore, MD
| | - Frédéric M Vaz
- Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Department of Clinical Chemistry and Pediatrics, Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Emma Children's Hospital, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Inborn Errors of Metabolism, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Core Facility Metabolomics, Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hilary J Vernon
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD.
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13
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Yang T, Geng F, Tang X, Yu Z, Liu Y, Song B, Tang Z, Wang B, Ye B, Yu D, Zhang S. UV radiation-induced peptides in frog skin confer protection against cutaneous photodamage through suppressing MAPK signaling. MedComm (Beijing) 2024; 5:e625. [PMID: 38919335 PMCID: PMC11196897 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Overexposure to ultraviolet light (UV) has become a major dermatological problem since the intensity of ultraviolet radiation is increasing. As an adaption to outside environments, amphibians gained an excellent peptide-based defense system in their naked skin from secular evolution. Here, we first determined the adaptation and resistance of the dark-spotted frogs (Pelophylax nigromaculatus) to constant ultraviolet B (UVB) exposure. Subsequently, peptidomics of frog skin identified a series of novel peptides in response to UVB. These UV-induced frog skin peptides (UIFSPs) conferred significant protection against UVB-induced death and senescence in skin cells. Moreover, the protective effects of UIFSPs were boosted by coupling with the transcription trans-activating (TAT) protein transduction domain. In vivo, TAT-conjugated UIFSPs mitigated skin photodamage and accelerated wound healing. Transcriptomic profiling revealed that multiple pathways were modulated by TAT-conjugated UIFSPs, including small GTPase/Ras signaling and MAPK signaling. Importantly, pharmacological activation of MAPK kinases counteracted UIFSP-induced decrease in cell death after UVB exposure. Taken together, our findings provide evidence for the potential preventive and therapeutic significance of UIFSPs in UV-induced skin damage by antagonizing MAPK signaling pathways. In addition, these results suggest a practicable alternative in which potential therapeutic agents can be mined from organisms with a fascinating ability to adapt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingyi Yang
- Laboratory of Radiation MedicineWest China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic MedicineSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Fenghao Geng
- Laboratory of Radiation MedicineWest China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic MedicineSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Xiaoyou Tang
- Laboratory of Radiation MedicineWest China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic MedicineSichuan UniversityChengduChina
- Medical College of Tibet University, Tibet UniversityLhasaChina
| | - Zuxiang Yu
- Laboratory of Radiation MedicineWest China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic MedicineSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Yulan Liu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical CollegeChina National Nuclear Corporation 416 HospitalChengduChina
| | - Bin Song
- Laboratory of Radiation MedicineWest China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic MedicineSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Zhihui Tang
- Laboratory of Radiation MedicineWest China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic MedicineSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Baoning Wang
- Laboratory of Radiation MedicineWest China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic MedicineSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Bengui Ye
- Medical College of Tibet University, Tibet UniversityLhasaChina
| | - Daojiang Yu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical CollegeChina National Nuclear Corporation 416 HospitalChengduChina
| | - Shuyu Zhang
- Laboratory of Radiation MedicineWest China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic MedicineSichuan UniversityChengduChina
- Medical College of Tibet University, Tibet UniversityLhasaChina
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical CollegeChina National Nuclear Corporation 416 HospitalChengduChina
- NHC Key Laboratory of Nuclear Technology Medical Transformation (Mianyang Central Hospital)MianyangChina
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14
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Stein CS, Zhang X, Witmer NH, Pennington ER, Shaikh SR, Boudreau RL. Mitoregulin supports mitochondrial membrane integrity and protects against cardiac ischemia-reperfusion injury. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.31.596875. [PMID: 38853979 PMCID: PMC11160723 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.31.596875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
We and others discovered a highly-conserved mitochondrial transmembrane microprotein, named Mitoregulin (Mtln), that supports lipid metabolism. We reported that Mtln strongly binds cardiolipin (CL), increases mitochondrial respiration and Ca 2+ retention capacities, and reduces reactive oxygen species (ROS). Here we extend our observation of Mtln-CL binding and examine Mtln influence on cristae structure and mitochondrial membrane integrity during stress. We demonstrate that mitochondria from constitutive- and inducible Mtln-knockout (KO) mice are susceptible to membrane freeze-damage and that this can be rescued by acute Mtln re-expression. In mitochondrial-simulated lipid monolayers, we show that synthetic Mtln decreases lipid packing and monolayer elasticity. Lipidomics revealed that Mtln-KO heart tissues show broad decreases in 22:6-containing lipids and increased cardiolipin damage/remodeling. Lastly, we demonstrate that Mtln-KO mice suffer worse myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury, hinting at a translationally-relevant role for Mtln in cardioprotection. Our work supports a model in which Mtln binds cardiolipin and stabilizes mitochondrial membranes to broadly influence diverse mitochondrial functions, including lipid metabolism, while also protecting against stress.
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15
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Silvaroli JA, Bisunke B, Kim JY, Stayton A, Jayne LA, Martinez SA, Nguyen C, Patel PS, Vanichapol T, Verma V, Akhter J, Bolisetty S, Madhavan SM, Kuscu C, Coss CC, Zepeda-Orozco D, Parikh SV, Satoskar AA, Davidson AJ, Eason JD, Szeto HH, Pabla NS, Bajwa A. Genome-Wide CRISPR Screen Identifies Phospholipid Scramblase 3 as the Biological Target of Mitoprotective Drug SS-31. J Am Soc Nephrol 2024; 35:681-695. [PMID: 38530359 PMCID: PMC11164119 DOI: 10.1681/asn.0000000000000338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Key Points Szeto–Schiller-31–mediated mitoprotection is phospholipid scramblase 3–dependent. Phospholipid scramblase 3 is required for recovery after AKI. Background The synthetic tetrapeptide Szeto–Schiller (SS)-31 shows promise in alleviating mitochondrial dysfunction associated with common diseases. However, the precise pharmacological basis of its mitoprotective effects remains unknown. Methods To uncover the biological targets of SS-31, we performed a genome-scale clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats screen in human kidney-2, a cell culture model where SS-31 mitigates cisplatin-associated cell death and mitochondrial dysfunction. The identified hit candidate gene was functionally validated using knockout cell lines, small interfering RNA-mediated downregulation, and tubular epithelial–specific conditional knockout mice. Biochemical interaction studies were also performed to examine the interaction of SS-31 with the identified target protein. Results Our primary screen and validation studies in hexokinase 2 and primary murine tubular epithelial cells showed that phospholipid scramblase 3 (PLSCR3), an understudied inner mitochondrial membrane protein, was essential for the protective effects of SS-31. For in vivo validation, we generated tubular epithelial–specific knockout mice and found that Plscr3 gene ablation did not influence kidney function under normal conditions or affect the severity of cisplatin and rhabdomyolysis-associated AKI. However, Plscr3 gene deletion completely abrogated the protective effects of SS-31 during cisplatin and rhabdomyolysis-associated AKI. Biochemical studies showed that SS-31 directly binds to a previously uncharacterized N -terminal domain and stimulates PLSCR3 scramblase activity. Finally, PLSCR3 protein expression was found to be increased in the kidneys of patients with AKI. Conclusions PLSCR3 was identified as the essential biological target that facilitated the mitoprotective effects of SS-31 in vitro and in vivo .
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Affiliation(s)
- Josie A. Silvaroli
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Bijay Bisunke
- Department of Genetics, Genomics, and Informatics; College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Ji Young Kim
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Amanda Stayton
- Department of Genetics, Genomics, and Informatics; College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Laura A. Jayne
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Shirely A. Martinez
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Christopher Nguyen
- Department of Genetics, Genomics, and Informatics; College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Prisha S. Patel
- Department of Genetics, Genomics, and Informatics; College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Thitinee Vanichapol
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Vivek Verma
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Juheb Akhter
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama
| | | | - Sethu M. Madhavan
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Cem Kuscu
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Transplant Research Institute, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Christopher C. Coss
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Diana Zepeda-Orozco
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine and Kidney and Urinary Tract Research Center, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Samir V. Parikh
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Anjali A. Satoskar
- Division of Renal and Transplant Pathology, Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Alan J. Davidson
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - James D. Eason
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Transplant Research Institute, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Hazel H. Szeto
- Social Profit Network Research Lab, Menlo Park, California
| | - Navjot S. Pabla
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Amandeep Bajwa
- Department of Genetics, Genomics, and Informatics; College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Transplant Research Institute, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Biochemistry; College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
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16
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Zhang G, Sharma K. Mechanisms for Mitoprotection and Amelioration of Acute Kidney Injury Risk. J Am Soc Nephrol 2024; 35:667-669. [PMID: 38749551 PMCID: PMC11164106 DOI: 10.1681/asn.0000000000000375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Guanshi Zhang
- Center for Precision Medicine, Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Health San Antonio, and Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
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17
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Zong Y, Li H, Liao P, Chen L, Pan Y, Zheng Y, Zhang C, Liu D, Zheng M, Gao J. Mitochondrial dysfunction: mechanisms and advances in therapy. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2024; 9:124. [PMID: 38744846 PMCID: PMC11094169 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-024-01839-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria, with their intricate networks of functions and information processing, are pivotal in both health regulation and disease progression. Particularly, mitochondrial dysfunctions are identified in many common pathologies, including cardiovascular diseases, neurodegeneration, metabolic syndrome, and cancer. However, the multifaceted nature and elusive phenotypic threshold of mitochondrial dysfunction complicate our understanding of their contributions to diseases. Nonetheless, these complexities do not prevent mitochondria from being among the most important therapeutic targets. In recent years, strategies targeting mitochondrial dysfunction have continuously emerged and transitioned to clinical trials. Advanced intervention such as using healthy mitochondria to replenish or replace damaged mitochondria, has shown promise in preclinical trials of various diseases. Mitochondrial components, including mtDNA, mitochondria-located microRNA, and associated proteins can be potential therapeutic agents to augment mitochondrial function in immunometabolic diseases and tissue injuries. Here, we review current knowledge of mitochondrial pathophysiology in concrete examples of common diseases. We also summarize current strategies to treat mitochondrial dysfunction from the perspective of dietary supplements and targeted therapies, as well as the clinical translational situation of related pharmacology agents. Finally, this review discusses the innovations and potential applications of mitochondrial transplantation as an advanced and promising treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Zong
- Centre for Orthopaedic Research, Medical School, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Hao Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200233, China
- Institute of Microsurgery on Extremities, and Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Peng Liao
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200233, China
- Institute of Microsurgery on Extremities, and Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Long Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Yao Pan
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Yongqiang Zheng
- Sixth People's Hospital Fujian, No. 16, Luoshan Section, Jinguang Road, Luoshan Street, Jinjiang City, Quanzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Changqing Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Delin Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200233, China.
- Institute of Microsurgery on Extremities, and Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200233, China.
| | - Minghao Zheng
- Centre for Orthopaedic Research, Medical School, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia.
| | - Junjie Gao
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200233, China.
- Institute of Microsurgery on Extremities, and Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200233, China.
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18
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Leventoux N, Morimoto S, Ishikawa M, Nakamura S, Ozawa F, Kobayashi R, Watanabe H, Supakul S, Okamoto S, Zhou Z, Kobayashi H, Kato C, Hirokawa Y, Aiba I, Takahashi S, Shibata S, Takao M, Yoshida M, Endo F, Yamanaka K, Kokubo Y, Okano H. Aberrant CHCHD2-associated mitochondriopathy in Kii ALS/PDC astrocytes. Acta Neuropathol 2024; 147:84. [PMID: 38750212 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-024-02734-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis/Parkinsonism-Dementia Complex (ALS/PDC), a rare and complex neurological disorder, is predominantly observed in the Western Pacific islands, including regions of Japan, Guam, and Papua. This enigmatic condition continues to capture medical attention due to affected patients displaying symptoms that parallel those seen in either classical amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) or Parkinson's disease (PD). Distinctly, postmortem examinations of the brains of affected individuals have shown the presence of α-synuclein aggregates and TDP-43, which are hallmarks of PD and classical ALS, respectively. These observations are further complicated by the detection of phosphorylated tau, accentuating the multifaceted proteinopathic nature of ALS/PDC. The etiological foundations of this disease remain undetermined, and genetic investigations have yet to provide conclusive answers. However, emerging evidence has implicated the contribution of astrocytes, pivotal cells for maintaining brain health, to neurodegenerative onset, and likely to play a significant role in the pathogenesis of ALS/PDC. Leveraging advanced induced pluripotent stem cell technology, our team cultivated multiple astrocyte lines to further investigate the Japanese variant of ALS/PDC (Kii ALS/PDC). CHCHD2 emerged as a significantly dysregulated gene when disease astrocytes were compared to healthy controls. Our analyses also revealed imbalances in the activation of specific pathways: those associated with astrocytic cilium dysfunction, known to be involved in neurodegeneration, and those related to major neurological disorders, including classical ALS and PD. Further in-depth examinations revealed abnormalities in the mitochondrial morphology and metabolic processes of the affected astrocytes. A particularly striking observation was the reduced expression of CHCHD2 in the spinal cord, motor cortex, and oculomotor nuclei of patients with Kii ALS/PDC. In summary, our findings suggest a potential reduction in the support Kii ALS/PDC astrocytes provide to neurons, emphasizing the need to explore the role of CHCHD2 in maintaining mitochondrial health and its implications for the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Leventoux
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoru Morimoto
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Keio Regenerative Medicine Research Centre, Keio University, Kanagawa, Japan
- Division of Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Oncologic Pathology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Mie, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Ishikawa
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shiho Nakamura
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Keio Regenerative Medicine Research Centre, Keio University, Kanagawa, Japan
- Division of Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fumiko Ozawa
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Keio Regenerative Medicine Research Centre, Keio University, Kanagawa, Japan
- Division of Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Reona Kobayashi
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Watanabe
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Keio Regenerative Medicine Research Centre, Keio University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Sopak Supakul
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Okamoto
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Zhi Zhou
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroya Kobayashi
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Keio Regenerative Medicine Research Centre, Keio University, Kanagawa, Japan
- Division of Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chris Kato
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Keio Regenerative Medicine Research Centre, Keio University, Kanagawa, Japan
- Division of Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshifumi Hirokawa
- Department of Oncologic Pathology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Mie, Japan
| | - Ikuko Aiba
- Department of Neurology, NHO, Higashinagoya National Hospital, Aichi, Japan
| | - Shinichi Takahashi
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Keio Regenerative Medicine Research Centre, Keio University, Kanagawa, Japan
- Department of Neurology and Stroke, International Medical Centre, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Shibata
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Division of Microscopic Anatomy, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Masaki Takao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, National Centre of Neurology and Psychiatry (NCNP), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mari Yoshida
- Department of Neuropathology, Institute for Medical Science of Aging, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan
| | - Fumito Endo
- Department of Neuroscience and Pathobiology, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Aichi, Japan
| | - Koji Yamanaka
- Department of Neuroscience and Pathobiology, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yasumasa Kokubo
- Kii ALS/PDC Research Centre, Mie University Graduate School of Regional Innovation Studies, Mie, Japan.
| | - Hideyuki Okano
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
- Keio Regenerative Medicine Research Centre, Keio University, Kanagawa, Japan.
- Division of Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan.
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19
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Xia Y, Zhang Y, Du Y, Wang Z, Cheng L, Du Z. Comprehensive dry eye therapy: overcoming ocular surface barrier and combating inflammation, oxidation, and mitochondrial damage. J Nanobiotechnology 2024; 22:233. [PMID: 38725011 PMCID: PMC11080212 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-024-02503-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dry Eye Disease (DED) is a prevalent multifactorial ocular disease characterized by a vicious cycle of inflammation, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial dysfunction on the ocular surface, all of which lead to DED deterioration and impair the patients' quality of life and social functioning. Currently, anti-inflammatory drugs have shown promising efficacy in treating DED; however, such drugs are associated with side effects. The bioavailability of ocular drugs is less than 5% owing to factors such as rapid tear turnover and the presence of the corneal barrier. This calls for investigations to overcome these challenges associated with ocular drug administration. RESULTS A novel hierarchical action liposome nanosystem (PHP-DPS@INS) was developed in this study. In terms of delivery, PHP-DPS@INS nanoparticles (NPs) overcame the ocular surface transport barrier by adopting the strategy of "ocular surface electrostatic adhesion-lysosomal site-directed escape". In terms of therapy, PHP-DPS@INS achieved mitochondrial targeting and antioxidant effects through SS-31 peptide, and exerted an anti-inflammatory effect by loading insulin to reduce mitochondrial inflammatory metabolites. Ultimately, the synergistic action of "anti-inflammation-antioxidation-mitochondrial function restoration" breaks the vicious cycle associated with DED. The PHP-DPS@INS demonstrated remarkable cellular uptake, lysosomal escape, and mitochondrial targeting in vitro. Targeted metabolomics analysis revealed that PHP-DPS@INS effectively normalized the elevated level of mitochondrial proinflammatory metabolite fumarate in an in vitro hypertonic model of DED, thereby reducing the levels of key inflammatory factors (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α). Additionally, PHP-DPS@INS strongly inhibited reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and facilitated mitochondrial structural repair. In vivo, the PHP-DPS@INS treatment significantly enhanced the adhesion duration and corneal permeability of the ocular surface in DED mice, thereby improving insulin bioavailability. It also restored tear secretion, suppressed ocular surface damage, and reduced inflammation in DED mice. Moreover, it demonstrated favorable safety profiles both in vitro and in vivo. CONCLUSION In summary, this study successfully developed a comprehensive DED management nanosystem that overcame the ocular surface transmission barrier and disrupted the vicious cycle that lead to dry eye pathogenesis. Additionally, it pioneered the regulation of mitochondrial metabolites as an anti-inflammatory treatment for ocular conditions, presenting a safe, efficient, and innovative therapeutic strategy for DED and other inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyou Xia
- Department of Ophthalmology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ultrasound Molecular Imaging, Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ultrasound in Medicine and Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, China
| | - Yangrui Du
- Department of Ophthalmology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, China
| | - Zhigang Wang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ultrasound Molecular Imaging, Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, China
| | - Long Cheng
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ultrasound Molecular Imaging, Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, China
| | - Zhiyu Du
- Department of Ophthalmology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, China.
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20
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Zhang Y, Wang Y, Wei R, Li X, Luo B, Zhang J, Zhang K, Fang S, Liu X, Chen G. Mitochondrial antioxidant elamipretide improves learning and memory impairment induced by chronic sleep deprivation in mice. Brain Behav 2024; 14:e3508. [PMID: 38688894 PMCID: PMC11061203 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.3508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2024] [Accepted: 03/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The inflammation and synaptic dysfunction induced by mitochondrial dysfunction play essential roles in the learning and memory impairment associated with sleep dysfunction. Elamipretide (SS-31), a novel mitochondrion-targeted antioxidant, was proven to improve mitochondrial dysfunction, the inflammatory response, synaptic dysfunction, and cognitive impairment in models of cerebral ischemia, sepsis, and type 2 diabetes. However, the potential for SS-31 to improve the cognitive impairment induced by chronic sleep deprivation (CSD) and its underlying mechanisms is unknown. METHODS Adult c57BL/6J mice were subjected to CSD for 21 days using an activity wheel accompanied by daily intraperitoneal injection of SS-31 (5 mg/kg). The novel object recognition and Morris water maze test were used to evaluate hippocampus-dependent cognitive function. Western blotting and reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction assays were used to determine the effects of CSD and SS-31 on markers of mitochondria, inflammation response, and synaptic function. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were used to examine the levels of proinflammatory cytokines. RESULTS SS-31 could improve the cognitive impairment induced by CSD. In particular, SS-31 treatment restored the CSD-induced decrease in sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator alpha levels and the increase in levels nuclear factor kappa-B and inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha. Furthermore, SS-31 significantly increased the levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor, postsynaptic density protein-95, and synaptophysin in CSD mice. CONCLUSION Taken together, these results suggest that SS-31 could improve CSD-induced mitochondrial biogenesis dysfunction, inflammatory response, synaptic dysfunction, and cognitive impairment by increasing SIRT1 expression levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue‐Ming Zhang
- Department of Neurology (Sleep Disorders)The Affiliated Chaohu Hospital of Anhui Medical UniversityHefeiAnhuiP. R. China
| | - Ya‐Tao Wang
- Department of Neurology (Sleep Disorders)The Affiliated Chaohu Hospital of Anhui Medical UniversityHefeiAnhuiP. R. China
| | - Ru‐Meng Wei
- Department of Neurology (Sleep Disorders)The Affiliated Chaohu Hospital of Anhui Medical UniversityHefeiAnhuiP. R. China
| | - Xue‐Yan Li
- Department of Neurology (Sleep Disorders)The Affiliated Chaohu Hospital of Anhui Medical UniversityHefeiAnhuiP. R. China
| | - Bao‐Ling Luo
- Department of Neurology (Sleep Disorders)The Affiliated Chaohu Hospital of Anhui Medical UniversityHefeiAnhuiP. R. China
| | - Jing‐Ya Zhang
- Department of Neurology (Sleep Disorders)The Affiliated Chaohu Hospital of Anhui Medical UniversityHefeiAnhuiP. R. China
| | - Kai‐Xuan Zhang
- Department of Neurology (Sleep Disorders)The Affiliated Chaohu Hospital of Anhui Medical UniversityHefeiAnhuiP. R. China
| | - Shi‐Kun Fang
- Department of Neurology (Sleep Disorders)The Affiliated Chaohu Hospital of Anhui Medical UniversityHefeiAnhuiP. R. China
| | - Xue‐Chun Liu
- Department of NeurologyThe Second People's Hospital of Hefei and Affiliated Hefei Hospital of Anhui Medical UniversityHefeiAnhuiP. R. China
| | - Gui‐Hai Chen
- Department of Neurology (Sleep Disorders)The Affiliated Chaohu Hospital of Anhui Medical UniversityHefeiAnhuiP. R. China
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21
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Pegoraro C, Domingo-Ortí I, Conejos-Sánchez I, Vicent MJ. Unlocking the Mitochondria for Nanomedicine-based Treatments: Overcoming Biological Barriers, Improving Designs, and Selecting Verification Techniques. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2024; 207:115195. [PMID: 38325562 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2024.115195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Enhanced targeting approaches will support the treatment of diseases associated with dysfunctional mitochondria, which play critical roles in energy generation and cell survival. Obstacles to mitochondria-specific targeting include the presence of distinct biological barriers and the need to pass through (or avoid) various cell internalization mechanisms. A range of studies have reported the design of mitochondrially-targeted nanomedicines that navigate the complex routes required to influence mitochondrial function; nonetheless, a significant journey lies ahead before mitochondrially-targeted nanomedicines become suitable for clinical use. Moving swiftly forward will require safety studies, in vivo assays confirming effectiveness, and methodologies to validate mitochondria-targeted nanomedicines' subcellular location/activity. From a nanomedicine standpoint, we describe the biological routes involved (from administration to arrival within the mitochondria), the features influencing rational design, and the techniques used to identify/validate successful targeting. Overall, rationally-designed mitochondria-targeted-based nanomedicines hold great promise for precise subcellular therapeutic delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Pegoraro
- Polymer Therapeutics Laboratory and CIBERONC, Príncipe Felipe Research Center, Av. Eduardo Primo Yúfera 3, E-46012 Valencia, Spain.
| | - Inés Domingo-Ortí
- Polymer Therapeutics Laboratory and CIBERONC, Príncipe Felipe Research Center, Av. Eduardo Primo Yúfera 3, E-46012 Valencia, Spain.
| | - Inmaculada Conejos-Sánchez
- Polymer Therapeutics Laboratory and CIBERONC, Príncipe Felipe Research Center, Av. Eduardo Primo Yúfera 3, E-46012 Valencia, Spain.
| | - María J Vicent
- Polymer Therapeutics Laboratory and CIBERONC, Príncipe Felipe Research Center, Av. Eduardo Primo Yúfera 3, E-46012 Valencia, Spain.
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22
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Xiao Liang K. Interplay of mitochondria and diabetes: Unveiling novel therapeutic strategies. Mitochondrion 2024; 75:101850. [PMID: 38331015 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2024.101850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
The interplay between mitochondrial function and diabetes has gained significant attention due to its crucial role in the pathogenesis and progression of the disease. Mitochondria, known as the cellular powerhouses, are essential for glucose metabolism. Dysfunction of these organelles has been implicated in the development of insulin resistance and beta-cell failure, both prominent features of diabetes. This comprehensive review explores the intricate mechanisms involved, including the generation of reactive oxygen species and the impact of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations. Moreover, the review delves into emerging therapeutic strategies that specifically target mitochondria, such as mitochondria-targeted antioxidants, agents promoting mitochondrial biogenesis, and compounds modulating mitochondrial dynamics. The potential of these novel approaches is critically evaluated, taking into account their benefits and limitations, to provide a well-rounded perspective. Ultimately, this review emphasizes the importance of advancing our understanding of mitochondrial biology to revolutionize the treatment of diabetes.
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23
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Yap C, Wanga S, Wüst RCI, van Os BW, Pijls MME, Keijzer S, van Zanten E, Koolbergen DR, Driessen AHG, Balm R, Yeung KK, de Vries CJM, Houtkooper RH, Lindeman JHN, de Waard V. Doxycycline induces mitochondrial dysfunction in aortic smooth muscle cells. Vascul Pharmacol 2024; 154:107279. [PMID: 38272196 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2024.107279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
The antibiotic doxycycline is known to inhibit inflammation and was therefore considered as a therapeutic to prevent abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) growth. Yet mitochondrial dysfunction is a key-characteristic of clinical AAA disease. We hypothesize that doxycycline impairs mitochondrial function in the aorta and aortic smooth muscle cells (SMCs). Doxycycline induced mitonuclear imbalance, reduced proliferation and diminished expression of typical contractile smooth muscle cell (SMC) proteins. To understand the underlying mechanism, we studied krüppel-like factor 4 (KLF4). The expression of this transcription factor was enhanced in SMCs after doxycycline treatment. Knockdown of KLF4, however, did not affect the doxycycline-induced SMC phenotypic changes. Then we used the bioenergetics drug elamipretide (SS-31). Doxycycline-induced loss of SMC contractility markers was not rescued, but mitochondrial genes and mitochondrial connectivity improved upon elamipretide. Thus while doxycycline is anti-inflammatory, it also induces mitochondrial dysfunction in aortic SMCs and causes SMC phenotypic switching, potentially contributing to aortic aneurysm pathology. The drug elamipretide helps mitigate the harmful effects of doxycycline on mitochondrial function in aortic SMC, and may be of interest for treatment of aneurysm diseases with pre-existing mitochondrial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Yap
- Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Medical Biochemistry, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Shaynah Wanga
- Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Medical Biochemistry, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Cardiology, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Rob C I Wüst
- Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Myology, Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Bram W van Os
- Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Medical Biochemistry, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Maud M E Pijls
- Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Medical Biochemistry, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sofie Keijzer
- Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Medical Biochemistry, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Eva van Zanten
- Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Medical Biochemistry, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - David R Koolbergen
- Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Cardiothoracic Surgery, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Antoine H G Driessen
- Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Cardiothoracic Surgery, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ron Balm
- Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Vascular Surgery, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Kak Khee Yeung
- Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Vascular Surgery, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Physiology, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Carlie J M de Vries
- Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Medical Biochemistry, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Riekelt H Houtkooper
- Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jan H N Lindeman
- Leiden University Medical Center, Vascular Surgery, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Vivian de Waard
- Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Medical Biochemistry, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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24
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Huang Y, Ji W, Zhang J, Huang Z, Ding A, Bai H, Peng B, Huang K, Du W, Zhao T, Li L. The involvement of the mitochondrial membrane in drug delivery. Acta Biomater 2024; 176:28-50. [PMID: 38280553 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2024.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/29/2024]
Abstract
Treatment effectiveness and biosafety are critical for disease therapy. Bio-membrane modification facilitates the homologous targeting of drugs in vivo by exploiting unique antibodies or antigens, thereby enhancing therapeutic efficacy while ensuring biosafety. To further enhance the precision of disease treatment, future research should shift focus from targeted cellular delivery to targeted subcellular delivery. As the cellular powerhouses, mitochondria play an indispensable role in cell growth and regulation and are closely involved in many diseases (e.g., cancer, cardiovascular, and neurodegenerative diseases). The double-layer membrane wrapped on the surface of mitochondria not only maintains the stability of their internal environment but also plays a crucial role in fundamental biological processes, such as energy generation, metabolite transport, and information communication. A growing body of evidence suggests that various diseases are tightly related to mitochondrial imbalance. Moreover, mitochondria-targeted strategies hold great potential to decrease therapeutic threshold dosage, minimize side effects, and promote the development of precision medicine. Herein, we introduce the structure and function of mitochondrial membranes, summarize and discuss the important role of mitochondrial membrane-targeting materials in disease diagnosis/treatment, and expound the advantages of mitochondrial membrane-assisted drug delivery for disease diagnosis, treatment, and biosafety. This review helps readers understand mitochondria-targeted therapies and promotes the application of mitochondrial membranes in drug delivery. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Bio-membrane modification facilitates the homologous targeting of drugs in vivo by exploiting unique antibodies or antigens, thereby enhancing therapeutic efficacy while ensuring biosafety. Compared to cell-targeted treatment, targeting of mitochondria for drug delivery offers higher efficiency and improved biosafety and will promote the development of precision medicine. As a natural material, the mitochondrial membrane exhibits excellent biocompatibility and can serve as a carrier for mitochondria-targeted delivery. This review provides an overview of the structure and function of mitochondrial membranes and explores the potential benefits of utilizing mitochondrial membrane-assisted drug delivery for disease treatment and biosafety. The aim of this review is to enhance readers' comprehension of mitochondrial targeted therapy and to advance the utilization of mitochondrial membrane in drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinghui Huang
- The Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE, Future Technologies), Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Wenhui Ji
- The Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE, Future Technologies), Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Jiaxin Zhang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Ze Huang
- The Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE, Future Technologies), Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China; Future Display Institute in Xiamen, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Aixiang Ding
- The Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE, Future Technologies), Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Hua Bai
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Bo Peng
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Kai Huang
- Future Display Institute in Xiamen, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Wei Du
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China.
| | - Tingting Zhao
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China.
| | - Lin Li
- The Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE, Future Technologies), Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China; Future Display Institute in Xiamen, Xiamen 361005, China.
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25
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Vinţeler N, Feurdean CN, Petkes R, Barabas R, Boşca BA, Muntean A, Feștilă D, Ilea A. Biomaterials Functionalized with Inflammasome Inhibitors-Premises and Perspectives. J Funct Biomater 2024; 15:32. [PMID: 38391885 PMCID: PMC10889089 DOI: 10.3390/jfb15020032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
This review aimed at searching literature for data regarding the inflammasomes' involvement in the pathogenesis of oral diseases (mainly periodontitis) and general pathologies, including approaches to control inflammasome-related pathogenic mechanisms. The inflammasomes are part of the innate immune response that activates inflammatory caspases by canonical and noncanonical pathways, to control the activity of Gasdermin D. Once an inflammasome is activated, pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukins, are released. Thus, inflammasomes are involved in inflammatory, autoimmune and autoinflammatory diseases. The review also investigated novel therapies based on the use of phytochemicals and pharmaceutical substances for inhibiting inflammasome activity. Pharmaceutical substances can control the inflammasomes by three mechanisms: inhibiting the intracellular signaling pathways (Allopurinol and SS-31), blocking inflammasome components (VX-765, Emricasan and VX-740), and inhibiting cytokines mediated by the inflammasomes (Canakinumab, Anakinra and Rilonacept). Moreover, phytochemicals inhibit the inflammasomes by neutralizing reactive oxygen species. Biomaterials functionalized by the adsorption of therapeutic agents onto different nanomaterials could represent future research directions to facilitate multimodal and sequential treatment in oral pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norina Vinţeler
- Department of Oral Rehabilitation, Faculty of Dentistry, "Iuliu Hațieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Claudia Nicoleta Feurdean
- Department of Oral Rehabilitation, Faculty of Dentistry, "Iuliu Hațieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Regina Petkes
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering of Hungarian Line of Study, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Babeș-Bolyai University, 400028 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Reka Barabas
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering of Hungarian Line of Study, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Babeș-Bolyai University, 400028 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Bianca Adina Boşca
- Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, "Iuliu Hațieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Alexandrina Muntean
- Department of Paediatric, Faculty of Dentistry, "Iuliu Hațieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca 400012, Romania
| | - Dana Feștilă
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, "Iuliu Hațieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca 400012, Romania
| | - Aranka Ilea
- Department of Oral Rehabilitation, Faculty of Dentistry, "Iuliu Hațieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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26
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Chang LY, Chao YL, Chiu CC, Chen PL, Lin HYH. Mitochondrial Signaling, the Mechanisms of AKI-to-CKD Transition and Potential Treatment Targets. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1518. [PMID: 38338797 PMCID: PMC10855342 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is increasing in prevalence and causes a global health burden. AKI is associated with significant mortality and can subsequently develop into chronic kidney disease (CKD). The kidney is one of the most energy-demanding organs in the human body and has a role in active solute transport, maintenance of electrochemical gradients, and regulation of fluid balance. Renal proximal tubular cells (PTCs) are the primary segment to reabsorb and secrete various solutes and take part in AKI initiation. Mitochondria, which are enriched in PTCs, are the main source of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in cells as generated through oxidative phosphorylation. Mitochondrial dysfunction may result in reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, impaired biogenesis, oxidative stress multiplication, and ultimately leading to cell death. Even though mitochondrial damage and malfunction have been observed in both human kidney disease and animal models of AKI and CKD, the mechanism of mitochondrial signaling in PTC for AKI-to-CKD transition remains unknown. We review the recent findings of the development of AKI-to-CKD transition with a focus on mitochondrial disorders in PTCs. We propose that mitochondrial signaling is a key mechanism of the progression of AKI to CKD and potential targeting for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Yun Chang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; (L.-Y.C.); (Y.-L.C.)
| | - Yu-Lin Chao
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; (L.-Y.C.); (Y.-L.C.)
| | - Chien-Chih Chiu
- Department of Biotechnology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Phang-Lang Chen
- Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA;
| | - Hugo Y.-H. Lin
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; (L.-Y.C.); (Y.-L.C.)
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
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27
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Hou Y, Tan E, Shi H, Ren X, Wan X, Wu W, Chen Y, Niu H, Zhu G, Li J, Li Y, Wang L. Mitochondrial oxidative damage reprograms lipid metabolism of renal tubular epithelial cells in the diabetic kidney. Cell Mol Life Sci 2024; 81:23. [PMID: 38200266 PMCID: PMC10781825 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-05078-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
The functional and structural changes in the proximal tubule play an important role in the occurrence and development of diabetic kidney disease (DKD). Diabetes-induced metabolic changes, including lipid metabolism reprogramming, are reported to lead to changes in the state of tubular epithelial cells (TECs), and among all the disturbances in metabolism, mitochondria serve as central regulators. Mitochondrial dysfunction, accompanied by increased production of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mtROS), is considered one of the primary factors causing diabetic tubular injury. Most studies have discussed how altered metabolic flux drives mitochondrial oxidative stress during DKD. In the present study, we focused on targeting mitochondrial damage as an upstream factor in metabolic abnormalities under diabetic conditions in TECs. Using SS31, a tetrapeptide that protects the mitochondrial cristae structure, we demonstrated that mitochondrial oxidative damage contributes to TEC injury and lipid peroxidation caused by lipid accumulation. Mitochondria protected using SS31 significantly reversed the decreased expression of key enzymes and regulators of fatty acid oxidation (FAO), but had no obvious effect on major glucose metabolic rate-limiting enzymes. Mitochondrial oxidative stress facilitated renal Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) deposition and SS31 limited the elevated Acer1, S1pr1 and SPHK1 activity, and the decreased Spns2 expression. These data suggest a role of mitochondrial oxidative damage in unbalanced lipid metabolism, including lipid droplet (LD) formulation, lipid peroxidation, and impaired FAO and sphingolipid homeostasis in DKD. An in vitro study demonstrated that high glucose drove elevated expression of cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2), which, in turn, was responsible for the altered lipid metabolism, including LD generation and S1P accumulation, in HK-2 cells. A mitochondria-targeted antioxidant inhibited the activation of cPLA2f isoforms. Taken together, these findings identify mechanistic links between mitochondrial oxidative metabolism and reprogrammed lipid metabolism in diabetic TECs, and provide further evidence for the nephroprotective effects of SS31 via influencing metabolic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjuan Hou
- Department of Nephrology, Second Hospital, Shanxi Medical University, No.382, Wuyi Road, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030000, China
| | - Enxue Tan
- Department of Nephrology, Second Hospital, Shanxi Medical University, No.382, Wuyi Road, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030000, China
| | - Honghong Shi
- Department of Nephrology, Second Hospital, Shanxi Medical University, No.382, Wuyi Road, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030000, China
| | - Xiayu Ren
- Department of Nephrology, Second Hospital, Shanxi Medical University, No.382, Wuyi Road, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030000, China
| | - Xing Wan
- Department of Nephrology, Second Hospital, Shanxi Medical University, No.382, Wuyi Road, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030000, China
| | - Wenjie Wu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Second Hospital, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yiliang Chen
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
- Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Hiumin Niu
- Department of Nephrology, Second Hospital, Shanxi Medical University, No.382, Wuyi Road, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030000, China
- Department of Nephrology, Heping Hospital, Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi, China
| | - Guozhen Zhu
- Department of Nephrology, Second Hospital, Shanxi Medical University, No.382, Wuyi Road, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030000, China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Nephrology, Second Hospital, Shanxi Medical University, No.382, Wuyi Road, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030000, China
| | - Yafeng Li
- Department of Nephrology, Shanxi Province People's Hospital, Taiyuan, China
- Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease, Taiyuan, China
| | - Lihua Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Second Hospital, Shanxi Medical University, No.382, Wuyi Road, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030000, China.
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Gao D, Hu L, Lv H, Lian L, Wang M, Fan X, Xie Y, Zhang J. Ferroptosis Involved in Cardiovascular Diseases: Mechanism Exploration of Ferroptosis' Role in Common Pathological Changes. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2024; 83:33-42. [PMID: 37890084 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0000000000001507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Regulated cell death is a controlled form of cell death that protects cells by adaptive responses in pathophysiological states. Ferroptosis has been identified as a novel method of controlling cell death in recent years. Several cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are shown to be profoundly influenced by ferroptosis, and ferroptosis is directly linked to the majority of cardiovascular pathological alterations. Despite this, it is still unclear how ferroptosis affects the pathogenic alterations that take place in CVDs. Based on a review of the mechanisms that regulate ferroptosis, this review explores the most recent research on the role of ferroptosis in the major pathological changes associated with CVDs, to provide new perspectives and strategies for cardiovascular research and clinical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongjie Gao
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, China; and
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Leilei Hu
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, China; and
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Hao Lv
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, China; and
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Lu Lian
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, China; and
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Mingyang Wang
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, China; and
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Xinbiao Fan
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, China; and
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Yingyu Xie
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Junping Zhang
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
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29
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Tamucci JD, Alder NN, May ER. Peptide Power: Mechanistic Insights into the Effect of Mitochondria-Targeted Tetrapeptides on Membrane Electrostatics from Molecular Simulations. Mol Pharm 2023; 20:6114-6129. [PMID: 37904323 PMCID: PMC10841697 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.3c00480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction is implicated in nine of the ten leading causes of death in the US, yet there are no FDA-approved therapeutics to treat it. Synthetic mitochondria-targeted peptides (MTPs), including the lead compound SS-31, offer promise, as they have been shown to restore healthy mitochondrial function and treat a variety of common diseases. At the cellular level, research has shown that MTPs accumulate strongly at the inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM), slow energy sinks (e.g., proton leaks), and improve ATP production. Modulation of electrostatic fields around the IMM has been implicated as a key aspect in the mechanism of action (MoA) of these peptides; however, molecular and mechanistic details have remained elusive. In this study, we employed all-atom molecular dynamics simulations (MD) to investigate the interactions of four MTPs with lipid bilayers and calculate their effect on structural and electrostatic properties. In agreement with previous experimental findings, we observed the modulation of the membrane surface and dipole potentials by MTPs. The simulations reveal that the MTPs achieve a reduction in the dipole potential by acting to disorder both lipid head groups and water layers proximal to the bilayer surface. We also find that MTPs decrease the bilayer thickness and increase the membrane's capacitance. These changes suggest that MTPs may enhance how much potential energy can be stored across the IMM at a given transmembrane potential difference. The MTPs also displace cations away from the bilayer surface, modulating the surface potential and offering an alternative mechanism for how these MTPs reduce mitochondrial energy sinks like proton leaks and mitigate Ca2+ accumulation stress. In conclusion, this study highlights the therapeutic potential of MTPs and underlines how interactions of MTPs with lipid bilayers serve as a fundamental component of their MoA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey D Tamucci
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Nathan N Alder
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Eric R May
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
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Yu B, Liu Y, Zhang Y, Xu L, Jin K, Sun A, Zhao X, Wang Y, Liu H. An SS31-rapamycin conjugate via RBC hitchhiking for reversing acute kidney injury. Biomaterials 2023; 303:122383. [PMID: 37939640 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2023.122383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction plays a major role in driving acute kidney injury (AKI) via alteration in energy and oxygen supply, which creates further ROS and inflammatory responses. However, mitochondrial targeting medicine in recovering AKI is challenging. Herein, we conjugated SS31, a mitochondria-targeted antioxidant tetrapeptide connecting a cleavable linker to rapamycin (Rapa), which provided specific interaction with FK506-binding protein (FKBP) in the RBCs. Once entering the bloodstream, SS31-Rapa could be directed to the intracellular space of RBCs, allowing the slow diffusion of the conjugate to tissues via the concentration gradient. The new RBC hitchhiking strategy enables the encapsulation of conjugate into RBC via a less traumatic and more natural and permissive manner, resulting in prolonging the t1/2 of SS31 by 6.9 folds. SS31-Rapa underwent the direct cellular uptake, instead of the lysosomal pathway, released SS31 in response to activated caspase-3 stimulation in apoptotic cells, favoring the mitochondrial accumulation of SS31. Combined with autophagy induction associated with Rapa, a single dose of SS31-Rapa can effectively reverse cisplatin and ischemia reperfusion-induced AKI. This work thus highlights a simple and effective RBC hitchhiking strategy and a clinically translatable platform technology to improve the outcome of other mitochondrial dysfunctional related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bohong Yu
- Collage of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, No.103, Wenhua Road, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yubo Liu
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, No.103, Wenhua Road, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingxi Zhang
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, No.103, Wenhua Road, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Linyi Xu
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, No.103, Wenhua Road, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Jin
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, No.103, Wenhua Road, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Andi Sun
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, No.103, Wenhua Road, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiuli Zhao
- Collage of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, No.103, Wenhua Road, Shenyang, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yongjun Wang
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, No.103, Wenhua Road, Shenyang, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hongzhuo Liu
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, No.103, Wenhua Road, Shenyang, People's Republic of China.
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Davidescu M, Mezzasoma L, Fettucciari K, Pascucci L, Pariano M, Di Michele A, Bereshchenko O, Cagini C, Cellini B, Corazzi L, Bellezza I, Macchioni L. Cardiolipin-mediated temporal response to hydroquinone toxicity in human retinal pigmented epithelial cell line. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2023; 1870:119554. [PMID: 37524263 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2023.119554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Hydroquinone, a potent toxic agent of cigarette smoke, damages retinal pigmented epithelial cells by triggering oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction, two events causally related to the development and progression of retinal diseases. The inner mitochondrial membrane is enriched in cardiolipin, a phospholipid susceptible of oxidative modifications which determine cell-fate decision. Using ARPE-19 cell line as a model of retinal pigmented epithelium, we analyzed the potential involvement of cardiolipin in hydroquinone toxicity. Hydroquinone exposure caused an early concentration-dependent increase in mitochondrial reactive oxygen species, decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential, and rise in the rate of oxygen consumption not accompanied by changes in ATP levels. Despite mitochondrial impairment, cell viability was preserved. Hydroquinone induced cardiolipin translocation to the outer mitochondrial membrane, and an increase in the colocalization of the autophagosome adapter protein LC3 with mitochondria, indicating the induction of protective mitophagy. A prolonged hydroquinone treatment induced pyroptotic cell death by cardiolipin-mediated caspase-1 and gasdermin-D activation. Cardiolipin-specific antioxidants counteracted hydroquinone effects pointing out that cardiolipin can act as a mitochondrial "eat-me signal" or as a pyroptotic cell death trigger. Our results indicate that cardiolipin may act as a timer for the mitophagy to pyroptosis switch and propose cardiolipin-targeting compounds as promising approaches for the treatment of oxidative stress-related retinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Davidescu
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, P.le L. Severi 1, Perugia 06132, Italy
| | - Letizia Mezzasoma
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, P.le L. Severi 1, Perugia 06132, Italy
| | - Katia Fettucciari
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, P.le L. Severi 1, Perugia 06132, Italy
| | - Luisa Pascucci
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Via S. Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Marilena Pariano
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, P.le L. Severi 1, Perugia 06132, Italy
| | - Alessandro Di Michele
- Department of Physic and Geology, University of Perugia, Via Pascoli, Perugia 06123, Italy
| | - Oxana Bereshchenko
- Department of Philosophy, Social Sciences, Humanities and Education, University of Perugia, Piazza Ermini 1, Perugia 06123, Italy
| | - Carlo Cagini
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, P.le L. Severi 1, Perugia 06132, Italy
| | - Barbara Cellini
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, P.le L. Severi 1, Perugia 06132, Italy
| | - Lanfranco Corazzi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, P.le L. Severi 1, Perugia 06132, Italy
| | - Ilaria Bellezza
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, P.le L. Severi 1, Perugia 06132, Italy
| | - Lara Macchioni
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, P.le L. Severi 1, Perugia 06132, Italy.
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André C, Bodeau S, Kamel S, Bennis Y, Caillard P. The AKI-to-CKD Transition: The Role of Uremic Toxins. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16152. [PMID: 38003343 PMCID: PMC10671582 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
After acute kidney injury (AKI), renal function continues to deteriorate in some patients. In a pro-inflammatory and profibrotic environment, the proximal tubules are subject to maladaptive repair. In the AKI-to-CKD transition, impaired recovery from AKI reduces tubular and glomerular filtration and leads to chronic kidney disease (CKD). Reduced kidney secretion capacity is characterized by the plasma accumulation of biologically active molecules, referred to as uremic toxins (UTs). These toxins have a role in the development of neurological, cardiovascular, bone, and renal complications of CKD. However, UTs might also cause CKD as well as be the consequence. Recent studies have shown that these molecules accumulate early in AKI and contribute to the establishment of this pro-inflammatory and profibrotic environment in the kidney. The objective of the present work was to review the mechanisms of UT toxicity that potentially contribute to the AKI-to-CKD transition in each renal compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille André
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Amiens Medical Center, 80000 Amiens, France; (S.B.); (Y.B.)
- GRAP Laboratory, INSERM UMR 1247, University of Picardy Jules Verne, 80000 Amiens, France
| | - Sandra Bodeau
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Amiens Medical Center, 80000 Amiens, France; (S.B.); (Y.B.)
- MP3CV Laboratory, UR UPJV 7517, University of Picardy Jules Verne, 80000 Amiens, France; (S.K.); (P.C.)
| | - Saïd Kamel
- MP3CV Laboratory, UR UPJV 7517, University of Picardy Jules Verne, 80000 Amiens, France; (S.K.); (P.C.)
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Amiens Medical Center, 80000 Amiens, France
| | - Youssef Bennis
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Amiens Medical Center, 80000 Amiens, France; (S.B.); (Y.B.)
- MP3CV Laboratory, UR UPJV 7517, University of Picardy Jules Verne, 80000 Amiens, France; (S.K.); (P.C.)
| | - Pauline Caillard
- MP3CV Laboratory, UR UPJV 7517, University of Picardy Jules Verne, 80000 Amiens, France; (S.K.); (P.C.)
- Department of Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation, Amiens Medical Center, 80000 Amiens, France
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Hong S, Kim S, Kim K, Lee H. Clinical Approaches for Mitochondrial Diseases. Cells 2023; 12:2494. [PMID: 37887337 PMCID: PMC10605124 DOI: 10.3390/cells12202494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are subcontractors dedicated to energy production within cells. In human mitochondria, almost all mitochondrial proteins originate from the nucleus, except for 13 subunit proteins that make up the crucial system required to perform 'oxidative phosphorylation (OX PHOS)', which are expressed by the mitochondria's self-contained DNA. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) also encodes 2 rRNA and 22 tRNA species. Mitochondrial DNA replicates almost autonomously, independent of the nucleus, and its heredity follows a non-Mendelian pattern, exclusively passing from mother to children. Numerous studies have identified mtDNA mutation-related genetic diseases. The consequences of various types of mtDNA mutations, including insertions, deletions, and single base-pair mutations, are studied to reveal their relationship to mitochondrial diseases. Most mitochondrial diseases exhibit fatal symptoms, leading to ongoing therapeutic research with diverse approaches such as stimulating the defective OXPHOS system, mitochondrial replacement, and allotropic expression of defective enzymes. This review provides detailed information on two topics: (1) mitochondrial diseases caused by mtDNA mutations, and (2) the mechanisms of current treatments for mitochondrial diseases and clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seongho Hong
- Korea Mouse Phenotyping Center, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea;
- Department of Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02708, Republic of Korea
| | - Sanghun Kim
- Laboratory Animal Resource and Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongju 28116, Republic of Korea;
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoungmi Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
- Department of Physiology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunji Lee
- Department of Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02708, Republic of Korea
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Xia D, Liu Y, Wu P, Wei D. Current Advances of Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Cardiovascular Disease and Promising Therapeutic Strategies. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2023; 193:1485-1500. [PMID: 37481069 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2023.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/24/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria are cellular power stations and essential organelles for maintaining cellular homeostasis. Dysfunctional mitochondria have emerged as a key factor in the occurrence and development of cardiovascular disease. This review focuses on advances in the relationship between mitochondrial dysfunction and cardiovascular diseases such as atherosclerosis, heart failure, myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury, and pulmonary arterial hypertension. The clinical value and challenges of mitochondria-targeted strategies, including mitochondria-targeted antioxidants, mitochondrial quality control modulators, mitochondrial function protectors, mitochondrial biogenesis promoters, and recently developed mitochondrial transplants, are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dexiang Xia
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Arteriosclerotic Disease, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Yue Liu
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Arteriosclerotic Disease, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Peng Wu
- Hengyang Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Hengyang, China
| | - Dangheng Wei
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Arteriosclerotic Disease, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China.
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35
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Deng QS, Gao Y, Rui BY, Li XR, Liu PL, Han ZY, Wei ZY, Zhang CR, Wang F, Dawes H, Zhu TH, Tao SC, Guo SC. Double-network hydrogel enhanced by SS31-loaded mesoporous polydopamine nanoparticles: Symphonic collaboration of near-infrared photothermal antibacterial effect and mitochondrial maintenance for full-thickness wound healing in diabetes mellitus. Bioact Mater 2023; 27:409-428. [PMID: 37152712 PMCID: PMC10160601 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2023.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic wound healing has become a serious healthcare challenge. The high-glucose environment leads to persistent bacterial infection and mitochondrial dysfunction, resulting in chronic inflammation, abnormal vascular function, and tissue necrosis. To solve these issues, we developed a double-network hydrogel, constructed with pluronic F127 diacrylate (F127DA) and hyaluronic acid methacrylate (HAMA), and enhanced by SS31-loaded mesoporous polydopamine nanoparticles (MPDA NPs). As components, SS31, a mitochondria-targeted peptide, maintains mitochondrial function, reduces mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) and thus regulates macrophage polarization, as well as promoting cell proliferation and migration, while MPDA NPs not only scavenge ROS and exert an anti-bacterial effect by photothermal treatment under near-infrared light irradiation, but also control release of SS31 in response to ROS. This F127DA/HAMA-MPDA@SS31 (FH-M@S) hydrogel has characteristics of adhesion, superior biocompatibility and mechanical properties which can adapt to irregular wounds at different body sites and provide sustained release of MPDA@SS31 (M@S) NPs. In addition, in a diabetic rat full thickness skin defect model, the FH-M@S hydrogel promoted macrophage M2 polarization, collagen deposition, neovascularization and wound healing. Therefore, the FH-M@S hydrogel exhibits promising therapeutic potential for skin regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Song Deng
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai, 200233, China
- School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 227 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
- Institute of Microsurgery on Extremities, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Yuan Gao
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai, 200233, China
- School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 227 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
- Institute of Microsurgery on Extremities, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Bi-Yu Rui
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai, 200233, China
- School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 227 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Xu-Ran Li
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai, 200233, China
- School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 227 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
- Institute of Microsurgery on Extremities, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Po-Lin Liu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai, 200233, China
- School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 227 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
- Institute of Microsurgery on Extremities, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Zi-Yin Han
- Department of Rheumatology, The Affiliated Changzhou No. 2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, No.29, Xinglongxiang, Tianning District, Changzhou, 213000, China
| | - Zhan-Ying Wei
- Shanghai Clinical Research Centre of Bone Diseases, Department of Osteoporosis and Bone Diseases, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Chang-Ru Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopedic Implants, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
- Clinical and Translational Research Center for 3D Printing Technology, Medical 3D Printing Innovation Research Center, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200125, China
| | - Fei Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin Second Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Helen Dawes
- Faculty of Health and Life Science, Oxford Brookes University, Headington Road, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK
- NIHR Oxford Health Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, OX3 7JX, UK
- College of Medicine and Health, St Lukes Campus, University of Exeter, Heavitree Road, Exeter, EX1 2LU, UK
| | - Tong-He Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Intelligent Equipment, Shanghai Frontiers Science Research Center for Druggability of Cardiovascular Non-Coding RNA, Institute for Frontier Medical Technology, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Shi-Cong Tao
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai, 200233, China
- School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 227 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
- Corresponding author. Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai, 200233, China.
| | - Shang-Chun Guo
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai, 200233, China
- School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 227 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
- Institute of Microsurgery on Extremities, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai, 200233, China
- Corresponding author. Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai, 200233, China.
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Li Z, Fan X, Fan J, Zhang W, Liu J, Liu B, Zhang H. Delivering drugs to tubular cells and organelles: the application of nanodrugs in acute kidney injury. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2023; 18:1477-1493. [PMID: 37721160 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2023-0200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common clinical syndrome with limited treatment options and high mortality rates. Proximal tubular epithelial cells (PTECs) play a key role in AKI progression. Subcellular dysfunctions, including mitochondrial, nuclear, endoplasmic reticulum and lysosomal dysfunctions, are extensively studied in PTECs. These studies have led to the development of potential therapeutic drugs. However, clinical development of those drugs faces challenges such as low solubility, short circulation time and severe systemic side effects. Nanotechnology provides a promising solution by improving drug properties through nanocrystallization and enabling targeted delivery to specific sites. This review summarizes advancements and limitations of nanoparticle-based drug-delivery systems in targeting PTECs and subcellular organelles, particularly mitochondria, for AKI treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Li
- Department of Nephrology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China
- The Critical Kidney Disease Research Center of Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China
| | - Xiao Fan
- Department of Nephrology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China
- The Critical Kidney Disease Research Center of Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China
| | - Jialong Fan
- College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China
- The Critical Kidney Disease Research Center of Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Nephrology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China
- The Critical Kidney Disease Research Center of Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China
| | - Bin Liu
- College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
- Department of Physiology & Pathophysiology, NHC Key Laboratory of Metabolic Cardiovascular Diseases Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China
- The Critical Kidney Disease Research Center of Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China
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Qi Y, Hu M, Wang Z, Shang W. Mitochondrial iron regulation as an emerging target in ischemia/reperfusion injury during kidney transplantation. Biochem Pharmacol 2023; 215:115725. [PMID: 37524207 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
The injury caused by ischemia and subsequent reperfusion (I/R) is inevitable during kidney transplantation and its current management remains unsatisfactory. Iron is considered to play a remarkable pathologic role in the initiation or progression of tissue damage induced by I/R, whereas the effects of iron-related therapy remain controversial owing to the complicated nature of iron's involvement in multiple biological processes. A significant portion of the cellular iron is located in the mitochondria, which exerts a central role in the development and progression of I/R injury. Recent studies of iron regulation associated with mitochondrial function represents a unique opportunity to improve our knowledge on the pathophysiology of I/R injury. However, the molecular mechanisms linking mitochondria to the iron homeostasis remain unclear. In this review, we provide a comprehensive analysis of the alterations to iron metabolism in I/R injury during kidney transplantation, analyze the current understanding of mitochondrial regulation of iron homeostasis and discussed its potential application in I/R injury. The elucidation of regulatory mechanisms regulating mitochondrial iron homeostasis will offer valuable insights into potential therapeutic targets for alleviating I/R injury with the ultimate aim of improving kidney graft outcomes, with potential implications that could also extend to acute kidney injury or other I/R injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanbo Qi
- Department of Kidney Transplantation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China.
| | - Mingyao Hu
- Department of Kidney Transplantation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Zhigang Wang
- Department of Kidney Transplantation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China.
| | - Wenjun Shang
- Department of Kidney Transplantation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China.
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Daehn IS, Ekperikpe US, Stadler K. Redox regulation in diabetic kidney disease. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2023; 325:F135-F149. [PMID: 37262088 PMCID: PMC10393330 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00047.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is one of the most devastating complications of diabetes mellitus, where currently there is no cure available. Several important mechanisms contribute to the pathogenesis of this complication, with oxidative stress being one of the key factors. The past decades have seen a large number of publications with various aspects of this topic; however, the specific details of redox regulation in DKD are still unclear. This is partly because redox biology is very complex, coupled with a complex and heterogeneous organ with numerous cell types. Furthermore, often times terms such as "oxidative stress" or reactive oxygen species are used as a general term to cover a wide and rich variety of reactive species and their differing reactions. However, no reactive species are the same, and not all of them are capable of biologically relevant reactions or "redox signaling." The goal of this review is to provide a biochemical background for an array of specific reactive oxygen species types with varying reactivity and specificity in the kidney as well as highlight some of the advances in redox biology that are paving the way to a better understanding of DKD development and risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilse S Daehn
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States
| | - Ubong S Ekperikpe
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, United States
| | - Krisztian Stadler
- Oxidative Stress and Disease Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States
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39
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Karaa A, Bertini E, Carelli V, Cohen BH, Enns GM, Falk MJ, Goldstein A, Gorman GS, Haas R, Hirano M, Klopstock T, Koenig MK, Kornblum C, Lamperti C, Lehman A, Longo N, Molnar MJ, Parikh S, Phan H, Pitceathly RDS, Saneto R, Scaglia F, Servidei S, Tarnopolsky M, Toscano A, Van Hove JLK, Vissing J, Vockley J, Finman JS, Brown DA, Shiffer JA, Mancuso M. Efficacy and Safety of Elamipretide in Individuals With Primary Mitochondrial Myopathy: The MMPOWER-3 Randomized Clinical Trial. Neurology 2023; 101:e238-e252. [PMID: 37268435 PMCID: PMC10382259 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000207402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Primary mitochondrial myopathies (PMMs) encompass a group of genetic disorders that impair mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, adversely affecting physical function, exercise capacity, and quality of life (QoL). Current PMM standards of care address symptoms, with limited clinical impact, constituting a significant therapeutic unmet need. We present data from MMPOWER-3, a pivotal, phase-3, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial that evaluated the efficacy and safety of elamipretide in participants with genetically confirmed PMM. METHODS After screening, eligible participants were randomized 1:1 to receive either 24 weeks of elamipretide at a dose of 40 mg/d or placebo subcutaneously. Primary efficacy endpoints included change from baseline to week 24 on the distance walked on the 6-minute walk test (6MWT) and total fatigue on the Primary Mitochondrial Myopathy Symptom Assessment (PMMSA). Secondary endpoints included most bothersome symptom score on the PMMSA, NeuroQoL Fatigue Short-Form scores, and the patient global impression and clinician global impression of PMM symptoms. RESULTS Participants (N = 218) were randomized (n = 109 elamipretide; n = 109 placebo). The m0ean age was 45.6 years (64% women; 94% White). Most of the participants (n = 162 [74%]) had mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) alteration, with the remainder having nuclear DNA (nDNA) defects. At screening, the most frequent bothersome PMM symptom on the PMMSA was tiredness during activities (28.9%). At baseline, the mean distance walked on the 6MWT was 336.7 ± 81.2 meters, the mean score for total fatigue on the PMMSA was 10.6 ± 2.5, and the mean T score for the Neuro-QoL Fatigue Short-Form was 54.7 ± 7.5. The study did not meet its primary endpoints assessing changes in the 6MWT and PMMSA total fatigue score (TFS). Between the participants receiving elamipretide and those receiving placebo, the difference in the least squares mean (SE) from baseline to week 24 on distance walked on the 6MWT was -3.2 (95% CI -18.7 to 12.3; p = 0.69) meters, and on the PMMSA, the total fatigue score was -0.07 (95% CI -0.10 to 0.26; p = 0.37). Elamipretide treatment was well-tolerated with most adverse events being mild to moderate in severity. DISCUSSION Subcutaneous elamipretide treatment did not improve outcomes in the 6MWT and PMMSA TFS in patients with PMM. However, this phase-3 study demonstrated that subcutaneous elamipretide is well-tolerated. TRIAL REGISTRATION INFORMATION Trial registered with clinicaltrials.gov, Clinical Trials Identifier: NCT03323749; submitted on October 12, 2017; first patient enrolled October 9, 2017. CLINICALTRIALS gov/ct2/show/NCT03323749?term = elamipretide&draw = 2&rank = 9. CLASSIFICATION OF EVIDENCE This study provides Class I evidence that elamipretide does not improve the 6MWT or fatigue at 24 weeks compared with placebo in patients with primary mitochondrial myopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amel Karaa
- From the Massachusetts General Hospital (A.K.), Harvard Medical School Boston; Neuromuscular Unit (E.B.), Bambino Gesù Ospedale Pediatrico, IRCCS, Rome; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (V.C.), Programma di Neurogenetica; Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (V.C.), University of Bologna, Italy; Rebecca D. Considine Research Institute (B.H.C.), Akron Children's Hospital, OH; Stanford University School of Medicine (G.M.E.), CA; Mitochondrial Medicine Frontier Program (M.J.F., A.G.), Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Royal Victoria Infirmary (G.S.G.), Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom; University of California (R.H.), San Diego, La Jolla; Columbia University Irving Medical Center (M.H.), New York; Friedrich-Baur-Institute (T.K.), Department of Neurology, LMU Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE); Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Germany; Department of Pediatrics (M.K.K.), University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston; Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular Diseases Section (C.K.), University Hospital of Bonn, Germany; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (C.L.), Milano, Italy; Vancouver General Hospital (A.L.), British Columbia, Canada; University of Utah (N.L.), Salt Lake City; Institute of Genomic Medicine and Rare Disorders (M.J.M.), Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Cleveland Clinic Neurological Institute (S.P.), OH; Rare Disease Research (H.P.), Atlanta, GA; Department of Neuromuscular Diseases (R.D.S.P.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology and The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom; Seattle Children's Hospital (R.S.), WA; Baylor College of Medicine (F.S.), Houston, TX; Texas Children's Hospital (F.S.); Joint BCM-CUHK Center of Medical Genetics (F.S.), Hong Kong SAR; Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli and Istituto di Neurologia (S.S.), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy; McMaster University Medical Center (M.T.), Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Neurology and Neuromuscular Unit (A.T.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Italy; University of Colorado and Children's Hospital Colorado (J.L.K.V.H.), Aurora; Copenhagen Neuromuscular Center (John Vissing), Rigshospitalet University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (Jerry Vockley), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA; Jupiter Point Pharma Consulting (J.S.F.), LLC; Stealth BioTherapeutics (D.A.B.)Write On Time Medical Communications (J.A.S.), LLC; and Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (M.M.), Neurological Institute, University of Pisa, Italy.
| | - Enrico Bertini
- From the Massachusetts General Hospital (A.K.), Harvard Medical School Boston; Neuromuscular Unit (E.B.), Bambino Gesù Ospedale Pediatrico, IRCCS, Rome; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (V.C.), Programma di Neurogenetica; Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (V.C.), University of Bologna, Italy; Rebecca D. Considine Research Institute (B.H.C.), Akron Children's Hospital, OH; Stanford University School of Medicine (G.M.E.), CA; Mitochondrial Medicine Frontier Program (M.J.F., A.G.), Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Royal Victoria Infirmary (G.S.G.), Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom; University of California (R.H.), San Diego, La Jolla; Columbia University Irving Medical Center (M.H.), New York; Friedrich-Baur-Institute (T.K.), Department of Neurology, LMU Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE); Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Germany; Department of Pediatrics (M.K.K.), University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston; Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular Diseases Section (C.K.), University Hospital of Bonn, Germany; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (C.L.), Milano, Italy; Vancouver General Hospital (A.L.), British Columbia, Canada; University of Utah (N.L.), Salt Lake City; Institute of Genomic Medicine and Rare Disorders (M.J.M.), Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Cleveland Clinic Neurological Institute (S.P.), OH; Rare Disease Research (H.P.), Atlanta, GA; Department of Neuromuscular Diseases (R.D.S.P.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology and The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom; Seattle Children's Hospital (R.S.), WA; Baylor College of Medicine (F.S.), Houston, TX; Texas Children's Hospital (F.S.); Joint BCM-CUHK Center of Medical Genetics (F.S.), Hong Kong SAR; Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli and Istituto di Neurologia (S.S.), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy; McMaster University Medical Center (M.T.), Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Neurology and Neuromuscular Unit (A.T.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Italy; University of Colorado and Children's Hospital Colorado (J.L.K.V.H.), Aurora; Copenhagen Neuromuscular Center (John Vissing), Rigshospitalet University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (Jerry Vockley), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA; Jupiter Point Pharma Consulting (J.S.F.), LLC; Stealth BioTherapeutics (D.A.B.)Write On Time Medical Communications (J.A.S.), LLC; and Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (M.M.), Neurological Institute, University of Pisa, Italy
| | - Valerio Carelli
- From the Massachusetts General Hospital (A.K.), Harvard Medical School Boston; Neuromuscular Unit (E.B.), Bambino Gesù Ospedale Pediatrico, IRCCS, Rome; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (V.C.), Programma di Neurogenetica; Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (V.C.), University of Bologna, Italy; Rebecca D. Considine Research Institute (B.H.C.), Akron Children's Hospital, OH; Stanford University School of Medicine (G.M.E.), CA; Mitochondrial Medicine Frontier Program (M.J.F., A.G.), Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Royal Victoria Infirmary (G.S.G.), Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom; University of California (R.H.), San Diego, La Jolla; Columbia University Irving Medical Center (M.H.), New York; Friedrich-Baur-Institute (T.K.), Department of Neurology, LMU Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE); Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Germany; Department of Pediatrics (M.K.K.), University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston; Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular Diseases Section (C.K.), University Hospital of Bonn, Germany; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (C.L.), Milano, Italy; Vancouver General Hospital (A.L.), British Columbia, Canada; University of Utah (N.L.), Salt Lake City; Institute of Genomic Medicine and Rare Disorders (M.J.M.), Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Cleveland Clinic Neurological Institute (S.P.), OH; Rare Disease Research (H.P.), Atlanta, GA; Department of Neuromuscular Diseases (R.D.S.P.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology and The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom; Seattle Children's Hospital (R.S.), WA; Baylor College of Medicine (F.S.), Houston, TX; Texas Children's Hospital (F.S.); Joint BCM-CUHK Center of Medical Genetics (F.S.), Hong Kong SAR; Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli and Istituto di Neurologia (S.S.), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy; McMaster University Medical Center (M.T.), Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Neurology and Neuromuscular Unit (A.T.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Italy; University of Colorado and Children's Hospital Colorado (J.L.K.V.H.), Aurora; Copenhagen Neuromuscular Center (John Vissing), Rigshospitalet University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (Jerry Vockley), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA; Jupiter Point Pharma Consulting (J.S.F.), LLC; Stealth BioTherapeutics (D.A.B.)Write On Time Medical Communications (J.A.S.), LLC; and Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (M.M.), Neurological Institute, University of Pisa, Italy
| | - Bruce H Cohen
- From the Massachusetts General Hospital (A.K.), Harvard Medical School Boston; Neuromuscular Unit (E.B.), Bambino Gesù Ospedale Pediatrico, IRCCS, Rome; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (V.C.), Programma di Neurogenetica; Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (V.C.), University of Bologna, Italy; Rebecca D. Considine Research Institute (B.H.C.), Akron Children's Hospital, OH; Stanford University School of Medicine (G.M.E.), CA; Mitochondrial Medicine Frontier Program (M.J.F., A.G.), Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Royal Victoria Infirmary (G.S.G.), Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom; University of California (R.H.), San Diego, La Jolla; Columbia University Irving Medical Center (M.H.), New York; Friedrich-Baur-Institute (T.K.), Department of Neurology, LMU Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE); Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Germany; Department of Pediatrics (M.K.K.), University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston; Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular Diseases Section (C.K.), University Hospital of Bonn, Germany; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (C.L.), Milano, Italy; Vancouver General Hospital (A.L.), British Columbia, Canada; University of Utah (N.L.), Salt Lake City; Institute of Genomic Medicine and Rare Disorders (M.J.M.), Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Cleveland Clinic Neurological Institute (S.P.), OH; Rare Disease Research (H.P.), Atlanta, GA; Department of Neuromuscular Diseases (R.D.S.P.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology and The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom; Seattle Children's Hospital (R.S.), WA; Baylor College of Medicine (F.S.), Houston, TX; Texas Children's Hospital (F.S.); Joint BCM-CUHK Center of Medical Genetics (F.S.), Hong Kong SAR; Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli and Istituto di Neurologia (S.S.), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy; McMaster University Medical Center (M.T.), Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Neurology and Neuromuscular Unit (A.T.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Italy; University of Colorado and Children's Hospital Colorado (J.L.K.V.H.), Aurora; Copenhagen Neuromuscular Center (John Vissing), Rigshospitalet University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (Jerry Vockley), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA; Jupiter Point Pharma Consulting (J.S.F.), LLC; Stealth BioTherapeutics (D.A.B.)Write On Time Medical Communications (J.A.S.), LLC; and Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (M.M.), Neurological Institute, University of Pisa, Italy
| | - Gregory M Enns
- From the Massachusetts General Hospital (A.K.), Harvard Medical School Boston; Neuromuscular Unit (E.B.), Bambino Gesù Ospedale Pediatrico, IRCCS, Rome; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (V.C.), Programma di Neurogenetica; Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (V.C.), University of Bologna, Italy; Rebecca D. Considine Research Institute (B.H.C.), Akron Children's Hospital, OH; Stanford University School of Medicine (G.M.E.), CA; Mitochondrial Medicine Frontier Program (M.J.F., A.G.), Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Royal Victoria Infirmary (G.S.G.), Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom; University of California (R.H.), San Diego, La Jolla; Columbia University Irving Medical Center (M.H.), New York; Friedrich-Baur-Institute (T.K.), Department of Neurology, LMU Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE); Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Germany; Department of Pediatrics (M.K.K.), University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston; Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular Diseases Section (C.K.), University Hospital of Bonn, Germany; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (C.L.), Milano, Italy; Vancouver General Hospital (A.L.), British Columbia, Canada; University of Utah (N.L.), Salt Lake City; Institute of Genomic Medicine and Rare Disorders (M.J.M.), Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Cleveland Clinic Neurological Institute (S.P.), OH; Rare Disease Research (H.P.), Atlanta, GA; Department of Neuromuscular Diseases (R.D.S.P.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology and The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom; Seattle Children's Hospital (R.S.), WA; Baylor College of Medicine (F.S.), Houston, TX; Texas Children's Hospital (F.S.); Joint BCM-CUHK Center of Medical Genetics (F.S.), Hong Kong SAR; Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli and Istituto di Neurologia (S.S.), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy; McMaster University Medical Center (M.T.), Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Neurology and Neuromuscular Unit (A.T.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Italy; University of Colorado and Children's Hospital Colorado (J.L.K.V.H.), Aurora; Copenhagen Neuromuscular Center (John Vissing), Rigshospitalet University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (Jerry Vockley), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA; Jupiter Point Pharma Consulting (J.S.F.), LLC; Stealth BioTherapeutics (D.A.B.)Write On Time Medical Communications (J.A.S.), LLC; and Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (M.M.), Neurological Institute, University of Pisa, Italy
| | - Marni J Falk
- From the Massachusetts General Hospital (A.K.), Harvard Medical School Boston; Neuromuscular Unit (E.B.), Bambino Gesù Ospedale Pediatrico, IRCCS, Rome; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (V.C.), Programma di Neurogenetica; Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (V.C.), University of Bologna, Italy; Rebecca D. Considine Research Institute (B.H.C.), Akron Children's Hospital, OH; Stanford University School of Medicine (G.M.E.), CA; Mitochondrial Medicine Frontier Program (M.J.F., A.G.), Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Royal Victoria Infirmary (G.S.G.), Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom; University of California (R.H.), San Diego, La Jolla; Columbia University Irving Medical Center (M.H.), New York; Friedrich-Baur-Institute (T.K.), Department of Neurology, LMU Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE); Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Germany; Department of Pediatrics (M.K.K.), University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston; Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular Diseases Section (C.K.), University Hospital of Bonn, Germany; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (C.L.), Milano, Italy; Vancouver General Hospital (A.L.), British Columbia, Canada; University of Utah (N.L.), Salt Lake City; Institute of Genomic Medicine and Rare Disorders (M.J.M.), Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Cleveland Clinic Neurological Institute (S.P.), OH; Rare Disease Research (H.P.), Atlanta, GA; Department of Neuromuscular Diseases (R.D.S.P.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology and The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom; Seattle Children's Hospital (R.S.), WA; Baylor College of Medicine (F.S.), Houston, TX; Texas Children's Hospital (F.S.); Joint BCM-CUHK Center of Medical Genetics (F.S.), Hong Kong SAR; Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli and Istituto di Neurologia (S.S.), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy; McMaster University Medical Center (M.T.), Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Neurology and Neuromuscular Unit (A.T.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Italy; University of Colorado and Children's Hospital Colorado (J.L.K.V.H.), Aurora; Copenhagen Neuromuscular Center (John Vissing), Rigshospitalet University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (Jerry Vockley), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA; Jupiter Point Pharma Consulting (J.S.F.), LLC; Stealth BioTherapeutics (D.A.B.)Write On Time Medical Communications (J.A.S.), LLC; and Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (M.M.), Neurological Institute, University of Pisa, Italy
| | - Amy Goldstein
- From the Massachusetts General Hospital (A.K.), Harvard Medical School Boston; Neuromuscular Unit (E.B.), Bambino Gesù Ospedale Pediatrico, IRCCS, Rome; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (V.C.), Programma di Neurogenetica; Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (V.C.), University of Bologna, Italy; Rebecca D. Considine Research Institute (B.H.C.), Akron Children's Hospital, OH; Stanford University School of Medicine (G.M.E.), CA; Mitochondrial Medicine Frontier Program (M.J.F., A.G.), Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Royal Victoria Infirmary (G.S.G.), Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom; University of California (R.H.), San Diego, La Jolla; Columbia University Irving Medical Center (M.H.), New York; Friedrich-Baur-Institute (T.K.), Department of Neurology, LMU Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE); Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Germany; Department of Pediatrics (M.K.K.), University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston; Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular Diseases Section (C.K.), University Hospital of Bonn, Germany; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (C.L.), Milano, Italy; Vancouver General Hospital (A.L.), British Columbia, Canada; University of Utah (N.L.), Salt Lake City; Institute of Genomic Medicine and Rare Disorders (M.J.M.), Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Cleveland Clinic Neurological Institute (S.P.), OH; Rare Disease Research (H.P.), Atlanta, GA; Department of Neuromuscular Diseases (R.D.S.P.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology and The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom; Seattle Children's Hospital (R.S.), WA; Baylor College of Medicine (F.S.), Houston, TX; Texas Children's Hospital (F.S.); Joint BCM-CUHK Center of Medical Genetics (F.S.), Hong Kong SAR; Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli and Istituto di Neurologia (S.S.), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy; McMaster University Medical Center (M.T.), Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Neurology and Neuromuscular Unit (A.T.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Italy; University of Colorado and Children's Hospital Colorado (J.L.K.V.H.), Aurora; Copenhagen Neuromuscular Center (John Vissing), Rigshospitalet University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (Jerry Vockley), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA; Jupiter Point Pharma Consulting (J.S.F.), LLC; Stealth BioTherapeutics (D.A.B.)Write On Time Medical Communications (J.A.S.), LLC; and Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (M.M.), Neurological Institute, University of Pisa, Italy
| | - Gráinne Siobhan Gorman
- From the Massachusetts General Hospital (A.K.), Harvard Medical School Boston; Neuromuscular Unit (E.B.), Bambino Gesù Ospedale Pediatrico, IRCCS, Rome; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (V.C.), Programma di Neurogenetica; Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (V.C.), University of Bologna, Italy; Rebecca D. Considine Research Institute (B.H.C.), Akron Children's Hospital, OH; Stanford University School of Medicine (G.M.E.), CA; Mitochondrial Medicine Frontier Program (M.J.F., A.G.), Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Royal Victoria Infirmary (G.S.G.), Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom; University of California (R.H.), San Diego, La Jolla; Columbia University Irving Medical Center (M.H.), New York; Friedrich-Baur-Institute (T.K.), Department of Neurology, LMU Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE); Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Germany; Department of Pediatrics (M.K.K.), University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston; Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular Diseases Section (C.K.), University Hospital of Bonn, Germany; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (C.L.), Milano, Italy; Vancouver General Hospital (A.L.), British Columbia, Canada; University of Utah (N.L.), Salt Lake City; Institute of Genomic Medicine and Rare Disorders (M.J.M.), Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Cleveland Clinic Neurological Institute (S.P.), OH; Rare Disease Research (H.P.), Atlanta, GA; Department of Neuromuscular Diseases (R.D.S.P.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology and The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom; Seattle Children's Hospital (R.S.), WA; Baylor College of Medicine (F.S.), Houston, TX; Texas Children's Hospital (F.S.); Joint BCM-CUHK Center of Medical Genetics (F.S.), Hong Kong SAR; Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli and Istituto di Neurologia (S.S.), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy; McMaster University Medical Center (M.T.), Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Neurology and Neuromuscular Unit (A.T.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Italy; University of Colorado and Children's Hospital Colorado (J.L.K.V.H.), Aurora; Copenhagen Neuromuscular Center (John Vissing), Rigshospitalet University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (Jerry Vockley), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA; Jupiter Point Pharma Consulting (J.S.F.), LLC; Stealth BioTherapeutics (D.A.B.)Write On Time Medical Communications (J.A.S.), LLC; and Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (M.M.), Neurological Institute, University of Pisa, Italy
| | - Richard Haas
- From the Massachusetts General Hospital (A.K.), Harvard Medical School Boston; Neuromuscular Unit (E.B.), Bambino Gesù Ospedale Pediatrico, IRCCS, Rome; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (V.C.), Programma di Neurogenetica; Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (V.C.), University of Bologna, Italy; Rebecca D. Considine Research Institute (B.H.C.), Akron Children's Hospital, OH; Stanford University School of Medicine (G.M.E.), CA; Mitochondrial Medicine Frontier Program (M.J.F., A.G.), Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Royal Victoria Infirmary (G.S.G.), Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom; University of California (R.H.), San Diego, La Jolla; Columbia University Irving Medical Center (M.H.), New York; Friedrich-Baur-Institute (T.K.), Department of Neurology, LMU Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE); Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Germany; Department of Pediatrics (M.K.K.), University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston; Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular Diseases Section (C.K.), University Hospital of Bonn, Germany; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (C.L.), Milano, Italy; Vancouver General Hospital (A.L.), British Columbia, Canada; University of Utah (N.L.), Salt Lake City; Institute of Genomic Medicine and Rare Disorders (M.J.M.), Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Cleveland Clinic Neurological Institute (S.P.), OH; Rare Disease Research (H.P.), Atlanta, GA; Department of Neuromuscular Diseases (R.D.S.P.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology and The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom; Seattle Children's Hospital (R.S.), WA; Baylor College of Medicine (F.S.), Houston, TX; Texas Children's Hospital (F.S.); Joint BCM-CUHK Center of Medical Genetics (F.S.), Hong Kong SAR; Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli and Istituto di Neurologia (S.S.), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy; McMaster University Medical Center (M.T.), Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Neurology and Neuromuscular Unit (A.T.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Italy; University of Colorado and Children's Hospital Colorado (J.L.K.V.H.), Aurora; Copenhagen Neuromuscular Center (John Vissing), Rigshospitalet University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (Jerry Vockley), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA; Jupiter Point Pharma Consulting (J.S.F.), LLC; Stealth BioTherapeutics (D.A.B.)Write On Time Medical Communications (J.A.S.), LLC; and Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (M.M.), Neurological Institute, University of Pisa, Italy
| | - Michio Hirano
- From the Massachusetts General Hospital (A.K.), Harvard Medical School Boston; Neuromuscular Unit (E.B.), Bambino Gesù Ospedale Pediatrico, IRCCS, Rome; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (V.C.), Programma di Neurogenetica; Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (V.C.), University of Bologna, Italy; Rebecca D. Considine Research Institute (B.H.C.), Akron Children's Hospital, OH; Stanford University School of Medicine (G.M.E.), CA; Mitochondrial Medicine Frontier Program (M.J.F., A.G.), Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Royal Victoria Infirmary (G.S.G.), Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom; University of California (R.H.), San Diego, La Jolla; Columbia University Irving Medical Center (M.H.), New York; Friedrich-Baur-Institute (T.K.), Department of Neurology, LMU Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE); Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Germany; Department of Pediatrics (M.K.K.), University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston; Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular Diseases Section (C.K.), University Hospital of Bonn, Germany; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (C.L.), Milano, Italy; Vancouver General Hospital (A.L.), British Columbia, Canada; University of Utah (N.L.), Salt Lake City; Institute of Genomic Medicine and Rare Disorders (M.J.M.), Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Cleveland Clinic Neurological Institute (S.P.), OH; Rare Disease Research (H.P.), Atlanta, GA; Department of Neuromuscular Diseases (R.D.S.P.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology and The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom; Seattle Children's Hospital (R.S.), WA; Baylor College of Medicine (F.S.), Houston, TX; Texas Children's Hospital (F.S.); Joint BCM-CUHK Center of Medical Genetics (F.S.), Hong Kong SAR; Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli and Istituto di Neurologia (S.S.), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy; McMaster University Medical Center (M.T.), Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Neurology and Neuromuscular Unit (A.T.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Italy; University of Colorado and Children's Hospital Colorado (J.L.K.V.H.), Aurora; Copenhagen Neuromuscular Center (John Vissing), Rigshospitalet University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (Jerry Vockley), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA; Jupiter Point Pharma Consulting (J.S.F.), LLC; Stealth BioTherapeutics (D.A.B.)Write On Time Medical Communications (J.A.S.), LLC; and Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (M.M.), Neurological Institute, University of Pisa, Italy
| | - Thomas Klopstock
- From the Massachusetts General Hospital (A.K.), Harvard Medical School Boston; Neuromuscular Unit (E.B.), Bambino Gesù Ospedale Pediatrico, IRCCS, Rome; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (V.C.), Programma di Neurogenetica; Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (V.C.), University of Bologna, Italy; Rebecca D. Considine Research Institute (B.H.C.), Akron Children's Hospital, OH; Stanford University School of Medicine (G.M.E.), CA; Mitochondrial Medicine Frontier Program (M.J.F., A.G.), Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Royal Victoria Infirmary (G.S.G.), Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom; University of California (R.H.), San Diego, La Jolla; Columbia University Irving Medical Center (M.H.), New York; Friedrich-Baur-Institute (T.K.), Department of Neurology, LMU Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE); Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Germany; Department of Pediatrics (M.K.K.), University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston; Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular Diseases Section (C.K.), University Hospital of Bonn, Germany; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (C.L.), Milano, Italy; Vancouver General Hospital (A.L.), British Columbia, Canada; University of Utah (N.L.), Salt Lake City; Institute of Genomic Medicine and Rare Disorders (M.J.M.), Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Cleveland Clinic Neurological Institute (S.P.), OH; Rare Disease Research (H.P.), Atlanta, GA; Department of Neuromuscular Diseases (R.D.S.P.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology and The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom; Seattle Children's Hospital (R.S.), WA; Baylor College of Medicine (F.S.), Houston, TX; Texas Children's Hospital (F.S.); Joint BCM-CUHK Center of Medical Genetics (F.S.), Hong Kong SAR; Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli and Istituto di Neurologia (S.S.), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy; McMaster University Medical Center (M.T.), Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Neurology and Neuromuscular Unit (A.T.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Italy; University of Colorado and Children's Hospital Colorado (J.L.K.V.H.), Aurora; Copenhagen Neuromuscular Center (John Vissing), Rigshospitalet University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (Jerry Vockley), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA; Jupiter Point Pharma Consulting (J.S.F.), LLC; Stealth BioTherapeutics (D.A.B.)Write On Time Medical Communications (J.A.S.), LLC; and Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (M.M.), Neurological Institute, University of Pisa, Italy
| | - Mary Kay Koenig
- From the Massachusetts General Hospital (A.K.), Harvard Medical School Boston; Neuromuscular Unit (E.B.), Bambino Gesù Ospedale Pediatrico, IRCCS, Rome; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (V.C.), Programma di Neurogenetica; Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (V.C.), University of Bologna, Italy; Rebecca D. Considine Research Institute (B.H.C.), Akron Children's Hospital, OH; Stanford University School of Medicine (G.M.E.), CA; Mitochondrial Medicine Frontier Program (M.J.F., A.G.), Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Royal Victoria Infirmary (G.S.G.), Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom; University of California (R.H.), San Diego, La Jolla; Columbia University Irving Medical Center (M.H.), New York; Friedrich-Baur-Institute (T.K.), Department of Neurology, LMU Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE); Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Germany; Department of Pediatrics (M.K.K.), University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston; Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular Diseases Section (C.K.), University Hospital of Bonn, Germany; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (C.L.), Milano, Italy; Vancouver General Hospital (A.L.), British Columbia, Canada; University of Utah (N.L.), Salt Lake City; Institute of Genomic Medicine and Rare Disorders (M.J.M.), Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Cleveland Clinic Neurological Institute (S.P.), OH; Rare Disease Research (H.P.), Atlanta, GA; Department of Neuromuscular Diseases (R.D.S.P.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology and The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom; Seattle Children's Hospital (R.S.), WA; Baylor College of Medicine (F.S.), Houston, TX; Texas Children's Hospital (F.S.); Joint BCM-CUHK Center of Medical Genetics (F.S.), Hong Kong SAR; Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli and Istituto di Neurologia (S.S.), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy; McMaster University Medical Center (M.T.), Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Neurology and Neuromuscular Unit (A.T.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Italy; University of Colorado and Children's Hospital Colorado (J.L.K.V.H.), Aurora; Copenhagen Neuromuscular Center (John Vissing), Rigshospitalet University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (Jerry Vockley), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA; Jupiter Point Pharma Consulting (J.S.F.), LLC; Stealth BioTherapeutics (D.A.B.)Write On Time Medical Communications (J.A.S.), LLC; and Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (M.M.), Neurological Institute, University of Pisa, Italy
| | - Cornelia Kornblum
- From the Massachusetts General Hospital (A.K.), Harvard Medical School Boston; Neuromuscular Unit (E.B.), Bambino Gesù Ospedale Pediatrico, IRCCS, Rome; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (V.C.), Programma di Neurogenetica; Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (V.C.), University of Bologna, Italy; Rebecca D. Considine Research Institute (B.H.C.), Akron Children's Hospital, OH; Stanford University School of Medicine (G.M.E.), CA; Mitochondrial Medicine Frontier Program (M.J.F., A.G.), Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Royal Victoria Infirmary (G.S.G.), Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom; University of California (R.H.), San Diego, La Jolla; Columbia University Irving Medical Center (M.H.), New York; Friedrich-Baur-Institute (T.K.), Department of Neurology, LMU Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE); Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Germany; Department of Pediatrics (M.K.K.), University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston; Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular Diseases Section (C.K.), University Hospital of Bonn, Germany; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (C.L.), Milano, Italy; Vancouver General Hospital (A.L.), British Columbia, Canada; University of Utah (N.L.), Salt Lake City; Institute of Genomic Medicine and Rare Disorders (M.J.M.), Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Cleveland Clinic Neurological Institute (S.P.), OH; Rare Disease Research (H.P.), Atlanta, GA; Department of Neuromuscular Diseases (R.D.S.P.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology and The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom; Seattle Children's Hospital (R.S.), WA; Baylor College of Medicine (F.S.), Houston, TX; Texas Children's Hospital (F.S.); Joint BCM-CUHK Center of Medical Genetics (F.S.), Hong Kong SAR; Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli and Istituto di Neurologia (S.S.), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy; McMaster University Medical Center (M.T.), Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Neurology and Neuromuscular Unit (A.T.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Italy; University of Colorado and Children's Hospital Colorado (J.L.K.V.H.), Aurora; Copenhagen Neuromuscular Center (John Vissing), Rigshospitalet University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (Jerry Vockley), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA; Jupiter Point Pharma Consulting (J.S.F.), LLC; Stealth BioTherapeutics (D.A.B.)Write On Time Medical Communications (J.A.S.), LLC; and Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (M.M.), Neurological Institute, University of Pisa, Italy
| | - Costanza Lamperti
- From the Massachusetts General Hospital (A.K.), Harvard Medical School Boston; Neuromuscular Unit (E.B.), Bambino Gesù Ospedale Pediatrico, IRCCS, Rome; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (V.C.), Programma di Neurogenetica; Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (V.C.), University of Bologna, Italy; Rebecca D. Considine Research Institute (B.H.C.), Akron Children's Hospital, OH; Stanford University School of Medicine (G.M.E.), CA; Mitochondrial Medicine Frontier Program (M.J.F., A.G.), Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Royal Victoria Infirmary (G.S.G.), Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom; University of California (R.H.), San Diego, La Jolla; Columbia University Irving Medical Center (M.H.), New York; Friedrich-Baur-Institute (T.K.), Department of Neurology, LMU Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE); Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Germany; Department of Pediatrics (M.K.K.), University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston; Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular Diseases Section (C.K.), University Hospital of Bonn, Germany; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (C.L.), Milano, Italy; Vancouver General Hospital (A.L.), British Columbia, Canada; University of Utah (N.L.), Salt Lake City; Institute of Genomic Medicine and Rare Disorders (M.J.M.), Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Cleveland Clinic Neurological Institute (S.P.), OH; Rare Disease Research (H.P.), Atlanta, GA; Department of Neuromuscular Diseases (R.D.S.P.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology and The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom; Seattle Children's Hospital (R.S.), WA; Baylor College of Medicine (F.S.), Houston, TX; Texas Children's Hospital (F.S.); Joint BCM-CUHK Center of Medical Genetics (F.S.), Hong Kong SAR; Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli and Istituto di Neurologia (S.S.), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy; McMaster University Medical Center (M.T.), Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Neurology and Neuromuscular Unit (A.T.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Italy; University of Colorado and Children's Hospital Colorado (J.L.K.V.H.), Aurora; Copenhagen Neuromuscular Center (John Vissing), Rigshospitalet University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (Jerry Vockley), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA; Jupiter Point Pharma Consulting (J.S.F.), LLC; Stealth BioTherapeutics (D.A.B.)Write On Time Medical Communications (J.A.S.), LLC; and Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (M.M.), Neurological Institute, University of Pisa, Italy
| | - Anna Lehman
- From the Massachusetts General Hospital (A.K.), Harvard Medical School Boston; Neuromuscular Unit (E.B.), Bambino Gesù Ospedale Pediatrico, IRCCS, Rome; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (V.C.), Programma di Neurogenetica; Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (V.C.), University of Bologna, Italy; Rebecca D. Considine Research Institute (B.H.C.), Akron Children's Hospital, OH; Stanford University School of Medicine (G.M.E.), CA; Mitochondrial Medicine Frontier Program (M.J.F., A.G.), Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Royal Victoria Infirmary (G.S.G.), Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom; University of California (R.H.), San Diego, La Jolla; Columbia University Irving Medical Center (M.H.), New York; Friedrich-Baur-Institute (T.K.), Department of Neurology, LMU Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE); Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Germany; Department of Pediatrics (M.K.K.), University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston; Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular Diseases Section (C.K.), University Hospital of Bonn, Germany; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (C.L.), Milano, Italy; Vancouver General Hospital (A.L.), British Columbia, Canada; University of Utah (N.L.), Salt Lake City; Institute of Genomic Medicine and Rare Disorders (M.J.M.), Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Cleveland Clinic Neurological Institute (S.P.), OH; Rare Disease Research (H.P.), Atlanta, GA; Department of Neuromuscular Diseases (R.D.S.P.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology and The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom; Seattle Children's Hospital (R.S.), WA; Baylor College of Medicine (F.S.), Houston, TX; Texas Children's Hospital (F.S.); Joint BCM-CUHK Center of Medical Genetics (F.S.), Hong Kong SAR; Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli and Istituto di Neurologia (S.S.), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy; McMaster University Medical Center (M.T.), Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Neurology and Neuromuscular Unit (A.T.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Italy; University of Colorado and Children's Hospital Colorado (J.L.K.V.H.), Aurora; Copenhagen Neuromuscular Center (John Vissing), Rigshospitalet University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (Jerry Vockley), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA; Jupiter Point Pharma Consulting (J.S.F.), LLC; Stealth BioTherapeutics (D.A.B.)Write On Time Medical Communications (J.A.S.), LLC; and Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (M.M.), Neurological Institute, University of Pisa, Italy
| | - Nicola Longo
- From the Massachusetts General Hospital (A.K.), Harvard Medical School Boston; Neuromuscular Unit (E.B.), Bambino Gesù Ospedale Pediatrico, IRCCS, Rome; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (V.C.), Programma di Neurogenetica; Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (V.C.), University of Bologna, Italy; Rebecca D. Considine Research Institute (B.H.C.), Akron Children's Hospital, OH; Stanford University School of Medicine (G.M.E.), CA; Mitochondrial Medicine Frontier Program (M.J.F., A.G.), Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Royal Victoria Infirmary (G.S.G.), Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom; University of California (R.H.), San Diego, La Jolla; Columbia University Irving Medical Center (M.H.), New York; Friedrich-Baur-Institute (T.K.), Department of Neurology, LMU Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE); Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Germany; Department of Pediatrics (M.K.K.), University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston; Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular Diseases Section (C.K.), University Hospital of Bonn, Germany; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (C.L.), Milano, Italy; Vancouver General Hospital (A.L.), British Columbia, Canada; University of Utah (N.L.), Salt Lake City; Institute of Genomic Medicine and Rare Disorders (M.J.M.), Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Cleveland Clinic Neurological Institute (S.P.), OH; Rare Disease Research (H.P.), Atlanta, GA; Department of Neuromuscular Diseases (R.D.S.P.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology and The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom; Seattle Children's Hospital (R.S.), WA; Baylor College of Medicine (F.S.), Houston, TX; Texas Children's Hospital (F.S.); Joint BCM-CUHK Center of Medical Genetics (F.S.), Hong Kong SAR; Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli and Istituto di Neurologia (S.S.), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy; McMaster University Medical Center (M.T.), Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Neurology and Neuromuscular Unit (A.T.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Italy; University of Colorado and Children's Hospital Colorado (J.L.K.V.H.), Aurora; Copenhagen Neuromuscular Center (John Vissing), Rigshospitalet University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (Jerry Vockley), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA; Jupiter Point Pharma Consulting (J.S.F.), LLC; Stealth BioTherapeutics (D.A.B.)Write On Time Medical Communications (J.A.S.), LLC; and Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (M.M.), Neurological Institute, University of Pisa, Italy
| | - Maria Judit Molnar
- From the Massachusetts General Hospital (A.K.), Harvard Medical School Boston; Neuromuscular Unit (E.B.), Bambino Gesù Ospedale Pediatrico, IRCCS, Rome; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (V.C.), Programma di Neurogenetica; Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (V.C.), University of Bologna, Italy; Rebecca D. Considine Research Institute (B.H.C.), Akron Children's Hospital, OH; Stanford University School of Medicine (G.M.E.), CA; Mitochondrial Medicine Frontier Program (M.J.F., A.G.), Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Royal Victoria Infirmary (G.S.G.), Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom; University of California (R.H.), San Diego, La Jolla; Columbia University Irving Medical Center (M.H.), New York; Friedrich-Baur-Institute (T.K.), Department of Neurology, LMU Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE); Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Germany; Department of Pediatrics (M.K.K.), University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston; Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular Diseases Section (C.K.), University Hospital of Bonn, Germany; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (C.L.), Milano, Italy; Vancouver General Hospital (A.L.), British Columbia, Canada; University of Utah (N.L.), Salt Lake City; Institute of Genomic Medicine and Rare Disorders (M.J.M.), Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Cleveland Clinic Neurological Institute (S.P.), OH; Rare Disease Research (H.P.), Atlanta, GA; Department of Neuromuscular Diseases (R.D.S.P.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology and The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom; Seattle Children's Hospital (R.S.), WA; Baylor College of Medicine (F.S.), Houston, TX; Texas Children's Hospital (F.S.); Joint BCM-CUHK Center of Medical Genetics (F.S.), Hong Kong SAR; Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli and Istituto di Neurologia (S.S.), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy; McMaster University Medical Center (M.T.), Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Neurology and Neuromuscular Unit (A.T.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Italy; University of Colorado and Children's Hospital Colorado (J.L.K.V.H.), Aurora; Copenhagen Neuromuscular Center (John Vissing), Rigshospitalet University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (Jerry Vockley), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA; Jupiter Point Pharma Consulting (J.S.F.), LLC; Stealth BioTherapeutics (D.A.B.)Write On Time Medical Communications (J.A.S.), LLC; and Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (M.M.), Neurological Institute, University of Pisa, Italy
| | - Sumit Parikh
- From the Massachusetts General Hospital (A.K.), Harvard Medical School Boston; Neuromuscular Unit (E.B.), Bambino Gesù Ospedale Pediatrico, IRCCS, Rome; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (V.C.), Programma di Neurogenetica; Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (V.C.), University of Bologna, Italy; Rebecca D. Considine Research Institute (B.H.C.), Akron Children's Hospital, OH; Stanford University School of Medicine (G.M.E.), CA; Mitochondrial Medicine Frontier Program (M.J.F., A.G.), Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Royal Victoria Infirmary (G.S.G.), Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom; University of California (R.H.), San Diego, La Jolla; Columbia University Irving Medical Center (M.H.), New York; Friedrich-Baur-Institute (T.K.), Department of Neurology, LMU Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE); Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Germany; Department of Pediatrics (M.K.K.), University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston; Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular Diseases Section (C.K.), University Hospital of Bonn, Germany; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (C.L.), Milano, Italy; Vancouver General Hospital (A.L.), British Columbia, Canada; University of Utah (N.L.), Salt Lake City; Institute of Genomic Medicine and Rare Disorders (M.J.M.), Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Cleveland Clinic Neurological Institute (S.P.), OH; Rare Disease Research (H.P.), Atlanta, GA; Department of Neuromuscular Diseases (R.D.S.P.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology and The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom; Seattle Children's Hospital (R.S.), WA; Baylor College of Medicine (F.S.), Houston, TX; Texas Children's Hospital (F.S.); Joint BCM-CUHK Center of Medical Genetics (F.S.), Hong Kong SAR; Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli and Istituto di Neurologia (S.S.), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy; McMaster University Medical Center (M.T.), Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Neurology and Neuromuscular Unit (A.T.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Italy; University of Colorado and Children's Hospital Colorado (J.L.K.V.H.), Aurora; Copenhagen Neuromuscular Center (John Vissing), Rigshospitalet University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (Jerry Vockley), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA; Jupiter Point Pharma Consulting (J.S.F.), LLC; Stealth BioTherapeutics (D.A.B.)Write On Time Medical Communications (J.A.S.), LLC; and Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (M.M.), Neurological Institute, University of Pisa, Italy
| | - Han Phan
- From the Massachusetts General Hospital (A.K.), Harvard Medical School Boston; Neuromuscular Unit (E.B.), Bambino Gesù Ospedale Pediatrico, IRCCS, Rome; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (V.C.), Programma di Neurogenetica; Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (V.C.), University of Bologna, Italy; Rebecca D. Considine Research Institute (B.H.C.), Akron Children's Hospital, OH; Stanford University School of Medicine (G.M.E.), CA; Mitochondrial Medicine Frontier Program (M.J.F., A.G.), Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Royal Victoria Infirmary (G.S.G.), Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom; University of California (R.H.), San Diego, La Jolla; Columbia University Irving Medical Center (M.H.), New York; Friedrich-Baur-Institute (T.K.), Department of Neurology, LMU Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE); Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Germany; Department of Pediatrics (M.K.K.), University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston; Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular Diseases Section (C.K.), University Hospital of Bonn, Germany; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (C.L.), Milano, Italy; Vancouver General Hospital (A.L.), British Columbia, Canada; University of Utah (N.L.), Salt Lake City; Institute of Genomic Medicine and Rare Disorders (M.J.M.), Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Cleveland Clinic Neurological Institute (S.P.), OH; Rare Disease Research (H.P.), Atlanta, GA; Department of Neuromuscular Diseases (R.D.S.P.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology and The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom; Seattle Children's Hospital (R.S.), WA; Baylor College of Medicine (F.S.), Houston, TX; Texas Children's Hospital (F.S.); Joint BCM-CUHK Center of Medical Genetics (F.S.), Hong Kong SAR; Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli and Istituto di Neurologia (S.S.), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy; McMaster University Medical Center (M.T.), Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Neurology and Neuromuscular Unit (A.T.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Italy; University of Colorado and Children's Hospital Colorado (J.L.K.V.H.), Aurora; Copenhagen Neuromuscular Center (John Vissing), Rigshospitalet University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (Jerry Vockley), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA; Jupiter Point Pharma Consulting (J.S.F.), LLC; Stealth BioTherapeutics (D.A.B.)Write On Time Medical Communications (J.A.S.), LLC; and Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (M.M.), Neurological Institute, University of Pisa, Italy
| | - Robert D S Pitceathly
- From the Massachusetts General Hospital (A.K.), Harvard Medical School Boston; Neuromuscular Unit (E.B.), Bambino Gesù Ospedale Pediatrico, IRCCS, Rome; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (V.C.), Programma di Neurogenetica; Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (V.C.), University of Bologna, Italy; Rebecca D. Considine Research Institute (B.H.C.), Akron Children's Hospital, OH; Stanford University School of Medicine (G.M.E.), CA; Mitochondrial Medicine Frontier Program (M.J.F., A.G.), Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Royal Victoria Infirmary (G.S.G.), Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom; University of California (R.H.), San Diego, La Jolla; Columbia University Irving Medical Center (M.H.), New York; Friedrich-Baur-Institute (T.K.), Department of Neurology, LMU Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE); Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Germany; Department of Pediatrics (M.K.K.), University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston; Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular Diseases Section (C.K.), University Hospital of Bonn, Germany; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (C.L.), Milano, Italy; Vancouver General Hospital (A.L.), British Columbia, Canada; University of Utah (N.L.), Salt Lake City; Institute of Genomic Medicine and Rare Disorders (M.J.M.), Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Cleveland Clinic Neurological Institute (S.P.), OH; Rare Disease Research (H.P.), Atlanta, GA; Department of Neuromuscular Diseases (R.D.S.P.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology and The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom; Seattle Children's Hospital (R.S.), WA; Baylor College of Medicine (F.S.), Houston, TX; Texas Children's Hospital (F.S.); Joint BCM-CUHK Center of Medical Genetics (F.S.), Hong Kong SAR; Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli and Istituto di Neurologia (S.S.), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy; McMaster University Medical Center (M.T.), Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Neurology and Neuromuscular Unit (A.T.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Italy; University of Colorado and Children's Hospital Colorado (J.L.K.V.H.), Aurora; Copenhagen Neuromuscular Center (John Vissing), Rigshospitalet University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (Jerry Vockley), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA; Jupiter Point Pharma Consulting (J.S.F.), LLC; Stealth BioTherapeutics (D.A.B.)Write On Time Medical Communications (J.A.S.), LLC; and Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (M.M.), Neurological Institute, University of Pisa, Italy
| | - Russell Saneto
- From the Massachusetts General Hospital (A.K.), Harvard Medical School Boston; Neuromuscular Unit (E.B.), Bambino Gesù Ospedale Pediatrico, IRCCS, Rome; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (V.C.), Programma di Neurogenetica; Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (V.C.), University of Bologna, Italy; Rebecca D. Considine Research Institute (B.H.C.), Akron Children's Hospital, OH; Stanford University School of Medicine (G.M.E.), CA; Mitochondrial Medicine Frontier Program (M.J.F., A.G.), Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Royal Victoria Infirmary (G.S.G.), Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom; University of California (R.H.), San Diego, La Jolla; Columbia University Irving Medical Center (M.H.), New York; Friedrich-Baur-Institute (T.K.), Department of Neurology, LMU Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE); Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Germany; Department of Pediatrics (M.K.K.), University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston; Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular Diseases Section (C.K.), University Hospital of Bonn, Germany; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (C.L.), Milano, Italy; Vancouver General Hospital (A.L.), British Columbia, Canada; University of Utah (N.L.), Salt Lake City; Institute of Genomic Medicine and Rare Disorders (M.J.M.), Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Cleveland Clinic Neurological Institute (S.P.), OH; Rare Disease Research (H.P.), Atlanta, GA; Department of Neuromuscular Diseases (R.D.S.P.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology and The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom; Seattle Children's Hospital (R.S.), WA; Baylor College of Medicine (F.S.), Houston, TX; Texas Children's Hospital (F.S.); Joint BCM-CUHK Center of Medical Genetics (F.S.), Hong Kong SAR; Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli and Istituto di Neurologia (S.S.), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy; McMaster University Medical Center (M.T.), Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Neurology and Neuromuscular Unit (A.T.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Italy; University of Colorado and Children's Hospital Colorado (J.L.K.V.H.), Aurora; Copenhagen Neuromuscular Center (John Vissing), Rigshospitalet University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (Jerry Vockley), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA; Jupiter Point Pharma Consulting (J.S.F.), LLC; Stealth BioTherapeutics (D.A.B.)Write On Time Medical Communications (J.A.S.), LLC; and Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (M.M.), Neurological Institute, University of Pisa, Italy
| | - Fernando Scaglia
- From the Massachusetts General Hospital (A.K.), Harvard Medical School Boston; Neuromuscular Unit (E.B.), Bambino Gesù Ospedale Pediatrico, IRCCS, Rome; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (V.C.), Programma di Neurogenetica; Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (V.C.), University of Bologna, Italy; Rebecca D. Considine Research Institute (B.H.C.), Akron Children's Hospital, OH; Stanford University School of Medicine (G.M.E.), CA; Mitochondrial Medicine Frontier Program (M.J.F., A.G.), Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Royal Victoria Infirmary (G.S.G.), Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom; University of California (R.H.), San Diego, La Jolla; Columbia University Irving Medical Center (M.H.), New York; Friedrich-Baur-Institute (T.K.), Department of Neurology, LMU Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE); Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Germany; Department of Pediatrics (M.K.K.), University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston; Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular Diseases Section (C.K.), University Hospital of Bonn, Germany; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (C.L.), Milano, Italy; Vancouver General Hospital (A.L.), British Columbia, Canada; University of Utah (N.L.), Salt Lake City; Institute of Genomic Medicine and Rare Disorders (M.J.M.), Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Cleveland Clinic Neurological Institute (S.P.), OH; Rare Disease Research (H.P.), Atlanta, GA; Department of Neuromuscular Diseases (R.D.S.P.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology and The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom; Seattle Children's Hospital (R.S.), WA; Baylor College of Medicine (F.S.), Houston, TX; Texas Children's Hospital (F.S.); Joint BCM-CUHK Center of Medical Genetics (F.S.), Hong Kong SAR; Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli and Istituto di Neurologia (S.S.), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy; McMaster University Medical Center (M.T.), Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Neurology and Neuromuscular Unit (A.T.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Italy; University of Colorado and Children's Hospital Colorado (J.L.K.V.H.), Aurora; Copenhagen Neuromuscular Center (John Vissing), Rigshospitalet University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (Jerry Vockley), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA; Jupiter Point Pharma Consulting (J.S.F.), LLC; Stealth BioTherapeutics (D.A.B.)Write On Time Medical Communications (J.A.S.), LLC; and Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (M.M.), Neurological Institute, University of Pisa, Italy
| | - Serenella Servidei
- From the Massachusetts General Hospital (A.K.), Harvard Medical School Boston; Neuromuscular Unit (E.B.), Bambino Gesù Ospedale Pediatrico, IRCCS, Rome; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (V.C.), Programma di Neurogenetica; Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (V.C.), University of Bologna, Italy; Rebecca D. Considine Research Institute (B.H.C.), Akron Children's Hospital, OH; Stanford University School of Medicine (G.M.E.), CA; Mitochondrial Medicine Frontier Program (M.J.F., A.G.), Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Royal Victoria Infirmary (G.S.G.), Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom; University of California (R.H.), San Diego, La Jolla; Columbia University Irving Medical Center (M.H.), New York; Friedrich-Baur-Institute (T.K.), Department of Neurology, LMU Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE); Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Germany; Department of Pediatrics (M.K.K.), University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston; Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular Diseases Section (C.K.), University Hospital of Bonn, Germany; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (C.L.), Milano, Italy; Vancouver General Hospital (A.L.), British Columbia, Canada; University of Utah (N.L.), Salt Lake City; Institute of Genomic Medicine and Rare Disorders (M.J.M.), Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Cleveland Clinic Neurological Institute (S.P.), OH; Rare Disease Research (H.P.), Atlanta, GA; Department of Neuromuscular Diseases (R.D.S.P.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology and The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom; Seattle Children's Hospital (R.S.), WA; Baylor College of Medicine (F.S.), Houston, TX; Texas Children's Hospital (F.S.); Joint BCM-CUHK Center of Medical Genetics (F.S.), Hong Kong SAR; Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli and Istituto di Neurologia (S.S.), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy; McMaster University Medical Center (M.T.), Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Neurology and Neuromuscular Unit (A.T.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Italy; University of Colorado and Children's Hospital Colorado (J.L.K.V.H.), Aurora; Copenhagen Neuromuscular Center (John Vissing), Rigshospitalet University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (Jerry Vockley), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA; Jupiter Point Pharma Consulting (J.S.F.), LLC; Stealth BioTherapeutics (D.A.B.)Write On Time Medical Communications (J.A.S.), LLC; and Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (M.M.), Neurological Institute, University of Pisa, Italy
| | - Mark Tarnopolsky
- From the Massachusetts General Hospital (A.K.), Harvard Medical School Boston; Neuromuscular Unit (E.B.), Bambino Gesù Ospedale Pediatrico, IRCCS, Rome; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (V.C.), Programma di Neurogenetica; Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (V.C.), University of Bologna, Italy; Rebecca D. Considine Research Institute (B.H.C.), Akron Children's Hospital, OH; Stanford University School of Medicine (G.M.E.), CA; Mitochondrial Medicine Frontier Program (M.J.F., A.G.), Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Royal Victoria Infirmary (G.S.G.), Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom; University of California (R.H.), San Diego, La Jolla; Columbia University Irving Medical Center (M.H.), New York; Friedrich-Baur-Institute (T.K.), Department of Neurology, LMU Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE); Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Germany; Department of Pediatrics (M.K.K.), University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston; Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular Diseases Section (C.K.), University Hospital of Bonn, Germany; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (C.L.), Milano, Italy; Vancouver General Hospital (A.L.), British Columbia, Canada; University of Utah (N.L.), Salt Lake City; Institute of Genomic Medicine and Rare Disorders (M.J.M.), Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Cleveland Clinic Neurological Institute (S.P.), OH; Rare Disease Research (H.P.), Atlanta, GA; Department of Neuromuscular Diseases (R.D.S.P.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology and The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom; Seattle Children's Hospital (R.S.), WA; Baylor College of Medicine (F.S.), Houston, TX; Texas Children's Hospital (F.S.); Joint BCM-CUHK Center of Medical Genetics (F.S.), Hong Kong SAR; Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli and Istituto di Neurologia (S.S.), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy; McMaster University Medical Center (M.T.), Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Neurology and Neuromuscular Unit (A.T.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Italy; University of Colorado and Children's Hospital Colorado (J.L.K.V.H.), Aurora; Copenhagen Neuromuscular Center (John Vissing), Rigshospitalet University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (Jerry Vockley), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA; Jupiter Point Pharma Consulting (J.S.F.), LLC; Stealth BioTherapeutics (D.A.B.)Write On Time Medical Communications (J.A.S.), LLC; and Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (M.M.), Neurological Institute, University of Pisa, Italy
| | - Antonio Toscano
- From the Massachusetts General Hospital (A.K.), Harvard Medical School Boston; Neuromuscular Unit (E.B.), Bambino Gesù Ospedale Pediatrico, IRCCS, Rome; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (V.C.), Programma di Neurogenetica; Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (V.C.), University of Bologna, Italy; Rebecca D. Considine Research Institute (B.H.C.), Akron Children's Hospital, OH; Stanford University School of Medicine (G.M.E.), CA; Mitochondrial Medicine Frontier Program (M.J.F., A.G.), Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Royal Victoria Infirmary (G.S.G.), Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom; University of California (R.H.), San Diego, La Jolla; Columbia University Irving Medical Center (M.H.), New York; Friedrich-Baur-Institute (T.K.), Department of Neurology, LMU Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE); Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Germany; Department of Pediatrics (M.K.K.), University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston; Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular Diseases Section (C.K.), University Hospital of Bonn, Germany; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (C.L.), Milano, Italy; Vancouver General Hospital (A.L.), British Columbia, Canada; University of Utah (N.L.), Salt Lake City; Institute of Genomic Medicine and Rare Disorders (M.J.M.), Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Cleveland Clinic Neurological Institute (S.P.), OH; Rare Disease Research (H.P.), Atlanta, GA; Department of Neuromuscular Diseases (R.D.S.P.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology and The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom; Seattle Children's Hospital (R.S.), WA; Baylor College of Medicine (F.S.), Houston, TX; Texas Children's Hospital (F.S.); Joint BCM-CUHK Center of Medical Genetics (F.S.), Hong Kong SAR; Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli and Istituto di Neurologia (S.S.), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy; McMaster University Medical Center (M.T.), Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Neurology and Neuromuscular Unit (A.T.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Italy; University of Colorado and Children's Hospital Colorado (J.L.K.V.H.), Aurora; Copenhagen Neuromuscular Center (John Vissing), Rigshospitalet University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (Jerry Vockley), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA; Jupiter Point Pharma Consulting (J.S.F.), LLC; Stealth BioTherapeutics (D.A.B.)Write On Time Medical Communications (J.A.S.), LLC; and Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (M.M.), Neurological Institute, University of Pisa, Italy
| | - Johan L K Van Hove
- From the Massachusetts General Hospital (A.K.), Harvard Medical School Boston; Neuromuscular Unit (E.B.), Bambino Gesù Ospedale Pediatrico, IRCCS, Rome; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (V.C.), Programma di Neurogenetica; Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (V.C.), University of Bologna, Italy; Rebecca D. Considine Research Institute (B.H.C.), Akron Children's Hospital, OH; Stanford University School of Medicine (G.M.E.), CA; Mitochondrial Medicine Frontier Program (M.J.F., A.G.), Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Royal Victoria Infirmary (G.S.G.), Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom; University of California (R.H.), San Diego, La Jolla; Columbia University Irving Medical Center (M.H.), New York; Friedrich-Baur-Institute (T.K.), Department of Neurology, LMU Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE); Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Germany; Department of Pediatrics (M.K.K.), University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston; Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular Diseases Section (C.K.), University Hospital of Bonn, Germany; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (C.L.), Milano, Italy; Vancouver General Hospital (A.L.), British Columbia, Canada; University of Utah (N.L.), Salt Lake City; Institute of Genomic Medicine and Rare Disorders (M.J.M.), Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Cleveland Clinic Neurological Institute (S.P.), OH; Rare Disease Research (H.P.), Atlanta, GA; Department of Neuromuscular Diseases (R.D.S.P.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology and The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom; Seattle Children's Hospital (R.S.), WA; Baylor College of Medicine (F.S.), Houston, TX; Texas Children's Hospital (F.S.); Joint BCM-CUHK Center of Medical Genetics (F.S.), Hong Kong SAR; Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli and Istituto di Neurologia (S.S.), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy; McMaster University Medical Center (M.T.), Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Neurology and Neuromuscular Unit (A.T.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Italy; University of Colorado and Children's Hospital Colorado (J.L.K.V.H.), Aurora; Copenhagen Neuromuscular Center (John Vissing), Rigshospitalet University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (Jerry Vockley), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA; Jupiter Point Pharma Consulting (J.S.F.), LLC; Stealth BioTherapeutics (D.A.B.)Write On Time Medical Communications (J.A.S.), LLC; and Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (M.M.), Neurological Institute, University of Pisa, Italy
| | - John Vissing
- From the Massachusetts General Hospital (A.K.), Harvard Medical School Boston; Neuromuscular Unit (E.B.), Bambino Gesù Ospedale Pediatrico, IRCCS, Rome; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (V.C.), Programma di Neurogenetica; Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (V.C.), University of Bologna, Italy; Rebecca D. Considine Research Institute (B.H.C.), Akron Children's Hospital, OH; Stanford University School of Medicine (G.M.E.), CA; Mitochondrial Medicine Frontier Program (M.J.F., A.G.), Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Royal Victoria Infirmary (G.S.G.), Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom; University of California (R.H.), San Diego, La Jolla; Columbia University Irving Medical Center (M.H.), New York; Friedrich-Baur-Institute (T.K.), Department of Neurology, LMU Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE); Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Germany; Department of Pediatrics (M.K.K.), University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston; Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular Diseases Section (C.K.), University Hospital of Bonn, Germany; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (C.L.), Milano, Italy; Vancouver General Hospital (A.L.), British Columbia, Canada; University of Utah (N.L.), Salt Lake City; Institute of Genomic Medicine and Rare Disorders (M.J.M.), Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Cleveland Clinic Neurological Institute (S.P.), OH; Rare Disease Research (H.P.), Atlanta, GA; Department of Neuromuscular Diseases (R.D.S.P.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology and The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom; Seattle Children's Hospital (R.S.), WA; Baylor College of Medicine (F.S.), Houston, TX; Texas Children's Hospital (F.S.); Joint BCM-CUHK Center of Medical Genetics (F.S.), Hong Kong SAR; Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli and Istituto di Neurologia (S.S.), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy; McMaster University Medical Center (M.T.), Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Neurology and Neuromuscular Unit (A.T.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Italy; University of Colorado and Children's Hospital Colorado (J.L.K.V.H.), Aurora; Copenhagen Neuromuscular Center (John Vissing), Rigshospitalet University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (Jerry Vockley), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA; Jupiter Point Pharma Consulting (J.S.F.), LLC; Stealth BioTherapeutics (D.A.B.)Write On Time Medical Communications (J.A.S.), LLC; and Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (M.M.), Neurological Institute, University of Pisa, Italy
| | - Jerry Vockley
- From the Massachusetts General Hospital (A.K.), Harvard Medical School Boston; Neuromuscular Unit (E.B.), Bambino Gesù Ospedale Pediatrico, IRCCS, Rome; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (V.C.), Programma di Neurogenetica; Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (V.C.), University of Bologna, Italy; Rebecca D. Considine Research Institute (B.H.C.), Akron Children's Hospital, OH; Stanford University School of Medicine (G.M.E.), CA; Mitochondrial Medicine Frontier Program (M.J.F., A.G.), Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Royal Victoria Infirmary (G.S.G.), Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom; University of California (R.H.), San Diego, La Jolla; Columbia University Irving Medical Center (M.H.), New York; Friedrich-Baur-Institute (T.K.), Department of Neurology, LMU Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE); Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Germany; Department of Pediatrics (M.K.K.), University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston; Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular Diseases Section (C.K.), University Hospital of Bonn, Germany; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (C.L.), Milano, Italy; Vancouver General Hospital (A.L.), British Columbia, Canada; University of Utah (N.L.), Salt Lake City; Institute of Genomic Medicine and Rare Disorders (M.J.M.), Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Cleveland Clinic Neurological Institute (S.P.), OH; Rare Disease Research (H.P.), Atlanta, GA; Department of Neuromuscular Diseases (R.D.S.P.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology and The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom; Seattle Children's Hospital (R.S.), WA; Baylor College of Medicine (F.S.), Houston, TX; Texas Children's Hospital (F.S.); Joint BCM-CUHK Center of Medical Genetics (F.S.), Hong Kong SAR; Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli and Istituto di Neurologia (S.S.), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy; McMaster University Medical Center (M.T.), Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Neurology and Neuromuscular Unit (A.T.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Italy; University of Colorado and Children's Hospital Colorado (J.L.K.V.H.), Aurora; Copenhagen Neuromuscular Center (John Vissing), Rigshospitalet University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (Jerry Vockley), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA; Jupiter Point Pharma Consulting (J.S.F.), LLC; Stealth BioTherapeutics (D.A.B.)Write On Time Medical Communications (J.A.S.), LLC; and Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (M.M.), Neurological Institute, University of Pisa, Italy
| | - Jeffrey S Finman
- From the Massachusetts General Hospital (A.K.), Harvard Medical School Boston; Neuromuscular Unit (E.B.), Bambino Gesù Ospedale Pediatrico, IRCCS, Rome; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (V.C.), Programma di Neurogenetica; Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (V.C.), University of Bologna, Italy; Rebecca D. Considine Research Institute (B.H.C.), Akron Children's Hospital, OH; Stanford University School of Medicine (G.M.E.), CA; Mitochondrial Medicine Frontier Program (M.J.F., A.G.), Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Royal Victoria Infirmary (G.S.G.), Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom; University of California (R.H.), San Diego, La Jolla; Columbia University Irving Medical Center (M.H.), New York; Friedrich-Baur-Institute (T.K.), Department of Neurology, LMU Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE); Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Germany; Department of Pediatrics (M.K.K.), University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston; Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular Diseases Section (C.K.), University Hospital of Bonn, Germany; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (C.L.), Milano, Italy; Vancouver General Hospital (A.L.), British Columbia, Canada; University of Utah (N.L.), Salt Lake City; Institute of Genomic Medicine and Rare Disorders (M.J.M.), Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Cleveland Clinic Neurological Institute (S.P.), OH; Rare Disease Research (H.P.), Atlanta, GA; Department of Neuromuscular Diseases (R.D.S.P.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology and The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom; Seattle Children's Hospital (R.S.), WA; Baylor College of Medicine (F.S.), Houston, TX; Texas Children's Hospital (F.S.); Joint BCM-CUHK Center of Medical Genetics (F.S.), Hong Kong SAR; Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli and Istituto di Neurologia (S.S.), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy; McMaster University Medical Center (M.T.), Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Neurology and Neuromuscular Unit (A.T.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Italy; University of Colorado and Children's Hospital Colorado (J.L.K.V.H.), Aurora; Copenhagen Neuromuscular Center (John Vissing), Rigshospitalet University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (Jerry Vockley), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA; Jupiter Point Pharma Consulting (J.S.F.), LLC; Stealth BioTherapeutics (D.A.B.)Write On Time Medical Communications (J.A.S.), LLC; and Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (M.M.), Neurological Institute, University of Pisa, Italy
| | - David A Brown
- From the Massachusetts General Hospital (A.K.), Harvard Medical School Boston; Neuromuscular Unit (E.B.), Bambino Gesù Ospedale Pediatrico, IRCCS, Rome; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (V.C.), Programma di Neurogenetica; Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (V.C.), University of Bologna, Italy; Rebecca D. Considine Research Institute (B.H.C.), Akron Children's Hospital, OH; Stanford University School of Medicine (G.M.E.), CA; Mitochondrial Medicine Frontier Program (M.J.F., A.G.), Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Royal Victoria Infirmary (G.S.G.), Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom; University of California (R.H.), San Diego, La Jolla; Columbia University Irving Medical Center (M.H.), New York; Friedrich-Baur-Institute (T.K.), Department of Neurology, LMU Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE); Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Germany; Department of Pediatrics (M.K.K.), University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston; Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular Diseases Section (C.K.), University Hospital of Bonn, Germany; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (C.L.), Milano, Italy; Vancouver General Hospital (A.L.), British Columbia, Canada; University of Utah (N.L.), Salt Lake City; Institute of Genomic Medicine and Rare Disorders (M.J.M.), Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Cleveland Clinic Neurological Institute (S.P.), OH; Rare Disease Research (H.P.), Atlanta, GA; Department of Neuromuscular Diseases (R.D.S.P.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology and The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom; Seattle Children's Hospital (R.S.), WA; Baylor College of Medicine (F.S.), Houston, TX; Texas Children's Hospital (F.S.); Joint BCM-CUHK Center of Medical Genetics (F.S.), Hong Kong SAR; Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli and Istituto di Neurologia (S.S.), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy; McMaster University Medical Center (M.T.), Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Neurology and Neuromuscular Unit (A.T.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Italy; University of Colorado and Children's Hospital Colorado (J.L.K.V.H.), Aurora; Copenhagen Neuromuscular Center (John Vissing), Rigshospitalet University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (Jerry Vockley), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA; Jupiter Point Pharma Consulting (J.S.F.), LLC; Stealth BioTherapeutics (D.A.B.)Write On Time Medical Communications (J.A.S.), LLC; and Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (M.M.), Neurological Institute, University of Pisa, Italy
| | - James A Shiffer
- From the Massachusetts General Hospital (A.K.), Harvard Medical School Boston; Neuromuscular Unit (E.B.), Bambino Gesù Ospedale Pediatrico, IRCCS, Rome; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (V.C.), Programma di Neurogenetica; Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (V.C.), University of Bologna, Italy; Rebecca D. Considine Research Institute (B.H.C.), Akron Children's Hospital, OH; Stanford University School of Medicine (G.M.E.), CA; Mitochondrial Medicine Frontier Program (M.J.F., A.G.), Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Royal Victoria Infirmary (G.S.G.), Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom; University of California (R.H.), San Diego, La Jolla; Columbia University Irving Medical Center (M.H.), New York; Friedrich-Baur-Institute (T.K.), Department of Neurology, LMU Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE); Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Germany; Department of Pediatrics (M.K.K.), University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston; Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular Diseases Section (C.K.), University Hospital of Bonn, Germany; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (C.L.), Milano, Italy; Vancouver General Hospital (A.L.), British Columbia, Canada; University of Utah (N.L.), Salt Lake City; Institute of Genomic Medicine and Rare Disorders (M.J.M.), Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Cleveland Clinic Neurological Institute (S.P.), OH; Rare Disease Research (H.P.), Atlanta, GA; Department of Neuromuscular Diseases (R.D.S.P.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology and The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom; Seattle Children's Hospital (R.S.), WA; Baylor College of Medicine (F.S.), Houston, TX; Texas Children's Hospital (F.S.); Joint BCM-CUHK Center of Medical Genetics (F.S.), Hong Kong SAR; Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli and Istituto di Neurologia (S.S.), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy; McMaster University Medical Center (M.T.), Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Neurology and Neuromuscular Unit (A.T.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Italy; University of Colorado and Children's Hospital Colorado (J.L.K.V.H.), Aurora; Copenhagen Neuromuscular Center (John Vissing), Rigshospitalet University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (Jerry Vockley), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA; Jupiter Point Pharma Consulting (J.S.F.), LLC; Stealth BioTherapeutics (D.A.B.)Write On Time Medical Communications (J.A.S.), LLC; and Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (M.M.), Neurological Institute, University of Pisa, Italy
| | - Michelango Mancuso
- From the Massachusetts General Hospital (A.K.), Harvard Medical School Boston; Neuromuscular Unit (E.B.), Bambino Gesù Ospedale Pediatrico, IRCCS, Rome; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (V.C.), Programma di Neurogenetica; Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (V.C.), University of Bologna, Italy; Rebecca D. Considine Research Institute (B.H.C.), Akron Children's Hospital, OH; Stanford University School of Medicine (G.M.E.), CA; Mitochondrial Medicine Frontier Program (M.J.F., A.G.), Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Royal Victoria Infirmary (G.S.G.), Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom; University of California (R.H.), San Diego, La Jolla; Columbia University Irving Medical Center (M.H.), New York; Friedrich-Baur-Institute (T.K.), Department of Neurology, LMU Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE); Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Germany; Department of Pediatrics (M.K.K.), University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston; Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular Diseases Section (C.K.), University Hospital of Bonn, Germany; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (C.L.), Milano, Italy; Vancouver General Hospital (A.L.), British Columbia, Canada; University of Utah (N.L.), Salt Lake City; Institute of Genomic Medicine and Rare Disorders (M.J.M.), Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Cleveland Clinic Neurological Institute (S.P.), OH; Rare Disease Research (H.P.), Atlanta, GA; Department of Neuromuscular Diseases (R.D.S.P.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology and The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom; Seattle Children's Hospital (R.S.), WA; Baylor College of Medicine (F.S.), Houston, TX; Texas Children's Hospital (F.S.); Joint BCM-CUHK Center of Medical Genetics (F.S.), Hong Kong SAR; Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli and Istituto di Neurologia (S.S.), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy; McMaster University Medical Center (M.T.), Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Neurology and Neuromuscular Unit (A.T.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Italy; University of Colorado and Children's Hospital Colorado (J.L.K.V.H.), Aurora; Copenhagen Neuromuscular Center (John Vissing), Rigshospitalet University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (Jerry Vockley), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA; Jupiter Point Pharma Consulting (J.S.F.), LLC; Stealth BioTherapeutics (D.A.B.)Write On Time Medical Communications (J.A.S.), LLC; and Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (M.M.), Neurological Institute, University of Pisa, Italy
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Meng L, Wu G. Recent advances in small molecules for improving mitochondrial disorders. RSC Adv 2023; 13:20476-20485. [PMID: 37435377 PMCID: PMC10331567 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra03313a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial disorders are observed in various human diseases, including rare genetic disorders and complex acquired pathologies. Recent advances in molecular biological techniques have dramatically expanded the understanding of multiple pathomechanisms involving mitochondrial disorders. However, the therapeutic methods for mitochondrial disorders are limited. For this reason, there is increasing interest in identifying safe and effective strategies to mitigate mitochondrial impairments. Small-molecule therapies hold promise for improving mitochondrial performance. This review focuses on the latest advances in developing bioactive compounds for treating mitochondrial disease, aiming to provide a broader perspective of fundamental studies that have been carried out to evaluate the effects of small molecules in regulating mitochondrial function. Novel-designed small molecules ameliorating mitochondrial functions are urgent for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liying Meng
- Department of Central Laboratory and Mitochondrial Medicine Laboratory, Qilu Hospital (Qingdao), Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University Qingdao China
| | - Guanzhao Wu
- Department of Central Laboratory and Mitochondrial Medicine Laboratory, Qilu Hospital (Qingdao), Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University Qingdao China
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41
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Müller M, Donhauser E, Maske T, Bischof C, Dumitrescu D, Rudolph V, Klinke A. Mitochondrial Integrity Is Critical in Right Heart Failure Development. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11108. [PMID: 37446287 PMCID: PMC10342493 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241311108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecular processes underlying right ventricular (RV) dysfunction (RVD) and right heart failure (RHF) need to be understood to develop tailored therapies for the abatement of mortality of a growing patient population. Today, the armament to combat RHF is poor, despite the advancing identification of pathomechanistic processes. Mitochondrial dysfunction implying diminished energy yield, the enhanced release of reactive oxygen species, and inefficient substrate metabolism emerges as a potentially significant cardiomyocyte subcellular protagonist in RHF development. Dependent on the course of the disease, mitochondrial biogenesis, substrate utilization, redox balance, and oxidative phosphorylation are affected. The objective of this review is to comprehensively analyze the current knowledge on mitochondrial dysregulation in preclinical and clinical RVD and RHF and to decipher the relationship between mitochondrial processes and the functional aspects of the right ventricle (RV).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Müller
- Agnes Wittenborg Institute for Translational Cardiovascular Research, Herz- und Diabeteszentrum NRW, University Hospital of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 32545 Bad Oeynhausen, Germany; (M.M.)
- Clinic for General and Interventional Cardiology/Angiology, Herz- und Diabeteszentrum NRW, University Hospital of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 32545 Bad Oeynhausen, Germany
| | - Elfi Donhauser
- Agnes Wittenborg Institute for Translational Cardiovascular Research, Herz- und Diabeteszentrum NRW, University Hospital of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 32545 Bad Oeynhausen, Germany; (M.M.)
- Clinic for General and Interventional Cardiology/Angiology, Herz- und Diabeteszentrum NRW, University Hospital of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 32545 Bad Oeynhausen, Germany
| | - Tibor Maske
- Agnes Wittenborg Institute for Translational Cardiovascular Research, Herz- und Diabeteszentrum NRW, University Hospital of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 32545 Bad Oeynhausen, Germany; (M.M.)
- Clinic for General and Interventional Cardiology/Angiology, Herz- und Diabeteszentrum NRW, University Hospital of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 32545 Bad Oeynhausen, Germany
| | - Cornelius Bischof
- Agnes Wittenborg Institute for Translational Cardiovascular Research, Herz- und Diabeteszentrum NRW, University Hospital of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 32545 Bad Oeynhausen, Germany; (M.M.)
- Clinic for General and Interventional Cardiology/Angiology, Herz- und Diabeteszentrum NRW, University Hospital of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 32545 Bad Oeynhausen, Germany
| | - Daniel Dumitrescu
- Clinic for General and Interventional Cardiology/Angiology, Herz- und Diabeteszentrum NRW, University Hospital of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 32545 Bad Oeynhausen, Germany
| | - Volker Rudolph
- Agnes Wittenborg Institute for Translational Cardiovascular Research, Herz- und Diabeteszentrum NRW, University Hospital of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 32545 Bad Oeynhausen, Germany; (M.M.)
- Clinic for General and Interventional Cardiology/Angiology, Herz- und Diabeteszentrum NRW, University Hospital of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 32545 Bad Oeynhausen, Germany
| | - Anna Klinke
- Agnes Wittenborg Institute for Translational Cardiovascular Research, Herz- und Diabeteszentrum NRW, University Hospital of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 32545 Bad Oeynhausen, Germany; (M.M.)
- Clinic for General and Interventional Cardiology/Angiology, Herz- und Diabeteszentrum NRW, University Hospital of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 32545 Bad Oeynhausen, Germany
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Sheng J, Li X, Lei J, Gan W, Song J. Mitochondrial quality control in acute kidney disease. J Nephrol 2023; 36:1283-1291. [PMID: 36800104 DOI: 10.1007/s40620-023-01582-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
Acute kidney disease (AKD) involves multiple pathogenic mechanisms, including maladaptive repair of renal cells that are rich in mitochondria. Maintenance of mitochondrial homeostasis and quality control is crucial for normal kidney function. Mitochondrial quality control serves to maintain mitochondrial function under various conditions, including mitochondrial bioenergetics, mitochondrial biogenesis, mitochondrial dynamics (fusion and fission) and mitophagy. To date, increasing evidence indicates that mitochondrial quality control is disrupted when acute kidney disease develops. This review describes the mechanisms of mitochondria quality control in acute kidney disease, aiming to provide clues to help design new clinical treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Sheng
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210011, China
| | - Xian Li
- Department of Emergency, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Juan Lei
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210011, China
| | - WeiHua Gan
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210011, China
| | - Jiayu Song
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210011, China.
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Mapuskar KA, Vasquez-Martinez G, Mayoral-Andrade G, Tomanek-Chalkley A, Zepeda-Orozco D, Allen BG. Mitochondrial Oxidative Metabolism: An Emerging Therapeutic Target to Improve CKD Outcomes. Biomedicines 2023; 11:1573. [PMID: 37371668 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11061573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) predisposes one toward end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and its associated morbidity and mortality. Significant metabolic perturbations in conjunction with alterations in redox status during CKD may induce increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), including superoxide (O2●-) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Increased O2●- and H2O2 may contribute to the overall progression of renal injury as well as catalyze the onset of comorbidities. In this review, we discuss the role of mitochondrial oxidative metabolism in the pathology of CKD and the recent developments in treating CKD progression specifically targeted to the mitochondria. Recently published results from a Phase 2b clinical trial by our group as well as recently released data from a ROMAN: Phase 3 trial (NCT03689712) suggest avasopasem manganese (AVA) may protect kidneys from cisplatin-induced CKD. Several antioxidants are under investigation to protect normal tissues from cancer-therapy-associated injury. Although many of these antioxidants demonstrate efficacy in pre-clinical models, clinically relevant novel compounds that reduce the severity of AKI and delay the progression to CKD are needed to reduce the burden of kidney disease. In this review, we focus on the various metabolic pathways in the kidney, discuss the role of mitochondrial metabolism in kidney disease, and the general involvement of mitochondrial oxidative metabolism in CKD progression. Furthermore, we present up-to-date literature on utilizing targets of mitochondrial metabolism to delay the pathology of CKD in pre-clinical and clinical models. Finally, we discuss the current clinical trials that target the mitochondria that could potentially be instrumental in advancing the clinical exploration and prevention of CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kranti A Mapuskar
- Free Radical and Radiation Biology Program, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Gabriela Vasquez-Martinez
- Kidney and Urinary Tract Center, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
| | - Gabriel Mayoral-Andrade
- Kidney and Urinary Tract Center, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
| | - Ann Tomanek-Chalkley
- Free Radical and Radiation Biology Program, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Diana Zepeda-Orozco
- Kidney and Urinary Tract Center, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, College of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Bryan G Allen
- Free Radical and Radiation Biology Program, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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Chen Q, Young L, Barsotti R. Mitochondria in cell senescence: A Friend or Foe? ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2023; 136:35-91. [PMID: 37437984 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2023.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
Cell senescence denotes cell growth arrest in response to continuous replication or stresses damaging DNA or mitochondria. Mounting research suggests that cell senescence attributes to aging-associated failing organ function and diseases. Conversely, it participates in embryonic tissue maturation, wound healing, tissue regeneration, and tumor suppression. The acute or chronic properties and microenvironment may explain the double faces of senescence. Senescent cells display unique characteristics. In particular, its mitochondria become elongated with altered metabolomes and dynamics. Accordingly, mitochondria reform their function to produce more reactive oxygen species at the cost of low ATP production. Meanwhile, destructed mitochondrial unfolded protein responses further break the delicate proteostasis fostering mitochondrial dysfunction. Additionally, the release of mitochondrial damage-associated molecular patterns, mitochondrial Ca2+ overload, and altered NAD+ level intertwine other cellular organelle strengthening senescence. These findings further intrigue researchers to develop anti-senescence interventions. Applying mitochondrial-targeted antioxidants reduces cell senescence and mitigates aging by restoring mitochondrial function and attenuating oxidative stress. Metformin and caloric restriction also manifest senescent rescuing effects by increasing mitochondria efficiency and alleviating oxidative damage. On the other hand, Bcl2 family protein inhibitors eradicate senescent cells by inducing apoptosis to facilitate cancer chemotherapy. This review describes the different aspects of mitochondrial changes in senescence and highlights the recent progress of some anti-senescence strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Chen
- Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States.
| | - Lindon Young
- Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Robert Barsotti
- Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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Wang W, Wong NK, Bok SL, Xu Y, Guo Y, Xu L, Zuo M, St. Croix CM, Mao G, Kapralov A, Bayir H, Kagan VE, Yang D. Visualizing Cardiolipin In Situ with HKCL-1M, a Highly Selective and Sensitive Fluorescent Probe. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:11311-11322. [PMID: 37103240 PMCID: PMC10214440 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c00243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
Reliable probing of cardiolipin (CL) content in dynamic cellular milieux presents significant challenges and great opportunities for understanding mitochondria-related diseases, including cancer, neurodegeneration, and diabetes mellitus. In intact respiring cells, selectivity and sensitivity for CL detection are technically demanding due to structural similarities among phospholipids and compartmental secludedness of the inner mitochondrial membrane. Here, we report a novel "turn-on" fluorescent probe HKCL-1M for detecting CL in situ. HKCL-1M displays outstanding sensitivity and selectivity toward CL through specific noncovalent interactions. In live-cell imaging, its hydrolyzed product HKCL-1 efficiently retained itself in intact cells independent of mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψm). The probe robustly co-localizes with mitochondria and outperforms 10-N-nonyl acridine orange (NAO) and Δψm-dependent dyes with superior photostability and negligible phototoxicity. Our work thus opens up new opportunities for studying mitochondrial biology through efficient and reliable visualization of CL in situ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory
of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communication, Institute of Photonics
Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Nai-Kei Wong
- Clinical
Pharmacology Section, Department of Pharmacology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Siu-Lun Bok
- Morningside
Laboratory for Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - You Xu
- Key
Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life
Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Yang Guo
- Qingdao
Institute for Theoretical and Computational Sciences, Institute of
Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Lu Xu
- School
of
Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Meiling Zuo
- School
of
Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Claudette M. St. Croix
- Department
of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15219, United States
| | - Gaowei Mao
- Department
of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15219, United States
- Center
for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
| | - Alexandr Kapralov
- Department
of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15219, United States
- Center
for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
| | - Hülya Bayir
- Center
for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
- Department
of Critical Care Medicine, University of
Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Valerian E. Kagan
- Department
of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15219, United States
- Center
for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
| | - Dan Yang
- Morningside
Laboratory for Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
- School
of
Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, China
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and
Biomedicine, Hangzhou 310024, China
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46
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Shanker S, Sanner MF. Predicting Protein-Peptide Interactions: Benchmarking Deep Learning Techniques and a Comparison with Focused Docking. J Chem Inf Model 2023; 63:3158-3170. [PMID: 37167566 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.3c00602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The accurate prediction of protein structures achieved by deep learning (DL) methods is a significant milestone and has deeply impacted structural biology. Shortly after its release, AlphaFold2 has been evaluated for predicting protein-peptide interactions and shown to significantly outperform RoseTTAfold as well as a conventional blind docking method: PIPER-FlexPepDock. Since then, new AlphaFold2 models, trained specifically to predict multimeric assemblies, have been released and a new ab initio folding model OmegaFold has become available. Here, we assess docking success rates for these new DL folding models and compare their performance with our state-of-the-art, focused peptide-docking software AutoDock CrankPep (ADCP). The evaluation is done using the same dataset and performance metric for all methods. We show that, for a set of 99 nonredundant protein-peptide complexes, the new AlphaFold2 model outperforms other Deep Learning approaches and achieves remarkable docking success rates for peptides. While the docking success rate of ADCP is more modest when considering the top-ranking solution only, it samples correct solutions for around 62% of the complexes. Interestingly, different methods succeed on different complexes, and we describe a consensus docking approach using ADCP and AlphaFold2, which achieves a remarkable 60% for the top-ranking results and 66% for the top 5 results for this set of 99 protein-peptide complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudhanshu Shanker
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Michel F Sanner
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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47
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Xu H, She P, Zhao Z, Ma B, Li G, Wang Y. Duplex Responsive Nanoplatform with Cascade Targeting for Atherosclerosis Photoacoustic Diagnosis and Multichannel Combination Therapy. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2300439. [PMID: 36828777 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202300439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The culprits of atherosclerosis are endothelial damage, local disorders of lipid metabolism, and progressive inflammation. Early atherosclerosis is typically difficult to diagnose in time due to the lack of obvious symptoms, thus missing the best period of treatment. In this work, a π-conjugated polymer (PMeTPP-MBT) based on 3,6-bis(4-methylthiophen-2-yl)-2,5-bis(2-octyldodecyl)pyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrole-1,4(2H,5H)-dione is designed as a novel photoacoustic contrast agent. On this basis, an intelligent responsive theranostic nanoplatform (PA/ASePSD) combining astaxanthin and SS-31 peptide and loading with PMeTPP-MBT is developed. The high affinity between the dextran shell with the broken endothelial surface VCAM-1 and CD44 confers active targeting of PA/ASePSD to atherosclerotic lesions. High levels of ROS in the acidic plaque microenvironment act as an intelligent cascade switch to achieve controlled release of astaxanthin, SS-31 peptide, and PMeTPP-MBT for non-invasive photoacoustic diagnosis, as well as plaque inhibition mediated by anti-inflammation and multichannel regulation (including ABCA1, ABCG1, CD36, and LOX-1) of lipid metabolism. Both in vitro and in vivo evaluations confirm the impressive anti-atherosclerotic capability and the accurate photoacoustic diagnosis of PA/ASePSD nanoparticles, thus promising a candidate for early-stage atherosclerosis theranostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Xu
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan university, Chengdu, 610064, P. R. China
| | - Peiyi She
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan university, Chengdu, 610064, P. R. China
| | - Zhiyu Zhao
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan university, Chengdu, 610064, P. R. China
| | - Boxuan Ma
- Department of Cardiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Intervention and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310016, P. R. China
| | - Gaocan Li
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan university, Chengdu, 610064, P. R. China
| | - Yunbing Wang
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan university, Chengdu, 610064, P. R. China
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48
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Srivastava A, Tomar B, Sharma D, Rath SK. Mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress: Role in chronic kidney disease. Life Sci 2023; 319:121432. [PMID: 36706833 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.121432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is associated with a variety of distinct disease processes that permanently change the function and structure of the kidney across months or years. CKD is characterized as a glomerular filtration defect or proteinuria that lasts longer than three months. In most instances, CKD leads to end-stage kidney disease (ESKD), necessitating kidney transplantation. Mitochondrial dysfunction is a typical response to damage in CKD patients. Despite the abundance of mitochondria in the kidneys, variations in mitochondrial morphological and functional characteristics have been associated with kidney inflammatory responses and injury during CKD. Despite these variations, CKD is frequently used to define some classic signs of mitochondrial dysfunction, including altered mitochondrial shape and remodeling, increased mitochondrial oxidative stress, and a marked decline in mitochondrial biogenesis and ATP generation. With a focus on the most significant developments and novel understandings of the involvement of mitochondrial remodeling in the course of CKD, this article offers a summary of the most recent advances in the sources of procured mitochondrial dysfunction in the advancement of CKD. Understanding mitochondrial biology and function is crucial for developing viable treatment options for CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjali Srivastava
- Division of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Bhawna Tomar
- Division of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Divyansh Sharma
- Division of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Srikanta Kumar Rath
- Division of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India.
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49
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Van den Eynde J, Chinni B, Vernon H, Thompson WR, Hornby B, Kutty S, Manlhiot C. Identifying responders to elamipretide in Barth syndrome: Hierarchical clustering for time series data. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2023; 18:76. [PMID: 37041653 PMCID: PMC10088720 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-023-02676-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Barth syndrome (BTHS) is a rare genetic disease that is characterized by cardiomyopathy, skeletal myopathy, neutropenia, and growth abnormalities and often leads to death in childhood. Recently, elamipretide has been tested as a potential first disease-modifying drug. This study aimed to identify patients with BTHS who may respond to elamipretide, based on continuous physiological measurements acquired through wearable devices. RESULTS Data from a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover trial of 12 patients with BTHS were used, including physiological time series data measured using a wearable device (heart rate, respiratory rate, activity, and posture) and functional scores. The latter included the 6-minute walk test (6MWT), Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) fatigue score, SWAY Balance Mobile Application score (SWAY balance score), BTHS Symptom Assessment (BTHS-SA) Total Fatigue score, muscle strength by handheld dynamometry, 5 times sit-and-stand test (5XSST), and monolysocardiolipin to cardiolipin ratio (MLCL:CL). Groups were created through median split of the functional scores into "highest score" and "lowest score", and "best response to elamipretide" and "worst response to elamipretide". Agglomerative hierarchical clustering (AHC) models were implemented to assess whether physiological data could classify patients according to functional status and distinguish non-responders from responders to elamipretide. AHC models clustered patients according to their functional status with accuracies of 60-93%, with the greatest accuracies for 6MWT (93%), PROMIS (87%), and SWAY balance score (80%). Another set of AHC models clustered patients with respect to their response to treatment with elamipretide with perfect accuracy (all 100%). CONCLUSIONS In this proof-of-concept study, we demonstrated that continuously acquired physiological measurements from wearable devices can be used to predict functional status and response to treatment among patients with BTHS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jef Van den Eynde
- The Blalock-Taussig-Thomas Pediatric and Congenital Heart Center, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, KU Leuven & Congenital and Structural Cardiology, UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bhargava Chinni
- The Blalock-Taussig-Thomas Pediatric and Congenital Heart Center, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Hilary Vernon
- The Blalock-Taussig-Thomas Pediatric and Congenital Heart Center, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - W Reid Thompson
- The Blalock-Taussig-Thomas Pediatric and Congenital Heart Center, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Brittany Hornby
- Department of Physical Therapy, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Shelby Kutty
- The Blalock-Taussig-Thomas Pediatric and Congenital Heart Center, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Cedric Manlhiot
- The Blalock-Taussig-Thomas Pediatric and Congenital Heart Center, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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50
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Lushchak O, Gospodaryov D, Strilbytska O, Bayliak M. Changing ROS, NAD and AMP: A path to longevity via mitochondrial therapeutics. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2023; 136:157-196. [PMID: 37437977 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2023.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
Lifespan of many organisms, from unicellular yeast to extremely complex human organism, strongly depends on the genetic background and environmental factors. Being among most influential target energy metabolism is affected by macronutrients, their caloric values, and peculiarities of catabolism. Mitochondria are central organelles that respond for energy metabolism in eukaryotic cells. Mitochondria generate reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are lifespan modifying metabolites and a kind of biological clock. Oxidized nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) and adenosine monophosphate (AMP) are important metabolic intermediates and molecules that trigger or inhibit several signaling pathways involved in gene silencing, nutrient allocation, and cell regeneration and programmed death. A part of NAD+ and AMP metabolism is tied to mitochondria. Using substances that able to target mitochondria, as well as allotopic expression of specific enzymes, are envisioned to be innovative approaches to prolong lifespan by modulation of ROS, NAD+, and AMP levels. Among substances, an anti-diabetic drug metformin is believed to increase NAD+ and AMP levels, indirectly influencing histone deacetylases, involved in gene silencing, and AMP-activated protein kinase, an energy sensor of cells. Mitochondrially targeted derivatives of ubiquinone were found to interact with ROS. A mitochondrially targeted non-proton-pumping NADH dehydrogenase may influence both ROS and NAD+ levels. Chapter describes putative how mitochondria-targeted drugs and NADH dehydrogenase extend lifespan, perspectives of creating drugs with similar properties and their usage as senotherapeutic pills are discussed in the chapter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleh Lushchak
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National University, Ivano-Frankivsk, Ukraine.
| | - Dmytro Gospodaryov
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National University, Ivano-Frankivsk, Ukraine
| | - Olha Strilbytska
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National University, Ivano-Frankivsk, Ukraine
| | - Maria Bayliak
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National University, Ivano-Frankivsk, Ukraine
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