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Arancibia-Hernández YL, Aranda-Rivera AK, Cruz-Gregorio A, Pedraza-Chaverri J. Antioxidant/anti-inflammatory effect of Mg 2+ in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Rev Med Virol 2022; 32:e2348. [PMID: 35357063 PMCID: PMC9111052 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), characterised by high levels of inflammation and oxidative stress (OS). Oxidative stress induces oxidative damage to lipids, proteins, and DNA, causing tissue damage. Both inflammation and OS contribute to multi-organ failure in severe cases. Magnesium (Mg2+ ) regulates many processes, including antioxidant and anti-inflammatory responses, as well as the proper functioning of other micronutrients such as vitamin D. In addition, Mg2+ participates as a second signalling messenger in the activation of T cells. Therefore, Mg2+ deficiency can cause immunodeficiency, exaggerated acute inflammatory response, decreased antioxidant response, and OS. Supplementation with Mg2+ has an anti-inflammatory response by reducing the levels of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), interleukin (IL) -6, and tumor necrosis factor alpha. Furthermore, Mg2+ supplementation improves mitochondrial function and increases the antioxidant glutathione (GSH) content, reducing OS. Therefore, Mg2+ supplementation is a potential way to reduce inflammation and OS, strengthening the immune system to manage COVID-19. This narrative review will address Mg2+ deficiency associated with a worse disease prognosis, Mg2+ supplementation as a potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory therapy during and after COVID-19 disease, and suggest that randomised controlled trials are indicated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ana Karina Aranda-Rivera
- Facultad de Química, Departamento de Biología, Laboratorio F-315, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alfredo Cruz-Gregorio
- Facultad de Química, Departamento de Biología, Laboratorio F-315, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - José Pedraza-Chaverri
- Facultad de Química, Departamento de Biología, Laboratorio F-315, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
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2
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Zan R, Wang H, Ni J, Wang W, Peng H, Sun Y, Yang S, Lou J, Kang X, Zhou Y, Chen Y, Yan J, Zhang X. Multifunctional Magnesium Anastomosis Staples for Wound Closure and Inhibition of Tumor Recurrence and Metastasis. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2021; 7:5269-5278. [PMID: 34618437 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.1c00683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Biodegradable magnesium (Mg) implants spontaneously releasing therapeutic agents against tumors are an intriguing therapeutic approach for both tissue repair and tumor treatment. Anastomotic staples are extensively used for wound closure after surgical resection in patients with colorectal tumors. However, the safety of Mg anastomosis implants for intestinal closure and the effect of tumor suppression remain elusive. Here, we used a high-purity Mg staple to study these issues. Based on the results, we found that it has the potential to heal wounds produced after colorectal tumor resection while inhibiting relapse of residual tumor cells in vitro and in vivo. After implantation of Mg staples for 7 weeks in rabbits, the intestinal wound gradually healed with no adverse effects such as leakage or inflammation. Furthermore, the implanted Mg staples inhibit the growth of colorectal tumor cells and block migration to normal organs because of the increased concentration of Mg ions and released hydrogen. Such an antitumor effect is further confirmed by the in vitro cell experiments. Mg significantly induces apoptosis of tumor cells as well as inhibits cell growth and migration. Our work presents a feasible therapeutic opinion to design Mg anastomotic staples to perform wound healing and simultaneously release tumor suppressor elements in vivo to decrease the risk of tumor recurrence and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zan
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of General Surgery and Translational Medicine Center, Wuxi No.2 People's Hospital, Affiliated Wuxi Clinical College of Nantong University, Jiangsu 214002, China
| | - Jiahua Ni
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Wenhui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Hongzhou Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yu Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Shi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Jie Lou
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xinbao Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yongping Zhou
- Department of General Surgery and Translational Medicine Center, Wuxi No.2 People's Hospital, Affiliated Wuxi Clinical College of Nantong University, Jiangsu 214002, China
| | - Yigang Chen
- Department of General Surgery and Translational Medicine Center, Wuxi No.2 People's Hospital, Affiliated Wuxi Clinical College of Nantong University, Jiangsu 214002, China
| | - Jun Yan
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Xiaonong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.,Suzhou Origin Medical Technology Co. Ltd., Suzhou 215513, China
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3
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Experimental Hypomagnesemia Induces Neurogenic Inflammation and Cardiac Dysfunction. HEARTS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/hearts1020011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypomagnesemia occurs clinically as a result of restricted dietary intake, Mg-wasting drug therapies, chronic disease status and may be a risk factor in patients with cardiovascular disorders. Dietary restriction of magnesium (Mg deficiency) in animal models produced a pro-inflammatory/pro-oxidant condition, involving hematopoietic, neuronal, cardiovascular, renal and other systems. In Mg-deficient rodents, early elevations in circulating levels of the neuropeptide, substance P (SP) may trigger subsequent deleterious inflammatory/oxidative/nitrosative stress events. Evidence also suggests that activity of neutral endopeptidase (NEP, neprilysin), the major SP-degrading enzyme, may be impaired during later stages of Mg deficiency, and this may sustain the neurogenic inflammatory response. In this article, experimental findings using substance P receptor blockade, NEP inhibition, and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor blockade demonstrated the connection between hypomagnesemia, neurogenic inflammation, oxidative stress and enhanced cardiac dysfunction. Proof of concept concerning neurogenic inflammation is provided using an isolated perfused rat heart model exposed to acute reductions in perfusate magnesium concentrations.
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Chmielinska JJ, Kramer JH, Mak IT, Spurney CF, Weglicki WB. Substance P receptor blocker, aprepitant, inhibited cutaneous and other neurogenic inflammation side effects of the EGFR1-TKI, erlotinib. Mol Cell Biochem 2019; 465:175-185. [PMID: 31853800 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-019-03677-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Cutaneous changes like rash and hair loss, as well as other neurogenic inflammation side effects, occur frequently during anticancer treatment with the epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitor (EGFR-TKI), erlotinib. These adverse events may be so severe that they impair the patient's compliance with the treatment or even cause its discontinuation. In the current preclinical study, rats (9.2 weeks) were treated with erlotinib (10 mg/kg/day) ± aprepitant (2 mg/kg/day) for 12 weeks. Visual changes in the development of facial skin lesions/hair loss and SP-receptor expression (immunohistochemically) in facial skin tissue were assessed; also changes in plasma magnesium, 8-isoprostane, substance P (SP), neutrophil superoxide production, and cardiac function (echocardiography) were measured. Erlotinib lowered plasma magnesium 14%, elevated SP 65%, caused 3.7-fold higher basal superoxide production, 2.5-fold higher 8-isoprostane levels, 11.6% lower cardiac systolic, and 10.9% lower diastolic function. Facial dermatological changes (alopecia, skin reddening, scabbing, nose crusting) occurred by 4 weeks (± + to ++) in erlotinib-treated rats, and progressively worsened (±++ to +++) by week 12. Facial skin SP-receptor upregulation (78% higher) occurred in epidermal and hair follicle cells. All adverse effects were substantially and significantly mitigated by aprepitant, including a 62% lowering of skin SP-receptors (p < 0.05). Elevated SP levels mediated the side effects of erlotinib treatment, but aprepitant's significant prevention of the systemic and cutaneous adverse events indicates a novel potential therapy against the side effects of this anticancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna J Chmielinska
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, 439A Ross Hall, 2300 I St., N.W., Washington, DC, 20037, USA.
| | - Jay H Kramer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, 442 Ross Hall, 2300 I St., N.W., Washington, DC, 20037, USA.
| | - I-Tong Mak
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, 441 Ross Hall, 2300 I St., N.W., Washington, DC, 20037, USA.
| | - Christopher F Spurney
- Department of Pediatrics, The Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, 20010, USA
| | - William B Weglicki
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, 20037, USA
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Chang YY, Lin TY, Kao MC, Chen TY, Cheng CF, Wong CS, Huang CJ. Magnesium sulfate inhibits binding of lipopolysaccharide to THP-1 cells by reducing expression of cluster of differentiation 14. Inflammopharmacology 2019; 27:249-260. [PMID: 30721372 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-019-00568-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
We investigated effects of magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) on modulating lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-macrophage binding and cluster of differentiation 14 (CD14) expression. Flow cytometry data revealed that the mean levels of LPS-macrophage binding and membrane-bound CD14 expression (mCD14) in differentiated THP-1 cells (a human monocytic cell line) treated with LPS plus MgSO4 (the LPS + M group) decreased by 28.2% and 25.3% compared with those THP-1 cells treated with LPS only (the LPS group) (P < 0.001 and P = 0.037), indicating that MgSO4 significantly inhibits LPS-macrophage binding and mCD14 expression. Notably, these effects of MgSO4 were counteracted by L-type calcium channel activation. Moreover, the mean level of soluble CD14 (sCD14; proteolytic cleavage product of CD14) in the LPS + M group was 25.6% higher than in the LPS group (P < 0.001), indicating that MgSO4 significantly enhances CD14 proteolytic cleavage. Of note, serine protease inhibition mitigated effects of MgSO4 on both decreasing mCD14 and increasing sCD14. In conclusion, MgSO4 inhibits LPS-macrophage binding through reducing CD14 expression. The mechanisms may involve antagonizing L-type calcium channels and activating serine proteases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Ying Chang
- Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan.,Department of Anesthesiology, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Yu Lin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yuan Ze University, Taoyüan, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Chang Kao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Ying Chen
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan.,Departments of Anesthesiology, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Feng Cheng
- Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan.,Department of Pediatrics, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Shung Wong
- Department of Anesthesiology, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Jen Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan. .,Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Razzaque MS. Magnesium: Are We Consuming Enough? Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10121863. [PMID: 30513803 PMCID: PMC6316205 DOI: 10.3390/nu10121863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnesium is essential for maintaining normal cellular and organ function. In-adequate magnesium balance is associated with various disorders, such as skeletal deformities, cardiovascular diseases, and metabolic syndrome. Unfortunately, routinely measured serum magnesium levels do not always reflect total body magnesium status. Thus, normal blood magnesium levels eclipse the wide-spread magnesium deficiency. Other magnesium measuring methods, including the magnesium loading test, may provide more accurate reflections of total body magnesium status and thus improve identification of magnesium-deficient individuals, and prevent magnesium deficiency related complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed S Razzaque
- Department of Pathology, Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Erie, PA 16509, USA.
- Department of Oral Health Policy & Epidemiology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
- Department of Preventive & Community Dentistry, School of Dentistry, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Kigali, Rwanda.
- College of Advancing & Professional Studies (CAPS), University of Massachusetts Boston (UMB), Boston, MA 02125, USA.
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Combination ART-Induced Oxidative/Nitrosative Stress, Neurogenic Inflammation and Cardiac Dysfunction in HIV-1 Transgenic (Tg) Rats: Protection by Mg. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19082409. [PMID: 30111743 PMCID: PMC6121319 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19082409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Revised: 08/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic effects of a combination antiretroviral therapy (cART = tenofovir/emtricitatine + atazanavir/ritonavir) on systemic and cardiac oxidative stress/injury in HIV-1 transgenic (Tg) rats and protection by Mg-supplementation were assessed. cART (low doses) elicited no significant effects in normal rats, but induced time-dependent oxidative/nitrosative stresses: 2.64-fold increased plasma 8-isoprostane, 2.0-fold higher RBC oxidized glutathione (GSSG), 3.2-fold increased plasma 3-nitrotyrosine (NT), and 3-fold elevated basal neutrophil superoxide activity in Tg rats. Increased NT staining occurred within cART-treated HIV-Tg hearts, and significant decreases in cardiac systolic and diastolic contractile function occurred at 12 and 18 weeks. HIV-1 expression alone caused modest levels of oxidative stress and cardiac dysfunction. Significantly, cART caused up to 24% decreases in circulating Mg in HIV-1-Tg rats, associated with elevated renal NT staining, increased creatinine and urea levels, and elevated plasma substance P levels. Strikingly, Mg-supplementation (6-fold) suppressed all oxidative/nitrosative stress indices in the blood, heart and kidney and substantially attenuated contractile dysfunction (>75%) of cART-treated Tg rats. In conclusion, cART caused significant renal and cardiac oxidative/nitrosative stress/injury in Tg-rats, leading to renal Mg wasting and hypomagnesemia, triggering substance P-dependent neurogenic inflammation and cardiac dysfunction. These events were effectively attenuated by Mg-supplementation likely due to its substance P-suppressing and Mg’s intrinsic anti-peroxidative/anti-calcium properties.
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8
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Mak IT, Kramer JH, Chmielinska JJ, Spurney CF, Weglicki WB. EGFR-TKI, erlotinib, causes hypomagnesemia, oxidative stress, and cardiac dysfunction: attenuation by NK-1 receptor blockade. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2015; 65:54-61. [PMID: 25343568 PMCID: PMC4286425 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0000000000000163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
To determine whether the epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor, erlotinib may cause hypomagnesemia, inflammation, and cardiac stress, erlotinib was administered to rats (10 mg · kg(-1)· d(-1)) for 9 weeks. Plasma magnesium decreased progressively between 3 and 9 weeks (-9% to -26%). Modest increases in plasma substance P (SP) occurred at 3 (27%) and 9 (25%) weeks. Neutrophil superoxide-generating activity increased 3-fold, and plasma 8-isoprostane rose 210%, along with noticeable appearance of cardiac perivascular nitrotyrosine. The neurokinin-1 (NK-1) receptor antagonist, aprepitant (2 mg · kg(-1) · d(-1)), attenuated erlotinib-induced hypomagnesemia up to 42%, reduced circulating SP, suppressed neutrophil superoxide activity and 8-isoprostane elevations; cardiac nitrotyrosine was diminished. Echocardiography revealed mild to moderately decreased left ventricular ejection fraction (-11%) and % fractional shortening (-17%) by 7 weeks of erlotinib treatment and significant reduction (-17.5%) in mitral valve E/A ratio at week 9 indicative of systolic and early diastolic dysfunction. Mild thinning of the left ventricular posterior wall suggested early dilated cardiomyopathy. Aprepitant completely prevented the erlotinib-induced systolic and diastolic dysfunction and partially attenuated the anatomical changes. Thus, chronic erlotinib treatment does induce moderate hypomagnesemia, triggering SP-mediated oxidative/inflammation stress and mild-to-moderate cardiac dysfunction, which can largely be corrected by the administration of the SP receptor blocker.
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Affiliation(s)
- I. Tong Mak
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | - Jay H. Kramer
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | - Joanna J. Chmielinska
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | | | - William B. Weglicki
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA
- Department of Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA
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Weglicki WB, Kramer JH, Spurney CF, Chmielinska JJ, Mak IT. The EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor tyrphostin AG-1478 causes hypomagnesemia and cardiac dysfunction. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2012; 90:1145-9. [PMID: 22646904 PMCID: PMC3734545 DOI: 10.1139/y2012-023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
We determined whether the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) N-(3-chlorophenyl)-6,7-dimethoxy-4-quinazolinamine (tyrphostin AG-1478) causes hypomagnesemia and cardiac dysfunction in rats. Tyrphostin was administered (3 times per week, intraperitoneal injection, to achieve 21.4 mg·(kg body mass)(-1)·day(-1)) to normomagnesemic rats for 5 weeks. Levels of magnesium in the plasma of the tyrphostin-treated rats decreased significantly by the following amount: 17% at week 1, 27% at week 2, and 26%-35% between weeks 3 to 5. Levels of the plasma lipid peroxidation marker 8-isoprostane rose significantly: by 58% at week 1, 168% at week 3, and 113% at week 5. At week 5, blood neutrophils from the tyrphostin-treated group displayed a 2.26-fold higher basal level of O(2)(·-) generation; the ratio of oxidized glutathione (glutathione disulfide; GSSG) to reduced glutathione (GSH) in the red blood cells increased 2.5-fold. At week 5, echocardiography revealed that TKI treatment resulted in significant cardiac systolic dysfunction, with impaired diastolic function and dilated cardiomyopathy. Since hypomagnesemia alone can trigger oxidative stress and cardiac injury, we suggest that inhibition of EGFR-TK caused magnesium wasting, which partly contributed to decreased cardiac contractility.
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Affiliation(s)
- William B Weglicki
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Division of Experimental Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA.
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Mak IT, Chmielinska JJ, Kramer JH, Spurney CF, Weglicki WB. Loss of neutral endopeptidase activity contributes to neutrophil activation and cardiac dysfunction during chronic hypomagnesemia: Protection by substance P receptor blockade. Exp Clin Cardiol 2011; 16:121-124. [PMID: 22131854 PMCID: PMC3206104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2011] [Accepted: 07/22/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE Hypomagnesemia (Hypo-Mg) in rodents leads to neurogenic inflammation associated with substance P (SP) elevations; neutral endopeptidase (NEP) is a principle cell surface proteolytic enzyme, which degrades SP. The effects of chronic Hypo-Mg on neutrophil NEP activity, cell activation and the associated cardiac dysfunction were examined. METHODS/RESULTS Male Sprague-Dawley rats (180 g) were fed Mg-sufficient or Mg-deficient (Hypo-Mg) diets for five weeks. Enriched blood neutrophils were isolated at the end of one, three and five weeks by step gradient centrifugation. NEP enzymatic activity decreased by 20% (P value was nonsignificant), 50% (P<0.025) and 57% (P<0.01), respectively, for week 1, 3 and 5 Hypo-Mg rats. In association, neutrophil basal superoxide (•O(2) (-))-generating activities were elevated: 30% at week 1 (P value was nonsignificant), and fourfold to sevenfold for weeks 3 to 5 (P<0.01). Maximal phorbol myristate acetate-stimulated •O(2) (-) production by Hypo-Mg neutrophils increased twofold at week 5. Also, plasma 8-isoprostane levels were elevated twofold to threefold, and red blood cell glutathione decreased by 50% (P<0.01) after three to five weeks of chronic Hypo-Mg. When Hypo-Mg rats were treated with the SP receptor blocker (L-703,606), neutrophil NEP activities were retained at 75% (week 3) and 77% (week 5) (P<0.05); activation of neutrophil •O(2) (-) and other oxidative indexes were also significantly (P<0.05) attenuated. After five weeks, histochemical (hematoxylin and eosin) staining of Hypo-Mg-treated rat ventricles revealed significant white blood cell infiltration, which was substantially reduced by L-703,606. Echocardiography after three weeks of Hypo-Mg only showed modest diastolic impairment, but five weeks resulted in significant (P<0.05) depression in both left ventricular systolic and diastolic functions; changes in these functional parameters were attenuated by L-703,606. CONCLUSION NEP activity regulates neutrophil •O(2) (-) formation by controlling SP bioavailability. When oxidative inactivation of NEP is prevented by SP receptor blockade, partial protection is afforded against cardiac contractile dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Tong Mak
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Division of Experimental Medicine, The George Washington University
| | - Joanna J Chmielinska
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Division of Experimental Medicine, The George Washington University
| | - Jay H Kramer
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Division of Experimental Medicine, The George Washington University
| | - Christopher F Spurney
- Children’s National Heart Institute, Division of Cardiology, Children’s National Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - William B Weglicki
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Division of Experimental Medicine, The George Washington University
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